Melville Fuller - Knowledge

1232: 1702: 617: 1107:, arguing that it was a monopoly because it controlled over ninety percent of the American sugar refining market. Writing for an eight-justice majority, Fuller concluded Congress could not proscribe such monopolies because they only implicated manufacturing and thus did not fall under the Commerce Clause. Stating that "ommerce succeeds to manufacture and is not a part of it," he maintained that the sugar-refining trust had no direct impact on interstate commerce. Fuller feared that a broader interpretation of the Commerce Clause would impinge upon states' rights, and he thus held the Sugar Trust could only be broken up by the states in which it operated. The case displays Fuller's tendency to support a limited federal government. The legal academy generally views 1598:(1901), a fractured Court ruled 5–4 that the people living in the territories were not entitled to the rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Fuller, writing for the four dissenters, argued that Congress had no power to hold the territories "like a disembodied shade" free from all constitutional limits. He contended that the Constitution could not tolerate unrestricted congressional power over the territories, writing that it rejected that proposition in a way "too plain and unambiguous to permit its meaning to be thus influenced". Fuller's opinion was in line both with his strict-constructionist views and his party's opposition to American imperialism. While the Court has never adopted Fuller's position, scholars such as 1419:

guilt. Fuller, writing for a five-justice majority, found Shipp and several other defendants guilty of contempt. In his opinion, the chief justice wrote Shipp had "not only made the work of the mob easy, but in effect aided and abetted it", acting "in utter disregard of this court's mandate and in defiance of this court's orders". While the decision did not signal a sudden benevolence toward civil rights claims, Mark Curriden and Leroy Phillips write it constituted "the only proactive step the U.S. Supreme Court has ever taken to combat mob rule directly and demand that the public respect its authority and the authority of the rule of law".

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the justices' shaking hands before their private conferences. He successfully maintained more-or-less cordial relationships among the justices, many of whom had large egos and difficult tempers. His collegiality notwithstanding, Fuller presided over a divided court: the justices split 5–4 sixty-four times during his tenure, more often than in subsequent years. Fuller himself, however, wrote few dissents, disagreeing with the majority in only 2.3 percent of cases. Fuller was the first chief justice to lobby Congress directly in support of legislation, successfully urging the adoption of the

7789: 7109: 40: 275: 941: 709: 1434: 746:, who served on the Illinois Supreme Court. Cleveland offered the position to Scholfield, but he declined, apparently because his wife was too rustic for urban life in Washington, D.C. Fuller was considered because of the efforts of his friends, many of whom had written letters to Cleveland in support of him. At fifty-five years old, Fuller was young enough for the position, and Cleveland approved of his reputation and political views. In addition, Illinois Republican senator 1846:, himself sympathetic to the revisionists' views, noted in 1993 that "by all accounts", the Fuller Court "ranks among the worst". In a 1998 review of Ely's book, law professor John Cary Sims argued that Fuller and his fellow justices failed to fulfill their obligation to go "against the prevailing political winds" instead of simply deferring to the majority. George Skouras, writing in 2011, rejected the ideas of Ely, Ackerman, and Gillman, agreeing instead with the 6724: 1467:" distinctions were constitutional. Citing "the nature of things", the majority asserted that equal protection did not require the "commingling" of blacks and whites. Brown also argued that the Louisiana law did not suggest that blacks were inferior, stating that it was based on "the established usages, customs and traditions of the people". Justice Harlan dissented, using in the process the now-famous phrase "Our Constitution is color-blind." The 1893:

committee to identify a new home for the statue. In April 2021, the original donor offered to take the statue back, agreeing to pay the costs for removing it. County commissioners accepted the offer later that month; they agreed that the statue could remain in front of the courthouse for up to a year while the original donor attempted to find a new location where it can be displayed. In February 2022, the statue was removed and placed in storage.

827: 6712: 1182:, in which five justices upheld a federal ban on transporting lottery tickets across state lines. In his opinion, Fuller demurred that the majority's reasoning gave Congress "the absolute and exclusive power to prohibit the transportation of anything or anybody from one state to another. He feared that the law violated the principles of federalism and states' rights protected by the 855:, which reduced the Supreme Court's substantial backlog and allowed it to decide cases in a timely manner. As chief justice, Fuller was generally responsible for assigning the authorship of the court's majority opinions. He tended to use this power modestly, often assigning major cases to other justices while retaining duller ones for himself. According to legal historian 1671:(1893), a majority held Congress had total authority over aliens and that they could be expelled on any basis. Three justices, including Fuller, dissented, arguing that aliens were at least entitled to some Constitutional protections. According to Ely, Fuller's dissent shows that he "occasionally demonstrated concern over civil liberties". But he also dissented in 542:, with greater opportunities and a more favorable political climate. In addition, a broken engagement likely encouraged him to leave his hometown. Fuller accepted a position with a local law firm, and he also became involved in politics. Although Fuller opposed slavery, he considered it an issue for the states rather than the federal government. He supported the 3586: 3221: 1288:

understanding" that baking was not unhealthy. He maintained that bakers could protect their own health, arguing that the law was in fact a labor regulation in disguise. In a now-famous dissent, Justice Holmes accused the majority of substituting its own economic opinions for the requirements of the Constitution. Most scholars agree that the majority in

