Meenakshi Temple - Knowledge

588: 3120:, pp. 9-10, Quote: "The era under consideration opens with an unprecedented calamity for Southern India: the invasion of the region at the turn of the fourteenth century by Malik Kafur, general of Alauddin, Sultan of Delhi. Malik Kafur's forces brought to an abrupt end all of the indigenous ruling houses of Southern India, not one of which was able to withstand the assault or outlive the conquest. Virtually every city of importance in the Kannada, Telugu and Tamil lands succumbed to the raids of Malik Kafur and later Muslim invasions; forts were destroyed, palaces dismantled and temple sanctuaries wrecked in the search for treasure. In order to consolidate the rapidly won gains of this pillage, the Delhi Sultanate established the province of Ma'bar in 1323 with the capital at Madurai (Madura) in the southernmost part of the Tamil zone, former capital of the Pandyas who were dislodged by the Delhi forces. Madurai thereupon became the capital of the Ma'bar (Malabar) province of the Delhi empire." 1548: 2053: 1534: 685:

details vary significantly and are inconsistent with each other. Some link to it deities they call Aalavaai Iraivan and Aalavaai Annal, or alternatively Angayar Kanni Ammai. Some link its legend to other deities such as Indra who proclaim the primacy of the goddess, while some describe Hindu gods appearing before ancient kings or saints urging wealthy merchants to build this temple in the honour of a goddess. One legend describes a childless king and queen performing yajna for a son, they get a daughter who inherits the kingdom, conquers the earth, meets Shiva ultimately, marries him, continues to rule from Madurai, and the temple memorializes those times. Scholars have attempted to determine the history of the temple from inscriptions found in and outside Madurai, as well as comparing the records relating to South Indian dynasties. These largely post-date the 12th century.

2024: 1145: 1433: 31: 1372: 791: 803: 838:(sun god). The temple city grew again around the new temple, with human settlements structured as per their castes, with the royalty, Kshatriyas and Vaishya merchants living on the southeast side of the temple, the Brahmins in a special quarter close to the temple, while others in other areas and fringes of the city. The king started a procession tradition linked to the temple to link his authority with the divine and maintain the social system. In contrast, the procession reflects the traditional matrilineal social values, the brother-sister-groom kinship values that better explain its popularity. The warrior goddess worship tradition is ancient in the Tamil Hindu tradition, and it dramatically expanded after the 14th-century wars. 1341:("Pond with the golden lotus"). It is also referred to as Adhi Theertham, Sivaganga and Uthama Theertham. The pool is 165 ft (50 m) by 120 ft (37 m) in size. The pool walls were painted with frescoes. Only a fraction of 17th- and 18th-century paintings of Nayak period survives and one such portion is found in the small portico on the western side of the tank. It depicts the marriage of Sundareswarar and Meenkashi attended by Vijayaranga Chokkanatha and Rani Mangammal. The painting is executed on a vivid red background, with delicate black linework and large areas of white, green and ochre. The celestial couple is seated inside an architectural frame with a flowering tree in the background. 881:

to gain socio-political acceptance. Lord Clive, for example, donated jewels looted by the East India Company from Sringapatam, but in 1820 they withdrew from their roles as temple patrons and participated in temple festivities. The missionaries ridiculed the temple artwork and criticized the temple practices while introducing themselves as "Roman Brahmins" and "Northern Sanniasis" . The missionary efforts were largely unsuccessful with people continuing to patronize the temple after baptizing. The missionaries wrote back that the Tamils were "baptizing, but not converting", for they baptize if "someone wants a wife who is Christian" or medical aid when they have a disease, and material aid if they are poor.

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up, the king crowned her as the successor and when she met Shiva, his words came true, she took her true form of Meenakshi. According to Harman, this may reflect the matrilineal traditions in South India and the regional belief that "penultimate powers rest with the women", gods listen to their spouse, and that the fates of kingdoms rest with the women. According to Susan Bayly, the reverence for Meenakshi is a part of the Hindu goddess tradition that integrates with the Hindu society where the "woman is the lynchpin of the system" of social relationships.

166: 1046: 633: 1062: 968: 194: 5952: 1917: 1136: 1218: 6476: 6486: 491: 987:. It consists of monuments inside several concentric enclosures, each layer fortified with high masonry walls. The outer walls have four towering gateways, allowing devotees and pilgrims to enter the complex from all four directions. After the city's destruction in the 14th century, the Tamil tradition states that the king Vishwantha Nayaka rebuilt the temple and the Madurai city around it under the principles laid down in the 201: 173: 1908:(chariot) processions where one of the metal copy icon of the goddess is taken out of the temple in an elaborate car shrine decorated with colorful clothes and flowers, with volunteers pulling the car through the streets of Madurai and circumambulating the temple complex on one of the concentric roads in the old city. This symbolizes her mythical conquests and her presence in the secular life of the people. 1588:(mythological beast with body of lion and head of an elephant). It is situated to the north of Sundareswarar flag staff hall. There is a Temple Art Museum in the hall where icons, photographs, drawings, and other exhibits of the temple are displayed. Just outside this hall, towards the west, are the Musical Pillars. Each pillar, when struck, produces a different musical note. 2020:. The festival includes a procession, where Meenakshi and Sundareshwara travel in a chariot pulled by volunteer devotees, and Vishnu gives away his sister in marriage to Shiva. Meenakshi, the bride, is the royal monarch. During the one-month period, there are a number of events including the "Ther Thiruvizhah" (chariot festival) and "Theppa Thiruvizhah" (float festival). 1038:, the Vijayanagara commander Kumara Kampana after completing his conquest of Madurai, rebuilt the pre-existing structure and built defensive walls around the temple in the 14th century. Lakana Nayakar added the defensive walls around the first prakara (courtyard), as well as expanded and renovated the Mahamandapa and Meenakshi shrine in the middle of the 15th century. 474:

Vedic and Puranic deities, as well as artwork showing narratives from major Hindu texts. The large temple complex is the most prominent landmark in Madurai and attracts tens of thousands of visitors a day. The temple attracts over a million pilgrims and visitors during the annual 10-day Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, celebrated with much festivities and a

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king, additionally credit him with a poem called Ambikai Malai, as well as shrines (koil) each for Natarajar and Surya near the main temple, Ayyanar in the east, Vinayagar in the south, Kariamalperumal in the west and Kali in the north. He also built a Mahamandapam. Kulasekara Pandya was also a poet and he composed a poem on Meenakshi named

450:(gateway towers), ranging from 45–50 m in height, with the southern gopura tallest at 51.9 metres (170 ft). The complex has numerous sculpted pillared halls such as Aayirankaal (1000-pillared hall), Kilikoondu-mandapam, Golu-mandapam and Pudu-mandapam. Its shrines are dedicated to Hindu deities and Shaivism scholars, with the 777:, she gave him a sword, urged him to liberate Madurai, right the wrongs, and reopen the Meenakshi temple out of its ruins. The Vijayanagara rulers succeeded, cleared the ruins and reopened the temple for active worship. They restored, repaired and expanded the temple through the 16th century, along with many other regional temples. 1391:(guardians) and supported by golden, rectangular columns that bear lotus markings. Along the perimeter of the chamber, granite panels of the divine couple are present. The hall is situated in the western bank of the temple tank. This mandapam also houses the model of the entire temple complex created in 1985. 1845:

and Sundaresvara the "supremely important rite of passage" for women, the cultural concept of "sumangali" or "auspicious married woman" who lives with her husband but is also independent, organizer of the social connections and who is central to Tamilian life. The marriage of the goddess and god is a

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Chitra gopuram (W), also known as Muttalakkum Vayil, was built by Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II (1238–1251). This gopuram is named after the frescoes and reliefs that depict secular and religious themes of Hindu culture. Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II also added a pillared corridor to the Sundareswara

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stucco images, some of whom are deity figures and others are figures from Hindu mythology, saints or scholars. Each group or sets of panels in each storey present an episode from regional or pan-Hindu legend. The four tallest gopurams on the outer walls alone depict nearly 4,000 mythological stories.

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for example, mentioned this temple in the 7th century, and described the deity as Aalavaai Iraivan. The origin of the temple is mentioned in these early Tamil texts, some in the regional Puranam genre of literature. All of these place the temple in ancient times and include a warrior goddess, but the

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seeking a son for succession. Instead, a daughter was born out of the fire who was already 3 years old and had three breasts. Shiva intervened and said that the parents should treat her like a son, and when she meets her husband, she will lose the third breast. They followed the advice. The girl grew

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a, the first Nayaka of Madurai (1559–1600). At the entrance of the hall is the statue of Ariyanatha Mudaliar seated on a horse-back, flanking one side of the entrance to the temple. Each pillar in the hall is a carved sculpture. The more prominent among the carved figures are those of Rati (wife of

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According to the inscriptions found on the foundation of the gateways, Visvappa Nayakkar built the Nayaka gopuram in the second prakara around 1530, while Palahai gopuram was built about the same time by Mallappan. Both the gopuram have similar style and architecture, likely built by a collaborating

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The temple complex has 4 nine-storey gopurams (outer, raja), 1 seven-storey gopuram (Chittirai), 5 five-storey gopurams, 2 three-storey, and 2 one-storey gold-gilded sanctum towers. Of these, five are gateways to the Sundareshvara shrine and three to the Meenakshi shrine. The towers are covered with

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After the destruction of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire in the late 16th century by a coalition of Islamic Deccan sultanates north of Karnataka, the Madurai region declared its sovereignty. Visvanatha Nayak then poured resources to heavily fortify the temple complex, and set a new plan for the temple

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in 1231, then called Avanivendaraman, later rebuilt, expanded and named as Sundara Pandya Thirukkopuram. Chitra gopuram (W), also known as Muttalakkum Vayil, was built by Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II (1238-1251). This gopuram is named after the frescoes and reliefs that depict secular and religious

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The Meenakshi temple has two separate shrines for the goddess Meenakshi (Parvati, Devi, Amman) and god Sundaresvara (Shiva, Deva, Cuvami), just like most Shaiva temples. Both are open to the east. The Devi shrine is on the south side (B), while the Deva shrine is more centrally placed, to the north

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Mottai gopuram (lit. "bald" gateway) was started by Krishnappa Nayakkar, also called the North Raya gopuram (this is not on the plan, below the bottom edge). It was completed by the Amaravati Purur Vayinagaram Chettiyar family in 1878 CE. The Mottai gopuram for nearly three centuries did not have a

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During the colonial era, the population around the Meenakshi temple attracted a hub of Christian missionary activity headed by competing missions from Portugal and other parts of Europe. The British rulers first gave endowments to the temple and the British troops participated in temple festivities

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ceremonies on a daily basis and during festivals. Volunteers and temple staff also participate in daily rituals, such as symbolically moving an icon of Sundaresvara in a palanquin to Meenakshi's chamber every night so that they can be together, then waking the two and returning Sundaresvara to his

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Tamil Nadu state emblem is based on the West Gopuram. Though, sometimes it is wrongly mentioned that the State emblem is based on Srivilliputhur temple Gopuram, the artist R Krishna Rao the one who designed the Emblem has stated that he designed it based on the Madurai Meenakshiamman West Gopuram.

