Mekong - Knowledge

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region and any decline in the fishery is likely to significantly impact nutrition, especially among the poor. Fish are the staple of the diet in Laos and Cambodia, with around 80% of the Cambodian population's annual protein intake coming from fish caught in the Mekong River system, with no alternative source to replace it. An MRC report claims that dam projects on the Mekong River will reduce aquatic life by 40% by 2020, and predicted that 80% of fish will be depleted by 2040. Thailand will be impacted, as its fish stocks in the Mekong will decline by 55%, Laos will be reduced by 50%, Cambodia by 35%, and Vietnam by 30%.

8431: 8301: 6274: 1627: 3029: 1413:. With upland shifting agriculture (slash and burn), soils recover within 10 to 20 years but the vegetation does not. Shifting cultivation is common in the uplands of northern Laos and is reported to account for as much as 27% of the total land under rice cultivation. As elsewhere in the basin, forest cover has been steadily reduced during the last three decades by shifting agriculture and permanent agriculture. The cumulative impacts of these activities on the river regime have not been measured. However, the hydrological impacts of land cover changes induced by the 3713: 1318: 1790: 1767: 109: 3313: 495: 2097:. This rises to 40% during the dry season, even this far downstream. During the wet season, the proportion of average flow coming from Yunnan rapidly decreases downstream of Chiang Saen, from 70% to less than 20% at Kratie. The dry season contribution from Yunnan is much more significant. The major portion of the balance comes from Laos, which points to a major distinction in the low-flow hydrology of the river. One fraction comes from melting snow in China and 1352:. From the point where it rises to its mouth, the most precipitous drop in the Mekong occurs in the upper Mekong basin, a stretch of some 2,200 km (1,400 mi). Here, it drops 4,500 m (14,800 ft) before it enters the lower basin where the borders of Thailand, Laos, China, and Myanmar come together in the Golden Triangle. Downstream from the Golden Triangle, the river flows for a further 2,600 km (1,600 mi) through Laos, Thailand, and 3422:, a distance of 890 kilometres. China has been the driving force behind the demolition plan as it aims to expand trade in the area. The plan is split into two phases. The first phase, from 2015 to 2020, involves a survey, a design, and an assessment of the environmental and social impacts of the project. These have to be approved by the four countries involved: China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand. The second phase (2020–2025) involves navigational improvements from 1437: 1464: 590: 8618: 8221: 7529: 1759: 8581: 8398: 8479: 2707: 2790: 8520: 3445: 125: 1460:(the Mekong delta distributary known as the Hậu in Vietnam) Rivers. More than half of Cambodia remains covered with mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest, but forest cover has decreased from 73% in 1973 to 63% in 1993. Here, the river landscape is flat. Small changes in water level determine the direction of water movement, including the large-scale reversal of flow into and out of the Tonle Sap basin from the Mekong River. 1738:. This reach includes the hydraulic complexities of the Cambodian floodplain, the Tonle Sap and the Great Lake. By this stage, over 95% of the total flow has entered the Mekong system. The focus turns from hydrology and water discharge to the assessment of water level, over- bank storage and flooding and the hydrodynamics that determine the timing, duration and volume of the seasonal flow reversal into and out of the Great Lake. 2568:. During this phase of its development the delta was sheltered from the wave action of long-shore currents and was constructed largely through fluvial and tidal processes. At this time the delta was advancing at a rate of 17–18 m per year. After 3.5 ka, however, the delta had built out beyond the embayment and became subject to wave action and marine currents. These deflected deposition south-eastwards in the direction of the 1747:. Here the mainstream divides into a complex and increasingly controlled and artificial system of branches and canals. Key features of flow behaviour are tidal influences and salt water intrusion. Every year, 35–50% of this reach is flooded during the rainy season. The impact of road embankments and similar infrastructure developments on the movement of this flood water is an increasingly important consequence of development. 8445: 8367: 3305: 557: 524: 1295: 8233: 1663:. This reach is almost entirely mountainous and covered with natural forest although there has been widespread slash and burn agriculture. Although this reach cannot be termed "unspoiled", the hydrological response is perhaps the most natural and undisturbed of all the lower basin. Many hydrological aspects of the lower basin start to change rapidly at the downstream boundary of this reach. 1433:

entire Mekong basin, they only contribute 6% of the average annual flow. Sandy and saline soils are the most common soil types, which makes much of the land unsuitable for wet rice cultivation. In spite of poor fertility, however, agriculture is intensive. Glutinous rice, maize, and cassava are the principal crops. Drought is by far the major hydrological hazard in this region.

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mainstream, mainly the Nam Ngum and Nam Theun. The flow level falls again, even with the right bank entry of the Mun-Chi system from Thailand. Although the Mun–Chi basin drains 20% of the lower system, average annual runoff is only 250 mm. Runoff in the mainstream increases again with the entry from the left bank of the Se Kong from southern Laos and

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the river and its resources for their livelihoods. They provide a principal form of income for numerous people and act as a safety net and coping strategy in times of poor agricultural harvests or other difficulties. In Laos alone, 71% of rural households (2.9 million people) rely on fisheries for either subsistence or additional cash income. Around the

2508:, and particularly the Mekong, are complex with different sub-basins often exhibiting different, and distinct, drainage patterns. These complex drainage systems have developed in a setting where the underlying geological structure is heterogeneous and active, and is the major factor controlling the course of rivers and the landscapes they carve out. 2763:) sank in the Cambodian section of the Mekong (as well as in the country's other waterways). Besides being a danger for fishermen, unexploded ordnance also creates problems for bridge and irrigation systems construction. As of 2013, Cambodian volunteers are being trained, with the support of the Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement within the 3278:: HPPs = Hydropower Plants. Data calculated from the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems - Greater Mekong 'Dataset on the Dams of the Irrawaddy, Mekong, Red and Salween River Basins'. Only HPPs with an installed capacity of 15 Megawatts (MW) or more are included; and/or dams with a reservoir area of 0.5 km or more. 3072:

yields about 4.5 million tonnes of fish and aquatic products annually. The total economic value of the fishery is between US$ 3.9 and US$ 7 billion a year. Wild capture fisheries alone have been valued at US$ 2 billion a year. This value increases considerably when the multiplier effect is included, but estimates vary widely.

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the six Mekong countries to each other, and also to the rest of the world. The Mekong is still a wild river and navigation conditions vary greatly along its length. Broadly, navigation of the river is divided between upper and lower Mekong, with the "upper" part of the river defined as the stretch north of the

1306: 1725:, and Sre Pok catchments. Together, these rivers make up the largest hydrological sub-component of the lower basin. Over 25% of the mean annual flow volume to the mainstream at Kratie comes from these three river basins. They are the key element in the hydrology of this part of the system, especially to the 3413:

agreed "in principle" to a plan to dredge stretches of the Mekong and demolish rocky outcrops that are hindrances to easy navigation. The international Lancang-Mekong River navigation improvement plan for 2015–2025, conceived by China, Myanmar, Lao, and Thailand, aims to make the river more navigable

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The commercially valuable fish species in the Mekong are generally divided between "black fish", which inhabit low oxygen, slow moving, shallow waters, and "white fish", which inhabit well oxygenated, fast moving, deeper waters. People living within the Mekong River system generate many other sources

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tributary systems, forest cover was reduced from 42% in 1961 to 13% in 1993. Although this part of northeast Thailand has an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm, a high evaporation rate means it is classified as a semi-arid region. Consequently, although the Mun and Chi basins drain 15% of the

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For thousands of years the Mekong River has been an important conduit for people and goods between the many towns on its banks. Traditional forms of trade in small boats linking communities continue today, however the river is also becoming an important link in international trade routes, connecting

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OAAs account for about 20% of the total Mekong catch. When fisheries are discussed, catches are typically divided between the wild capture fishery (i.e., fish and other aquatic animals caught in their natural habitat), and aquaculture (fish reared under controlled conditions). Wild capture fisheries

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In a large river system like the Mekong, seasonal flows can be quite variable from year to year. Although the pattern of the annual hydrograph is fairly predictable, its magnitude is not. The average monthly flows along the mainstream are listed in Table 3, providing an indication of their range and

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Major tributary systems develop in the lower basin. These systems can be separated into two groups: tributaries that contribute to the major wet season flows, and tributaries that drain low relief regions of lower rainfall. The first group are left bank tributaries that drain the high rainfall areas

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Broadly, there are three types of fish habitats in the Mekong: i) the river, including all the main tributaries, rivers in the major flood zone, and the Tonle Sap, which altogether yield about 30% of wild catch landings; ii) rain-fed wetlands outside the river-floodplain zone, including mainly rice

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The low tide level of the river in Cambodia is lower than the high tide level out at sea, and the flow of the Mekong inverts with the tides throughout its stretch in Vietnam and up to Phnom Penh. The very flat Mekong delta area in Vietnam is thus prone to flooding, especially in the provinces of An

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branches off the right (west) bank. The Bassac River is the first and main distributary of the Mekong. This is the beginning of the Mekong Delta. The two rivers, the Bassac to the west and the Mekong to the east, enter Vietnam shortly after this. In Vietnam, the Bassac is called the Hậu River (Sông

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along a 1.6-kilometre section of the Mekong River dividing Chiang Rai and Bokeo Province in Laos. The name of the rapids means 'where the ghost lost its way'. It then turns east into the interior of Laos, flowing first east and then south for some 400 km (250 mi) before meeting the border

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in Vietnam. This new port has generated a renewed focus on the Mekong River as a trade route. The Cai Mep container terminals can accommodate vessels with a draught of 15.2 m, equivalent to the largest container ships in the world. These mother vessels sail directly to Europe or the United States,

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Narrower and more turbulent sections of water in the upstream parts of the Mekong River, coupled with large annual water level variations continue to present a challenge to navigation. The seasonal variations in water level directly affect trade in this section of the river. Volumes of trade being

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It is estimated that 40 million rural people, more than two-thirds of the rural population in the lower Mekong basin, are engaged in the wild capture fishery. Fisheries contribute significantly to a diversified livelihood strategy for many people, particularly the poor, who are highly dependent on

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A growing number of academics, NGOs, and scientists have urged the international community and the Mekong River Commission to reduce the use of hydropower, giving concerns of long-term sustainability. Some of them have urged an immediate moratorium on new construction of hydropower projects and a

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in China to 243 border posts in China and Myanmar, a distance of 259 km. Local groups have countered that native inhabitants already operate their boats year-round and that the plan to blast the rapids is not about making life better for local people, but about enabling year-round traffic of

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An estimated 2.56 million tonnes of inland fish and other aquatic animals are consumed in the lower Mekong every year. Aquatic resources make up between 47 and 80% of animal protein in rural diets for people who live in the Lower Mekong Basin. Fish are the cheapest source of animal protein in the

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The Mekong Basin has one of the world's largest and most productive inland fisheries. An estimated two million tonnes of fish are landed a year, in addition to almost 500,000 tonnes of other aquatic animals. Aquaculture yields about two million tonnes of fish a year. Hence, the lower Mekong basin

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port both showing steady increases until 2009 when a decrease in cargo volumes can be attributed to the global financial crisis and a subsequent decline in demand for the export of garments to the US. In 2009, Mekong trade received a significant boost with the opening of a new deep-water port at

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The present river morphology of the Mekong Delta developed over the last 6,000 years. During this period, the delta advanced 200 km over the continental shelf of the South China Sea, covering an area of more than 62,500 km. From 5.3 to 3.5 ka the delta advanced across a broad embayment

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in Laos. The 1,170 m-long (3,840 ft) bridge opened on 8 April 1994. It has two 3.5 m-wide (11 ft) lanes with a single railway line in the middle. On 20 March 2004, the Thai and Lao governments agreed to extend the railway to Tha Nalaeng in Laos. This extension has since been

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rose from 11 to 51%. One of the most striking conclusions of provenance studies is the small contribution of sediment from the other parts of the Mekong basin, notably the Khorat Plateau, the uplands of northern Laos and northern Thailand, and the mountain ranges south of the Three Rivers area.