1685:– automatic citizenship for all children born on American soil. Writing for himself and Justice Harlan, Fuller claimed Chinese aliens were not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States because they retained allegiance to the Chinese emperor. Based on that fact, he concluded their children had no claim to American citizenship. The 1564:, states could impose otherwise unconstitutional restrictions on them. Again dissenting, Justice Harlan criticized the law's infringement on the economic-freedom principles that the Court had articulated in other cases. The majority's reasoning stood in conspicuous conflict with its support for corporate rights in other contexts and 463:(1954). Fuller's historical reputation has been generally unfavorable, with many scholars arguing that he was overly deferential to corporations and the wealthy. While a resurgence of conservative legal thought has brought Fuller new defenders, an increase in racial awareness has also led to new scrutiny of his vote in 985:. (In practice, apportioning income tax by state would be impossible, so a ruling on this basis would doom federal income taxes.) When the matter reached the Supreme Court, it unexpectedly agreed with the challengers and, by a 5–4 vote, struck down the income tax. The majority opinion, written by Fuller, held that the 775:; his defenders replied he would be faithful to precedent. Vague allegations of professional improprieties were levied, but an investigation failed to substantiate them. The Judiciary Committee took no action on the nomination, and many believed that Edmunds was attempting to hold it off until after the 1559:

and other similar cases to argue the law was "an arbitrary interference with the rights of the people in the conduct of their private business and in the pursuit of their ordinary occupations". Such reasoning seemed likely to persuade the Court, given its history of striking down laws that interfered

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of the state instead of the state itself. The landmark decision aided the Fuller Court in its quest to strike down state economic regulations, but its reasoning has permitted the federal judiciary to hear challenges to state laws in a wide variety of other contexts. Although some modern scholars have

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was the first case in the Court's history in which a state law was struck down on freedom-of-contract grounds, and its implications stretched well beyond the insurance context in which it arose. According to Semonche, the decision heralded a "new and sweeping" interpretation of the Due Process Clause

1809:– himself a chief justice – noted, Fuller's more assertive colleagues Holmes and Harlan overshadowed him in the eyes of history. Yet the Fuller Court's jurisprudence was also a key source of the legal academy's criticism. Asserting that its justices "ignored the Fundamental Law", Princeton professor 976:

that levied a two-percent tax on incomes exceeding $ 4,000 a year. Since it imposed the nation's first peacetime income tax, this provision was deeply controversial, provoking acrimonious debate along geographic, societal, and political lines. Its challengers took the tax to court, where they argued

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Fuller served twenty-two years as chief justice, remaining in the center chair until his death in 1910. Although he lacked legal genius, his potent administrative skills made him a capable manager of the court's business. Hoping to increase the Court's collegiality, Fuller introduced the practice of

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commissioners held a public hearing in December; a majority of participants favored the statue's removal. In February 2021, the county commissioners voted unanimously to move the statue from county property, citing a desire to dissociate the county from racial segregation. Commissioners appointed a

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switched course: it denounced his "deplorable moustaches", speculating they would distract attorneys and "detract from the dignity" of the Court. The column triggered further debate in the nation's newspapers, with much of the press coming to Fuller's defense. The commentary notwithstanding, Fuller

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to enter the jail and kill Johnson. Shipp, his deputies, and members of the mob were charged with contempt of court on the basis that they had spurned the Court's stay order. In the only criminal trial conducted in the Supreme Court's history, the justices sat as a jury to determine the defendants'

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and used it to strike down state laws that, in his view, unduly encroached upon the free market. Fuller took no interest in preventing racial inequality, although his views on other civil rights issues were less definitive. Much of Fuller's jurisprudence has not stood the test of time: many of his

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defended Fuller's actions and character. Cullom read an anti-Lincoln speech that Phelps, Edmunds's choice for the position, had given. He accused Edmunds of hypocrisy and insincerity, saying he was simply resentful that Phelps had not been chosen. The Democratic senators did not participate in the

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reversed the injunction, holding that the civil courts could not review church disciplinary proceedings. The ecclesiastical court found Cheney guilty, but he refused to leave his pulpit. The matter returned to the courts, where Fuller argued that only the local congregation had the right to remove

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system for congressional apportionment, and he joined his fellow Democrats in supporting provisions that prohibited African-Americans from voting or settling in the state. He also advocated for court reform and for banning banks from printing of paper money. Although the convention adopted many of

