591:, he wrote a political testament with advice to the Sultan regarding an alliance with Great Britain and France based on shared interests and a common enemy of Russia. Fuad demonstrated understanding of Russian expansion and confessed that, “I too would have turned the world upside-down to capture Istanbul.” He called for the modernization of the Empire to gain legitimacy in France's eyes in order to strengthen these alliances against Russia. He considered Great Britain as the Empire's most important ally and stated, “the English people...will always be the first to have our alliance and we will hold fast to that alliance to the last” and that “we should relinquish several of our provinces rather than see England abandon us” Regarding France, the Empire should maintain polite relations in order to prevent conflict, rather than hope for protection.
530:, as they both had similar interests in preventing French domination in the region. Though Dufferin spoke critically of the corruption and lack of communication he believed to exist in the Empire, he proposed the creation of a semi-independent Syria with Fuad as a “governor-general” This was due to Dufferin's great respect towards Fuad, whom he described as “tall, handsom, well-versed in French, and of charming manners.” Fuad, however, signed an agreement General de Beaufort, the commander of the French troops, in order to use the French to their advantage in the region. This smooth diplomatic skill was attributed to his sense of humor, and “subtlety and tact of the polished diplomat.” This agreement resulted in the establishment of the Law of the Provinces, of which Fuad was an architect, which created the province of
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408:, as well, as Western schools were opened to train bureaucrats for future governmental positions. Councils of State, Justice, and Education were all established, as well as provincial councils to represent all religious and social groups residing in the Empire. Fuad hoped that the Tanzimat reforms would, “find salvation for the empire by creating among its peoples the bond of equal citizenship based on Ottoman nationality”. He realized the importance of change and saw it as a necessary evolution that the Ottoman Empire needed to make. However, in his efforts to create an image of a modern Ottoman Empire, Fuad Pasha believed that by giving non-Muslim subjects of the Empire equal rights via the
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nationality. The
Council of the Tanzimat took complete charge of preparing legislation, and because both Fuad and Ali wanted immediate progress, the Council was made separate from the ministries and the chairman was “given direct access to the sultan,” which represented increasing efforts towards centralization. The old Supreme Council, however, still remained an influential factor as its existence and functions, though de jure limited to judicial matters, caused much confusion.
435:) which stated his tax obligation and also served as an identity card.” A new conscription system was also introduced that better reflected the needs and population makeup of each province. Fuat also worked on reforming the financial system of the Empire. These reforms included the introduction of an annual budget system and the budgets of each ministry subject to the scrutiny of the treasury to keep in check with annual revenues. To increase these revenues, the inefficient
61:
349:, and in 1852, this recommendation was accepted. The beginning of Fuad's term as Foreign Minister and Mehmed Emin Aali's as Grand Vizier marked an important shift in Ottoman foreign policy and sharp division between Mustafa Reşid and his former protégés. While Mustafa Reşid had displayed a preference for Great Britain, Fuad and Mehmed Emin Aali were strong supporters of France. This, however, would ultimately lead to their fall as both men supported France in the
503:) to bring stability to the region. Fuad began what some have called a “reign of terror” in which he executed hundreds of the accused pillagers, arrested Druze leaders, and sentenced them to death after a trial in a military court for “failing to protect the Christians”. His rather strict reaction to the Mount Lebanon crisis reflected a push towards modernity and order throughout the Empire, as well as a growing sentiment of nationalism called
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the central government were made. In addition to administration councils’ structures being reformed, a
Cadastral Department in each province was responsible for registering every male resident, whether they be Muslim or non-Muslim, Ottoman or foreign resident. Each of these residents was issued a “population tax certificate" (
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Mehmed Fuad married Emine Behiye Hanım, and had two sons, Ahmed Nazım Bey and Kazım Bey. His elder son, Nazım Bey (died 1863) married
Nimetullah Hanım (21 November 1838 – 25 January 1905), daughter of Şevket Bey, and had two sons, Mustafa Hikmet Bey (2 July 1857 – 6 August 1911) and Reşad Fuad Bey (6
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from 1867 to 1868. While Mehmed Emin Aali was successfully ending the revolt, Fuad was acting Grand Vizier and
Foreign Minister, and accompanied Sultan AbdĂĽlaziz on a trip through Europe in the summer of 1867. The double burden put considerable strain on Fuad, however, and he sought medical attention
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Fuad Pasha was an important reformer during the
Tanzimat period. The goal of the program was to, “promote reform, fend off the powers and forestall rebellion”. The Council of the Tanzimat was established to codify the actions enacted by the Tanzimat reforms. These reforms were designed to centralize
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reforms across the entire Empire. It kept the provincial government structure that was already in place, but ensured that the governors of each province were the main source of authority as well as the chief representative of the central government in
Istanbul through whom, all communications with
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system would “dull their nationalist and separatist tendencies.” He, along with the other three reformers, believed that in order to save the empire, a sense of “Ottomanism” needed to be created. The goal was to create an “Ottoman” nation and unify the Jews, Christians, and
Muslims into an Ottoman
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Because of these diplomatic successes, Fuad became Mehmed Emin Aali's equal, both in political rank and influence with
Mustafa ReĹźid. Mustafa ReĹźid was removed as Grand Vizier in 1852 by the sultan and Mehmed Emin Aali was then named as his successor. Mehmed Emin Aali recommended to the Sultan that
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communities over which group would control the region. Ultimately, the Druzes dominated and pillage nearly every