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Table 2 summarises the mean annual flows along the mainstream. The mean annual flow entering the lower Mekong from China is equivalent to a relatively modest 450 mm depth of runoff. Downstream of Vientiane this increases to over 600 mm as the principal left bank tributaries enter the

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are regularly described from the Mekong. In 2009, 145 species previously unknown to science were described from the region, including 29 fish species, two bird species, 10 reptiles, five mammals, 96 plants, and six amphibians. Between 1997 and 2015, an average of two new species per week were

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almost reached Phnom Penh and cores recovered from near Angkor Borei contained sediments deposited under the influence of tides, and salt marsh and mangrove swamp deposits. Sediments deposited in the Tonle Sap Great Lake about this time (7.9–7.3 ka) also show indications of marine influence,

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vessels are operated for regional trade. Cargos carried are timber, agricultural products, and construction materials. Thailand imports a wide variety of products from China, including vegetables, fruit, agricultural products, and fertilisers. The main exports from Thailand are dried

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In Yunnan Province in China, the river and its tributaries are confined by narrow, deep gorges. The tributary river systems in this part of the basin are small. Only 14 have catchment areas that exceed 1,000 km (390 sq mi), yet the greatest amount of loss of

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As the Mekong enters Cambodia, over 95% of its flows have already joined the river. From here on downstream the terrain is flat and water levels rather than flow volumes determine the movement of water across the landscape. The seasonal cycle of changing water levels at

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component makes up almost 30% of the average dry season flow. A major concern is that the ongoing and planned expansion of dams and reservoirs on the Mekong mainstream in Yunnan could have a significant effect on the low-flow regime of the lower Mekong basin system.

2777:(MRC) to manage and coordinate the use and care of the Mekong. In 1996 China and Myanmar became "dialogue partners" of the MRC and the six countries now work together in a cooperative framework. In 2000, the governments of China, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar signed a 3674:

Drought linked to a changing climate and dozens of hydroelectric dams are damaging the Mekong ecosystem. When drought ends and the inevitable floods begin, the effects of Mekong dams on flood pulse dynamics over the entire Lower Mekong are poorly understood.

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with about 300,000 tonnes of goods shipped via this route each year. The volume of this trade is expected to increase by 8–11% per year. Port infrastructure is being expanded to accommodate the expected growth in traffic, with new facilities planned for

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Laos lies almost entirely within the lower Mekong basin. Its climate, landscape and land use are the major factors shaping the hydrology of the river. The mountainous landscape means that only 16% of the country is farmed under lowland terrace or upland

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On 19 July 2019 this reach of the river dropped to its lowest level in a century. Officials are particularly concerned as July is in the wet season, when mainstream flows are abundant historically. Locals are blaming low water on the newly constructed

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paddies in formerly forested areas and usually inundated to about 50 cm, yielding about 66% of wild catch landings; and iii) large water bodies outside the flood zone, including canals and reservoirs yielding about 4% of wild catch landings.

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shipped decrease by more than 50%, primarily due to the reduced draughts available during the low water season (June–January). Despite these difficulties, the Mekong River is already an important link in the transit chain between

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and the rest from over-season catchment storage in the lower basin. This has implications for the occurrence of drought conditions. For example, if runoff from melting snow in any given year is very low, then flows upstream of

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As an international river, a number of agreements exist between the countries that share the Mekong to enable trade and passage between them. The most important of these, which address the full length of the river, are:

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J. Sarkkula, M. Keskinen, J. Koponen, M. Kummu, J. E. Richery & O. Varis (2009). "Hydropower in the Mekong Region: What Are the Likely Impacts Upon Fisheries?". In F. Molle; T. Foran; M. Käkönen (eds.).

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Agreement between and among the Governments of the Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam for Facilitation of Cross border Transport of Goods and People, (amended at Yangon, Myanmar), signed in Vientiane, 26 November

8647: 4808:"Agreement on Commercial Navigation on Lancang-Mekong River among the Governments of the People's Republic of China, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Union of Myanmar and the Kingdom of Thailand" 4591:

T. Tamura; Y. Saito; S. Sotham; B. Bunnarin; K. Meng; S. Im; S. Choup; F. Akiba (2009). "Initiation of the Mekong River Delta at 8 ka: Evidence from the sedimentary succession in the Cambodian lowland".

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Agreement on Commercial Navigation on Lancang-Mekong River among the Governments of the People's Republic of China, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Union of Myanmar and the Kingdom of Thailand

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On 4 February 2020, the Thai Cabinet voted to stop the project to blast and dredge 97 km of the river bed after Beijing failed to stump up the money for further surveys of the affected area.

2898:). The last three can grow up to about 3 m (10 ft) in length and weigh 300 kg (660 lb). All of these have declined drastically because of dams, flood control, and overfishing. 2606:

The Mekong basin is not normally considered a seismically active area as much of the basin is underlain by the relatively stable continental block. Nonetheless, the parts of the basin in northern

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Phnom Penh itself has no bridge under construction yet, although two new bridges have recently opened on the Tonle Sap, and the main bridge on the highway to Ho Chi Minh was duplicated in 2010.

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Construction of Myanmar–Laos Friendship Bridge started on 19 February 2013. The bridge will be 691.6 m (2,269 ft) long and have an 8.5 m (28 ft) wide two-lane motorway.

8023: 4734: 1641:. This volume of water is sometimes called the "Yunnan component" and plays an important role in the low-flow hydrology of the lower mainstream. Even as far downstream as Kratie, the 2477:

The internal drainage patterns of the Mekong are unusual when compared to those of other large rivers. Most large river systems that drain the interiors of continents, such as the

2951:) once ranged from the Mekong Delta up the river into Tonle Sap and beyond but is now extinct in the river, along with being extinct in all of Vietnam and possibly even Cambodia. 4543: 3098:

Dams in the Mekong reference those built for hydropower, irrigation and other uses (such as water supply). As of February 2024, dams in the Mekong are distributed as follows:

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R. Friend & D. J. H. Blake (2009). "Negotiating trade-offs in water resources development in the Mekong Basin: implications for fisheries and fishery-based livelihoods".

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The difficulty of navigating the river has meant that it has divided, rather than united, the people who live near it. The earliest known settlements date to 210 BCE, with

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Typically, such patterns develop in basins with gentle slopes where the underlying geological structure is fairly homogeneous and stable, exerting little or no control on

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play the most important role in supporting livelihoods. Wild capture fisheries are largely open access fisheries, which poor rural people can access for food and income.

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T. K. Ta; V. L. Nguyen; M. Tateishi; I. Kobayashi; S. Tanabe; Y. Saito (2002). "Holocene delta evolution and sediment discharge of the Mekong River, Southern Viet Nam".

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For much of its length the Mekong flows through bedrock channels, i.e., channels that are confined or constrained by bedrock or old alluvium in the bed and riverbanks.

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By taking into account hydrological regimes, physiography land use, and existing, planned and potential resource developments, the Mekong is divided into six distinct

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J.W. Ferguson; M. Healey; P. Dugan; C. Barlow (2011). "Potential Effects of Dams on Migratory Fish in the Mekong River: Lessons from the Fraser and Columbia Rivers".

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was the last great Indianized state in the region. From around the time of the fall of the Khmer empire, the Mekong was the front line between the emergent states of

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are not well understood, it is clear that between 9,000 and 7,500 years ago the confluence of the Tonle Sap and the Mekong was in proximity to the South China Sea.

8674: 8271: 1208:. From there it flows southwest and forms the border of Myanmar and Laos for about 100 km (62 mi) until it arrives at the tripoint of Myanmar, Laos, and 4221:

G. Lacombe; A. Pierret; C. T. Hoanh; O. Sengtaheuanghoung; A. Noble (2010). "Conflict, migration and land-cover changes in Indochina: a hydrological assessment".

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and Portuguese mounted some missionary and trade expeditions, while the Dutch Gerrit van Wuysthoff led an expedition up the river as far as Vientiane in 1641–42.

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in 1540. A European map of 1563 depicts the river, although even by then little was known of the river upstream of the delta. European interest was sporadic: the

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of plastic present on earth makes its way to the oceans. Ninety percent of plastic in the oceans is flushed there by just 10 rivers. The Mekong is one of them.

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P. D. Clift, G. Layne & J. Blusztajn (2004). "Marine sedimentary evidence for monsoon strengthening, Tibetan uplift, and drainage evolution in East Asia".

4273: 3293: 2519:, which is the dominant climatic control influencing the hydrology of the Mekong Basin. Understanding the nature and timing of the elevation of Tibet (and the 2118:, for example, flood season flows during August would exceed 20,000 cubic metres per second nine years out of ten, but exceed 34,000 m/s only one year in ten. 5169: 3553: 1453:. Phnom Penh also marks the beginning of the delta system of the Mekong River. Here the mainstream begins to break up into an increasing number of branches. 2527:

Great Lake today. Studies of the provenance of sediments in the Mekong delta reveal a major switch in the source of sediments about eight million years ago

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in the entire river system per square kilometer has occurred in this region due to heavy unchecked demand for natural resources. In the south of Yunnan, in

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with Thailand again. Once more, it defines the Laos-Thailand border for some 850 km (530 mi) as it flows first east, passing the capital of Laos,

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Agreement on Commercial Navigation on Lancang–Mekong River among the governments of China, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand, adopted at Tachileik, 20 April 2000.