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text, donated jewels and made grants to cover the expenses for daily operations of the two shrines in the 14th century. The Tamil Hindus who had hidden the temple idols in Nanjil Nadu, brought them back and reconsecrated them ending the nearly five decades era when the temple had been closed under

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The gopuram near the Ganesha shrine (Mukkuruni Vinayakar), also called the Nadukkattu gopuram or Idaikattu gopuram, was built by the Siramalai Sevvanthimurti Chetti family. It is called Nadukkattu because it is between the shrines of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar. They also rebuilt and renovated the

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Portions of the three-storeyed gopura at the entrance of Sundareswarar Shrine and the central portion of the Goddess Meenakshi Shrine are some of the earliest surviving parts of the temple. These were constructed by King Kulasekara Pandya (1190–1216 CE). The traditional texts call him a poet-saint

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A group of 15 Nadars belonging to the family of Erulappa Nadar entered the temple in Kamudi in May 1897, performing puja to the chief deity themselves. The Maravars and the Ramnad Zamindar M. Baskara Sethupathi objected to it and lodged a complaint against fifteen members of the family of Erulappa

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petitioned to the Meenakshi Sundaraswara temple, which was under Ramnad M. Baskara Sethupathi's trusteeship of the Raj, for permission to hold a ritual feast. Their petition was accepted, but it should be performed without the entry of Nadars into the temple. An anti-Nadar coalition was created by

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After the end of the Nayakas, the start of the Madras presidency and the withdrawal of the colonial British from support, the temple condition degraded. In 1959, Tamil Hindus began collecting donations and initiated restoration work in consultation with engineers, Hindu monasteries, historians and

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in many narratives, sculptures and rituals as he is considered to be Meenakshi's brother. This has made this temple and Madurai as the "southern Mathura", one included in Vaishnava texts. The Meenakshi Amman temple also includes Lakshmi, flute playing Krishna, Rukmini, Brahma, Saraswati, and other

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Other festivals include the Vasantham festival is celebrated in Vaikasi month. The Unjal Festival in Aani, the Mulai-Kottu festival in Aadi, the Aavani Moolam Aavani, the Kolattam festivals of Ayppasi and Karthikai months, the Arudhra Dharsan festival of Margali month, the Thai month utsavam that

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Kambathadi mandapam (H) was built by Krishna Virappa Nayakkar (1572–1595). This choultry hall is known for intricately carved sculptures and eight Shiva forms: Ardanarishwara (half Parvati, half Shiva), Rudra (angry Shiva), Bhikshadanamurti (Shiva as a monk), Dakshinamurti (Shiva as yoga teacher,

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The temple complex is spread over about 5.7 hectares (14 acres). The courtyard is close to a square with each side of about 240 metres (800 ft), but more accurately a rectangle with one side about 15 metres (50 ft) longer. The complex has numerous shrines and mandapas, of which the most

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in redesigning the temple city plan and the Meenakshi temple. The city was laid out in the shape of concentric squares and ring roads around them, with radiating streets culminating in the Meenakshi-Sundaresvara temple. These streets use traditional Tamil Hindu month names, such as Adhi, Chitrai,

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The Nayakas, who were the local governors for the Vijayanagara rulers, expanded the temple complex. In 1516, Saluvanarasana Nayaka added the sacred pool for pilgrims to take a dip, naming it Ezhukadal (seven seas, Saptasaharam). Chettiappa Nayakkar rebuilt the north colonnade of the Golden Lotus

1251:(central sanctum). A copy of this image has been made from metal and is kept in the temple complex. The metal version is used for a festive procession. A distinct feature of Meenakshi in terms of iconography is the presence of parrot in her right hand. The parrot is generally associated with the 1180:

The nine-storey southern gopura, the highest tower, was also built by the Siramalai Sevvanthimurti Chetti family, a wealthy Hindu who lived near Thiruchirapalli. It was completed in the second half of the 16th century. The gopuram is notable for its extensive artwork with over 1,500 mythological

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Pudumandapam, also called Vasantha mandapam (bottom of plan) was completed by Thirumalai Nayak in the 17th century. It is in front of the eastern tower, outside the current walled complex. It leads to the unfinished Eastern gopuram. It has 124 pillars, each with intricately carved sculptures of

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Vembaturara Ananda Nambi built the early version of the three-tiered gopuram in 1227. Like other gopurams, it too was destroyed in the 14th century and later rebuilt. This gopuram is found between Meenakshi shrine and the Kilikuttu (parrot) mandapam. Some inscriptions refer to it as Vembathurar

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at the entrance of Sundareswarar Shrine and the central portion of the Goddess Meenakshi Shrine are some of the earliest surviving parts of the temple. The traditional texts call him a poet-saint king, additionally credit him with a poem called Ambikai Malai, as well as shrines (koil) each for

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His alternate names in texts and Madurai Meenakshi temple-related inscriptions include Chockalingam, Chockanathar, Meenakshi Sundarar, Somasundarar, Kalyana Sundarar, Shanbaga Sundarar, Attavai Shevagan, Adiyarku Nallan, Adhiraveesi, Vilayaduvan, Abhideka Chockar, Azhagiya Chockar, Kadambavana

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The temple complex has had a living history, has been in use for almost all of its history except for about 60 years when it was closed and in ruins after its destruction in the 14th century. The temple has continued to evolve in the modern era. For example, before the colonial era, the temple

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guidelines for a city design. Madurai is one of the many temple towns in the state which is named after the groves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity. The region is believed to have been

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Meenakshi's wedding to Shiva, Kali, Nataraja, Surya, Chandra as well as common life scenes such as elephants eating sugarcane stalks are found in this mandapam. Its popularity led to shopkeepers occupying the pillared hall, some of which hide or make a complete view of the sculpture difficult.

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The gopuram east to the Sundareshwara shrine is 5 storeyed. It was completed about 1372 by Vasuvappan after the Vijayanagara rulers reopened the temple complex after remaining in ruins and dormant for about five decades. The gopuram west to the Sundareshwara shrine is also 5 storeyed, and was

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42,000 raised from members of the community. The judgment went against the Nadars, then they took their appeal to the London Privy Council. The Privy Council approved the decision of the Subordinate Judge of Madurai, citing the High Court's decision of 1908. The District Magistrate of Madurai

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The small six-pillared swing mandapam (Unjal, oonjal) was built by Cheventhi Murthi Chetti during this period, and this remains in use currently for a Friday ritual. The images of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar are placed on the swing every Friday evening and swung. The shrine has a 3-storied

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of the divine couple is regarded as a classic instance of south Indian marriage with matrilineal emphasis, an arrangement referred as "Madurai marriage". This contrasts with the "Chidambaram marriage", with patrilineal emphasis, reflected by Shiva's dominance, ritual and mythology at the

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The Sundareswarar shrine has a stone linga in its square plan sanctum, and this anicon is shaded under a stone cobra hood. In the northeast corner is another stone image of his consort. None of these travel during a festive procession. Rather, Sundareswarar is represented in the form of

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complex. The Nayaka ruler also gilded the vimana of the primary shrines with gold. Chettiappa Nayakkar rebuilt the Dvarapala mandapam in front of the Sannadhi gopuram, as well as the north colonnade of the Golden Lotus Tank, the second protective wall around the Meenakshi Devi's shrine.

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complex itself was inside another layer of the old city's fortified walls. The British demolished this layer of fortification in the early 19th century. The surviving plan of the temple complex places it within the old city, one defined by a set of concentric squares around the temple.

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Kadaka Gopuram in Meenakshi's shrine was built by Tumpichi Nayakkar around the mid 16th century, but different texts give different dates. It is five-storeyed, was walled up and closed through 1963 for unclear reasons. This gopura was reopened after the renovations were completed in

1448:(E), is near the Meenakshi shrine. The word Kilikondu means "parrot cage", and in past the parrots kept here were trained to say "Meenakshi". This pillared hall was completed in 1623 by Muthu Veerappa Nayakar. The cages were later removed. In contemporary times, girls perform the 1019:(academy) history, buildings which are religious schools and administrative offices, elephant sheds, equipment sheds such as those for holding the chariots used for periodic processions and some gardens. The temple is embedded inside a commercial hub and traditional markets. 1523:

was built by Thittiyappa Chetti, a common man, in 1565 during the rule of Krishnappa Nayakkar. This mandapam is used during the Navaratri festival every year when goddess Meenakshi is decorated like a golu doll, in nine different forms on each of the nine days of the autumn

761:. The Sultanate sought tributes from the temple towns, instead of supporting them, and on some occasions damaged them heavily and imposed tyranny upon the local populace. The Muslim Madurai Sultanate was relatively short-lived, with the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire under 1366:

Chinnappa Nayakkar constructed the 100-pillared Mandapa Nayaka Mandapam in the northeastern part of second courtyard in 1526. This mandapa houses the famed Nataraja statue with his "right" leg up in dance mudra, instead of the left leg typically found in Nataraja

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themes of Hindu culture. Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II also added a pillared corridor to the Sundareswara shrine and the Sundara Pandyan Mandapam. It was rebuilt after the 14th-century damage, its granite structure was renovated by Kumara Krishnappar after 1595.

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important and largest are the two parallel shrines in the innermost courtyard, one for Meenakshi (B on the plan) and the other for Sundareshvara (A). Additionally, the complex has a golden lotus sacred pool (L) for pilgrims to bathe in, a thousand-pillar hall

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festival, also known as Dasara or Dussehra elsewhere. During this autumn festival, the temple complex is lit up at night with garlands of lights and with colourful displays during the day. The mandapam halls display mythological scenes from Hindu texts using

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The Islamic invasion in the 14th century brought an abrupt end to the patronage of Tamil Hindu temple towns. The Tamil Hindus revived these towns but in some places such as Madurai, it took a long while. After the conquest and destruction, the Delhi Sultan

2469:, Encyclopedia Britannica, Quote: "The temple, Tirumala Nayak palace, Teppakulam tank (an earthen embankment reservoir), and a 1000-pillared hall were rebuilt in the Vijayanagar period (16th–17th century) after the total destruction of the city in 1310." 1310:(bed chamber) in the mid 15th century for the icon goddess and god to symbolically spend their night together. The Nataraja shrine was also added in the 15th century by Arulalan Sevahadevan Vanathirayan, who also renovated the Thiruvalavaudaiyar shrine. 1189:

roof structure, is simpler and has fewer stucco images than the other major entrances, giving it a relatively bald appearance and the local name. Before its completion in the 19th century, the gopuram made of stone and brick had even fewer stucco images.