Maronite town nearby. Fuad, as the foreign minister was sent to investigate these massacres and carry out the Empire’s foreign policy initiatives. Due to his success at executing the
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as a “father-figure” who must be obeyed lest they suffer his merciless punishment, but who also treated all of his subjects with equality, regardless of their religion. This strictness also reflects the Empire's immense desire to prove to its counterparts in Europe that it was fully capable of
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In 1856, Fuat was given the task of reforming the financial and provincial problems that plagued the Empire and was thus named chairman of the
Council of the Tanzimat. These stemmed from “a shortage of trained bureaucrats and inadequacies in tax collection.” Though reforms had been started by
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demanded the extradition of the men who had started the revolutions who were now seeking refuge in the Empire. Mustafa ReĹźid had previously refused the Czar's demands and the threat of war was growing. Fuad, however, traveled to St. Petersburg and, through his negotiations, the
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Fuad continued to study history, modern languages, international law, and political economics with the hope of rising to a diplomatic career. His translator position led him to become a prĂłtege of Mustafa ReĹźid's while he was in power for the first two years after the
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Mehmed Fuad's younger son, Kazım Bey (died 1859) married Gülbiz Ikbal Hanım, a former Circassian slave, and had a son Izzet Fuad Pasha (1860 — 1925). Izzet Fuad married the Egyptian princess Fatima Aziza Amina Hanim (1854 – 1895), second daughter of Prince
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acting in accordance with modern law, especially considering the deployment of European troops to Syria in July 1860. Fuad chaired the aforementioned International Commission, called the Beirut Committee, which established the reorganization of
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on July 17, 1860, armed with extreme power granted to him by the Sultan. He brought in a nationalistic viewpoint that these conflicts were “local sectarian characteristics that Ottoman reform ultimately would discipline.” He was sent by
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reforms. Although Mehmed Emin Aali and Fuad were the same age, Fuad was somewhat slower in rising to position. This changed, however, in 1848 when Fuad demonstrated his skills in his negotiations with Russian officials in
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as an honorary title. Mehmed Emin Aali had been in the Grand Vizier's service for a considerable amount of time. While Mustafa ReĹźid and Mehmed Emin Aali were on a diplomatic trip to London, Fuad secured a position as the
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relinquished his demands for extradition and settled for Fuad's promise that the revolutionaries would be kept far from the Russian borders. Fuad demonstrated this same talent for negotiations in 1852 when he worked with
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Fuad was described as being tall, handsome, and loquacious. Compared to Ă‚li, Fuad was couth in western mannerisms, as well as having a more prestigious upbringing and family. Fuad Pasha was an early advocate of
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Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808-1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
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375:. Because of this fall, both Fuad and Mehmed Emin Aali took a step back from their governmental careers and turned to the Council of the Tanzimat, of which Mehmed Emin Aali was chairman and Fuad was a member.
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Nil kıyısından Boğaziçi'ne : Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa Hanedanı'nın İstanbul'daki izleri = From the shores of the Nile to the Bosphorus : traces of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha Dynasty in İstanbul
426:. Two years of study resulted in the Provincial Regulation of 1858. The main idea behind the Regulation was concentrating power back into the offices of the provincial governors and spreading the
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system was ended in 1861 with the establishment of the Excise Tax Administration which was separate from the bureaucracy of the Ministry of Finance and replaced the former Customs Administration.
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power through “modernization centralization” to “increase revenue prevent fragmentation”. It was enacted on November 3, 1839 through an imperial decree given by Mustafa Reşid Pasa called the
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and would be “ruled by a non-local Christian governor, independent from the governors of Beirut and Damascus.” Fuad worked closely with Great Britain's representative to the Committee,
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Pogany, Istvan. "Humanitarian Intervention in International Law: The French Intervention in Syria Re-Examined." The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. no. 1 (1986): 182-190
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Davison, Roderic H. “Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian-Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century.” The American Historical Review, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Jul., 1954), pp. 844–864.
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and his fourth wife Kamer Hanım, and had four sons, Mehmed Hayreddin Fuad Keçeci, Mehmed Salih Keçeci (1893 – 1954), Mehmed Fuad Keçeci (died 1967), and Ali Şevket Fuad Keçeci.
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554:. AbdĂĽlaziz preferred Fuad's quick and decisive manner, though he did not grant Fuad the same sort of independence and autonomy that Mehmed Emin Aali had enjoyed under Sultan
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Makdisi, Ussama. "After 1860: Debating Religion, Reform, and Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire." International Journal of Middle East Studies. no. 4 (2002): 601-617
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Zachs, Fruma. "'Novice' or 'Heaven-Born' Diplomat? Lord Dufferin's Plan for a 'Province of Syria': Beirut, 1860-61." Middle Eastern Studies. no. 3 (2000): 160-176.
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558:, which Fuad sought. Fuad was appointed to two full terms as Grand Vizier, though he resigned in 1866 because of his opposition to AbdĂĽlaziz's plan to marry
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642:, in the Ottoman/Turkish politics, the belief that the state should be above religion. He was generally willing to go farther than Ă‚li in reform.