2547:) when sea levels rose rapidly, reaching a maximum of about 4.5 m above present levels in the early Holocene about 8 ka. At this time the shoreline of the 7518: 4866: 8532: 6534: 1258:: water flows from the lake and river into the Mekong. When the Mekong floods, the flow reverses: the floodwaters of the Mekong flow up the Tonle Sap. 4891:

pp. 161–196 in: Campbell, I.C. (editor). The Mekong – Biophysical Environment of an International River Basin, 1st edition. Academic Press, Elsevier.

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Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin, Article 9, Freedom of Navigation, 5 April 1995, Chiang Rai.

2809:(GMS) include 20,000 plant species, 430 mammals, 1,200 birds, 800 reptiles and amphibians, and an estimated 850 freshwater fish species (excluding 8709: 8704: 5696: 4196: 8557: 8552: 8542: 8537: 8462: 5228: 4085: 4048: 4011: 3361:, fish oil, rubber products, and consumables. Nearly all the ships carrying cargo to and from Chiang Saen Port are 300 DWT Chinese flag vessels. 3281:

There are also multiple HPPs under construction within the basin. As of February 2024, there is one under construction in Cambodia, three in the

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Loss of forest cover in the Thai areas of the lower basin has been the highest of all the lower Mekong countries over the past 60 years. On the

8699: 8567: 8562: 8389: 6900: 6851: 6831: 6305: 5443: 5193: 4961: 4731: 1057:' means 'canal river'. In the ancient time Khmuic people called it '' or '' which means 'giant canal river' or 'deep canal river' respectively. 7453: 5749: 3933: 8384: 1680:. The boundary between Reach 2 and 3 is where the Mekong hydrology starts to change. Reach 2 is dominated in both wet and dry seasons by the 8264: 8123: 7201: 6951: 3060:

of food and income from what are often termed "other aquatic animals" (OAAs) such as freshwater crabs, shrimp, snakes, turtles, and frogs.

8527: 3296:. Of these, 13 are in China, and two in Laos. An additional mainstream dam is currently under construction in Laos, and another in China. 6240: 8313: 7677: 4909: 4840: 3469: 5090: 4497:"Thermochronology of mineral grains in the Red and Mekong Rivers, Viet Nam: Provenance and exhumation implications for Southeast Asia" 6262: 1405:

of Laos. The second group are those on the right bank, mainly the Mun and Chi Rivers, that drain a large part of northeast Thailand.

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Waterborne trade in the lower Mekong countries of Vietnam and Cambodia has grown significantly, with trends in container traffic at

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Yeophantong, Pichamon (2014). "China's Lancang Dam Cascade and Transnational Activism in the Mekong Region: Who's Got the Power?".

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Liquid Territories : configurations of geographic space in the cartographic projections of the Mekong River's catchment areas

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The many maps of the river basin produced throughout recorded history reflect the region's changing human geography and politics.

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Agreement between China and Lao PDR on Freight and Passenger Transport along the Lancang–Mekong River, adopted in November 1994.

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in Cambodia, more than 1.2 million people live in fishing communes and depend almost entirely on fishing for their livelihoods.

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There is one bridge over the Mekong entirely within Laos. Unlike the Friendship Bridges, it is not a border crossing. It is at

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During the wars in Indochina in the 1970s, a significant quantity of explosives (sometimes, entire barges loaded with military

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Then the Mekong meets the China–Myanmar border and flows about 10 km (6.2 mi) along that border until it reaches the

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Prefectures, the river changes as the valley opens out, the floodplain becomes wider, and the river becomes wider and slower.

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J. Valbo-Jørgensen, D. Coates & K.G. Hortle (2009). "Fish diversity in the Mekong River Basin.". In I.C. Campbell (ed.).

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Other plans call for diversion of water from the Brahmaputra, Salween and Mekong – all rivers that cross national boundaries.

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crosses the second channel—the right, main distributary of the Mekong, the Bassac (Song Hau). Inaugurated in 2010, it is the

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There is little evidence from the last 45 years of data of any systematic changes in the hydrological regime of the Mekong.

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C. H. Fenton, P. Charusiri & S. H. Wood (2003). "Recent paleoseismic investigations in northern and western Thailand".

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which means that goods can be shipped internationally to and from Phnom Penh with only a single transshipment at Cai Mep.

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being a major problem and as a result of this, approximately 50% of the sediment in the river comes from the upper basin.

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The upper basin makes up 24% of the total area and contributes 15–20% of the water that flows into the Mekong River. The

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Component. Reach 3 is increasingly influenced by contributions from the large left bank tributaries in Laos, namely the

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of 795,000 km (307,000 sq mi), discharging 475 km (114 cu mi) of water annually. From its

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and China do experience frequent earthquakes and tremors. The magnitude of these earthquakes rarely exceeds 6.5 on the

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The Mekong Basin is frequently divided into two parts: the "upper Mekong basin" comprising those parts of the basin in

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P. D. Clift; A. Carter; I. H. Campbell; M. Pringle; V. Nguyen; C. Allen; C. M. Allen; K. V. Hodges; T. T Mai (2006).

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between 1866 and 1868. Their chief finding was that the Mekong had too many falls and rapids to ever be useful for

1217: 5723: 3907: 3006: 2535:. From 8 Ma to the present, however, the contribution from the Three Rivers Area fell to 40%, while that from the 1499:

are common hazards in the Delta, which many people believe is the most sensitive to upstream hydrological change.

8840: 8835: 2968:. The name Sanjiangyuan means "the sources of the Three Rivers". The reserve also includes the headwaters of the 2531:. From 36 to 8 Ma the bulk (76%) of the sediments deposited in the delta came from erosion of the bedrock in the 1235:, then turns south. A second time, the river leaves the border and flows east into Laos soon passing the city of 742:

means Ganga. The literal meaning of “Mekong” is "Mother Ganga". Kong is a borrowing into Khmer language of the

2552:

suggesting a connection to the South China Sea. Although the hydraulic relationships between the Mekong and the

1223:

From the Golden Triangle tripoint, the Mekong turns southeast to briefly form the border of Laos with Thailand.

8845: 8830: 8745: 4874: 4089: 4052: 4015: 3768: 3701:

shift to solar and other forms of renewable energy, which are becoming more competitive and faster to install.

3456: 2943:) occurs in small isolated pockets within the northern Cambodian and Laotian portions of the Mekong River. The 2871:), which can reach at least 5 m (16 ft) in length and 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) in width, the 1475:

in Vietnam is farmed intensively and has little natural vegetation left. Forest cover is less than 10%. In the

1127: 644: 5530: 4769: 3405:

New Agreement on Waterway Transportation between Vietnam and Cambodia, signed in Phnom Penh, 17 December 2009.

2913:), was once common in the whole of the lower Mekong but is now very rare, with only 85 individuals remaining. 8060: 7814: 6391: 6255: 3752: 3634: 2642:

being an excellent example of early Iron Age culture. The earliest recorded civilization was the 1st century

1637:. In this part of the river, the major source of water flowing into the river comes from melting snow on the 1119: 5344: 4104: 8740: 7993: 7667: 6379: 6203: 5010:

Last, P.R.; Compagno, L.J.V. (1999). "Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae". In Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (eds.).

3524:. The Chinese and Thai governments agreed to build the bridge and share the estimated US$ 33 million cost. 2781:

which is the mechanism for cooperation with regard to riverine trade on the upper stretches of the Mekong.

699:

difficult. Even so, the river is a major trade route between Tibet and Southeast Asia. The construction of

17: 5920: 5775: 4351:

M. Clark; L. Schoenbohm; L. Royden; K. Whipple; B. Burchfiel; W. Zhang; W. Tang; E. Wang; L. Chen (2004).

3959: 1216:(which follows the Thai–Myanmar border) and the Mekong. The area of this tripoint is sometimes termed the 1054: 1050: 1046: 8825: 8780: 8765: 7953: 7448: 7382: 7187: 6270: 6048: 5012:

FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific

4986: 3678:

Sewage treatment is rudimentary in towns and urban areas throughout much of the Mekong's length, such as

3033: 2995: 2536: 2520: 1476: 6151: 5810:"Potential Disruption of Flood Dynamics in the Lower Mekong River Basin Due to Upstream Flow Regulation" 2722: 8785: 8775: 7836: 7758: 7559: 7135: 6212: 5700: 4968: 4916: 4851: 4668: 4631: 4594: 4471: 2841: 2603:

where the river develops alluvial channels that are free of control exerted by the underlying bedrock.

818: 5586: 5416:"Give a man a fish..." Contextualising Living Aquatic Resources Development in the Lower Mekong Basin" 1456:

In Cambodia, wet rice is the main crop and is grown on the flood plains of the Tonle Sap, Mekong, and

8760: 8136: 7902: 7892: 7829: 7635: 7428: 7362: 6012:

Hydropower Development in the Mekong Region: Political, Socio-economic and Environmental Perspectives

5973:

Sustainable Development of Rice and Water Resources in Mainland Southeast Asia and Mekong River Basin

5674: 5320: 3049: 2857: 2682:

and Tonkin (North Vietnam), with Laos and Cambodia, then on the coast, torn between their influence.

1174: 1153:; the characters may also be literally understood as "turbulent green river"). It originates in the " 915: 904: 8755: 8237: 7833: 7787: 7672: 7549: 6248: 5113: 4845: 3727: 3653: 2850:

No other river is home to so many species of very large fish. The biggest include three species of

2806: 640: 8770: 7986: 7922: 7859: 7753: 7503: 6792: 6278: 6055: 5472:"The Don Sahong Dam: Potential Impacts on Regional Fish Migrations, Livelihoods and Human Health" 5397: 5235: 5224: 5097: 4870: 4779:. Bangkok, Thailand and Gland, Switzerland: The World Conservation Union (IUCN). pp. 21–24. 4397: 4185: 3645: 3282: 3162: 2774: 2619: 1333: 31: 5034: 3648:

crosses the first channel—the left, main branch of the Mekong, the Sông Tiền or Tiền Giang—near

1479:

of Vietnam, forest cover was reduced from over 95% in the 1950s to around 50% in the mid-1990s.