5487: 1401:("Hall of eight goddesses", O on plan) was built by two queens. It is the hall near the East gopuram, between the main entrance for visitors and the smaller gopuram leading to the Meenakshi shrine tower. The passage was named for eight forms of goddess 1273:

The shrine for Sundareswarar is the largest within the complex and its entrance is aligned with the eastern gopuram. The shrine for Meenakshi is smaller, though theologically more important. Both the Meenakshi and Sundareswarar shrines have gold plated

1007:(outer precincts of a temple) and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which processions circumambulate the temple complex. The vehicles used in the processions are progressively more massive the further they travel from the centre. 1001:). The city plan is based on concentric squares with streets radiating out from the temple. Early Tamil texts mention that the temple was the centre of the city and the streets happened to be radiating out like a lotus and its petals. The temple 652:, and these portray it as a capital and a temple town where every street radiated from the temple. Goddess Meenakshi is described as the divine ruler, who along with Shiva were the primary deities that the southern Tamil kingdoms such as the 1269:

daily to Meenakshi's chamber every evening so that the two can symbolically spend the night together. In the morning, the temple volunteers wake the divine couple and the symbolic Cokkar image is carried back to the Sundareswarar sanctum.

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carved on its pillars: Koumari, Roudri, Vaishnavi, Maha-lakshmi, Yagnarupini, Shyamala, Maheswari and Manonmani. These reflect the feminine and power aspects of all major traditions of Hinduism. Other sculptures and paintings depict the

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Avani-moola, Masi and others. In each of these months, the Hindus started their tradition of taking the temple bronzes festively through the street of the same name. The temple and the city were once again east facing to greet the rising

2509:, Quote: "By the beginning of the 14th century south India was exposed to the depredations of Muslim raiders from the north, and even Madurai was destroyed in 1310, by Malik Kafur, briefly becoming the seat of a sultanate thereafter." 2006:

The Meenakshi temple hosts a festival in each month of the Tamil calendar. Some festivals attract significant participation, with the Meenakshi wedding-related festival attracting over a million people over 12 days. It is called the

1865:, of the list of 68 pilgrimage places in Shaivism, four are most important: Kashi (Varanasi), Chidambaram, Tirukkalatti and Madurai. The sacrality of Madurai is from this temple. The shrine of Sundareswarar is considered one of the 1344:

The small six-pillared swing mandapam (Unjal) was built by Cheventhi Murthi Chetti during this period, and this remains in use currently for a Friday ritual and it also houses the model of the entire temple complex created in 1985.

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anthropomorphic Somaskanda image. There is another metal symbolic image of Shiva called the Cokkar, which is merely a pair of embossed feet on a metal stool. This symbol is kept near Sundareswarar sanctum all day, then carried in a

896:(sports of Shiva), and sixty four of these episodes are painted as murals around the temple walls. These depict the many destructions of Madurai and the temple, then its rise from the ashes and ruins of the destruction every time. 1674:

The mandapas also feature community gathering halls. The Kanaka Sabha and Ratna Sabha are in the first prahara, Rajata Sabha in Velliambalam, Deva Sabha in the 100-pillared mandapam and Chitra Sabha in the 1000-pillared mandapam.

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symbolic paradigm for human marriage. This event is commemorated with an annual festive procession that falls sometime around April. The temple is also significant because it implies an affinal, protective relationship between

478:(chariot) procession during the Tamil month of Chittirai (overlaps with April–May in the Georgian calendar, Chaitra in North India). The Temple has been adjudged the best 'Swachh Iconic Place' in India on 1 October 2017 under 4576: 1074:

The shrines of Meenakshi temple are embedded inside three walled enclosures and each of these have four gateways, the outer tower growing larger and reaching higher to the corresponding inner one. The temple has 14

1473:("Hall of temple tree") with its seated Nandi (sacred bull) has various manifestations of Shiva carved and also contains the famous "Marriage of Meenakshi" sculpture. Other sculptures here include those Shiva and 1246:

The goddess shrine has the green stone image of Meenakshi, standing in bent-leg posture. Her raised hand holds a lotus, on which sits a green parrot. Her left hand hangs by her side. This image is set in a square

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plundered the temple, looted it of its valuables and destroyed the Madurai temple town along with many other temple towns of South India. The contemporary temple is the result of rebuilding efforts started by the

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the Madurai Sultanate rule. The temple inscriptions suggest that the Vijayanagara rulers participated worship ceremonies in the temple and donated gold, through the 16th century. Lakana Nayakar built the

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revered. The early texts imply that a temple existed in Madurai by the mid-6th century. In medieval literature and inscriptions, it is sometimes referred to as Kadambavanam (lit. "forest of Kadamba") or

1986:. Meenakshi is typically visited before Sundareswarar by the pilgrims, she considered the primary deity of the complex. Like most Shakti temples in Tamil Nadu, the Fridays during the Tamil months of 4475: 2327: 1887:

The Meenakshi temple is not only a religious center, but is also an economic center. The goods and services for temple-related pilgrims and visitors is a significant part of the Madurai economy.

1492:(R) is to the south of the 1000-pillar mandapam, and was completed in 1611 by Muthu Veerappa Nayakar I. It contains a Nandi facing the main Sundaresvara sanctum. To the south of this hall is the 1022:

According to Holly Reynolds, a closer examination of the temple plan, as well as the old city, suggests that it is a mandala, a cosmic diagram laid out based on principles of symmetry and loci.

2917:", page 68: மீனாட்சி, Mīṉāṭci, பெ. (n. ) மதுரையை உறைவிடமாகக் கொண்ட தெய்வம்; Umā, the tutelary Goddess of Madurai. Translation: (மீன் - Mīṉ which means "fish", ஆட்சி- āṭci which means "rule") 1884:

The temple is a popular site for Hindu weddings, though it is not the exclusive site. The short main ceremony is completed in the temple, followed by receptions and other rituals elsewhere.

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traditions of Hinduism, by making Shiva the husband of Meenakshi, and Vishnu her brother, a significant relationship in Dravidian kinship system. Meenakshi herself is a central part of the

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2500 for purification rituals. The court decided on 20 July 1899 that neither the accused nor any member of their community had the right to enter any part of the temple. For the required

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suggested that the stay of the public force be extended to another term on the ground that the Privy Council 's decision on the Kamudi Temple Entry case could again cause trouble.

4614: 4573: 697:. Muslim armies began raiding central India for plunder by the late 13th century. After subduing and extracting huge wealth along with promised annual tributes from the Marathas 423:

Though the temple has historic roots, most of the present campus structure was rebuilt after the 14th century CE, further repaired, renovated and expanded in the 17th century by

1375:

This is a Shaivism tradition temple that includes deities and narrative friezes of Vaishnavism and Shaktism. Above: Krishna sculpture at the Meenakshi temple (sketched in 1801).

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The Meenakshi Amman temple is located in the heart of historic Madurai city, about a kilometre south of the Vaigai River. It is about 460 kilometres (290 mi) southwest of

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Vishnu (left) gives away his sister and bride Meenakshi's hand into the waiting hand of groom Shiva. The temple commemorates this legend every year with a festive procession.

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in the north. He also built a Mahamandapam. Kulasekara Pandya was also a poet and he composed a poem on Meenakshi named Ambikai Malai. Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I built a

2011:". The festival is celebrated in the Chithirai month, which typically falls about April. It marks the divine marriage of Meenakshi, and is the most attended festival. The 1994:(January–February) are celebrated in the temple by thousands of devotees. "Avani Moola Utsavam" is a 10-day festival mainly devoted to Sundareswarar describes his various 1395:

guru), Lingobhava (Shiva emerging out of a linga), Ekapathamurti, Rishaba, Somaskanda (Shiva, Parvati and Skanda), Chandrasekara, Nataraja (dancing Shiva) and Somasundara.

1646:

is a newly built hall situated opposite to the wedding halls and bears the name of queen Mangayarkarasi who contributed to Saivism and Tamil language. To the south of

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The ancient temple complex was open. The courtyard walls were added over time in response to the invasion and the plunder of the temple complex. According to the text

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Chettiappa Nayakkar rebuilt the Dvarapala mandapam in front of the Sannadhi gopuram, as well as the north colonnade of the Golden Lotus Tank in the late 16th century.

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and other sacred temple towns, destroyed the temples which were sources of gold and jewels. He brought back enormous loot from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom to

1858:

tradition of Hinduism, and represented as the dominant figure of the pair in this temple. The temple thus symbolically celebrates all three of its major traditions.

506:: IXM) with daily services. The city roads radiate from the temple complex and major ring roads form a concentric pattern for the city, a structure that follows the 2727: 1601:

The Urchava Nayanar Mandapa and the small six-pillared mandapa in front of the Mahamandapa was rebuilt by Sundaratolydaiya Mavali Vanathirayar in the 15th century.

228: 2282: 4214:

Christopher Fuller (1995), The 'Holy Family' of Shiva in a south Indian temple, Social Anthropology, Volume 3, Issue 3, Cambridge University Press, pages 205-217

3420:

Lewandowski, Susan J. (1977). "Changing Form and Function in the Ceremonial and the Colonial Port City in India: An Historical Analysis of Madurai and Madras".

923:. He prohibited the Nadars from asserting their freedom. He ordered the allegiance of the society of Maravar and insisted on a distinction between all classes. 7062: 1621:(dark hall) is a wide and long hall built by Muthu Pillai during 1613. On the pillars of the halls, there are fine sculptures of Shiva narrating the legend of 1561:

The Thousand-Pillared Hall (Q) contains 985 (instead of 1000) carved pillars, with two shrines occupying the space of the remaining 15. The hall was built by

4369: 1122:

shrine, and the Sundara Pandyan Mandapam. It was rebuilt after the 14th-century damage, its granite structure was renovated by Kumara Krishnappar after 1595.

502:, the state capital. The temple complex is well connected with a road network (four lane National Highway 38), near a major railway junction and an airport ( 587: 952: 113: 1278:(tower over sanctum). The golden top can be seen from a great distance in the west through the apertures of two successive towers. The tall sculpture of 661:(lit. "silver hall" where Shiva danced). It was described to be the Sangam of scholars, or a place where scholars meet. It is mentioned in the Tamil text 4465: 2319: 1118:

Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I built a gopura in 1231, then called Avanivendaraman, later rebuilt, expanded and named as Sundara Pandya Thirukkopuram.