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decisions has been particularly responsible for his low historical reputation. Many Fuller Court decisions were later overruled; its positions on economic regulation and labor fared particularly poorly. Fuller's rulings were often favorable to corporations, and some scholars have claimed that the

763:. Edmunds was displeased that his friend Phelps had not been appointed, so he delayed committee action and endeavored to sink Fuller's nomination. The Republicans seized upon Fuller's time in the Illinois Legislature, when he had opposed many of Lincoln's wartime policies. They portrayed him as a 724:

was narrowly under Republican control, so it was necessary for Cleveland to nominate someone who could obtain bipartisan support. Cleveland also sought to appoint a candidate who was sixty years of age or younger, since an older nominee would likely be unable to serve for very long. He considered

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and seized its property. Fuller penned a dissent, in which he maintained that Congress had no authority to order the confiscation of property. Rejecting the majority's broader interpretation of federal power, Fuller expressed fear that the decision would afford Congress "absolute power" over the

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that in effect disenfranchised Mississippi's African-American population. Even though a lower court had admitted the arrangement was intended "to obstruct the exercise of suffrage by the negro race", the Supreme Court refused to strike it down, reasoning that the provisions passed constitutional

1151:(1905), which gave the Court's blessing to antitrust enforcement against meat-packing companies. Although meat-packing did not directly involve interstate commerce, the Court held that the Commerce Clause still applied because the meat products would eventually be sold across state lines. Citing 1816:

However, the growth of conservative legal thought in the late 20th century has brought Fuller new supporters. A 1993 survey of judges and legal academics found that Fuller's reputation, while still categorized as "average", had risen from the level recorded in a 1970 assessment. In a 1995 book,

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suggests that his "growing enfeeblement" inhibited his work. In what biographer Willard King calls "erhaps the worst year in the history of the Court" – the term from October 1909 to May 1910 – two justices died and one became fully incapacitated; Fuller's weakened state compounded the problem.

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Fuller's tenure on the Supreme Court, in the words of Schiffman, "witnessed the final passing of judicial tolerance of legislative experimentation and the final acceptance of the doctrine of substantive due process". Soon after his arrival on the Court, the chief justice began joining with his

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and joined by Fuller, maintained that the liberty protected by that clause included a right to enter labor contracts without being subject to unreasonable governmental regulation. Peckham rejected the state's argument that the law was intended to protect workers' health, citing the "common

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Fuller's jurisprudence is generally identified as conservative. He favored states' rights over federal power, attempting to prevent the national government from asserting broad control over economic matters. Yet he was also skeptical of the states' powers: he agreed with the concept of

666:, arguing numerous cases. His legal practice involved many areas of law, and he became one of Chicago's most highly paid lawyers. He remained involved in the politics of the Democratic Party, serving as a delegate to the party convention in 1872, 1876, and 1880. Fuller supported a 1821:

argued that the traditional criticisms of the Fuller Court are flawed, maintaining that its decisions were based on principle instead of partisanship. He noted that Fuller and his fellow justices rendered rulings that generally conformed with contemporaneous public opinion. Both

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decision was distinctly unpopular. Much of the public questioned whether Fuller's constitutional analysis was truly in good faith: many felt that the Court was more committed to protecting the wealthy than to following any particular legal philosophy. Former Oregon governor

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intended the term "direct tax" to include property and that income was itself a form of property. Fuller thus ruled the entire act to be unconstitutional. The decision provoked withering criticism from each of the four dissenters, including a paroxysm of ire by Justice

1389:, attorney Rochelle Bobroff noted in 2009 that it "remains one of the most powerful tools to compel states to comply with federal law". Ely characterized the decision as "a milestone in the Fuller Court's transformation of federal judicial power", and legal historian 613:, believing it violated civil liberties. Yates ultimately adjourned the legislature over the vehement objections of Fuller and the Democrats. The frustrated Fuller never sought legislative office again, although he continued taking part in Democratic party politics. 1194:

to protect the welfare of the public. It proved a historically significant step toward expanding congressional authority, and legal scholar John Semonche wrote that by resisting it, Fuller "sought to put his finger in the dike". The chief justice also dissented in

1358:. Debs challenged the conviction before the Supreme Court, but it unanimously denied him relief. Broadly construing the federal government's powers, the Court held the judicial branch had the power to enjoin anything that obstructed interstate commerce. The 6590: 874:. He declined, saying he enjoyed his work as chief justice and contending that accepting a political appointment would harm the Supreme Court's reputation for impartiality. Remaining on the Court, he accepted a seat on an 1897 commission to arbitrate the 1165:(1908), Fuller wrote for a unanimous Court that labor unions were subject to the Sherman Act. The ruling was commonly thought to evince antipathy toward organized labor. Its broad interpretation of the antitrust laws appeared difficult to reconcile with 1282:

law that capped hours for bakery workers at sixty hours a week. In a decision widely viewed to be among the Supreme Court's worst, a five-justice majority held the law to be unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause. The opinion, written by Justice