8815: 8598: 7730: 7699: 7694: 7584: 7574: 7528: 7158: 6340: 5616: 5494: 5478: 3513: 1480: 811: 800: 791: 4752: 8735: 7554: 7093: 7073: 7048: 6178: 5671:"Myanmar, Laos start building Mekong River friendship bridge - Xinhua | English.news.cn" 4402: 3757: 3040:

Aquatic biodiversity in the Mekong River system is the second highest in the world after the

3010:

Bank erosion on the Song Tien, a Mekong branch, Binh Dai District, Ben Tre Province, Vietnam.

2756:

Indochina Wars expelled French from its former colony and defeated US-supported governments.

1081: 8790: 8694: 6032:"The Political Ecology of Large Hydropower Dams in the Mekong Basin: A Comprehensive Review" 4777:

An Uncertain Future: Biodiversity and Livelihoods Along the Mekong River in Northern Lao PDR

4353:"Surface uplift, tectonics, and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage patterns" 3659: 3402:

Phnom Penh Agreement between Cambodia and Vietnam on the Transit of Goods, 7 September 2000.

1626: 1283: 703:

along the Mekong in the 2000s through the 2020s has caused serious problems for the river's

8689: 8506: 7849: 7804: 7768: 7645: 7625: 7438: 7433: 7355: 6856: 6713: 6674: 6644: 6488: 6173: 5821: 5422: 5265: 5122: 5048: 4677: 4640: 4603: 4552: 4513: 4442: 4411: 4369: 4230: 3810: 3392:

Hanoi Agreement between Cambodia and Viet Nam on Waterway Transportation, 13 December 1998.

3346: 3053: 3028: 2891: 2856:

barbs, which can grow up to 1.5 m (5 ft) and weigh 70 kg (150 lb), the

2738: 1892: 1848: 1410: 1279: 1270:

or Tiền Giang. In Vietnam, distributaries of the eastern (main, Mekong) branch include the

628: 2523:

of Vietnam) therefore helps explain the provenance of sediment reaching the delta and the

1671:, as it enters its test phase prior to the start of commercial operation in October 2019. 8: 8593: 7725: 7650: 7291: 7143: 7078: 6983: 6615: 6581: 6401: 6330: 5391:"Consumption and the yield of fish and other aquatic animals from the Lower Mekong Basin" 5229:"Assessment of Basin-wide Development Scenarios: Technical Note 11: Impacts on Fisheries" 5037:"Irrawaddy dolphin demography in the Mekong River: an application of mark–resight models" 4437:

S. K. Tandon & R. Sinha (2007). "Geology of large river systems". In A. Gupta (ed.).

3602: 3532: 2988: 2944: 2917: 2749: 1484: 1317: 957: 939: 927: 6115:

Dead in the Water; Global Lessons from the World Bank's Model Hydropower Project in Laos

5825: 5269: 5126: 5052: 4681: 4644: 4607: 4556: 4517: 4415: 4373: 4234: 3814: 2689: 2569: 8588: 8131: 8093: 7912: 7513: 7286: 7088: 6978: 6841: 6679: 6629: 6593: 6478: 6367: 6168: 5844: 5809: 5511: 5471: 5369: 5281: 5146: 5066: 4246: 3826: 3773: 3626: 3547: 3353: 2902: 2818: 1186: 7250: 4689: 1789: 1449:

results in the unique "flow reversal" of water into and out of the Great Lake via the

7809: 7773: 7689: 7630: 7537: 7488: 7478: 7306: 7053: 6588: 6119: 6097: 6077: 6059: 6015: 5995: 5976: 5956: 5849: 5783: 5355: 5316: 5173: 5138: 5015: 4892: 4780: 4568: 4475: 4446: 4352: 4250: 4079: 4042: 4005: 3967: 3617: 3410: 2999: 2936: 2906: 2797:

can still be found along a stretch of the Mekong in Cambodia (Khmer called "Kanteay")

2486: 1693: 1620: 700: 511:, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of 5515: 5285: 5150: 5070: 4652: 4629:

D. Penny (2006). "The Holocene history and development of the Tonle Sap, Cambodia".

4615: 4423: 3830: 2801:

The Mekong basin is one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. Only the

2515:

during the Tertiary period was an important factor in the genesis of the south-west

1766: 1717:. The main hydrological contributions to the mainstream in this reach come from the 8679: 8225: 8098: 8032: 7854: 7824: 7608: 7589: 7398: 7271: 7033: 6973: 6384: 5839: 5829: 5503: 5452: 5273: 5130: 5056: 4714: 4685: 4648: 4611: 4560: 4521: 4419: 4377: 4307: 4238: 4220: 3818: 3799:"Pinpointing source and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world" 2822: 2745: 2647: 2565: 2497: 1798: 1782: 1271: 1097: 989: 977: 872: 720: 684: 611: 597: 512: 502: 447: 5348:

Contested Waterscapes in the Mekong Region: Hydropower, Livelihoods and Governance

4814: 2916:

Among other wetland mammals that have been living in and around the river are the

2744:

From 1893, the French extended their control of the river into Laos, establishing

2600: 2094: 2046: 1713: 108: 8511: 8501: 8457: 8405: 8333: 8249: 8073: 7946: 7874: 7763: 7748: 7713: 7468: 7390: 7336: 7321: 7023: 7013: 6895: 6549: 6230: 6207: 5507: 5091:"Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of hydropower on the Mekong mainstream" 5088: 4738: 3763: 3521: 2872: 2726: 2548: 2544: 2528: 2512: 1770: 1743: 1638: 1450: 1357: 1349: 1158: 747: 660: 656: 384: 8632: 5415: 1132: 8572: 8547: 8496: 8379: 8348: 8308: 8169: 7897: 7819: 7743: 7473: 7316: 7281: 7168: 7163: 7125: 7068: 7038: 6936: 6866: 6816: 6659: 6310: 5834: 5254:

E. Baran & C. Myschowoda (2009). "Dams and fisheries in the Mekong Basin".

5035:

Ryan, Gerard Edward; Dove, Verne; Trujillo, Fernando; Doherty, Paul F. (2011).

5014:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 1479–1505. 3423: 3081: 1794: 1778: 1421: 1389: 1267: 1089: 1073: 1035: 1021: 1007: 996: 724: 636: 564: 5277: 5134: 3822: 3312: 3048:

per hectare of any river. The largest recorded freshwater fish, a 300 kg

2490: 1806:

Table 2: Lower Mekong Mainstream annual flow (1960 to 2004) at selected sites.

8795: 8729: 8603: 8323: 8318: 7962: 7927: 7917: 7882: 7864: 7799: 7311: 7115: 6998: 6846: 6811: 6777: 6738: 6708: 6639: 6503: 6493: 6421: 6362: 6357: 6325: 6063: 5787: 4982: 4768:

Lazarus, K.; Dubeau, P.; Bambaradeniya, C.; Friend, R.; Sylavong, L. (2006).

4311: 3971: 3718: 3594: 3569: 3555: 3460: 3419: 2826: 2576: 2505: 2501: 1958: 1870: 1393: 1190: 896: 784: 773: 764: 648: 320: 307: 243: 230: 114: 4494: 2564:

formed between higher ground near the Cambodian border and uplands north of

8684: 8486: 8467: 8452: 8374: 8358: 8353: 8206: 8108: 8103: 8078: 7907: 7844: 7331: 7301: 7276: 7266: 7245: 7225: 7120: 7043: 6993: 6905: 6733: 6669: 6664: 6561: 6554: 6520: 6508: 6498: 6463: 6320: 6315: 6191:

The WISDOM Project, a Water related Information System for the Mekong Delta

5853: 5535: 5142: 4702: 4665: 3536: 3045: 3041: 2969: 2961: 2802: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2478: 1668: 1472: 1457: 1385: 1377: 1275: 1262: 1239:. Thereafter, it turns and runs more or less directly south, crossing into 1166: 1154: 889: 880: 865: 854: 845: 838: 827: 578: 545: 531: 443: 380: 279: 205: 8045: 7240: 6235: 6113: 3649: 1251: 471: 8491: 8338: 8328: 8164: 8156: 8050: 8040: 7967: 7887: 7657: 7443: 7413: 7326: 7296: 7110: 7083: 7018: 7003: 6958: 6946: 6926: 6890: 6836: 6821: 6748: 6743: 6723: 6603: 6598: 6539: 6468: 6426: 5061: 5036: 4907: 4526: 4382: 3656:

crosses it near Mỹ Tho, between the provinces of Tiền Giang and Bến Tre.

3502: 3329: 2925: 2836: 2753: 2592: 2543:

The last glacial period came to an abrupt end about 19,000 years ago (19

2482: 2024: 1651: 1414: 1266:

Hậu or Hậu Giang); the main, eastern, branch of the Mekong is called the

274: 5456: 5163: 4540: 4350: 3332:

in southern Laos and the "lower" part as the stretch below these falls.

2998:

in Cambodia contains the largest lake in Southeast Asia. It is a UNESCO

1463: 1436: 647:

in Asia with an estimated length of 4,909 km (3,050 mi) and a

8410: 8343: 7483: 7463: 7408: 7403: 7235: 7103: 6968: 6963: 6931: 6876: 6826: 6782: 6772: 6758: 6654: 6576: 6458: 6431: 6416: 6396: 6335: 6295: 5110: 3747: 3630: 3610: 3606: 3365: 2880: 2847:

ecoregions, the greatest concentration of ecoregions in mainland Asia.

2844: 2810: 2734: 2639: 2588: 1758: 1734: 1446: 1417:

were quantified in two sub-catchments of the lower Mekong River basin.