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education but had to leave his education when his father was dismissed and banished to the provinces. His mother was a descendant of
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Sultan AbdĂĽlaziz reappointed Fuad to his final term as foreign minister, due to French and British insistence during revolts in
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Weiker, Walter F. "The Ottoman Bureaucracy: Modernization and Reform." Administrative Science Quarterly. no. 3 (1968): 451-470
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along with the new Western-style army to work with a newly established International Commission (Britain, France,
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167:, the equivalent of Prime Minister, on two occasions between 1861 and 1866. He is often regarded, along with
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Hanigolu, M. Sukru. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.
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Martin, Richard C. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World Volume II. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2004
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Mustafa Hikmet married Mihrünnisa Hanım, daughter of Hayrullah Efendi and Münteha Hanım, and sister of poet
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Finkel, Caroline. Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923. New York: Basic, 2006. Print.
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for four years with no family support and then proceeded to serve as a doctor for the Admiralty.
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Ottoman Painting: Reflections of Western Art from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic
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Fuad Pasha was fluent in French, which led him to a job as scribe to the governor of
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from 1839 to 1841 and again from 1846 to 1852. The Edict was launched by Sultan
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1083:(in Turkish). İstanbul: İstanbul Araştırmaları Enstitüsu. p. 76, 289-308.
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Resid in 1841, their initial success was interrupted by the outbreak of the
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administrator and statesman, who is known for his prominent role in the
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changes of the Tanzimat program, Fuad was sent to Syria and arrived in
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on February 12, 1869. His body was returned to Constantinople by the
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1033:. Kültür Bakanlığı ve Tarih Vakfı'nın ortak yayınıdır. p. 317.
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at the recommendation of Mustafa ReĹźid and effectively began the
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regarding refugees flooding into the Empire as a result of the
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670:, and his wife Rengi Gul Hanim. They had one son, Kazım Bey.
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Fuad Pasha was a fervent supporter of keeping the empire an
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1131:. Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı. p. 2.
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735:"Mehmet Emi̇n Âli̇ Paşa Ve Keçeci̇zade Mehmed Fuad Paşa"
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870:. No. 29705. London. 22 February 1869. p. 7.
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885:. No. 7119. London. 24 February 1869. p. 7.
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Foreign Minister 1858-1860: The Mount Lebanon Crisis
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Engraving of Fuad Pasha (1858) from a photograph by
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Namık Kemal devrinin insanları ve olayları arasında
1111:
3406:Ministers of foreign affairs of the Ottoman Empire
834:
825:
3371:19th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
3352:
1004:A. Alâaddin Çetin; Khayr al-Dīn Tūnisī (1988).
132:(1814 – February 12, 1869), sometimes known as
16:Ottoman administrator and statesman (1814–1869)
578:
290:, a position which he held from 1838 to 1852.
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2033:Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha
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1336:
1282:
1129:Mümin ve müsrif bir padişah kızı Refia Sultan
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900:. Princeton University Press. pp. 84–88.
277:", was given to a high-ranking member of the
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1031:DĂĽnden bugĂĽne Ä°stanbul ansiklopedisi: Cilt 6
1028:
587:and the threat of Russian intervention. As
2543:Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha
1008:. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. p. 241.
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218:Fuad Pasha was born in 1814 to a prominent
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1058:. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. p. 92.
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281:government and could only be given by the
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1171:. M. E. B. Devlet Kitaplari. p. 680.
1156:. M. E. B. Devlet Kitaplari. p. 290.
978:. M. E. B. Devlet Kitaplari. p. 968.
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993:. M. E. B. Devlet Kitaplari. p. 41.
953:. Üsküdar Belediyesi. pp. 1353–55.
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859:
446:
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1427:Osmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha
1181:
898:Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876
895:
811:
770:
417:Chairman of the Council of the Tanzimat
152:, as well as his leadership during the
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2597:Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
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2696:Decline and Modernization (1789–1922)
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395:Member of the Council of the Tanzimat
2303:Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha
1167:Ä°bnĂĽlemin Mahmut Kemal Ä°nal (1969).
1152:Ä°bnĂĽlemin Mahmut Kemal Ä°nal (1969).
989:Ä°bnĂĽlemin Mahmut Kemal Ä°nal (1969).
974:Ä°bnĂĽlemin Mahmut Kemal Ä°nal (1969).
951:Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 3
252:
2225:Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha
1397:Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha
360:(supported by the French), and the
245:. He studied in the medical school
13:
1559:Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger
1246:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
1223:22 November 1861 - 5 January 1863
1219:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
866:"Collision in the Mediterranean".
538:Grand Vizier, 1861–1863, 1863–1866
378:
73:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
41:, and there is no family name.
14:
3417:
3381:Ottoman people of the Crimean War
2585:Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha
1379:MahmudoÄźlu NizamĂĽddin Ahmed Pasha
1373:Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha
2642:
2501:Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha
2093:Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha
1433:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger
1421:Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder
1310:
1297:
645:
451:Photograph of Fuad Pasha by the
163:Among other posts, he served as
148:reforms of the mid-19th-century
2732:Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha
2207:Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha
2201:Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha
1409:Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha
1160:
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1120:
1116:. Maarif Matbaası. p. 312.