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in praise of presiding deity of this temple. King Tirumalai Nayak's patronage of the poet Kumaraguruparar has an important place in the history of

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rulers who rebuilt the core and reopened the temple. In the 16th century, the temple complex was further expanded and fortified by the Nayak ruler

4592: 2052: 1079:, the tallest of which is the southern tower, which rises to over 170 ft (52 m) and was rebuilt in the late 16th century. The oldest 3571: 1452:

dance, a type of stick dance that involves acrobatics and forming chains with long ropes hanging from the ceiling, which is why it is called

938:

The Nadars appealed to the High Court of Judicature in Madras, unhappy with the judgment of the subordinate judge of Madurai, with funds of

7057: 5003: 2115:(Garland of nine gems). According to legend, when Sastri sang these songs in front of presiding deity, the goddess had responded visibly. 1881:

means stage or altar. This massive Nataraja sculpture is enclosed in a huge silver altar and hence called "Velli Ambalam" (silver abode).

2943: 1371: 584:(rule). She is also known by the Tamil name "Angayarkanni" or "Ankayarkannammai" (literally, "the mother with the beautiful fish eyes"). 1670:

festival celebrated during September–October. This hall is situated in the second corridor of the Meenakshi shrine at the western side.

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Murthiyamman mandapam and Nandi mandapam were built by Krishnappa Nayakar (1564–1572). The Nandi mandapam was renovated again in 1877.

1533: 5814: 3623: 1662:(Hall of beating drums) lies opposite to Sundareswarar shrine was built by Achaya Rayar, the minister of Rani Mangammal in 1635. The 1547: 572:

which was called later as Meenakshi. According to another theory, the name of the goddess means "rule of the fish", derived from the

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with extensive sculpture (Q), the kalyana mandapa or wedding hall, many small shrines for Hindu deities and for scholars from the

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is the tallest and curvilinear (above: inner and outerviews). The colorful sculptures narrate legendary scenes from Hindu texts.

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Vanniyadi Natarajar Mandapam and Annakkuli Mandapam were built by a woman named Chellappen Mannikkam in the late 16th century.

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Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings

841:

The work completed by Vishwanatha Nayaka in 1560 was substantially expanded to the current structure during the reign of

1466:, a Hindu epic. It also has a yali sculpture on a pillar, inside whose mouth is carved a stone ball that freely rotates. 790: 5637: 5329: 4930: 4874: 4796: 3385:Županov, Ines G. (1993). "Aristocratic Analogies and Demotic Descriptions in the Seventeenth-Century Madurai Mission". 2279: 905: 802: 3661: 2462: 2093:(a genre of Tamil literature). Kumaraguruparar visited a lot of temples and when he visited this temple, he composed 1353:

The temple complex has many mandapas (pillared-halls) built by kings and wealthy patrons over the centuries. They are

7037: 4835: 4262: 2882: 165: 30: 2008: 7077: 1961:(lamp ceremony) for both Meenakshi and Sundareswarar. The rituals and festivals are accompanied with music with 717:

forces in 1311 went deeper into the Deccan peninsula for loot and to establish annual tributes to be paid by the

2044:

dolls. These displays are particularly popular with children, and families visit the displays in large numbers.

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in 1569 and blends engineering skill and artistic vision. Ariyanatha Mudaliar was prime minister and general of

1282:

carved of single stone located outside the Sundareswarar shrine in the path from Meenakshi shrine is called the

6889: 6531: 6389: 4913: 4681: 2929:

Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April, 1966

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Vellasami Thevar, the inherited ruler of a vast land under the Raja of Ramnad and the grandfather of the late

889:

in 1995. The temple is sometimes spelt as Minaksi and the city as Madura in 17th to early 20th-century texts.

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These offerings are always vegetarian, and animal sacrifices are never performed, states Christopher Fuller.

2072:

Over the centuries, the temple has been a centre of education of culture, literature, art, music and dance.

849:, took considerable interest in erecting many complexes inside the temple. His major contributions are the 620:

The marriage of Meenakshi and Shiva was a grand event, with all gods, goddesses and living beings gathered.

6879: 6704: 6656: 6275: 6242: 2017: 221: 3136:

Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History

2153:

Chockar, Puzhugu Neidhu Chockar, Kadambavaneswarar, Karpoora Chockar, Madureswarar, Irayanar, Peralavayar.

1504: 193: 7047: 6972: 6869: 6515: 4725:

A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations

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Along with these, there are statues of King Thirumalai Naicker with his wives within the temple complex.

1496:, or wedding hall. It is here that the marriage of Shiva and Parvati is celebrated every year during the 4097:

Branfoot, Crispin (2008). "Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India".

2032:

co-celebrated with the Mariyamman temple in Madurai, the Masi utsavam and Vasamtham utsavam in Panguni.

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added in 1923 while the Indians were midst their independence struggle from the colonial British rule.

827:

in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Nayaka rulers followed the Hindu texts on architecture called the

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Some of the shrines and the gopuram are not exactly aligned east-west and north-south axis, however.

648:

texts. These are dated to be from the 1st to 4th century CE. Some early Tamil texts call Madurai as

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Hindu goddesses: visions of the divine feminine in the Hindu religious tradition By David Kinsley

1980:

The Hindus generally circumambulate the shrines clockwise first before entering the shrine for a

1838: 355:

literature, with the goddess temple mentioned in 6th-century CE texts. This temple is one of the

1837:

The Meenakshi Temple is a theologically and culturally significant temple for Hindus. Professor

1424:(Hall of Pandavas). The hall also has four sculptures of Shiva scholars, as well as a statue of 935:

ceremonies at the temple, the defendants were ordered to pay the amount of five hundred rupees.

721:. The records left by the court historians of the Delhi Sultanate state that Malik Kafur raided 7052: 6811: 6694: 6508: 6363: 6338: 6285: 5007: 2082: 1633:

The temple is major South Indian pilgrimage center, as well as elsewhere. Above: Pilgrims from

1584: 975: 268: 102: 5420: 4671: 3902:, History of Religions, Vol. 19, No. 4 (May, 1980), University of Chicago Press, pages 321-348 3242: 3134: 2788: 2701: 2632: 2492: 6874: 6816: 6419: 6348: 5690: 5359: 4306: 3732: 3530: 3299: 2830: 2659: 2605: 2566: 1053: 1049:

Meenakshi temple has 14 colourful gopura. These are gateways to various shrines and mandapas.

920: 820: 754: 670: 479: 6957: 6839: 6681: 6267: 6070: 6042: 5907: 1812: 1756: 1095:

are high pyramidal tower serving as a landmark sign for arriving pilgrims, while the inner

750: 356: 5731:

Festivals of Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple, Madurai a historical and cultural perspective

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A thousand petalled lotus: Jain temples of Rajasthan : architecture & iconography

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Early Tamil texts mention the temple and its primary deity by various epithets and names.

8: 6937: 6844: 6821: 6790: 6742: 6727: 6605: 6318: 6313: 5976: 5833: 5787: 5078: 5051: 5024: 2207: 1562: 1329: 932: 870: 698: 600:

The goddess Meenakshi is the principal deity of the temple, unlike most Shiva temples in

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celebrations, the 108 Veena concert by 108 female artists was performed in this temple.

1317:

in the northwest corner of the second courtyard. It was built by Krishnappa Nayakar II.

1091:

is a multi-storeyed structure, covered with sculpture painted in bright hues. The outer

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Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations

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Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations

1945:

The temple has a six time pooja calendar everyday, each comprising four rituals namely

5747: 5111:. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 3493:

Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900

3163:

Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900

3006:

Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900

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Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition

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is believed to be the brother of Meenakshi, giving her away to Shiva at the wedding.

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Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism By Kodayanallur Vanamamalai Soundara Rajan

3836: 3029: 1899:

The Meenakshi Amman temple is an active house of Hindu worship. Priests perform the

1203: 632: 6967: 6912: 6854: 6747: 6719: 6404: 6394: 6323: 6199: 6141: 6131: 6121: 6114: 6094: 6021: 5734: 4466:"Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem? | Madurai News - Times of India" 4381: 4110: 4106: 3812: 3429: 3394: 1566: 1177:

Idabhakkuri Gopuram, a five-storey tower on the northern segment of the Adi Street.

702: 4673:

The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent

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A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Tamil Language, Vol. VII, PART - II

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An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century

1290:(a measure) is shaped into a big ball of sacrifice and hence the Ganesh is called 6849: 6590: 6489: 6384: 6214: 6162: 5902: 5669: 5648: 5627: 5606: 5585: 5523: 5460: 5380: 5281: 5146: 4983: 4962: 4941: 4920: 4885: 4864: 4843: 4807: 4786: 4765: 4744: 4723: 4618: 4599: 4580: 4439: 4412: 4279: 4252: 4225: 3843: 3705: 3591: 3491: 3464: 3272: 3215: 3188: 3161: 3053: 3036: 3004: 2898: 2857: 2754: 2466: 2286: 2239: 2108: 1900: 1655: 1252: 1181:

characters in panels that narrate legends from the Hindu texts, particularly the

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Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment

3532:

Semiotics of Cities, Selves, and Cultures: Explorations in Semiotic Anthropology

1508:

The Pudu Mandapa is outside the east gate of the Minakshi temple at Madurai, by

869:. The initiative for some changes to the structure was under the supervision of 6922: 6765: 6353: 5960: 5775: 5206:

The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2

4305:

Holly Baker Reynolds (1987). Bardwell L. Smith and Holly Baker Reynolds (ed.).

3731:

Holly Baker Reynolds (1987). Bardwell L. Smith and Holly Baker Reynolds (ed.).

3596:. Ajay Kumar Jain for Manohar Publishers & Distributours. pp. 99–155. 2100: 2041: 1794: 1704: 1509: 1425: 1061: 866: 774: 706: 653: 573: 561: 538: 469:

tradition, dedicated to Meenakshi Devi and Shiva. However, the temple includes

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Lakana Nayakar expanded and renovated the Mahamandapa in late 15th century CE.