1250:

the river is joined on the right bank by the river and lake system the

1247: 1213: 696: 479: 6163: 3550:. It is 1,380 m (4,528 ft) long, and was completed in 2000. 2789: 2706: 1135: 7179: 7098: 7063: 6941: 6802: 6787: 6767: 6718: 6689: 6684: 6649: 6624: 6571: 6566: 6544: 6483: 6473: 6436: 6411: 6347: 6201:

CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems - Greater Mekong

5776:"China Limited the Mekong's Flow. Other Countries Suffered a Drought" 5351: 4590: 4360: 3960:"China Limited the Mekong's Flow. Other Countries Suffered a Drought" 3742: 3687: 3679: 3486: 3482: 3444: 2852: 2760: 2596: 2553: 2524: 2107: 2103: 1936: 1914: 1726: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1659: 1655: 1429: 1425: 1373: 1255: 1232: 704: 692: 652: 632: 475: 467: 451: 124: 6154: 6094:

The Mekong Delta System: Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta

4718: 4564: 4326:"Mekong River in Golden Triangle drops to lowest level in a century" 4242: 1261:

Immediately after the Sap River joins the Mekong by Phnom Penh, the

8580: 8478: 8397: 8185: 7569: 7423: 7418: 7211: 7058: 6861: 6634: 6453: 6446: 6441: 6406: 5953:

The Mekong: biophysical environment of an international river basin

5166:

The Mekong: Biophysical Environment of an International River Basin

4995: 4934: 3798: 3598: 3498: 3219: 3124: 2888: 2814: 2686: 2679: 2655: 2611: 2580: 2557: 1980: 1705: 1685: 1488: 1353: 1240: 1209: 1197: 1165:. The reserve protects the headwaters of, from north to south, the 1150: 743: 680: 676: 159: 155: 3474: 1508:

Table 1: Country share of Mekong River Basin (MRB) and water flows

8519: 8083: 8009: 7978: 7735: 6286: 3641: 3517: 3374: 3369: 3341: 3337: 3317: 3304: 3238: 3200: 2973: 2830: 2699:

The French invaded the region in the mid-19th century, capturing

2634:

19th century map showing the Mekong river as the "Mei-Kong" river

2615: 2584: 2516: 1718: 1492: 1361: 1341: 1311: 1201: 1170: 708: 668: 291: 213: 163: 147: 7347: 4767: 2805:

boasts a higher level of bio-diversity. Biota estimates for the

2703:

in 1861, and establishing a protectorate over Cambodia in 1863.

1294: 8201: 8019: 7148: 7028: 7008: 6728: 6300: 6200: 6190: 3613:, and Laos. The bridge opened for traffic on 11 December 2001. 3415: 3358: 3143: 2980: 2773:

In 1995, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam established the

2748:

by the first decade of the 20th century. This lasted until the

2730: 2700: 2675: 2667: 2090: 1752: 1722: 1681: 1642: 1345: 1337: 1322: 1299: 1227: 1178: 1140: 1105: 1042: 751: 688: 455: 3620:, 40 km (25 mi) north of Phnom Penh opened in 2010. 3605:, on the road linking Phnom Penh with the remote provinces of 687:. The extreme seasonal variations in flow and the presence of 8430: 8300: 6273: 3694: 3543: 2693: 2651: 2643: 2115: 2098: 2002: 1676: 1496: 1236: 143: 6112:

Shoemaker, Bruce; Robichaud, William, eds. (November 2019).

5421:. AMRC Working Papers 8. Australian Mekong Resource Centre, 3020:

Giang and Dong Thap (Đồng Tháp), near the Cambodian border.

8444: 8366: 7378: 6699: 6218:

Countries of the Mekong River: The Greater Mekong Subregion

6195: 5895:"Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers" 5249: 5247: 5245: 3321: 3286: 3181: 2865: 2607: 2595:

are restricted to a short stretch of the mainstream around

1326: 1205: 672: 151: 6118:(Paper ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 5194:"Largest freshwater fish ever recorded caught in Cambodia" 5089:

International Center for Environmental Management (2010).

5009: 5750:"Mekong River falls to critical level, sand dunes emerge" 4910:"New Blood: Greater Mekong New Species Discoveries, 2009" 3934:"Mekong River falls to critical level, sand dunes emerge" 3637:

with Japanese government assistance, and opened in 2015.

2717:

The first systematic European exploration began with the

2572:, which is one of the most recent features of the delta. 6236:

Real-time Map of Mekong River Remote Monitoring Stations

5242: 4908:

N. Gephart; G. Blate; C. McQuistan; C. Thompson (2010).

4065: 4028: 3991: 2979:

The section of the river flowing through deep gorges in

2840:

discovered in the region. The Mekong Region contains 16

2825:

orders among the freshwater fish in the river basin are

2765:

US State Department Bureau of Political-Military Affairs

6076:. Double Bay: Lowy Institute for International Policy. 5440: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5223: 4931:"163 new species, including 'Klingon Newt', discovered" 4887:

Valbo-Jørgensen, J; Coates, D.; and Hortle, K. (2009).

4184: 3796: 3733:

Greater Mekong Sub-region Academic and Research Network

2122:

Table 3: Mekong Mainstream monthly discharge, 1960–2004

832: 4465: 4066:

1.Headley Jr. 2.Chim 3.Soeum, 1.Robert 2. Rath 3. Ok.

3690:

impacts the river's ecological integrity as a result.

5253: 4757:. Delft: Delft University of Technology. p. 325. 3409:

In December 2016, the Thai cabinet of Prime Minister

1635:

Reach 1: Lancang Jiang or Upper Mekong River in China

5869:"There are 8.3 billion tons of plastic in the world" 5429: 5292: 4867:"Fishes of the Mekong – how many species are there?" 4436: 4029:

1.Headley Jr. 2.Chim 3.Soeum, 1.Robert 2.Rath 3.Ok.

3992:

1.Headley Jr. 2.Chim 3.Soeum, 1.Robert 2.Rath 3.Ok.