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611:and rest in France. He died in
2381:NevĹźehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha
2183:Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha
726:
699:
594:
522:would remain a subject of the
1:
3396:Ottoman governors of Damascus
3391:Turks from the Ottoman Empire
2195:Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha
2153:Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha
1877:Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha
949:Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2001).
692:
687:List of Ottoman grand viziers
288:First Translator of the Porte
239:Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha
213:
2714:Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha
2417:Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
2159:Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha
1835:Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
1391:SinanĂĽddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha
1112:Mithat Cemal Kuntay (1944).
1056:Keçeci-zâde Mehmed Fuad Paşa
651:June 1861 – 12 June 1921).
461:1860 Druze–Maronite conflict
351:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
154:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
134:Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha
7:
3056:Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha
2387:Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha
2375:Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha
2315:Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha
2189:Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha
1256:MĂĽtercim Mehmed RĂĽĹźtĂĽ Pasha
680:
579:Foreign Minister, 1867–1869
111:February 12, 1869 (aged 55)
10:
3422:
3401:Ottoman governors of Sidon
3158:Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha
2990:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha
2978:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha
2936:Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha
2633:KethĂĽda Meyyit Hasan Pasha
2579:Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha
2537:Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha
2495:Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha
2471:Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha
1979:Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha
1883:BoĹźnak DerviĹź Mehmed Pasha
1709:Transformation (1550–1700)
1250:1 June 1863 - 4 June 1866
913:Mevlevı̂liğin son yüzuyılı
706:M. K. Shaw, Wendy (2011).
550:, replacing his colleague
458:
175:for the newly established
18:
2774:Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha
2738:Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha
2703:
2655:
2640:
2621:Hazinedar Ĺžahin Ali Pasha
2459:Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha
2423:Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha
2286:
2238:
2147:Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
1716:
1668:
1494:
1487:Classical Age (1453–1550)
1446:
1368:
1320:
1252:
1243:
1235:
1225:
1216:
1208:
1203:
896:Davison, Roderic (1963).
269:, and began working with
123:
107:
87:
82:
78:
71:
67:
58:
46:
2876:Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha
2864:Koca HĂĽsrev Mehmed Pasha
2846:Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha
2525:Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
2519:Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha
2507:Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
2477:Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
2363:Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha
2135:Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha
2009:Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha
1955:Gürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha
629:Personality and ideology
602:was also reappointed as
518:in March 1861. In this,
194:. He often clashed with
3266:Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
2834:Mehmed Said Galip Pasha
2708:Hassan Pasha of Algiers
2609:Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha
2567:Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha
2531:Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha
2393:Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha
1991:Gazi Ekrem HĂĽsrev Pasha
1967:KemankeĹź Kara Ali Pasha
1769:Ă–zdemiroÄźlu Osman Pasha
1751:Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha
1601:Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha
915:. Simurg. p. 128.
881:"The Late Fuad Pacha".
2924:Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha
2906:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
2882:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
2870:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
2858:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
2792:Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
2357:Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha
2351:Nişancı Süleyman Pasha
2291:Daltaban Mustafa Pasha
2279:Old Regime (1700–1789)
2171:Abaza SiyavuĹź Pasha II
2123:Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha
2027:KemankeĹź Mustafa Pasha
1799:Kanijeli SiyavuĹź Pasha
1781:Kanijeli SiyavuĹź Pasha
1763:Kanijeli SiyavuĹź Pasha
1607:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
1583:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
1553:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
1415:Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha
1403:Çandarlızade Ali Pasha
1169:Son asir Türk ṣairleri
1154:Son asir Türk ṣairleri
1054:Yılmaz Öztuna (1988).
1006:Tunuslu Hayreddin PaĹźa
991:Son asir Türk ṣairleri
976:Son asir Türk ṣairleri
574:Later career and death
456:
391:
224:Keçecizâde İzzet Molla
136:and commonly known as
3026:Mehmed Emin Ă‚li Pasha
2996:Mehmed Emin Ă‚li Pasha
2972:Mehmed Emin Ă‚li Pasha
2948:Mehmed Emin Ă‚li Pasha
2918:Mehmed Emin Ă‚li Pasha
2768:Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha
2762:Alemdar Mustafa Pasha
2561:Silahdar Mehmed Pasha
2465:Seyyid Abdullah Pasha
2129:Abaza SiyavuĹź Pasha I
2111:Ermeni SĂĽleyman Pasha
2075:Abaza SiyavuĹź Pasha I
2051:Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha
2039:Nevesinli Salih Pasha
1949:Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha
1631:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
1535:Karamani Mehmed Pasha
1212:Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha
1127:Ali Akyıldız (1998).
1029:Ä°lhan Tekeli (1994).
656:Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan
600:Mehmed Emin Ă‚li Pasha
552:Mehmed Emin Ă‚li Pasha
473:region of modern-day
450:
433:vergi nĂĽfus tezkeresi
386:
331:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
271:Mehmed Emin Ă‚li Pasha
169:Mehmed Emin Ă‚li Pasha
3278:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
2798:Dervish Mehmed Pasha
2780:Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha
2756:Çelebi Mustafa Pasha
2591:Kalafat Mehmed Pasha
2555:Ivazzade Halil Pasha
2549:Moldovancı Ali Pasha
2489:Naili Abdullah Pasha
2339:Baltaji Mehmet Pasha
2321:Baltaji Mehmet Pasha
2141:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
2105:Kara Dev Murad Pasha
2087:Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha
1925:Ohrili HĂĽseyin Pasha
1739:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
1649:Hadım Suleiman Pasha
911:Sezai Küçük (2003).
345:Fuad succeed him as
321:Nicholas I of Russia
222:family. His father,
118:Second French Empire
3254:Ibrahim Hakki Pasha
3248:HĂĽseyin Hilmi Pasha
3236:HĂĽseyin Hilmi Pasha
3116:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
3092:Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
3080:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
3044:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
3020:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
2984:Mehmed Rushdi Pasha
2966:Mustafa ReĹźid Pasha
2960:Mustafa Naili Pasha
2954:Mustafa ReĹźid Pasha
2942:Mustafa ReĹźid Pasha
2930:Mustafa Naili Pasha
2912:Mustafa ReĹźid Pasha
2900:Mustafa ReĹźid Pasha
2894:Ibrahim Sarim Pasha
2888:Mustafa ReĹźid Pasha
2822:Deli Abdullah Pasha
2750:Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha
2483:HekimoÄźlu Ali Pasha
2447:HekimoÄźlu Ali Pasha
2441:Nişancı Ahmed Pasha
2405:HekimoÄźlu Ali Pasha
2333:Köprülü Numan Pasha
2177:Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha
2165:Sarı Süleyman Pasha
2099:IbĹźir Mustafa Pasha
2021:Tayyar Mehmed Pasha
1973:Çerkes Mehmed Pasha
1865:Yemişçi Hasan Pasha
1859:Damat Ibrahim Pasha
1853:Cerrah Mehmed Pasha
1841:Damat Ibrahim Pasha
1829:Damat Ibrahim Pasha
1811:Serdar Ferhad Pasha
1793:Serdar Ferhad Pasha
668:Mustafa Fazıl Pasha
638:, and to that end,
619:on board the aviso
267:Mustafa ReĹźid Pasha
198:intellectuals like
3332:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
3320:Salih Hulusi Pasha
3302:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
3290:Mehmed Talat Pasha
3242:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
3218:Mehmed Ferid Pasha
3110:Mehmed Sadık Pasha
3074:Mahmud Nedim Pasha
3062:HĂĽseyin Avni Pasha
3032:Mahmud Nedim Pasha
2852:ReĹźid Mehmed Pasha
2840:Mehmed Selim Pasha
2828:Silahdar Ali Pasha
2810:Benderli Ali Pasha
2744:Hafiz Ismail Pasha
2726:Melek Mehmed Pasha
2603:Izzet Mehmed Pasha
2573:Izzet Mehmed Pasha
2453:Seyyid Hasan Pasha
2429:YeÄźen Mehmed Pasha
2411:GĂĽrcĂĽ Ismail Pasha
2219:Elmas Mehmed Pasha
2117:Gazi HĂĽseyin Pasha
2081:GĂĽrcĂĽ Mehmed Pasha
1961:Mere HĂĽseyin Pasha
1943:Mere HĂĽseyin Pasha
1889:Kuyucu Murad Pasha
1595:Koca Mustafa Pasha
1204:Political offices
1192:Additional sources
1079:Tanman, M (2011).
733:MusluoÄźlu, Sedat.
467:violence broke out
457:
392:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3326:Damat Ferid Pasha
3308:Damat Ferid Pasha
3296:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
3260:Mehmed Said Pasha
3224:Mehmed Said Pasha
3212:Mehmed Said Pasha
3206:Halil Rifat Pasha
3194:Mehmed Said Pasha
3188:Ahmed Cevad Pasha
3176:Mehmed Said Pasha
3170:Ahmed Vefik Pasha
3164:Mehmed Said Pasha
3152:Mehmed Said Pasha
3140:Mehmed Said Pasha
3134:Ahmed Arifi Pasha
3104:Ahmed Vefik Pasha
3098:Ahmed Hamdi Pasha
3014:Mehmed Fuad Pasha
3008:Yusuf Kamil Pasha
3002:Mehmed Fuad Pasha
2651:
2650:
2615:Halil Hamid Pasha
2435:Ivaz Mehmed Pasha
2399:Topal Osman Pasha
2327:Çorlulu Ali Pasha
2309:Damat Hasan Pasha
2297:Rami Mehmed Pasha
2234:
2233:
2213:SĂĽrmeli Ali Pasha
2069:Melek Ahmed Pasha
2057:Sofu Mehmed Pasha
2003:Topal Recep Pasha
1997:Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
1985:Damat Halil Pasha
1919:GĂĽzelce Ali Pasha
1913:Ă–kĂĽz Mehmed Pasha
1907:Damat Halil Pasha
1901:Ă–kĂĽz Mehmed Pasha
1847:Hadım Hasan Pasha
1817:Lala Mehmed Pasha
1775:Hadim Mesih Pasha
1745:Semiz Ahmed Pasha
1664:
1663:
1637:Ayas Mehmed Pasha
1625:Piri Mehmed Pasha
1613:Hadım Sinan Pasha
1529:Gedik Ahmed Pasha
1523:Veli Mahmud Pasha
1505:Veli Mahmud Pasha
1442:
1441:
1262:
1261:
1253:Succeeded by
1239:Yusuf Kamil Pasha
1229:Yusuf Kamil Pasha
1226:Succeeded by