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Public reaction to Fuller's nomination was mixed: Some newspapers lauded his character and professional career, while others criticized his comparative obscurity and his lack of experience in the federal government. The nomination was referred to the

502:. His father practiced law in Augusta. Three months after Fuller was born, his mother sued successfully for divorce on grounds of adultery; she and her children moved into Judge Weston's home. In 1849, the sixteen-year-old Fuller enrolled at 737:

was considered, but appointing him would create a vacancy in the closely divided Senate. Cleveland eventually decided that he wanted to appoint someone from Illinois, both for political reasons and because the court had no justices from the

4455: 767:– an anti-war Northern Democrat – and published a tract claiming that "he records of the Illinois legislature of 1863 are black with Mr. Fuller's unworthy and unpatriotic conduct". Some Illinois Republicans, including Lincoln's son 1492:

The Fuller Court was no more liberal in other cases involving race: to the contrary, it curtailed even the limited progress toward equality made under Fuller's predecessors. For instance, Fuller joined the unanimous majority in

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expressed support, convincing Cleveland that Fuller would likely receive bipartisan support in the Senate. Cleveland thus offered Fuller the nomination, which he accepted reluctantly. Fuller was formally nominated on April 30.

514:. While he did not receive a degree from Harvard, his attendance made him the first chief justice to have received formal academic legal training. Fuller was admitted to the Maine bar in 1855 and clerked for another uncle in 6524: 5685: 811:

and two senators from Fuller's home state of Maine, joined the Democrats in supporting Fuller's nomination. Fuller took the judicial oath on October 8, 1888, formally becoming Chief Justice of the United States.

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Cheney. The Supreme Court of Illinois ultimately agreed, holding that the congregation's property was not under the purview of Episcopal Church leadership. Fuller's defense of Cheney garnered him national prominence.

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The dissenters argued that simply holding stock in a company did not count as interstate commerce, and so they would have held that the Sherman Act did not apply to holding companies. The justices were unanimous in

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that one scholar characterized as "one of the most spectacular displays ever staged by a member of the Court". Harlan wrote that the decision "strikes at the very foundation of national authority", while Justice

771:, came to Fuller's defense, arguing that his actions were imprudent but not an indicator of disloyalty. Fuller's detractors claimed he would reverse the Supreme Court's ruling in the recent legal-tender case of 585:'s handling of the war, and he decried many of Lincoln's actions as unconstitutional. Fuller was elected as a Democratic delegate to the failed 1862 Illinois constitutional convention. He helped develop a 1929: 1625:(1904). In a unanimous opinion by Fuller, the Justices ruled that Puerto Ricans were not aliens under federal law, but they refused to decide whether the people of Puerto Rico were American citizens. In 1728:

produced what law professor Todd Peppers called "a curious national anxiety". No Chief Justice had ever before had a mustache, and numerous newspapers debated the propriety of Fuller's facial hair. The

4567: 322:. Those rulings often faced criticism in the decades during and after Fuller's tenure, and many were later overruled or abrogated. The legal academy has generally viewed Fuller negatively, although a 7844: 1406:, an African-American man, to death for rape. His attorneys petitioned the Supreme Court for relief, arguing that racial bias had tainted the jury pool and that the threat of mob violence made the 1805:

to remark that "f the measure of distinction is influence on the life of our own times, Fuller's score is as close to zero as any man's could be who held his high office so long". In addition, as

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decisions have been reversed by Congress or overruled by later Supreme Court majorities. Summarizing Fuller's views of the law, scholar Irving Schiffman wrote in 1969 that "he was a conservative,

6259: 1414:, which prevented the death sentence from being carried out pending a ruling on Johnson's appeal. But John Shipp, the sheriff, removed almost all the guards from Johnson's prison, allowing a 6557: 1028: 1842:

ideas have become influential in the scholarly academy, they have not attained universal support: many academics continue to favor more critical views of the Fuller Court. Yale professor

6478: 7829: 6659: 982: 5646: 522:, Maine's primary Democratic newspaper, in partnership with another uncle. Fuller was elected to Augusta's common council in March 1856, serving as the council's president and as the 6455: 1547:(1908), a segregation case in which the Court refused to apply its freedom-of-contract principles in defense of racial equality. The decision involved the Commonwealth of Kentucky's 1324:

Because of his support for property rights, Fuller favored a broad conception of the judicial role, endorsing doctrinal developments that expanded the federal courts' power to issue

3563: 1701: 1665:. Although treaties with China allowed for immigration, the Court held that Congress was not bound by them, ruling that the Act abrogated all treaty obligations to the contrary. In 654:, arguing that Cheney possessed a property right in his position. The Superior Court agreed and entered an injunction against the ecclesiastical court's proceedings. On appeal, the 6514: 7079: 6871: 6623: 6045: 4801: 6297: 3107: 2885: 6887: 6855: 3392: 6141: 5884: 5750: 4640: 4305: 7095: 6335: 6222: 4602: 4370: 4032: 3000: 2510: 1934: 1393:

said that it "helped create a newly powerful and activist federal judiciary that emerged at the turn of the twentieth century and continued to operate into the twenty-first".