3708: 2500:. In marked contrast, the tributary networks of the 1049:' means 'river' or 'water', here it means 'river', ' 6092:Renaud, Fabrice G.; Kuenzer, Claudia, eds. (2012). 3512:opened for traffic on 11 November 2011, connecting 3414:for 500-tonne cargo vessels sailing the river from 2685:The first European to encounter the Mekong was the 2493:tributary networks that resemble a branching tree. 2089:Flows at Chiang Saen entering the lower basin from 1212:. This is also the point of confluence between the 805: 8279: 6111: 8662: 5971:Cosslett, Tuyet L.; Cosslett, Patrick D. (2018). 5307: 4586: 4584: 4257: 8727: 5970: 5724:"A dam-building race threatens the Mekong River" 5338: 5104: 3908:"A dam-building race threatens the Mekong River" 3531:opened to traffic on 11 December 2013. It links 944: 92: 86: 5808:Pokhrel, Yadu; et al. (10 December 2018). 4468:The Asian monsoon: causes, history, and effects 4263: 4190:"Overview of the Hydrology of the Mekong Basin" 3797:S. Liu; P. Lu; D. Liu; P. Jin; W. Wang (2009). 3056:in 2005, were both caught in the Mekong River. 2985:Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 746:word "Ganga". The Mekong is named after Hindu 6010:Matthews, Nathanial; Geheb, Kim, eds. (2015). 5555: 5553: 4581: 4459: 1502: 1173:, and the Mekong Rivers. It flows through the 8648: 8265: 7994: 7363: 7195: 6256: 6091: 6009: 5645:"Thais ditch China-led plan to dredge Mekong" 5477:. POLIS Project on Environmental Governance, 4400:(2004). "River patterns and their meanings". 3792: 3790: 2793:Extirpated from most of its pan-Asian range, 2729:, which ascended the river from its mouth to 1254:. When the Mekong is low, the Tonle Sap is a 1189:, along with the Yangtze to its east and the 416:39,000 m/s (1,400,000 cu ft/s) 199: 183: 58: 51: 45: 5801: 5721: 5608: 5388: 5374:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5219: 5217: 5215: 4864: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 3905: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3292:Of the Mekong's HPPs, 15 are located on the 2093:make up about 15% of the wet season flow at 5748:Sripiachai, Pattanapong (29 October 2019). 5550: 5528: 5522: 5491: 5469: 5463: 5409: 5407: 5084: 5082: 5080: 4962:"River of Giants: Giant Fish of the Mekong" 4838: 4390: 4297: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4084:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4047:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4010:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3932:Sripiachai, Pattanapong (29 October 2019). 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 2767:, to conduct underwater explosive removal. 2658:, have found coins from as far away as the 1026: 1012: 396:16,000 m/s (570,000 cu ft/s) 79: 8655: 8641: 8272: 8258: 8001: 7987: 7370: 7356: 7202: 7188: 6263: 6249: 5747: 5492:I. G. Baird (2011). "The Don Sahong Dam". 5485: 5382: 5157: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4439:Large rivers: geomorphology and management 4396: 4096: 3931: 3787: 3448:Kizuna Bridge cross Mekong at Kampong Cham 3044:. The Mekong boasts the most concentrated 3032:Fish Farming on Mekong branch, Song Tien, 2622:and is unlikely to cause material damage. 909: 778: 72: 6029: 5921:"Dams and Climate Change Kill the Mekong" 5843: 5833: 5559: 5310:"The Don Sahong Dam and Mekong Fisheries" 5212: 5060: 4889:Fish diversity in the Mekong River basin. 4881: 4525: 4381: 1777:(fish sauce) workshop on the bank of the 1708:enters the mainstream within this reach. 859: 406:1,400 m/s (49,000 cu ft/s) 358:795,000 km (307,000 sq mi) 65: 6224:Rivers Network : Mekong river blog 5950: 5918: 5404: 5077: 4628: 4123: 4102: 3837: 3443: 3311: 3303: 3101:Table 4: Dams in the Mekong River Basin 3027: 3005: 2788: 2705: 2629: 1788: 1765: 1757: 1696:, Se Bang Hieng and Se Done Rivers. The 1625: 1462: 1435: 1316: 1305: 1293: 1011:(lit. "Big River" or "Great River") or 6071: 5912: 5892: 5866: 5807: 5614: 5413: 5257:Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 4981: 4949: 4750: 3669: 3666:cable-stayed bridge in Southeast Asia. 1781:(branch of Mekong), Binh Dai District, 1755:and Sre Pok from Vietnam and Cambodia. 757:The local names for the river include: 608:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 575:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 542:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 8728: 7209: 5560:Suksamran, Nauvarat (9 January 2017). 4466:P. D. Clift & A. R. Plumb (2008). 4195:. MRC, Vientiane, Laos. Archived from 3803:International Journal of Digital Earth 2650:, in the Mekong delta. Excavations at 2579:features normally associated with the 1762:Floating market, Cần Thơ, Mekong delta 1440:Floating homes on the Mekong, Cambodia 914: 903: 810: 799: 8636: 8253: 7982: 7351: 7183: 6244: 5989: 5773: 5722:Sasipornkarn, Emmy (16 August 2019). 4841:"First Contact in the Greater Mekong" 4813:. JCCN. 20 April 2000. Archived from 4266:"The Price of Damming Tibet's Rivers" 4103:Wangkiat, Paritta (15 January 2017). 4068:"Modern Cambodian-English Dictionary" 4031:"Modern Cambodian-English Dictionary" 3994:"Modern Cambodian-English Dictionary" 3957: 3906:Sasipornkarn, Emmy (16 August 2019). 3440:List of crossings of the Mekong River 3052:in 2022 and previously a 293 kg 1321:The confluence of the Mekong and the 1034: 1020: 1006: 988: 956: 938: 888: 879: 864: 853: 837: 826: 783: 772: 8232: 8142:Qinghai University for Nationalities 8114:Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve 5893:Franzen, Harald (30 November 2017). 5529:Wipatayotin, Apinya (20 July 2019). 5028: 4505:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3094:Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin 3014: 2966:Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve 2583:stretches of mature rivers, such as 1704:river system from the right bank in 1675:Reach 3: Vientiane and Nong Khai to 1344:, and the "lower Mekong basin" from 1163:Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve 7154:North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal 6046: 3308:Mekong ferry, Neak Loeung, Cambodia 2964:, Qinghai, China, are protected in 1193:(Nu Jiang in Chinese) to its west. 1149:, from the old name of Lao kingdom 663:(where it is officially called the 210:Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 24: 8147:Qinghai University Medical College 8008: 5943: 5919:Fawthrop, Tom (28 November 2019). 5562:"Locals slam Mekong blasting plan" 4276:from the original on 31 March 2015 2954: 2784: 2737:. The river's source was found by 2670:state around the 5th century. The 2114:variability from year to year. At 25: 8862: 7377: 6141: 5617:"China must be sincere on Mekong" 5308:E. Baran & B. Ratner (2007). 4264:Michael Buckley (30 March 2015). 3886:"State of the Basin Report, 2010" 3738:GMS Environment Operations Center 3633:on the Phnom Penh to Ho Chi Minh 3529:Fourth Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge 3495:Second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge 1289: 8617: 8616: 8579: 8518: 8477: 8443: 8429: 8396: 8365: 8299: 8231: 8220: 8219: 7527: 6272: 5867:Franzen, Harald (20 July 2017). 5200:. Associated Press. 20 June 2022 4732:Cambodia: Demining in the depths 3711: 3510:Third Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge 3427:large Chinese commercial boats. 2960:The headwaters of the Mekong in 2813:species mainly found in salt or 1114:) and soon becomes known as the 707:, including the exacerbation of 588: 555: 522: 493: 123: 107: 5886: 5860: 5774:Beech, Hannah (13 April 2020). 5767: 5741: 5715: 5689: 5663: 5637: 5615:Roykaew, Niwat (17 July 2019). 5579: 5186: 5003: 4975: 4923: 4901: 4858: 4832: 4800: 4761: 4744: 4725: 4696: 4659: 4653:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.03.012 4622: 4616:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.010 4534: 4488: 4430: 4424:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.03.001 4344: 4318: 4291: 4214: 3958:Beech, Hannah (13 April 2020). 3368:port and general cargo through 2795:Cantor's giant softshell turtle 900: 8281:Dams in the Mekong River Basin 6074:The Mekong: River Under Threat 6049:State of the Basin Report 2018 5992:Last days of the mighty Mekong 5396:. MRC Technical Paper No. 16. 4751:Romanos, Christoforos (2023). 4059: 4022: 3985: 3951: 3925: 3899: 3769:Mekong Expedition of 1866-1868 2712:Mekong expedition of 1866–1868 2556:Great Lake systems during the 1399: 1376:here is steep and narrow with 1367: 1360:via a complex delta system in 1145: 1131: 1123: 1110: 970: 950: 299: • coordinates 222: • coordinates 98: 52: 46: 13: 1: 8664:Estuaries of the Mekong River 5955:. Amsterdam: Academic Press. 4971:Greater Mekong Program. 2012. 4741:. Denise Hruby, 24 March 2013 4690:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00007-0 3780: 3760:2011 killings on Mekong river 3753:Mekong River Basin Hydropower 3299: 1348:downstream from China to the 750:, the name sake of the river 350:4,350 km (2,700 mi) 265:5,224 m (17,139 ft) 170:Physical characteristics 27:Major river in Southeast Asia 8751:International rivers of Asia 5508:10.1080/14672715.2011.570567 4544:Geophysical Monograph Series 3023: 2662:. This was succeeded by the 1226:Khon Pi Long is a series of 338: • elevation 261: • elevation 200: 184: 7: 6179:GPX (secondary coordinates) 6072:Osborne, Milton E. (2009). 5951:Campbell, Ian, ed. (2009). 4770:"Increasing pace of change" 3704: 3475: 2996:Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve 1742:Reach 6: Phnom Penh to the 1503:Water flow along its course 1491:and landscape change. Both 376: • location 287: • location 194: • location 10: 8867: 8851:Lowest points of countries 5835:10.1038/s41598-018-35823-4 4669:Quaternary Science Reviews 4632:Quaternary Science Reviews 4595:Quaternary Science Reviews 4472:Cambridge University Press 3570:15.1055417°N 105.8137528°E 3477:Saphan Mittraphap Thai-Lao 3457:Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge 3437: 3433: 3091: 2625: 2591:, cut-offs, and extensive 2472: 1773:(monkey bridge) and small 1566:Catchment as % of MRB 1487:are the major reasons for 1183:Three Parallel Rivers Area 910: 833: 822: 806: 795: 412: • maximum 402: • minimum 392: • average 29: 8670: 8612: 8419: 8287: 8215: 8194: 8178: 8155: 8137:Qinghai Normal University 8122: 8059: 8031: 8017: 7940: 7873: 7795: 7786: 7721: 7712: 7616: 7607: 7545: 7536: 7525: 7389: 7259: 7218: 7134: 6919: 6875: 6801: 6757: 6698: 6614: 6519: 6285: 6174:GPX (primary coordinates) 6149:Map all coordinates using 5278:10.1080/14634980903149902 5135:10.1007/s00267-010-9563-6 4088:) CS1 maint: url-status ( 4051:) CS1 maint: url-status ( 4014:) CS1 maint: url-status ( 3823:10.1080/17538940902746082 3464: 3050:giant freshwater stingray 2858:giant freshwater stingray 2489:, have relatively simple 1175:Tibetan Autonomous Region 1101: 1077: 1063: 1027: 1013: 1000: 981: 965: 958:[ʂə̄wŋmkɨ̂wlāwŋm] 860: 849: 779: 768: 659:, the river runs through 485: 461: 437: 429: 424: 420: 410: 400: 390: 374: 366: 362: 354: 346: 336: 297: 285: 273: 269: 259: 220: 192: 178: 174: 169: 139: 134: 122: 106: 80: 73: 66: 59: 41: 8821:Ramsar sites in Cambodia 7621:Administrative divisions 6157:Download coordinates as: 6030:Middleton, Carl (2016). 5531:"Dam tests spark crisis" 5114:Environmental Management 4999:. February 2017 version. 4985:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 4312:10.1525/as.2014.54.4.700 3728:Greater Mekong Subregion 3693:Much of the 8.3 billion 2983:Province is part of the 2807:Greater Mekong Subregion 2723:Ernest Doudard de Lagrée 2719:French Mekong Expedition 1177:and then southeast into 1155:three rivers source area 1068:The Mekong rises as the 940:[ʂə̄wŋmmēkə̄wŋm] 855:[mɛ̄ːnâːmkʰɔ̌ːŋ] 828:[mɛ̄ːnâːmkʰɔ̌ːŋ] 714: 463: • right 6229:5 November 2018 at the 6196:Mekong River Commission 6096:. Dordrecht: Springer. 6056:Mekong River Commission 5975:. Singapore: Springer. 5398:Mekong River Commission 5236:Mekong River Commission 5225:Mekong River Commission 5098:Mekong River Commission 4871:Mekong River Commission 4854:Greater Mekong Program. 