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Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India

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Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center

2012: 1866: 967: 927:

Nadar arguing that they had polluted the temple and requested the payment of

911: 874: 734: 645: 243: 230: 6907: 5483:* Mīnākṣī-Sundareśvara - 'Tiruviḷaiyāṭaṟ Purāṇam' in Letters, Design and Art 5128:

Hindu Pilgrimage: A Journey Through the Holy Places of Hindus All Over India

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Tamil geographies: cultural constructions of space and place in South India

5361:

Architecture and art of southern India: Vijayanagara and, Volume 1, Issue 6

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Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu

2459: 1228: 1224: 316: 312: 296: 4385: 995: 6991: 6917: 6757: 6623: 6618: 6567: 6557: 6547: 6305: 6191: 6126: 6063: 4624: 2244:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 9–10, 103, 210, 363–364. 1963: 1916: 1851: 1732: 1709: 1622: 1482: 1462: 1411: 1135: 726: 710: 601: 552:'Mīṉāṭci') is a term meaning "fish-eyed", derived from the words 458: 432: 5738: 4118: 3301:

Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature

1869:(five courts), where the Tamil Hindu tradition believes Shiva performed 6987: 6628: 6595: 6444: 6219: 6172: 5885: 4001:

Mīnākṣī-Sundareśvara: Tirivuḷaiyāṭaṟ Purāṇam in Letters, Design and Art

3899: 3406: 1823: 1784: 1744: 1714: 1582:("Hall of 1000 pillars") has two rows of pillars carved with images of 1571: 1357:, or a place for the pilgrims to rest. Some of these mandapas include: 846: 762: 738: 718: 371: 370:

The west tower (gopuram) of the temple is the model based on which the

324: 142: 4728:. Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass). 4574:

Navarathri celebrations: Meenakshi temple golu display steals the show

3593:

The Nadars of Tamilnad: The Political Culture of a Community in Change

2728:"Madurai's Meenakshi Temple named best 'Swachh Iconic Place' in India" 1326:

Tank, as well as Dvarapala mandapam in front of the Sannadhi gopuram.

1243:

or the "more important" right side within the complex, states Fuller.

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in the east, Vinayagar in the south, Kariamalperumal in the west and

332: 73: 7083:

Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent

5608:

Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India

5425:, Los Angeles: Museum Associates, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 5273:

The Great Temple of Madurai: English version of the book Koilmanagar

3800: 3398: 2301: 2299: 2289:, R.K.K. 2005. Minaksi or Sundaresvara: Who is the first principle? 709:

in 1311, Sultan Ala ud Din Khalji's infamous eunuch Muslim general,

693:

In the north of India, the Indian subcontinent was conquered by the

398:(1190 CE–1205 CE). He built the main portions of the three-storeyed 6633: 6580: 6204: 6167: 6104: 5929: 5890: 5875: 5865: 5855: 5823: 5547:

The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India By David

5481: 4967:. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press). 4946:. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press). 4805: 4389: 2124: 2057: 1982: 1855: 1847: 1789: 1724: 1719: 1667: 1354: 1099:

are smaller and serve as the entrance gateways to various shrines.

1012: 1003: 809: 466: 446: 404: 364: 48: 5551:, United Kingdom: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 5006:. Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Thirukoil. 2012. Archived from 4981: 2182: 2111:

songs in praise of Meenakshi of Madurai, which are referred to as

6995: 6456: 5919: 5912: 4281:

Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses

2932:. International Association of Tamil Research. 1968. p. 543. 2296: 1870: 1764: 1740: 1696: 1575: 1416: 1217: 1182: 1154: 1076: 984: 915: 722: 681: 641: 612:, King Malayadwaja Pandya and his wife Kanchanamalai performed a 499: 416: 408: 399: 348: 336: 320: 77: 58: 6500: 4767:

Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period

4707:. Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass). 4277: 2903:. Department of History, University of Kerala. 2002. p. 96. 1106:

Some of the major gopurams of the Meenakshi temple complex are:

892:

The temple has its traditional version of history that it calls

885:

other scholars. The completed restoration was celebrated with a

101:

Chithirai Thiruvizha, Navaratri, Cradle festival, Aavanimoolam,

6451: 6439: 6109: 6012: 6008: 5897: 5870: 4908:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, 3463:

Sabina Pavone (2014). Robert Maryks and Jonathan Wright (ed.).

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Christopher Fuller (2003). "Madurai". In George Michell (ed.).

1807: 1803: 1402: 1279: 1255: 621: 494:

The temple and the city of Madurai (only major roads sketched).

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Plan of the temple per 1911 sketch (does not reflect changes).

765:

removing it in 1378 CE. According to one poetic legend called

5934: 5850: 4742: 4349: 2263: 2261: 2061: 1974: 1969: 1799: 1779: 1769: 1748: 1690: 1478: 1258: 861:(corridor of parrots). The corridors of the temple tank and 835: 757:, who seceded in 1335 from the Delhi Sultanate and began the 742: 613: 605: 360: 344: 328: 152: 87: 83: 65: 4181: 4145: 4034: 3956: 3837:

Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareshwarar Thirukkoil – Temple Towers

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Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History, 1773-1900

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The temple is famed location where Tamil tradition believes

347:. The temple is at the centre of the ancient temple city of 5792: 4497: 4495: 4493: 2976: 2035:

In the Tamil month of Purattasi, the temple celebrates the

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covered with Kadamba forest and hence called Kadambavanam.

503: 462:(sanctums) of Meenakshi and Sundaresvara gilded with gold. 412: 4922:

Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories

4068: 4066: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4024: 4022: 4020: 3946: 3944: 3873: 3871: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 2966: 2964: 2490: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2258: 1553:

Every pillar is carved with religious or secular sculpture

4308:

The City As a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts

3734:

The City As a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts

2819: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2204:"This Temple Is Covered in Thousands of Colorful Statues" 5667: 5522:

Selby, Martha Ann; Peterson, Indira Viswanathan (2008),

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The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India

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South Indian Temple: Mīnākṣī and Sundareśvara at Madurai

3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3072: 2428: 2426: 2424: 465:

The temple is a major pilgrimage destination within the

5507:. Mylapore, Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. p. 31. 5505:

Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture

5439: 4648: 4630: 4337: 4193: 4157: 4078: 4063: 4046: 4017: 3980: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3868: 3849: 3510: 3084: 2961: 2585: 2438: 2402: 2027:

Meenakshi temple decorated for the Navarathri festival.

5305:, Delhi: The Regents of the University of California, 4721: 4700: 4636: 4531: 3968: 3469:. BRILL Academic. pp. 338–352 with footnotes 25. 2637:. Oxford University Press. pp. 546 with note 45. 2377: 2293:

XXV, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, pp. 551-553.

1320: 5049: 5022: 4791:. Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass). 4555: 4543: 4519: 4507: 4325: 4298: 3763: 3662:"Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959" 3347: 3330: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2421: 444:

and later others. The restored complex now houses 14

4304: 3846:, Madurai Meenakshi Temple, Government of Tamil Nadu 3730: 3051: 2678: 2630: 1460:

is notable for its sculpture of characters from the

983:

The temple complex is the centre of the old city of

953:

Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department

899: 608:

is the principal deity. According to the Tamil text

390:

Madurai Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple was built by

114:

Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department

5583: 5378: 5343:, New Delhi: Indra Gandhi National Centre of Arts, 5261:Iyer, T. G. S. Balaram; T. R., Rajagopalan (1987), 4906:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

4845:

Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation

3266: 3264: 3213: 2807: 2305: 1410:(holy games of Shiva). The sculptures of heroes of 16:

Historic Hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

5746: 5544: 4311:. BRILL Academic. pp. 34–37, context: 12–44. 4223: 3905: 3737:. BRILL Academic. pp. 5–6, 12, 24–25, 34–37. 3297: 3244:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate 2773: 2539: 1456:. These dances celebrate Hindu festival days. The 636:Temple wall painting depicting its founding legend 5566:Soundara Rajan, Kodayanallur Vanamamalai (2001), 5263:History & description of Sri Meenakshi Temple 5076: 4593:Crowds throng Madurai Meenakshi temple for 'golu' 3699: 3697: 3695: 3366: 3128: 3126: 2855: 2828: 2793:. National Geographic Society. pp. 155–156. 2603: 2233: 2231: 2229: 1500:festival which falls sometime in or abouts April. 951:The temple is maintained and administered by the 386:Yali in pillars at Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple 126:Temple tank: Potramarai Kulam (Golden-Lotus Pond) 7029: 5688: 5650:The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara 5528:, New York: State University of New York Press, 5402:National Geographic Traveler: India, 3rd Edition 5189:, Delhi: John Wiley & Sons(Asia) Pte. Ltd., 5002: 4960: 4939: 4367: 4230:. Princeton University Press. pp. 138–149. 4169: 4133: 3962: 3703: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3496:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 391–394. 3261: 3166:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–110. 3132: 3058:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 477–479. 2564: 2291:South Indian History Congress Annual Proceedings 2237: 4284:. New York University Press. pp. 220–227. 2998: 2996: 2123:On 5 October 2022, the final day of the year's 5565: 5385:, United States: National Geographic Society, 5115: 4890:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. 4812:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. 4806:A.K. Coomaraswamy; Michael W. Meister (1995). 4355: 4257:. Art Gallery of New South Wales. p. 15. 4250: 4187: 4151: 3692: 3291: 3270: 3123: 3009:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–30. 2455: 2453: 2320:"Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem?" 2226: 1436:One of the pillared halls in Meenakshi temple. 363:that are revered in the verses of Tamil Saiva 7063:Religious buildings and structures in Madurai 6516: 5808: 5604: 5521: 4982:Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan Dhaky (1986). 4918: 4210: 4208: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3686: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3578: 3528: 3462: 3240: 3234: 3186: 3180: 3153: 2913:Excerpt for the etymology of Meenatchi from " 2862:. Philosophical Research Society. p. 33. 2786: 753:appointed a Muslim governor in Madurai named 5692:The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts 5646: 5625: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 2993: 2696: 2535: 1678: 1477:in a dance competition, a golden flagstaff, 688: 4985:Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture 4763: 4437: 4410: 4278:Alf Hiltebeitel; Kathleen M. Erndl (2000). 4217: 3621: 3489: 3419: 3159: 3047: 3045: 3002: 2752: 2690: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2450: 1973:(percussion instrument), recitation of the 1761:Kalyana Sundareshwarar with Meenakshi Amman 1286:. A large measure of rice measuring three 1057:View of the temple from the west-side tower 427:. In the early 14th century, the armies of 6523: 6509: 5815: 5801: 5227:, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 5170:, Mumbai: Central Chinmaya Mission Trust, 4883: 4862: 4841: 4205: 3823: 3610: 3570:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3277:. Marg Publications. pp. 4–8, 95–96. 2944:"The Sacred Sports of Siva - Introduction" 2877:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. 2657: 2351:"The artist who designed the State emblem" 1666:is a hall for displaying dolls during the 1313:The temple has other shrines, such as for 29: 5753:, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 5570:, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 5479: 5458: 5399: 5260: 5184: 4785:Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005). 4665: 4663: 4417:. Rutgers University Press. p. 157. 4163: 4040: 3998: 3883: 3798: 3589: 3555: 3078: 1904:shrine every morning. There are periodic 1083:is the eastern one (I on plan), built by 5465:, United States: Scarecrow Press, INC., 5364:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 5165: 5144: 5105:Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). 4988:. American Institute of Indian Studies. 4743:Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014). 4096: 3935: 3710:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 20–22. 3193:. Oxford University Press. p. 109. 3042: 2987: 2664:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 97–99. 2610:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 95–96. 2512: 2348: 2051: 2022: 1628: 1503: 1431: 1370: 1328: 1060: 1052: 1044: 974: 966: 631: 586: 489: 381: 297:https://maduraimeenakshi.hrce.tn.gov.in/ 200: 172: 6978:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago) 5486:. New Delhi: Sharada Publishing House. 5357: 5300: 4654: 4444:. Rutgers University Press. p. 9. 4003:. New Delhi: Sharada Publishing House. 3974: 3384: 3324: 3117: 2478: 2317: 808:Sculptures in the 1000-pillar mandapa ( 796:Meenakshi in the sanctum (1801 sketch). 560:("eyes"). She was earlier known by the 305:Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple 24:Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple 7030: 5728: 5244:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess 5241: 5222: 5125: 4704:An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture 4660: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4525: 4513: 4501: 4199: 4084: 4072: 4057: 4028: 3986: 3950: 3923: 3877: 3862: 3757: 3516: 3105: 2970: 2873:Fisher, Michael H. (18 October 2018). 2872: 2832:The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess 2759:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 140–141. 2591: 2444: 2415: 2396: 2085:, a 17th-century Tamil poet, composed 1841:signifies that through the wedding of 1578:, Shiva as a wandering mendicant. The 669:. It is one of the shrines of the 275 6504: 5796: 5788:"A Brief History Of Meenakshi Temple" 5542: 5502: 5444:, New York: Oxford University Press, 5338: 5319: 5203: 5104: 4669: 4642: 4343: 4331: 3535:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 94–95. 2813: 2734:from the original on 11 November 2020 2684: 2491:Tara Boland-Crewe; David Lea (2003). 2365:from the original on 16 December 2020 2267: 2079:helped establish Tamil Shiva bhakti. 1239:(A), thus placing the goddess as the 5709: 5490:from the original on 12 October 2020 5279: 5093:from the original on 5 February 2018 5064:from the original on 5 February 2018 5037:from the original on 5 February 2018 3786: 3642:from the original on 18 October 2020 3624:"Reliving the historic temple entry" 3360: 3341: 2432: 2118: 2097:dedicated to the goddess Meenakshi. 819:The temple was rebuilt by the Hindu 315:located on the southern bank of the 309:Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman Thirukkovil 7058:Buildings and structures in Madurai 5782:"Madurai Meenakshi Temple 360 View" 5714:, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 5668:Burton Stein; David Arnold (2010). 5462:Historical dictionary of the Tamils 5418: 5404:, US: National Geographic Society, 5324:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 5322:Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction 5246:, Delhi: Indiana University Press, 3911: 3247:. Penguin Books. pp. 155–156. 2835:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24. 2494:The Territories and States of India 2349:Madhavan, Chitra (1–15 July 2011). 2318:Swaroop, Vishnu (7 November 2016). 2241:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils 2047: 1321:Temple tank and surrounding portico 13: 5776:"Madurai Meenakshi Temple Timings" 5744: 5286:, Taylor & Francis e-library, 5270: 4175: 4139: 3372: 2706:. Random House. pp. 277–279. 1592: 1223:A sculpture of a woman playing an 1209:The golden vimana over the sanctum 1165:completed around 1374 by Mallapan. 906:1897 Kamudi Temple entry agitation 14: 7094: 6530: 5769: 5223:Fuller, Christopher John (2004), 4749:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 4583:, The Times of India (6 Oct 2016) 4478:from the original on 26 June 2021 3055:South Indian Shrines: Illustrated 2330:from the original on 26 June 2021 1360: 1337:The sacred temple tank is called 900:Temple entry agitations of Nadars 331:. It is dedicated to the goddess 6948:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram 6652:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu 6484: 6475: 6474: 5950: 5611:. University of Delaware Press. 5440:Karen Pechilis Prentiss (1999), 4866:The Temple Architecture of India 4605: 4586: 4567: 4458: 4431: 4404: 4361: 2156: 1931: 1915: 1546: 1532: 1333:Golden Lotus in the temple pool. 1216: 1202: 1143: 1134: 801: 789: 644:is ancient and one mentioned in 407:and Surya near the main temple, 199: 192: 171: 164: 6983:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia) 4722:Prasanna Kumar Acharya (1997). 4701:Prasanna Kumar Acharya (2010). 4693: 4271: 4244: 4090: 3992: 3792: 3724: 3654: 3622:Karthikeyan, D. (9 July 2013). 3549: 3522: 3483: 3456: 3413: 3378: 3318: 3207: 3111: 3023: 2936: 2920: 2907: 2891: 2866: 2856:Manly Palmer Hall, ed. (1949). 2849: 2746: 2720: 2651: 2624: 2597: 2558: 2484: 2472: 2210:. 2 August 2017. Archived from 2146: 2137: 1832: 845:(1623–55). Tirumala Nayaka, a 7068:Tourist attractions in Madurai 5653:. Cambridge University Press. 5503:Reddy, G.Venkatramana (2013). 5208:, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 4809:Essays in Architectural Theory 4612:Gods and gopurams in full glow 4111:10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389 3217:A short history of South India 2342: 2311: 2273: 2196: 2175: 1998:meaning Shiva's sacred games. 962: 1: 5733:, Madurai Kamraj University, 5587:Elements of Hindu iconography 5151:, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 5148:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places 5145:Brockman, Norbert C. (2011), 3817:10.1080/02666030.1997.9628522 3801:"Pañcapretāsanāsīnī-Sadāśivī" 3590:Hardgrave, Robert L. (2006). 3304:. Routledge. pp. 62–66. 3052:P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982). 2631:Edwin Francis Bryant (2007). 2571:. Routledge. pp. 20–21. 2169: 2107:, had composed a set of nine 1938:Golu dolls festival (autumn). 1231:in the thousand-pillared hall 1065:The north tower of the temple 780: 6933:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China) 5822: 5712:Art shrines of ancient India 5584:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). 5379:National Geographic (2008), 5126:Bansal, Sunita Pant (2008), 4631:Karen Pechilis Prentiss 1999 4621:, The Hindu (1 OCTOBER 2014) 4602:, The Hindu (6 OCTOBER 2013) 3707:Hinduism in the Modern World 3214:Sarojini Chaturvedi (2006). 2607:Art Shrines of Ancient India 2568:Hinduism in the Modern World 2326:. Madurai: The Times Group. 2183:"9°55'10.23"N 78°07'09.63"E" 2018:Shiva temple of Chidhambaram 2001: 946: 873:, the prime minister of the 773:, the wife of the commander 680:, the famous Hindu saint of 514: 84:Sokkanathar or Sundareswarar 7: 5745:V., Vriddhagirisan (1995), 5242:Harman, William P. (1992), 5086:, Online: Project Madurai, 5057:. Online: Project Madurai. 5030:. Online: Project Madurai. 4441:Living Class in Urban India 4414:Living Class in Urban India 4224:David Dean Shulman (2014). 3298:William J. Jackson (2016). 1580:Meenakshi Nayakkar Mandapam 1490:Vira vasantha raya mandapam 1301:Kumara Kampana, states the 1069: 996: 485: 377: 367:of the 6th-9th century CE. 359:, which are 275 temples of 10: 7099: 5710:V.K., Subramanian (2003), 5480:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2013). 