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with the business decisions of private entities. But the justices were not convinced, upholding the law on the basis that, because corporations had no right to be granted a

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debate, aiming to let the Republicans squabble among themselves. When the matter came to a vote, Fuller was confirmed 41 to 20, with 15 absences. Ten Republicans, including

2944: 365:. Fuller became a prominent attorney in Chicago and was a delegate to several Democratic national conventions. He declined three separate appointments offered by President 7015: 6967: 6935: 6919: 6903: 7128: 6983: 4249: 1231: 733:, opposed him. Furthermore, the sixty-six-year-old Phelps was thought to be too old for the job, and the Supreme Court already had one justice from New England. Senator 4726: 2837: 6839: 5143: 1924: 1176:

Fuller's attempts to limit the national government's power did not always meet with the support of his fellow justices. He dissented from the Court's 1903 decision in

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Fuller maintained a successful legal practice, arguing on behalf of many corporations and businessmen. He represented the city of Chicago in a land dispute with the

5932: 6104: 5255: 1296:, substituting its own views for those of the democratically elected branches of government. The Fuller Court was not exclusively hostile to labor regulation: in 1813:

argued that "he tribunal Fuller headed was a body dominated by fear—the fear of populists, of socialists, and communists, of numbers, majorities and democracy".

1045: 1903: 1678: 739: 1535: 1020: 387: 1588:, raising knotty legal issues about their status under the Constitution. The Supreme Court addressed these disputes in a series of rulings in the so-called 921:

Justice, less reactionary than some of his brethren, more compassionate than others, but a spokesman for what now seems a far-off and bygone judicial age".

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has argued that Fuller was not opposed to federal antitrust laws per se, but only to expansive readings of the Commerce Clause. In another antitrust case,

780: 3692: 410:(1905), Fuller agreed with the majority that the Constitution forbade states from enforcing wage-and-hour restrictions on businesses, contending that the 6245: 414:

prevents government infringement on one's liberty to control one's property and business affairs. Fuller joined the majority in the now-reviled case of

4490: 1611:(1901). The Court held – again by a 5–4 vote — that Puerto Rico did not constitute a foreign country for purposes of federal tariff law. Put together, 1801:

Fuller Court was biased towards big business and against the working class. Fuller wrote few consequential majority opinions, leading Yale professor

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denizens of the territories. Ultimately, Fuller's position was vindicated: Congress later passed a joint resolution restoring the church's property.

1246:(1890), for instance, Fuller and five other justices voted to strike down the railroad rates set by a Minnesota commission. The ruling held that the 1183: 1057:

called the decision "a terrible example of judicial bad behavior" that should be "reverse in full". Jensen takes a minority position, agreeing with

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Fuller's jurisprudence was conservative, focusing strongly on states' rights, limited federal power, and economic liberty. His majority opinion in

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effectively allowed Congress to regulate intrastate commercial activity by simply levying taxes on it; the decision curtailed Fuller's opinion in

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of the justices in the majority. While the public outcry soon waned, support for a federal income tax grew substantially in subsequent years. The

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commissioners voted unanimously to remove a statue of Fuller from public land with the aim of dissociating the county from racial segregation.

6649: 3979: 647: 7904: 7899: 7824: 6447: 4199: 1350:. A Chicago federal court issued an injunction against the union's leaders, ordering them to stop facilitating the strike. Union president 3525: 1250:

contained a substantive component that subjected the states' regulatory decisions to judicial review. With Fuller's support, the Court in

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confirmation in 1888. He served as chief justice until his death in 1910, gaining a reputation for collegiality and able administration.