1138:978-975-333-081-7
1090:978-975-9123-95-6
1065:978-975-17-0183-1
1040:978-975-7306-06-1
1015:978-975-17-0318-7
960:978-9-759-76063-2
922:978-975-7172-59-8
719:978-1-84885-288-4
673:Fuad Pasha was a
622:Latouche-Tréville
493:Sultan Abdulmecid
406:Concert of Europe
253:Career beginnings
184:absolute monarchy
130:Mehmed Fuad Pasha
127:
126:
3413:
3284:Said Halim Pasha
3068:Ahmed Esad Pasha
3050:Ahmed Esad Pasha
2816:Hacı Salih Pasha
2804:Seyyid Ali Pasha
2720:Koca Yusuf Pasha
2680:
2673:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2627:Koca Yusuf Pasha
2513:Koca Ragıp Pasha
2369:Hacı Halil Pasha
2263:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2063:Kara Murat Pasha
1937:Kara Davud Pasha
1823:Koca Sinan Pasha
1805:Koca Sinan Pasha
1787:Koca Sinan Pasha
1757:Koca Sinan Pasha
1721:Kara Ahmed Pasha
1693:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1547:Koca Davud Pasha
1511:Rum Mehmed Pasha
1471:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1361:Rise (1299–1453)
1345:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1301:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1236:Preceded by
1209:Preceded by
1201:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1001:
995:
994:
986:
980:
979:
971:
965:
964:
946:
927:
926:
908:
902:
901:
893:
887:
886:
878:
872:
871:
863:
857:
854:
848:
845:
832:
829:
823:
820:
809:
806:
800:
797:
788:
785:
768:
764:
739:
738:
730:
724:
723:
703:
589:Foreign Minister
542:In 1861, Sultan
402:Edict of GĂĽlhane
347:Foreign Minister
319:in Europe. Czar
317:1848 revolutions
296:Edict of GĂĽlhane
232:
83:Personal details
63:
44:
43:
23:style name, the
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3337:
3128:Hayreddin Pasha
2699:
2684:
2647:
2638:
2345:AÄźa Yusuf Pasha
2282:
2267:
2230:
2045:Kara Musa Pasha
1871:Yavuz Ali Pasha
1733:Semiz Ali Pasha
1712:
1697:
1660:
1589:Hadim Ali Pasha
1577:Hadim Ali Pasha
1490:
1475:
1438:
1364:
1349:
1316:
1309:
1295:
1264:
1258:
1249:
1241:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1125:
1121:
1110:
1106:
1091:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1002:
998:
987:
983:
972:
968:
961:
947:
930:
923:
909:
905:
894:
890:
880:
879:
875:
865:
864:
860:
855:
851:
846:
835:
830:
826:
821:
812:
807:
803:
798:
791:
786:
771:
765:
742:
731:
727:
720:
712:. I.B. Tauris.
704:
700:
695:
683:
660:Hayreddin Pasha
648:
631:
597:
581:
576:
540:
463:
453:Abdullah Frères
445:
419:
397:
389:Gustave Le Gray
381:
379:Tanzimat period
255:
247:Tibhane-i Amire
241:a 17th-century
226:
216:
112:
92:
54:
49:
42:
21:Ottoman Turkish
17:
12:
11:
5:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3314:Ali Rıza Pasha
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2691:Ottoman Empire
2683:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2274:Ottoman Empire
2266:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1704:Ottoman Empire
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1482:Ottoman Empire
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1356:Ottoman Empire
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1307:Ottoman Empire
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1174:
1159:
1144:
1137:
1119:
1104:
1089:
1071:
1064:
1046:
1039:
1021:
1014:
996:
981:
966:
959:
928:
921:
903:
888:
873:
858:
849:
833:
824:
810:
801:
789:
769:
740:
725:
718:
697:
696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
682:
679:
647:
644:
630:
627:
596:
593:
580:
577:
575:
572:
546:named Fuad as
539:
536:
499:, Russia, and
459:Main article:
444:
441:
418:
415:
396:
393:
380:
377:
333:'s successor,
313:St. Petersburg
273:. His title, "
254:
251:
215:
212:
208:Ä°brahim Ĺžinasi
150:Ottoman Empire
125:
124:
121:
120:
109:
105:
104:
102:Ottoman Empire
94:Constantinople
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
75:
69:
68:
65:
64:
56:
55:
50:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3418:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2786:Hurshid Pasha
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2687:Grand Viziers
2681:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2270:Grand Viziers
2264:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:Dilaver Pasha
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1700:Grand Viziers
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1478:Grand Viziers
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1352:Grand Viziers
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1303:Grand Viziers
1300:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1184:, p. 90.