5459:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007), 5422:Indian Sculpture, Volume 2 5419:Pal, Pratapaditya (1988), 5400:Nicholson, Louise (1997), 5185:Cotterell, Arthur (2011), 5130:, Delhi: Hindology Books, 5120:, Prabuddha bharata office 5118:Awakened India, Volume 112 5077:Thirunavukkarasar (2004), 3999:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2013). 3799:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (1997). 3558:Nadar Chamuga Varalaru (T) 3274:Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu 3220:. Saṁskṛiti. p. 209. 2859:Horizon, Volume 9, Issue 3 2829:William P. Harman (1992). 2604:V. K. Subramanian (2003). 2542:Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu 2497:. Routledge. p. 401. 1894: 1539:The thousand-pillared hall 1193: 1085:Maravarman Sundara Pandyan 971:A view of the west gopuram 903: 863:Meenatchi Nayakar Mandapam 627: 396:Sadayavarman Kulasekaran I 374:State Emblem is designed. 6898: 6840:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams 6830: 6756: 6718: 6680: 6672:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam 6642: 6604: 6566: 6538: 6470: 6432: 6377: 6304: 6266: 6228: 6190: 6181: 6151:Festivals and observances 6150: 6087: 6007: 5991:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 5959: 5948: 5841: 5830: 5689:Kapila Vatsyayan (1997). 5674:. John Wiley & Sons. 5280:King, Anthony D. (2005), 5271:Ki, Palaniyappan (1963), 4964:The Hindu Temple Volume 2 4961:Stella Kramrisch (1979). 4943:The Hindu Temple Volume 1 4940:Stella Kramrisch (1976). 4368:R.K.K. Rajarajan (2014). 3704:Brian A. Hatcher (2015). 3687:Selby & Peterson 2008 3434:10.1017/s0026749x00015080 3139:. ABC-CLIO. p. 884. 3133:J. Gordon Melton (2014). 3039:, Encyclopedia Britannica 2900:Journal of Indian History 2703:India: A Sacred Geography 2565:Brian A. Hatcher (2015). 2544:. Marg. pp. 94–113. 2238:Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017). 2105:Trinity of Carnatic music 1679:Deities inside the Temple 689:Invasions and Destruction 595: 542: 527: 295: 290: 282: 274: 264: 259: 220: 158: 148: 138: 133: 119: 109: 97: 64: 54: 42: 37: 28: 23: 7038:Hindu temples in Madurai 7016:Kamphaeng Phet province 7002:Hx thewalay kestr phiman 6968:Sivan temple (Singapore) 6938:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka) 6913:Fire temple (Azerbaijan) 6410:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 5970:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 5695:. Abhinav Publications. 5442:The embodiment of bhakti 5358:Michell, George (1995), 4848:. Abhinav Publications. 4676:. Taylor & Francis. 3760:, pp. 16–17, 24–26. 3556:Thenmozhi, Kuru (1969). 2306:National Geographic 2008 2130: 1348: 1087:during 1216–1238. Each 1029: 957:Government of Tamil Nadu 707:Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra 705:in 1310 and the Kannada 286:144 m (472 ft) 244:9.9195083°N 78.1193417°E 208:Meenakshi Temple (India) 6963:Shivagraham (Indonesia) 6943:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka) 6918:Ganga Talao (Mauritius) 6908:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam) 6700:Thiruvanaikaval (Water) 6667:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai 5590:. Motilal Banarsidass. 5301:Kinsley, David (1998), 5204:Datta, Amaresh (2005), 5187:Asia: A Concise History 5116:Awakened India (2007), 5052:"Campantar Tirumurai 3" 5025:"Campantar Tirumurai 1" 4770:. Motilal Banarsidass. 4617:1 December 2017 at the 4598:20 January 2021 at the 4579:11 October 2018 at the 4374:Religions of South Asia 4251:Jackie Menzies (2006). 3842:1 December 2017 at the 3271:George Michell (1993). 2465:1 December 2017 at the 2009:Meenakshi Thirukalyanam 1648:Mangayarkarasi mandapam 1644:Mangayarkarasi mandapam 1422:Pancha Pandava Mandapam 351:mentioned in the Tamil 180:Shown within Tamil Nadu 105:, Alagar's river plunge 7078:Dravidian architecture 6291:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 5605:Ajay J. Sinha (2000). 5339:Kumar, Sehdev (2001), 5108:India through the ages 4919:Monica Juneja (2001). 4254:Goddess: divine energy 3529:Milton Singer (1991). 3241:Abraham Eraly (2015). 3187:Carl W. Ernst (2004). 2787:Keith Bellows (2008). 2069: 2028: 1967:(pipe instrument) and 1863:Tiruvilaiyatal Puranam 1638: 1615:Mudali Pillai Mandapam 1512: 1437: 1399:Ashta Shakthi Mandapam 1376: 1334: 1169:group of same artists. 1066: 1058: 1050: 980: 972: 910:In November 1895, the 857:(spring festival) and 665:and the Sanskrit text 637: 592: 495: 387: 319:in the temple city of 269:Dravidian architecture 222:Geographic coordinates 183:Show map of Tamil Nadu 103:Meenakshi Tirukalyanam 6988:Thewasathan Bot Phram 6958:Pashupatinath (Nepal) 6695:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 6662:Silver/Velli, Madurai 6286:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 5647:Burton Stein (1989). 5626:Burton Stein (1978). 5543:Smith, David (1996), 5168:Symbolism in Hinduism 4670:Bruno, Nettl (1998). 4386:10.1558/rosa.v8i2.197 4164:Iyer & T. R. 1987 3963:Temple theertham 2012 3898:C. J. Fuller (1980), 3560:. Madurai. p. 2. 2634:Krishna: A Sourcebook 2285:30 March 2019 at the 2095:Meenakshi pillaitamil 2087:Meenakshi Pillaitamil 2055: 2026: 1957:(food offerings) and 1632: 1507: 1435: 1374: 1332: 1064: 1056: 1048: 978: 970: 921:Muthuramalinga Thevar 755:Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan 703:Kakatiyas of Warangal 671:Paadal Petra Sthalams 635: 610:Tiruvilaiyatarpuranam 590: 493: 480:Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 385: 357:Paadal Petra Sthalams 249:9.9195083; 78.1193417 7073:Pandyan architecture 6973:Sthūlādri (Thailand) 6928:Katas Raj (Pakistan) 6923:Iraivan temple (USA) 6705:Chidambaram (Ether) 6682:Panchabhuta Sthalams 6268:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 5629:South Indian Temples 5265:, Sri Karthik Agency 4925:. Orient Blackswan. 4826:Dehejia, V. (1997). 4764:Alice Boner (1990). 4438:Sara Dickey (2016). 4411:Sara Dickey (2016). 4370:"Dancing Halls Five" 3490:Susan Bayly (1989). 3422:Modern Asian Studies 3327:, pp. 14, 78-81, 158 3160:Susan Bayly (1989). 3003:Susan Bayly (1989). 2753:Rina Kamath (2000). 1687:Amman (Main Goddess) 1652:Servaikarar Mandapam 751:Muhammad bin Tughluq 701:in 1308, the Telugu 663:Tiruvilayadalpuranam 6953:Mt. Kailash (Tibet) 6758:Jyotirlinga Sthalas 6710:Srikalahasthi (Air) 6690:Kanchipuram (Earth) 6606:Pancharama Kshetras 6296:Kanchipuram (Earth) 6281:Tirukalahasti (Air) 6276:Chidambaram (Ether) 5977:Shivarahasya Purana 5320:Knott, Kim (2000), 4884:Adam Hardy (2015). 4863:Adam Hardy (2007). 4842:Adam Hardy (1995). 4830:. Phaidon: London. 4392:on 29 November 2016 4356:Soundara Rajan 2001 4188:Awakened India 2007 4152:Awakened India 2007 4043:, pp. 279–280. 3805:South Asian Studies 3035:28 May 2019 at the 2990:, pp. 326–327. 2658:T. Padmaja (2002). 2214:on 26 February 2019 2208:National Geographic 2068:in the temple tower 2066:Thirugnanasambandar 1697:Mukkuruni Vinayagar 1563:Ariyanatha Mudaliar 1458:Kilikoondu Mandapam 1442:Kilikoondu Mandapam 1420:can be seen in the 933:ritual purification 871:Ariyanatha Mudaliar 859:Kilikoondu Mandapam 699:Yadavas of Devagiri 678:Thirugnanasambandar 537:'Mīnākṣī', 442:Vishwanatha Nayakar 438:Vijayanagara Empire 339:, and her consort, 240: / 7048:Padal Petra Stalam 7006:Sukhothai province 6395:Kailash Mansarovar 6100:Pashupata Shaivism 6078:Hara Hara Mahadeva 5671:A History of India 5050:Campantar (2004). 5023:Campantar (2004). 5004:"Temple theertham" 4471:The Times of India 3668:on 6 December 2018 2324:The Times of India 2070: 2029: 1990:(July–August) and 1926:festival (spring). 1873:. The Tamil word 1839:Christopher Fuller 1654:, a hall built by 1639: 1513: 1471:Kambatadi Mandapam 1438: 1377: 1335: 1292:Mukkurni Vinayagar 1284:Mukuruny Vinayakar 1067: 1059: 1051: 981: 973: 638: 593: 496: 388: 7025: 7024: 6657:Gold/Pon, Thillai 6540:Trilinga Kshetras 6498: 6497: 6428: 6427: 5760:978-81-206-0996-9 5749:Nayaks of Tanjore 5721:978-81-7017-431-8 5702:978-81-7017-362-5 5681:978-1-4443-2351-1 5660:978-0-521-26693-2 5618:978-0-87413-684-5 5597:978-81-208-0878-2 5577:978-81-7022-857-8 5558:978-0-521-48234-9 5535:978-0-7914-7245-3 5514:978-81-7823-542-4 5472:978-0-470-82958-5 5451:978-0-19-512813-0 5432:978-0-87587-129-5 5411:978-1-4262-0595-8 5392:978-1-4262-0336-7 5371:978-0-521-44110-0 5350:978-81-7017-348-9 5312:978-81-208-0394-7 5293:978-0-203-48075-5 5253:978-1-59884-655-3 5234:978-0-691-12048-5 5215:978-81-260-1194-0 5196:978-0-470-82958-5 5177:978-81-7597-149-3 5166:Compiled (2008), 5158:978-1-59884-655-3 5137:978-81-223-0997-3 5080:Appar Tirumurai 6 4995:978-0-8122-7992-4 4974:978-81-208-0224-7 4953:978-81-208-0223-0 4897:978-93-81406-41-0 4855:978-81-7017-312-0 4819:978-0-19-563805-9 4777:978-81-208-0705-1 4756:978-1-4438-6734-4 4735:978-81-7536-113-3 4714:978-81-7536-534-6 4633:, pp. 78–79. 4504:, pp. 63–74. 4451:978-0-8135-8394-5 4424:978-0-8135-8394-5 4346:, pp. 10–48. 4318:978-90-04-08471-1 4291:978-0-8147-3619-7 4237:978-1-4008-5692-3 4202:, pp. 33–34. 4087:, pp. 34–35. 4075:, pp. 39–41. 4060:, pp. 38–39. 4031:, pp. 41–43. 4010:978-81-926983-2-8 3989:, pp. 22–39. 3953:, pp. 24–31. 3926:, pp. 19–38. 3880:, pp. 32–33. 3865:, pp. 24–32. 3789:, pp. 96–98. 3744:978-90-04-08471-1 3717:978-1-135-04630-9 3603:978-81-7304-701-5 3542:978-3-11-085775-7 3519:, pp. 48–53. 3503:978-0-521-89103-5 3476:978-90-04-28387-9 3363:, pp. 72–75. 3344:, pp. 72–73. 3311:978-1-317-00193-5 3284:978-81-85026-21-3 3254:978-93-5118-658-8 3227:978-81-87374-37-4 3200:978-0-19-566869-8 3173:978-0-521-89103-5 3146:978-1-61069-026-3 3108:, pp. 19–32. 3065:978-81-206-0151-2 3030:Sangam Literature 3016:978-0-521-89103-5 2973:, pp. 44–47. 2842:978-81-208-0810-2 2800:978-1-4262-0336-7 2766:978-81-250-1378-5 2713:978-0-385-53192-4 2671:978-81-7017-398-4 2644:978-0-19-803400-1 2617:978-81-7017-431-8 2594:, pp. 34–47. 2578:978-1-135-04631-6 2504:978-1-135-35624-8 2447:, pp. 39–40. 2435:, pp. 72–74. 2418:, pp. 36–37. 2399:, pp. 19–23. 2251:978-1-5381-0686-0 2119:108 Veena concert 1877:means silver and 1861:According to the 1729:Kasi Vishwanathar 1701:Irattai Vinayagar 1339:Porthamarai Kulam 851:Vasantha Mandapam 825:Vishwanatha Nayak 759:Madurai Sultanate 568:("fish-eyed one") 551: 536: 335:Amman, a form of 302: 301: 211:Show map of India 7090: 7012:Hx Phar Ishvaran 6796:Kashi Vishvanath 6525: 6518: 6511: 6502: 6501: 6488: 6478: 6477: 6188: 6187: 6132:Siddha Siddhanta 6095:Shaiva Siddhanta 6022:Om Namah Shivaya 5954: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5794: 5793: 5784:on Dinamalar.com 5763: 5752: 5741: 5724: 5706: 5685: 5664: 5643: 5622: 5601: 5580: 5561: 5550: 5538: 5518: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5475: 5454: 5435: 5414: 5395: 5374: 5353: 5334: 5315: 5296: 5275: 5266: 5256: 5237: 5218: 5199: 5180: 5161: 5140: 5121: 5112: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5085: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5036: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5010:on 28 March 2012 4999: 4978: 4957: 4936: 4901: 4880: 4859: 4823: 4802: 4781: 4760: 4739: 4718: 4688: 4687: 4667: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4609: 4603: 4590: 4584: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4388:. 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Uma (2015), 5722: 5703: 5682: 5661: 5640: 5619: 5598: 5578: 5559: 5536: 5515: 5493: 5491: 5473: 5452: 5433: 5412: 5393: 5372: 5351: 5332: 5313: 5294: 5254: 5235: 5216: 5197: 5178: 5159: 5138: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5013: 5011: 4996: 4975: 4954: 4933: 4898: 4877: 4856: 4820: 4799: 4778: 4757: 4736: 4715: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4645:, p. 1626. 