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Many of Fuller's decisions did not stand the test of time. His views on economic liberty were squarely rejected by the Court during the

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argument that the Fuller Court favored corporations over vulnerable Americans. Fuller's legacy came under substantial scrutiny amidst

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quipped that "Fuller's mustache is a good quality for a Democratic politician—it shuts his mouth." After Fuller's confirmation, the

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Fuller's time on the Supreme Court has often been roundly criticized or overlooked altogether. His support of the widely execrated

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Fuller was suspicious of attempts to assert broad federal power over interstate commerce. Questions about the scope of Congress's

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of Nevada, and Edmunds, spoke against the nomination, arguing that Fuller was a disloyal Copperhead who would misinterpret the

697: 693: 7839: 7834: 6681: 6415: 5835: 5793: 5529: 5475: 5394: 5190: 5097: 4763: 4720: 4686: 4561: 4530: 4410: 4156: 4072: 3973: 3934: 3786: 3686: 3462: 3429: 3341: 3183: 3140: 2919: 2831: 2785: 2735: 2550: 2349: 2273: 2229: 2157: 1976: 1372:(1908) similarly demonstrated Fuller's support for extending the courts' ability to issue injunctions. The case involved the 598: 6421: 5799: 5432: 5196: 5129: 5103: 4078: 3189: 3146: 2791: 2741: 2556: 2163: 999:

opined it "approaches the proportion of a national calamity". Each dissenter decried the majority's perceived infidelity to

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by allowing Congress to levy income taxes without apportionment; it marked only the third time in American history that a

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with the words "INCOME TAX DECISION" on President Cleveland, who had signed the tax into law. The cartoon appeared in the

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wrote that the apparent contradiction "suggests that may not have been guided exclusively by neutral legal principles".

1100: 729:, the ambassador to the United Kingdom, but the politically influential Irish-American community, which viewed him as an 6396:

Schmitt, James D. (2013). "American Jurisprudence in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries". In Hadden, Sally E;

5910: 692:, a fellow Democrat, who agreed with many of his views. Cleveland successively attempted to appoint Fuller to chair the 7894: 6818: 6805: 6755: 6074: 5225: 3226: 2265: 2149: 1847: 663: 295: 291: 61: 1764:

said "I admired the Chief Justice as a fearless and upright judge, and I was exceedingly attached to him personally."

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defended the Fuller Court on similar grounds, arguing that the justices' decisions fit in with the era's zeitgeist.

1721:, Fuller was interested in poetry and other forms of literature; his personal library held over six thousand books. 1619:

meant that the territories were neither domestic nor foreign under American law. The Court was similarly unclear in

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of railroad passengers. The majority opinion, penned by Justice Brown, rejected the claim that the law violated the

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Fuller was married twice, first to Calista Reynolds, whom he wed in 1858. They had two children before she died of

1428: 1334:(1895), for instance, Fuller and his fellow justices bolstered the judiciary's authority to enjoin deprivations of 1115:

has argued that it aligns with founding-era precedents. The Court's expansive Commerce Clause decisions during the

871: 639: 539: 433: 342: 183: 1717:. The couple had an additional eight children, and they remained married until her death in 1904. A member of the 1140:, believing it to be a monopoly. Fuller dissented, joining opinions written by Justices Edward Douglass White and 290:(February 11, 1833 – July 4, 1910) was an American politician, attorney, and jurist who served as the eighth 7889: 5221: 4227: 4190: 1445:, Fuller "preside comfortably over a Court that turned a blind eye to racial injustice". In the infamous case of 1403: 1312: 1306:

law capping women's working hours at ten hours a day. Nonetheless, Fuller's decision to join the majority in the

1147: 1104: 935: 859:, Fuller's writing style was "nondescript"; his opinions were lengthy and contained numerous quotations. Justice 852: 20: 1838:

wrote in 2006 that Fuller was "a model Chief Justice", favorably citing his economic jurisprudence. While these

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had struck down a law that, while neutral on its face, discriminated against a racial minority. In a 2021 book,

742:, which included Illinois. Fuller, who had become a confidant of Cleveland, encouraged the President to appoint 7154: 5647:"Meanings of Citizenship in the U.S. Empire: Puerto Rico, Isabel Gonzalez, and the Supreme Court, 1898 to 1905" 3626: 2538:

Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II

1667: 879: 835: 674:. He firmly opposed the printing of paper money, and he spoke out against the Supreme Court's 1884 decision in 555: 786:

The full Senate took up Fuller's nomination on July 20. Several prominent Republican senators, including

7869: 6788: 5286: 5051: 1673: 1086: 848: 804: 651: 582: 578: 438: 311: 5322:"Principle and Prejudice: The Supreme Court and Race in the Progressive Era. Part 1: The Heyday of Jim Crow" 4478: 2580:"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" 6371: 5410: 1881: 1648: 969: 7208: 5608: 4992: 1481: 1133: 459: 401: 2433: 5130:"How Equal Protection Did and Did Not Come to the United States, and the Executive Branch Role Therein" 4712: 3965: 1912: 1867: 1202: 962:

According to legal scholar Bernard Schwartz, Fuller's most noteworthy decision was his 1895 opinion in

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opined that Fuller was "not an opinion writer whom you read for literary enjoyment", while the scholar