1183:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1000:
992:
985:
977:
970:
962:
956:
952:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
924:
918:
914:
907:
899:
892:
884:
877:
869:
862:
853:
844:
842:
840:
838:
828:
819:
817:
815:
805:
796:
794:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
736:
729:
721:
715:
711:
710:
702:
698:
688:
685:
684:
678:
676:
671:
669:
663:
661:
657:
652:
646:Personal life
643:
641:
637:
626:
624:
623:
618:
614:
609:
605:
601:
592:
590:
586:
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:Isma'il Pasha
557:
553:
549:
545:
535:
533:
529:
528:Lord Dufferin
525:
524:Sublime Porte
521:
520:Mount Lebanon
517:
516:Mount Lebanon
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
494:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:Mount Lebanon
468:
462:
454:
449:
440:
438:
434:
429:
425:
414:
411:
407:
403:
390:
385:
376:
374:
370:
369:Mount Lebanon
366:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
301:
297:
291:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
230:
225:
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
122:
119:
115:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
45:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3347:
3122:Saffet Pasha
3086:Midhat Pasha
3038:Midhat Pasha
3013:
3001:
2694:
2277:
2015:Bayram Pasha
1727:RĂĽstem Pasha
1707:
1655:RĂĽstem Pasha
1485:
1359:
1263:
1244:
1217:
1182:Davison 1963
1177:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1080:
1074:
1055:
1049:
1030:
1024:
1005:
999:
990:
984:
975:
969:
950:
912:
906:
897:
891:
882:
876:
868:Morning Post
867:
861:
852:
827:
804:
728:
708:
701:
672:
664:
653:
649:
632:
621:
606:and went to
604:Grand Vizier
598:
582:
570:) daughter.
548:Grand Vizier
541:
504:
477:between the
464:
432:
420:
398:
353:between the
343:
335:Prince Abbas
300:AbdĂĽlmecid I
292:
263:Grand Vizier
256:
246:
243:grand vizier
217:
188:constitution
181:
177:civil courts
165:Grand Vizier
162:
137:
133:
129:
128:
36:
28:
3366:1869 deaths
3361:1814 births
3334:(1920–1922)
3316:(1919–1920)
3304:(1918–1919)
3292:(1917–1918)
3286:(1913–1917)
3274:(1912–1913)
3272:Kâmil Pasha
3262:(1911–1912)
3256:(1910–1911)
3250:(1909–1910)
3232:(1908–1909)
3230:Kâmil Pasha
3220:(1903–1908)
3214:(1901–1903)
3208:(1895–1901)
3200:Kâmil Pasha
3190:(1891–1895)
3184:(1885–1891)
3182:Kâmil Pasha
3178:(1882–1885)
3154:(1880–1882)
3146:Kadri Pasha
3142:(1879–1880)
3130:(1878–1879)
3094:(1877–1878)
3088:(1876–1877)
3082:(1876–1876)
3076:(1875–1876)
3064:(1874–1875)
3058:(1873–1874)
3046:(1872–1873)
3034:(1871–1872)
3028:(1866–1871)
3022:(1866–1867)
3016:(1863–1866)
3004:(1861–1866)
2992:(1860–1861)
2986:(1859–1860)
2974:(1858–1859)
2968:(1857–1858)
2956:(1856–1857)
2950:(1855–1856)
2944:(1854–1855)
2932:(1853–1854)
2926:(1852–1853)
2902:(1848–1852)
2890:(1846–1848)
2884:(1842–1846)
2878:(1841–1842)
2872:(1840–1841)
2866:(1839–1840)
2860:(1833–1839)
2854:(1829–1833)
2848:(1828–1829)
2842:(1824–1828)
2836:(1823–1824)
2824:(1822–1823)
2818:(1821–1822)
2806:(1820–1821)
2800:(1818–1820)
2794:(1815–1818)
2788:(1812–1815)
2782:(1811–1812)
2776:(1809–1811)
2770:(1808–1809)
2758:(1807–1808)
2752:(1806–1807)
2746:(1805–1806)
2740:(1798–1805)
2734:(1794–1798)
2728:(1792–1794)
2722:(1791–1792)
2716:(1790–1791)
2710:(1789–1790)
2629:(1786–1789)
2623:(1785–1786)
2617:(1782–1785)
2605:(1781–1782)
2599:(1779–1781)
2593:(1778–1779)
2587:(1777–1778)
2581:(1775–1777)
2575:(1774–1775)
2569:(1771–1774)
2563:(1770–1771)
2557:(1769–1770)
2545:(1768–1769)
2533:(1765–1768)
2527:(1763–1765)
2515:(1757–1763)
2509:(1756–1757)
2503:(1755–1756)
2479:(1752–1755)
2473:(1750–1752)
2467:(1747–1750)
2461:(1746–1747)
2455:(1743–1746)
2449:(1742–1743)
2443:(1740–1742)
2437:(1739–1740)
2431:(1737–1739)
2419:(1736–1737)
2413:(1735–1736)
2407:(1732–1735)
2401:(1731–1732)
2389:(1730–1731)
2383:(1718–1730)
2377:(1717–1718)
2371:(1716–1717)