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4619:Wayback Machine 4610: 4606: 4600:Wayback Machine 4591: 4587: 4581:Wayback Machine 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4064: 4056: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4018: 4011: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3973: 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6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6568:Pancha Kedaras 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6528: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6505: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6482: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6436: 6434: 6433:Related topics 6430: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6390:Brihadeeswarar 6387: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6349:Ramanathaswamy 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6142:Shaiva Smartas 6139: 6134: 6129: 6127:Veera Shaivism 6124: 6122:Trika Shaivism 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6015: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5847: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5771: 5770:External links 5768: 5766: 5765: 5759: 5742: 5726: 5720: 5707: 5701: 5686: 5680: 5665: 5659: 5644: 5639:978-0706904499 5638: 5623: 5617: 5602: 5596: 5581: 5576: 5563: 5557: 5540: 5534: 5519: 5513: 5500: 5477: 5471: 5456: 5450: 5437: 5431: 5416: 5410: 5397: 5391: 5376: 5370: 5355: 5349: 5336: 5331:978-0192853875 5330: 5317: 5311: 5298: 5292: 5277: 5268: 5258: 5252: 5239: 5233: 5220: 5214: 5201: 5195: 5182: 5176: 5163: 5157: 5142: 5136: 5123: 5113: 5102: 5074: 5047: 5020: 5000: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4958: 4952: 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p. 190. 3079:Cotterell 2011 3071: 3064: 3041: 3022: 3015: 2992: 2975: 2960: 2935: 2919: 2906: 2890: 2883: 2865: 2848: 2841: 2818: 2806: 2799: 2772: 2765: 2745: 2719: 2712: 2689: 2687:, p. 181. 2677: 2670: 2650: 2643: 2623: 2616: 2596: 2584: 2577: 2557: 2550: 2511: 2503: 2483: 2471: 2449: 2437: 2420: 2401: 2376: 2355:Madras Musings 2341: 2310: 2308:, p. 155. 2295: 2272: 2257: 2250: 2225: 2195: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2155: 2145: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2120: 2117: 2101:Shyama Shastri 2049: 2046: 2003: 2000: 1996:Thiruvilayadal 1959:deepa aradanai 1953:(decoration), 1937: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1896: 1893: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1815: 1810: 1800:Suryanarayanan 1797: 1795:Manickavasagar 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1754: 1751: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1725:Sapthamatrikas 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1705:Dakshinamurthy 1702: 1699: 1694: 1691:Sundareshwarar 1688: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1658:in 1795. The 1637:at the temple. 1627: 1626: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1552: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1510:Thomas Daniell 1502: 1501: 1486: 1467: 1444:, also called 1430: 1429: 1426:Mahatma Gandhi 1396: 1392: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1361:Main mandapams 1359: 1350: 1347: 1322: 1319: 1303:Thirupanimalai 1241:pradhana murti 1222: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1152: 1151: 1142: 1141: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1071: 1068: 1036:Thirupanimalai 1031: 1028: 964: 961: 948: 945: 901: 898: 875:Nayaka Dynasty 867:Rani Mangammal 865:were built by 855:Vasanthotsavam 807: 800: 799: 795: 788: 787: 786: 785: 784: 782: 779: 775:Kumara Kampana 769:attributed to 690: 687: 654:Pandya dynasty 629: 626: 597: 594: 516: 513: 487: 484: 379: 376: 341:Sundareshwarar 300: 299: 293: 292: 288: 287: 284: 280: 279: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 257: 256: 224: 218: 217: 207: 198: 197: 191: 190: 189: 188: 179: 170: 169: 163: 162: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 131: 130: 128: 127: 123: 121: 117: 116: 111: 110:Governing body 107: 106: 99: 95: 94: 92: 91: 81: 70: 68: 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 46: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7095: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7053:Pancha Sabhai 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6992:sao ching cha 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865:Kudalasangama 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6802:Trimbakeshwar 6800: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6776:Mahakaleshwar 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6748:Thondeshwaram 6746: 6744: 6743:Naguleshwaram 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6644:Pancha Sabhas 6641: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6532:Shiva temples 6526: 6521: 6519: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6481: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6359:Trimbakeshwar 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6334:Mahakaleshwar 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6230:Pancha Sabhai 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6183:Shiva temples 6180: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6137:Shiva Advaita 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6071:Shiva Mahimna 6068: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6043:Shiva Tandava 6040: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861:Dakshinamurti 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5762: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5089: 5082: 5081: 5075: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4904:Harle, J.C., 4903: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4836:0-7148-3496-3 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4788:Silpa Prakasa 4783: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4570: 4564:, p. 66. 4563: 4558: 4552:, p. 65. 4551: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4528:, p. 67. 4527: 4522: 4516:, p. 97. 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4358:, p. 51. 4357: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4266: 4264:9780734763969 4260: 4256: 4255: 4247: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4220: 4211: 4209: 4201: 4196: 4190:, p. 47. 4189: 4184: 4178:, p. 76. 4177: 4172: 4166:, p. 43. 4165: 4160: 4154:, p. 49. 4153: 4148: 4142:, p. 93. 4141: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3937: 3936:Compiled 2008 3932: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3759: 3754: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3683: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3505: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3321: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3237: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3007: 2999: 2997: 2989: 2988:Brockman 2011 2984: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2910: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2884:9781107111622 2880: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2860: 2852: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2825: 2823: 2816:, p. 10. 2815: 2810: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2749: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2627: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2487: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2270:, section 10. 2269: 2264: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2159: 2149: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103:, one of the 2102: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2010: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1934: 1925: 1918: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:Pancha Sabhai 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753:Chandrasekhar 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1737:Sahasralingas 1736: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1676: 1669: 1665: 1664:Kolu Mandapam 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1549: 1535: 1522: 1521:Golu mandapam 1519: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1408:Tiruvilayadal 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1356: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1331: 1327: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1253:Sri Vaishnava 1250: 1244: 1242: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1205: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1146: 1137: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1113:Ambikai Malai 1109: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1063: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1000: 998: 992: 991: 986: 977: 969: 960: 958: 954: 944: 936: 934: 924: 922: 917: 913: 907: 897: 895: 890: 888: 882: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 837: 832: 831: 826: 822: 821:Nayak dynasty 811: 804: 792: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 746: 744: 740: 736: 735:Vriddhachalam 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 686: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 651: 647: 643: 634: 625: 623: 618: 615: 611: 607: 603: 589: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 556:("fish") and 555: 549: 540: 534: 525: 521: 512: 509: 505: 501: 492: 483: 481: 477: 472: 468: 463: 461: 460: 455: 454: 449: 448: 443: 439: 434: 430: 426: 421: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 397: 393: 384: 375: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 298: 294: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 270: 267: 263: 258: 253: 235:78°07′09.63″E 225: 223: 219: 195: 167: 157: 154: 151: 147: 144: 141: 137: 132: 125: 124: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 89: 85: 82: 79: 75: 72: 71: 69: 67: 63: 60: 57: 53: 50: 47: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6900:Out of India 6899: 6831: 6822:Grishneshwar 6791:Bhimashankar 6738:Munneshwaram 6728:Kethishwaram 6661: 6415:Tiruchengode 6409: 6319:Grishneshwar 6314:Bhimashankar 6306:Jyotirlingas 6247: 6158:Kanwar Yatra 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6029:Rudrashtakam 6027: 6020: 5996: 5989: 5984:Shiva Purana 5982: 5975: 5968: 5832: 5748: 5739:10603/135484 5730: 5711: 5691: 5670: 5649: 5628: 5607: 5586: 5567: 5546: 5524: 5504: 5492:. Retrieved 5482: 5461: 5441: 5421: 5401: 5381: 5360: 5340: 5321: 5302: 5282: 5272: 5262: 5243: 5224: 5205: 5186: 5167: 5147: 5127: 5117: 5107: 5095:, retrieved 5079: 5066:. Retrieved 5039:. Retrieved 5012:. Retrieved 5008:the original 4984: 4963: 4942: 4921: 4905: 4886: 4865: 4844: 4827: 4808: 4787: 4766: 4745: 4724: 4703: 4694:Bibliography 4672: 4655:Kinsley 1998 4650: 4638: 4626: 4607: 4588: 4569: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4480:. Retrieved 4469: 4460: 4440: 4433: 4413: 4406: 4394:. Retrieved 4390:the original 4377: 4373: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4307: 4300: 4280: 4273: 4253: 4246: 4226: 4219: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4080: 4036: 4000: 3994: 3982: 3975:Michell 1995 3970: 3958: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3753: 3733: 3726: 3706: 3682: 3670:. Retrieved 3666:the original 3656: 3644:. Retrieved 3627: 3592: 3557: 3551: 3531: 3524: 3512: 3492: 3485: 3465: 3458: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3368: 3325:Michell 1995 3320: 3300: 3293: 3273: 3243: 3236: 3216: 3209: 3189: 3182: 3162: 3155: 3135: 3118:Michell 1995 3113: 3074: 3054: 3025: 3005: 2951:. Retrieved 2947: 2938: 2928: 2922: 2914: 2909: 2899: 2893: 2874: 2868: 2858: 2851: 2831: 2809: 2789: 2755: 2748: 2736:. Retrieved 2722: 2702: 2698:Diana L. Eck 2692: 2680: 2660: 2653: 2633: 2626: 2606: 2599: 2587: 2567: 2560: 2541: 2493: 2486: 2479:Michell 1995 2474: 2440: 2367:. Retrieved 2358: 2354: 2344: 2332:. Retrieved 2323: 2313: 2290: 2275: 2240: 2216:. Retrieved 2212:the original 2198: 2186:. 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Uma 2015 4085:D. Uma 2015 4073:D. Uma 2015 4058:D. Uma 2015 4029:D. Uma 2015 3987:D. Uma 2015 3951:D. Uma 2015 3924:D. Uma 2015 3878:D. Uma 2015 3863:D. Uma 2015 3758:D. Uma 2015 3517:D. Uma 2015 3106:D. Uma 2015 2971:Harman 1992 2948:shaivam.org 2592:D. Uma 2015 2445:D. Uma 2015 2416:D. Uma 2015 2397:D. 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