567: 350: 396:(1895) narrowly interpreted Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause, limiting the reach of the 7444: 6773: 4341:"Book Review (reviewing James W. Ely, The Chief Justiceship of Melville W. Fuller, 1888–1910 (1995))" 3918: 3482: 3421: 1561: 1543: 1141: 875: 795: 655: 631: 602: 7849: 7376: 7178: 6781: 5558:"The Political Roots of Judicial Legitimacy: Explaining the Enduring Validity of the Insular Cases" 5182: 2221: 1577: 6515:"Vote to remove Maine statue of Supreme Court justice who upheld segregation laws comes next week" 1866:

In 2013, a statue of Fuller, donated by a cousin, was installed on the lawn in front of Augusta's

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and roll back the progress made by the Civil War. Illinois's two Republican senators, Cullom and

543: 4178: 1880:

decision led to debate about the appropriateness of the statue's placement. In August 2020, the

1551:, which required private colleges to segregate their students. In its challenge to the statute, 485: 7874: 7690: 7622: 7494: 7172: 6962: 3910: 1889: 1839: 1784: 1653: 1398: 1343: 791: 700:, and to be a United States Pacific Railway Commissioner, but Fuller declined each nomination. 667: 643: 550:

and allowed Kansas and Nebraska to determine the slavery issue themselves. Fuller opposed both

495: 468: 323: 5853:"A Chinese Wall at the Nation's Borders: Justice Stephen Field and the Chinese Exclusion Case" 4400: 2335: 1362:

case opened the door to injunctions in labor cases, and it substantially expanded the courts'

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decision has taken on additional significance as prominent Republican politicians, including

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Schiffman, Irving (1969). "Melville W. Fuller". In Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.).

1908: 1769: 1714: 1621: 1530:

as one "of the most disgraceful decisions in Supreme Court history", writing it "abandoned

996: 991: 721: 374: 7788: 7108: 6723: 5827:

Threat of Dissent: A History of Ideological Exclusion and Deportation in the United States

3926: 2217:

The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789–1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions

1256:(1897) unanimously expanded that component, concluding the Due Process Clause protected a 8: 7720: 7670: 7556: 7544: 7482: 7476: 7456: 7298: 6974: 6407: 5326: 5134: 4674:

Contempt of Court: The Turn-of-the-Century Lynching that Launched 100 Years of Federalism

4280: 3862: 3530: 2672: 2579: 2485: 2297:

Our Eleven Chief Justices: A History of the Supreme Court in Terms of Their Personalities

1918: 1270: 1257: 1040: 973: 888: 768: 747: 634:. In 1869, he took on what became his most significant case: defending Chicago clergyman 601:

and opposed the wartime policies of President Lincoln. Fuller spoke in opposition to the

547: 406: 319: 6581:"Statue of Justice Melville Fuller to be moved from front of Kennebec County Courthouse" 5719:

The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States

4899:"Race, Law & History: The Supreme Court from "Dred Scott" to "Grutter v. Bollinger"" 3027:"Mental Decrepitude on the U.S. Supreme Court: The Historical Case for a 28th Amendment" 1380:, Fuller and seven other justices endorsed a way to sidestep that prohibition: suing an 7568: 7506: 7322: 7190: 6324:"On the Formation of the American Corporate State: The Fuller Supreme Court, 1888–1910" 6181: 6096: 6037: 6033: 6018:"Hail to the Chief: A Bibliographical Essay on Six Chief Justices of the United States" 5986: 5923: 5876: 5742: 5677: 5669: 5617: 5571: 5386: 5351: 5247: 5017: 5009: 4930: 4922: 4903: 4866: 4858: 4755: 4362: 4297: 4024: 3940: 3879: 3828: 3824: 3678: 3621: 3555: 3547: 3384: 3280: 3263: 3048: 2992: 2936: 2677: 2502: 2295: 1871: 1773: 1761: 1568:

wrote the ruling "illuminated the evolving duality of Fourteenth Amendment standards".

1514: 1464: 1456: 1447: 1376:, which proscribes the federal courts from hearing lawsuits brought against states. In 1354:

and other union officials defied the order, and the court sentenced them to prison for

1247: 1111:

as an unduly restrictive interpretation of the Commerce Clause, although legal scholar

1012: 799: 726: 685: 574: 559: 511: 421: 416: 411: 354: 346: 315: 303: 168: 3961:

A Muted Fury: Populists, Progressives, and Labor Unions Confront the Courts, 1890–1937