2365:(1713–1716)
2353:(1712–1713)
2347:(1711–1712)
2341:(1710–1711)
2329:(1706–1710)
2323:(1704–1706)
2311:(1703–1704)
2293:(1702–1703)
2227:(1697–1702)
2221:(1695–1697)
2215:(1694–1695)
2203:(1692–1693)
2197:(1691–1692)
2191:(1689–1691)
2185:(1688–1689)
2173:(1687–1688)
2167:(1685–1687)
2161:(1683–1685)
2155:(1676–1683)
2149:(1661–1676)
2143:(1656–1661)
2101:(1654–1655)
2095:(1653–1654)
2089:(1652–1653)
2083:(1651–1652)
2071:(1650–1651)
2065:(1649–1650)
2059:(1648–1649)
2053:(1647–1648)
2041:(1645–1647)
2035:(1644–1645)
2029:(1638–1644)
2017:(1637–1638)
2011:(1632–1637)
1999:(1631–1632)
1993:(1628–1631)
1987:(1626–1628)
1981:(1625–1626)
1975:(1624–1625)
1969:(1623–1624)
1957:(1622–1623)
1933:(1621–1622)
1921:(1619–1621)
1915:(1619–1619)
1909:(1616–1619)
1903:(1614–1616)
1897:(1611–1614)
1895:Nasuh Pasha
1891:(1606–1611)
1879:(1604–1606)
1873:(1603–1604)
1867:(1601–1603)
1861:(1599–1601)
1855:(1598–1599)
1849:(1597–1598)
1843:(1596–1597)
1825:(1595–1596)
1807:(1593–1595)
1801:(1592–1593)
1795:(1591–1592)
1789:(1589–1591)
1783:(1586–1589)
1777:(1585–1586)
1771:(1584–1585)
1765:(1582–1584)
1759:(1580–1582)
1747:(1579–1580)
1741:(1565–1579)
1735:(1561–1565)
1729:(1555–1561)
1723:(1553–1555)
1657:(1544–1553)
1651:(1541–1544)
1645:(1539–1541)
1643:LĂĽtfi Pasha
1639:(1536–1539)
1633:(1523–1536)
1627:(1517–1523)
1619:Yunus Pasha
1615:(1516–1517)
1609:(1515–1516)
1603:(1512–1515)
1597:(1511–1512)
1591:(1509–1511)
1585:(1503–1506)
1579:(1501–1503)
1571:Mesih Pasha
1567:(1499–1501)
1565:Yakub Pasha
1561:(1498–1499)
1555:(1497–1498)
1549:(1482–1497)
1543:(1481–1482)
1541:Ishak Pasha
1537:(1477–1481)
1531:(1474–1477)
1525:(1472–1474)
1519:(1469–1472)
1517:Ishak Pasha
1513:(1466–1469)
1507:(1456–1466)
1501:(1453–1456)
1499:Zagan Pasha
1435:(1439–1453)
1429:(1429–1439)
1423:(1421–1429)
1417:(1413–1421)
1411:(1406–1413)
1405:(1387–1406)
1399:(1364–1387)
1393:(1349–1364)
1387:(1348–1349)
1381:(1331–1348)
1375:(1320–1331)
617:French Navy
595:Death, 1869
437:tax farming
424:Crimean War
373:Crimean War
371:before the
227: [
200:Namık Kemal
192:legislature
48:Mehmed Fuad
29:Mehmed Fuad
3355:Categories
1385:Hacı Pasha
883:Daily News
693:References
640:secularism
556:AbdĂĽlmecid
506:Osmanlilik
214:Early life
204:Ziya Pasha
173:civil code
138:Fuad Pasha
31:, the
25:given name
1099:811064965
675:freemason
544:AbdĂĽlaziz
465:In 1860,
358:Maronites
309:Bucharest
179:in 1868.
140:, was an
3386:Tanzimat
681:See also
562:'s (the
479:Maronite
428:Tanzimat
355:Catholic
304:Tanzimat
146:Tanzimat
98:Istanbul
19:In this
2689:of the
2272:of the
1702:of the
1480:of the
1354:of the
1305:of the
636:laicité
564:Khedive
501:Prussia
497:Austria
475:Lebanon
469:in the
455:studio.
365:Muslims
279:Ottoman
259:Tunisia
235:medrese
196:liberal
142:Ottoman
3376:Pashas
3328:(1920)
3322:(1920)
3310:(1919)
3298:(1918)
3280:(1913)
3268:(1912)
3244:(1909)
3238:(1909)
3226:(1908)
3202:(1895)
3196:(1895)
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1135:
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1012:
957:
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716:
511:Sultan
488:Beirut
410:Millet
283:Sultan
608:Crete
585:Crete
568:Egypt
532:Syria
483:Druze
362:Druze
339:Egypt
337:, in
275:Pasha
231:]
220:ulema
158:Syria
96:(now
52:Pasha
38:Pasha
33:title
1133:ISBN
1095:OCLC
1085:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1010:ISBN
955:ISBN
917:ISBN
767:1977
714:ISBN
613:Nice
481:and
326:Czar
311:and
206:and
114:Nice
108:Died
91:1814
88:Born
566:of
190:or
156:in
100:),
35:is
27:is
3357::
2693:–
2276:–
1706:–
1484:–
1358:–
1093:.
931:^
836:^
813:^
792:^
772:^
743:^
677:.
625:.
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341:.
265:,
229:tr
210:.
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116:,
2679:e
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737:.
722:.
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