4186:Mekong River Commission 3893:Mekong River Commission 3575:15.1055417; 105.8137528 3087: 2930:Prionailurus viverrinus 2775:Mekong River Commission 2620:Richter magnitude scale 1826:as % total Mekong 1181:Province, and then the 990:[mɛ́ɡàʊɰ̃mjɪ̰ʔ] 881:[nâːmmɛːkʰɔ̌ːŋ] 801:[náːmmɛ̂ːkʰǒːŋ] 774:[mɛ̂ːnáːmkʰǒːŋ] 439: • left 32:Mekong (disambiguation) 8841:Ecoregions of Cambodia 8836:Ecoregions of Thailand 7159:Eastern Zhejiang Canal 6220:Asian Development Bank 5495:Critical Asian Studies 5479:University of Victoria 3644:, since the year 2000 3514:Nakhon Phanom Province 3449: 3324: 3309: 3037: 3011: 2877:Pangasius sanitwongsei 2798: 2714: 2635: 1802: 1786: 1763: 1631: 1481:Agricultural expansion 1468: 1441: 1329: 1314: 1303: 1298:Mekong River south of 1036:[tɔnleimeikɔŋ] 945: 931: 916:[nâm.mɛ.kʰɔ̌ŋ] 596:This article contains 563:This article contains 530:This article contains 501:This article contains 129:Mekong River watershed 93: 87: 8846:Ecoregions of Vietnam 8831:Ecoregions of Myanmar 8746:Freshwater ecoregions 7459:Japanese puppet state 6279:Major rivers of China 6169:GPX (all coordinates) 6054:(Report). Vientiane: 6014:. London: Earthscan. 5994:. London: Zed Books. 5990:Eyler, Brian (2015). 5389:K. G. Hortle (2007). 4869:. Catch and Culture. 4865:K. G. Hortle (2009). 4737:25 March 2013 at the 4443:John Wiley & Sons 4403:Earth-Science Reviews 3758:Mekong River massacre 3447: 3315: 3307: 3031: 3009: 2911:Orcaella brevirostris 2885:Catlocarpio siamensis 2792: 2709: 2633: 2511:The elevation of the 1797:, Binh Dai District, 1792: 1769: 1761: 1629: 1592:Flow as % of MRB 1467:Mekong Delta, Vietnam 1466: 1439: 1424:, which includes the 1320: 1309: 1297: 1053:' means 'canal'. So ' 641:twelfth-longest river 8811:Cambodia–Laos border 8801:Laos–Thailand border 7595:World Heritage Sites 5697:"vientianetimes.org" 5470:I. G. Baird (2009). 5423:University of Sydney 5354:. pp. 227–249. 5172:. pp. 161–196. 5062:10.1890/ES10-00171.1 4839:C. Thompson (2008). 4706:Annals of Geophysics 4676:(16–17): 1807–1819. 4527:10.1029/2006GC001336 4383:10.1029/2002TC001402 3670:Environmental issues 3465:สะพานมิตรภาพ ไทย-ลาว 3352:In Laos, 50 and 100 3054:Mekong giant catfish 2941:Crocodylus siamensis 2892:Mekong giant catfish 2739:Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov 1411:shifting cultivation 1356:before entering the 1008:[tɔnleitʰum] 890:[nâːmkʰɔ̌ːŋ] 866:[nâːmkʰɔ̌ːŋ] 839:[mɛ̄ːkʰɔ̌ːŋ] 740:គង្គ /kʊəŋkeaʔ/Kong/ 719:The Mekong gets its 639:. It is the world's 629:trans-boundary river 342:0 m (0 ft) 30:For other uses, see 8806:Laos–Myanmar border 8741:Ecoregions of China 8195:Visitor attractions 7494:Vietnamese invasion 7449:French protectorate 6206:9 July 2021 at the 5826:2018NatSR...817767P 5703:on 29 December 2012 5677:on 25 February 2013 5457:10.2166/wp.2009.001 5270:2009AqEHM..12..227B 5170:Elsevier Publishers 5127:2011EnMan..47..141F 5053:2011Ecosp...2...58R 4682:2002QSRv...21.1807T 4645:2006QSRv...25..310P 4608:2009QSRv...28..327T 4557:2004GMS...149..255C 4518:2006GGG.....710005C 4416:2004ESRv...67..159T 4374:2004Tecto..23.1006C 4368:(TC1006): 227–234. 4235:2010Ecohy...3..382L 4111:. No. Spectrum 3815:2009IJDE....2...80L 3565: / 3533:Chiang Rai Province 3520:(Laos), as part of 3316:Slow cruise boats, 2989:World Heritage Site 2945:saltwater crocodile 2922:Lutra perspicillata 2918:smooth-coated otter 2896:Pangasianodon gigas 2862:Himantura polylepis 1816:Catchment area (km) 1733:Reach 5: Kratie to 1485:population pressure 1128:traditional Chinese 905:[nâm.kʰɔ̌ŋ] 812:[náːmkʰǒːŋ] 785:[mɛ̂ːkʰǒːŋ] 695:in the Mekong make 425:Basin features 317: / 244:33.7083°N 94.6950°E 240: / 8826:Ecoregions of Laos 8781:Rivers of Thailand 8766:Rivers of Cambodia 8599:Stung Battambang 1 8132:Qinghai University 8094:Tanggula Mountains 7759:Telecommunications 7509:History since 1945 7504:History until 1945 6920:Other major rivers 6036:Water Alternatives 5814:Scientific Reports 5780:The New York Times 5596:. 30 December 2016 5587:"Spare the Mekong" 4987:"Species in genus 4937:. 20 December 2016 4270:The New York Times 4105:"Against the flow" 3964:The New York Times 3895:. Vientiane. 2010. 3774:Fair river sharing 3627:Another new bridge 3548:Champasak Province 3450: 3325: 3310: 3038: 3034:Đồng Tháp Province 3012: 2949:Crocodylus porosus 2903:freshwater dolphin 2829:(377 species) and 2819:introduced species 2817:water, as well as 2799: 2715: 2646:-Khmer culture of 2636: 2599:and downstream of 1803: 1787: 1764: 1712:Reach 4: Pakse to 1632: 1630:The Mekong in Laos 1469: 1442: 1330: 1315: 1304: 1187:Hengduan Mountains 1120:simplified Chinese 954:Nine Dragons River 701:hydroelectric dams 513:Tibetan characters 198:Mt. Guozongmucha ( 8786:Rivers of Vietnam 8776:Rivers of Myanmar 8723: 8722: 8630: 8629: 8420:On tributaries of 8247: 8246: 7976: 7975: 7936: 7935: 7782: 7781: 7708: 7707: 7685:Political parties 7673:National Assembly 7641:General Secretary 7636:Foreign relations 7603: 7602: 7519:2007 coup attempt 7489:Laotian Civil War 7479:Ho Chi Minh trail 7454:Japanese invasion 7345: 7344: 7177: 7176: 6103:978-94-007-3961-1 6083:978-1-921004-38-4 6021:978-1-315-86758-8 6001:978-1-78-360720-4 5982:978-981-10-5613-0 5962:978-0-12-374026-7 5927:. Yale University 5925:YaleGlobal Online 5651:. 6 February 2020 5649:The Straits Times 5361:978-1-84407-707-6 5317:World Fish Center 5315:. Science Brief. 4897:978-0-12-374026-7 4820:on 21 August 2019 4786:978-2-8317-0956-7 4551:(2004): 255–282. 4470:. Cambridge, UK: 4452:978-0-470-84987-3 4445:. pp. 7–28. 3664:longest main span 3618:Prek Tamak Bridge 3601:, in the city of 3473: 3411:Prayut Chan-o-cha 3294:Mekong mainstream 3273: 3272: 3015:Natural phenomena 3000:Biosphere reserve 2937:Siamese crocodile 2907:Irrawaddy dolphin 2537:Central Highlands 2533:Three Rivers Area 2521:Central Highlands 2467: 2466: 2087: 2086: 1617: 1616: 1477:Central Highlands 819:Northeastern Thai 738:means mother and 645:the third-longest 604:rendering support 571:rendering support 538:rendering support 509:rendering support 489: 488: 16:(Redirected from 8858: 8761:Rivers of Yunnan 8657: 8650: 8643: 8634: 8633: 8620: 8619: 8584: 8583: 8523: 8522: 8507:Lam Phra Phloeng 8482: 8481: 8448: 8447: 8434: 8433: 8422:the Mekong River 8401: 8400: 8370: 8369: 8304: 8303: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8251: 8250: 8235: 8234: 8223: 8222: 8099:Kunlun Mountains 8003: 7996: 7989: 7980: 7979: 7956: 7949: 7793: 7792: 7739: 7719: 7718: 7614: 7613: 7543: 7542: 7531: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7349: 7348: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7181: 7180: 6341:Qingyi (Sichuan) 6277: 6276: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6107: 6087: 6067: 6053: 6043: 6025: 6005: 5986: 5966: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5837: 5820:(17767): 17767. 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5699:. Archived from 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5673:. Archived from 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5621: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5591: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5476: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5438: 5427: 5426: 5420: 5414:S. Bush (2007). 5411: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5373: 5365: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5325: 5319:. Archived from 5314: 5305: 5290: 5289: 5251: 5240: 5239: 5233: 5221: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5086: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4966: 4958: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4905: 4899: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4877:on 30 July 2012. 4873:. Archived from 4862: 4856: 4855: 4849: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4774: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4748: 4742: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4639:(3–4): 310–322. 4626: 4620: 4619: 4602:(3–4): 327–344. 4588: 4579: 4578: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4501: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4410:(3–4): 159–218. 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4357: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4201: 4194: 4182: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4075: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4046: 4038: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4009: 4001: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3882: 3835: 3834: 3794: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3654:Rạch Miễu Bridge 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3535:, Thailand with 3480: 3468: 3466: 3104: 3103: 2746:French Indochina 2690:António de Faria 2570:Cà Mau Peninsula 2566:Ho Chi Minh City 2498:river morphology 2127: 2126: 2110:would be lower. 1819:Mean annual flow 1810: 1809: 1799:Ben Tre Province 1783:Ben Tre Province 1512: 1511: 1310:The Mekong from 1169:(Huang He), the 1147: 1138: 1125: 1112: 1103: 1079: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1022:[meːkɔŋ] 1016: 1015: 1010: 1002: 992: 987: 983: 972: 967: 960: 952: 948: 942: 937: 918: 913: 912: 907: 902: 892: 887: 883: 878: 868: 863: 862: 857: 851: 841: 836: 835: 830: 824: 814: 809: 808: 803: 797: 787: 782: 781: 776: 770: 685:southern Vietnam 610: instead of 592: 591: 577: instead of 559: 558: 544: instead of 526: 525: 497: 496: 464: 440: 413: 403: 393: 377: 332: 331: 329: 328: 327: 322: 321:10.19°N 106.75°E 318: 315: 314: 313: 310: 262: 255: 254: 252: 251: 250: 249:33.7083; 94.6950 245: 241: 238: 237: 236: 233: 223: 203: 202: 195: 187: 186: 127: 111: 100: 96: 90: 83: 82: 76: 75: 69: 68: 62: 61: 55: 54: 49: 48: 39: 38: 21: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8756:Rivers of Tibet 8726: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8666: 8661: 8631: 8626: 8608: 8594:Lower Sre Pok 2 8578: 8577: 8517: 8516: 8476: 8475: 8442: 8441: 8428: 8421: 8415: 8395: 8394: 8364: 8363: 8298: 8283: 8278: 8248: 8243: 8211: 8190: 8174: 8151: 8118: 8074:Tibetan Plateau 8055: 8027: 8013: 8007: 7977: 7972: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7932: 7923:Public holidays 7869: 7860:Sex trafficking 7778: 7737: 7704: 7663:Law enforcement 7599: 7580:Protected areas 7532: 7523: 7469:Kingdom of Laos 7385: 7376: 7346: 7341: 7255: 7214: 7208: 7178: 7173: 7130: 7094:Han (Guangdong) 7074:Jiao (Zhejiang) 7049:Jiao (Shandong) 7014:Yarlung Tsangpo 7009:Elephant Spring 6915: 6871: 6797: 6753: 6694: 6610: 6515: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6231:Wayback Machine 6208:Wayback Machine 6187: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6144: 6139: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6104: 6084: 6051: 6022: 6002: 5983: 5963: 5946: 5944:Further reading 5941: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5917: 5913: 5903: 5901: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5865: 5861: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5558: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5527: 5523: 5490: 5486: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5439: 5430: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5293: 5252: 5243: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5162: 5158: 5109: 5105: 5093: 5087: 5078: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5008: 5004: 4980: 4976: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4863: 4859: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4749: 4745: 4739:Wayback Machine 4730: 4726: 4701: 4697: 4664: 4660: 4627: 4623: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4565:10.1029/149GM14 4539: 4535: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4435: 4431: 4395: 4391: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4296: 4292: 4279: 4277: 4272:. p. A25. 4262: 4258: 4243:10.1002/eco.166 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4202:on 13 July 2018 4199: 4192: 4183: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4101: 4097: 4077: 4076: 4072:www.sealang.net 4064: 4060: 4040: 4039: 4035:www.sealang.net 4027: 4023: 4003: 4002: 3998:www.sealang.net 3990: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3904: 3900: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3838: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3764:Stung Sen River 3717: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3672: 3652:and since 2008 3646:Mỹ Thuận Bridge 3580: 3578: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3522:Asian Highway 3 3516:(Thailand) and 3442: 3436: 3302: 3113:Irrigation Dams 3096: 3090: 3026: 3017: 2957: 2955:Protected areas 2935:The endangered 2901:One species of 2873:giant pangasius 2787: 2785:Natural history 2727:Francis Garnier 2710:Members of the 2628: 2549:South China Sea 2513:Tibetan Plateau 2475: 1813:Mainstream site 1744:South China Sea 1729:flow reversal. 1692:, Nam Hinboun, 1639:Tibetan plateau 1540:Basin area (km) 1505: 1451:Tonle Sap River 1402: 1370: 1358:South China Sea 1350:South China Sea 1292: 1280:Hàm Luông River 1218:Golden Triangle 1159:Tibetan Plateau 1066: 985: 935: 885: 876: 717: 661:Southwest China 657:Tibetan Plateau 617: 616: 615: 602:Without proper 593: 589: 584: 583: 582: 569:Without proper 560: 556: 551: 550: 549: 536:Without proper 527: 523: 518: 517: 516: 507:Without proper 498: 494: 462: 438: 411: 401: 391: 385:South China Sea 375: 339: 325: 323: 319: 316: 311: 308: 306: 304: 303: 300: 288: 260: 248: 246: 242: 239: 234: 231: 229: 227: 226: 221: 193: 130: 118: 102: 85: 84:(Tônlé Mékôngk) 78: 71: 64: 57: 56:(Láncāng Jiāng) 50:(Méigōng Hé) / 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8864: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8771:Rivers of Laos 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8660: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8637: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8589:Lower Se San 2 8586: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8473: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8439: 8436: 8425: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8295: 8293: 8285: 8284: 8277: 8276: 8269: 8262: 8254: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8229: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8161: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8128: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8065: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8006: 8005: 7998: 7991: 7983: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7879: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7839:hybrid variant 7827: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7754:Stock exchange 7751: 7746: 7741: 7733: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7700:Prime Minister 7697: 7695:Vice President 7692: 7687: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7474:Indochina Wars 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7429:Luang Phrabang 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7375: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7352: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7207: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7184: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6489:Qingyi (Anhui) 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6355: 6353:Qi (Chongqing) 6350: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6283: 6282: 6268: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6221: 6215: 6210: 6198: 6193: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142:External links 6140: 6138: 6137: 6124: 6109: 6102: 6089: 6082: 6069: 6044: 6027: 6020: 6007: 6000: 5987: 5981: 5968: 5961: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5911: 5899:Deutsche Welle 5885: 5873:Deutsche Welle 5859: 5800: 5766: 5740: 5728:Deutsche Welle 5714: 5688: 5662: 5636: 5607: 5578: 5549: 5521: 5502:(2): 211–235. 5484: 5462: 5428: 5403: 5381: 5360: 5337: 5291: 5264:(3): 227–234. 5241: 5211: 5185: 5179:978-0123740267 5178: 5156: 5121:(1): 141–159. 5103: 5076: 5027: 5020: 5002: 4983:Froese, Rainer 4974: 4948: 4922: 4900: 4880: 4857: 4831: 4799: 4785: 4760: 4743: 4724: 4713:(5): 957–981. 4695: 4658: 4621: 4580: 4573: 4533: 4487: 4480: 4458: 4451: 4429: 4389: 4343: 4332:. 20 July 2019 4317: 4306:(4): 700–724. 4290: 4256: 4229:(4): 382–391. 4213: 4122: 4095: 4058: 4021: 3984: 3950: 3924: 3912:Deutsche Welle 3898: 3836: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3706: 3703: 3671: 3668: 3660:Cần Thơ Bridge 3560:105°48′49.51″E 3435: 3432: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3301: 3298: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3092:Main article: 3089: 3086: 3082:Tonle Sap Lake 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3004: 3003: 2992: 2977: 2956: 2953: 2833:(92 species). 2786: 2783: 2654:, near modern 2627: 2624: 2577:Geomorphologic 2474: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1504: 1501: 1422:Khorat Plateau 1401: 1398: 1369: 1366: 1291: 1290:Drainage basin 1288: 1284:Cổ Chiên River 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1040: 994: 975: 962: 922: 921: 920: 894: 870: 843: 816: 789: 716: 713: 637:Southeast Asia 612:Burmese script 606:, you may see 598:Burmese script 594: 587: 586: 585: 573:, you may see 561: 554: 553: 552: 540:, you may see 528: 521: 520: 519: 503:Tibetan script 499: 492: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 465: 459: 458: 441: 435: 434: 431: 427: 426: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 408: 407: 404: 398: 397: 394: 388: 387: 378: 372: 371: 368: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 352: 351: 348: 344: 343: 340: 337: 334: 333: 301: 298: 295: 294: 289: 286: 283: 282: 277: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 224: 218: 217: 196: 190: 189: 180: 176: 175: 172: 171: 167: 166: 141: 137: 136: 132: 131: 128: 120: 119: 113:Mekong River, 112: 104: 103: 77:(Maenam Khong) 70:(Maenam Khong) 63:(Megaung Myit) 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8863: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8816:Border rivers 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8653: 8651: 8646: 8644: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8623: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8582: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8533:Buon Tua Srah 8531: 8529: 8526: 8521: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8463:Theun Hinboun 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8446: 8440: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8399: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8286: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8268: 8263: 8261: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8240: 8239: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8084:Yangtze River 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8004: 7999: 7997: 7992: 7990: 7985: 7984: 7981: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7893:Dramatic arts 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7815:Ethnic groups 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7555:Deforestation 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7292:Mongkol Borey 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7205: 7200: 7198: 7193: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6582:Luo (Shaanxi) 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6535:Yuegu Zonglie 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6152:OpenStreetMap 6150: 6127: 6125:9780299317942 6121: 6117: 6116: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6042:(2): 251–289. 6041: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5595: 5588: 5582: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5554: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5488: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5451:(S1): 13–30. 5450: 5446: 5445: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5408: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5326:on 9 May 2013 5322: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5021:92-5-104302-7 5017: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4970: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4816: 4809: 4803: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4576: 4574:0-87590-414-9 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4491: 4483: 4481:9780521847995 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3719:Rivers portal 3709: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3629:was built at 3628: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595:Kizuna Bridge 3591: 3587: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3420:Luang Prabang 3417: 3412: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3030: 3021: 3008: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:H. chaophraya 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2142:Nakhon Phanom 2141: 2138: 2136:Luang Prabang 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1959:Nakhon Phanom 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1871:Luang Prabang 1869: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1835:Discharge m/s 1834: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1394:Xishuangbanna 1391: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1191:Salween River 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1146:Láncāng Jiāng 1142: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1121: 1117: 1116:Lancang River 1113: 1107: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032:Tônlé Mékôngk 1023: 1019: 1009: 1005: 998: 995: 991: 979: 976: 973: 963: 959: 955: 947: 946:Sông Cửu Long 941: 933: 929: 926: 925: 923: 917: 906: 898: 895: 891: 882: 874: 871: 867: 856: 847: 844: 840: 829: 820: 817: 813: 802: 793: 792:Northern Thai 790: 786: 775: 766: 763: 762: 760: 759: 758: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 732: 726: 722: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 665:Lancang River 662: 658: 654: 650: 649:drainage area 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 613: 609: 605: 601: 599: 580: 576: 572: 568: 566: 547: 543: 539: 535: 533: 514: 510: 506: 504: 484: 481: 477: 473: 469: 466: 460: 457: 453: 449: 445: 442: 436: 432: 428: 423: 419: 415: 409: 405: 399: 395: 389: 386: 382: 379: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 335: 330: 326:10.19; 106.75 302: 296: 293: 290: 284: 281: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 258: 253: 225: 219: 215: 211: 207: 197: 191: 182:Lasaigongma ( 181: 177: 173: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 142: 138: 133: 126: 121: 116: 115:Luang Prabang 110: 105: 95: 94:Sông Cửu Long 89: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8736:Mekong River 8663: 8289: 8236: 8224: 8207:Qinghai Lake 8109:Qaidam Basin 8104:Qinghai Lake 8089:Mekong River 8088: 8079:Yellow River 7850:Prostitution 7805:Demographics 7769:Trade unions 7731:Central bank 7646:Human rights 7626:Constitution 7564: 7317:Serei Sophon 7287:Krang Ponley 7230: 7136:Major canals 7089:Jin (Fujian) 6988: 6911:Eastern Liao 6906:Western Liao 6700:Heilongjiang 6680:Li (Guangxi) 6509:Suzhou Creek 6479:Fu (Jiangxi) 6368:Fu (Sichuan) 6213:Mekong Watch 6156: 6155: 6148: 6129:. Retrieved 6114: 6093: 6073: 6047:MRC (2019). 6039: 6035: 6011: 5991: 5972: 5952: 5929:. Retrieved 5924: 5914: 5902:. Retrieved 5898: 5888: 5876:. Retrieved 5872: 5862: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5791:. Retrieved 5779: 5769: 5757:. Retrieved 5754:Bangkok Post 5753: 5743: 5731:. Retrieved 5727: 5717: 5705:. Retrieved 5701:the original 5691: 5679:. Retrieved 5675:the original 5665: 5653:. Retrieved 5648: 5639: 5627:. Retrieved 5624:Bangkok Post 5623: 5610: 5598:. Retrieved 5594:Bangkok Post 5593: 5581: 5569:. Retrieved 5566:Bangkok Post 5565: 5540:. Retrieved 5536:Bangkok Post 5534: 5524: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5465: 5448: 5444:Water Policy 5442: 5384: 5347: 5340: 5328:. Retrieved 5321:the original 5261: 5255: 5202:. Retrieved 5198:the Guardian 5197: 5188: 5165: 5159: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5047:(5): art58. 5044: 5040: 5030: 5011: 5005: 4994: 4988: 4977: 4939:. Retrieved 4925: 4903: 4888: 4883: 4875:the original 4860: 4834: 4822:. Retrieved 4815:the original 4802: 4790:. 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Retrieved 3911: 3901: 3892: 3809:(1): 80–87. 3806: 3802: 3748:Sekong River 3699: 3692: 3677: 3673: 3658: 3639: 3625: 3622: 3615: 3603:Kampong Cham 3592: 3557:15°6′19.95″N 3541: 3537:Ban Houayxay 3526: 3507: 3492: 3476: 3454: 3451: 3429: 3408: 3380: 3363: 3351: 3334: 3326: 3291: 3285:, and 14 in 3280: 3275: 3274: 3100: 3097: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3046:biodiversity 3039: 3018: 2970:Yellow River 2962:Zadoi County 2948: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2921: 2915: 2910: 2900: 2895: 2884: 2876: 2868: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2835: 2827:cypriniforms 2823:species rich 2821:). 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