3776: 3452: 940: 7762: 7684: 7677: 7658: 7586: 7562: 7512: 7418: 7412: 7388: 7352: 7262: 7256: 7070: 6585: 6519: 6411: 6163: 6041: 5990: 5880: 5831: 5789: 5746: 5681: 5599: 5471: 5457: 5424: 5390: 5343: 5186: 5093: 5089: 5038: 5021: 4870: 4759: 4716: 4682: 4557: 4526: 4512: 4406: 4152: 4068: 4003:"The Constitution in the Supreme Court: Full Faith and the Bill of Rights, 1889–1910" 3969: 3944: 3930: 3782: 3772: 3721: 3682: 3668: 3559: 3458: 3448: 3425: 3388: 3380: 3337: 3179: 3136: 2827: 2781: 2731: 2546: 2476: 2443: 2345: 2305: 2269: 2225: 2153: 1972: 1806: 1607: 1599: 1594: 1411: 1355: 1293: 1054: 860: 787: 783:. The committee reported the nomination without recommendation on July 2, 1888. 760: 681: 635: 4934: 4672: 4516: 3415: 3327: 2259: 1962: 1628:

Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States

7598: 7432: 7054: 6862: 6654: 6618: 6483: 6290:

Western Legal History: The Journal of the Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society

6211:"Review of "Melville Weston Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States, 1888–1910"" 6206: 6172: 6088: 6079: 6029: 5978: 5866: 5734: 5661: 5335: 5239: 5230: 5001: 4912: 4850: 4354: 4289: 4016: 3922: 3871: 3820: 3664: 3539: 3376: 3272: 3099: 3081: 3040: 2984: 2928: 2639: 2532: 2494: 2215: 2139: 1810: 1765: 1298: 1284: 1279: 1240:

colleagues to gradually erode the states' powers to regulate economic activity. In

1178: 1156: 949: 839: 831: 689: 606: 366: 258: 84: 5507: 1049:. Law professor Erik M. Jensen noted in 2014 that most legal academics agree that 597:

as a Democrat. The majority-Democrat legislature clashed with Republican governor

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Liberty and Union: A Constitutional History of the United States, concise edition

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in 1864. Fuller remarried in 1866, wedding Mary Ellen Coolbaugh, the daughter of

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from 1888 until his death in 1910. Staunch conservatism marked his tenure on the

254: 157: 5380: 3329:

Charting the Future: The Supreme Court Responds to a Changing Society, 1890–1920

1479:

called "humiliation-by-law", which continued until the Court reversed course in

1316:(1937), is a major reason for the low estimation in which history has held him. 1265:"that would haunt the Justices and American society for the next four decades". 1126:

Fuller participated in several other major antitrust cases. In the 1904 case of

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The Great Dissenter: The Story of John Marshall Harlan, America's Judicial Hero

4142: 3768: 2717: 2439: 1827: 1823: 1760:. Upon hearing of his death, President Taft praised Fuller as "a great judge"; 1632: 1368: 1351: 717: 586: 523: 507: 480: 370: 330: 140: 96: 5005: 3526:"The Apportionment of "Direct Taxes": Are Consumption Taxes Unconstitutional?" 1099:(1895), Fuller led the Court in limiting the federal government's powers. The 483:, the second son of Frederick Augustus Fuller and his wife, Catherine Martin ( 39: 7808: 7488: 7292: 7286: 7274: 7166: 7141: 7090: 6878: 6846: 6397: 6357: 5428: 5420: 5376: 5347: 4917: 4898: 4854: 4271: 2341: 1958: 1831: 1589: 1565: 1552: 1523: 1504: 1472: 1339: 1335: 955: 917: 610: 515: 499: 491: 429: 425: 6650:"Kennebec County commissioners vote to return controversial statue to donor" 5965:"Chief Justice Melville Weston Fuller and the Great Mustache Debate of 1888" 3574:– via Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 2309: 1930:

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)

720:

died, creating a Supreme Court vacancy for President Cleveland to fill. The

373:

as chief justice. Despite some objections to his political past, Fuller won

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in 1853. He studied law in an uncle's office before spending six months at

6005:– via Washington and Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 5306:– via Washington and Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 5071:– via Washington and Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 4591:"Ex Parte Young as a Tool to Enforce Safety-Net and Civil-Rights Statutes" 3806: 3725: 3103: 1268:

The era of substantive due process reached its zenith in the 1905 case of

7744: 7640: 7382: 7268: 7244: 7214: 7038: 7010: 6930: 6914: 6898: 6448:"Courthouse statue has Kennebec County officials searching for an answer" 6128:"Swimming in the Air: Melville W. Fuller and the Supreme Court 1888–1910" 2915:"The Internal Powers of the Chief Justice: The Nineteenth-Century Legacy" 1585: 1581: 1519: 1508:

muster because they did not explicitly single out African-Americans. The

1407: 1226: 397: 5673: 5621: 5603: 5575: 5557: 5013: 4987: 4926: 4629:"Ex Parte Young and the Transformation of the Federal Courts, 1890–1917" 4479:"Injunctions in Labor Disputes: The History of the Norris–LaGuardia Act" 3832: 2940: 7652: 7550: 6978: 6732: 6185: 6167: 5982: 5871: 5738: 5355: 5321: 4862: 4836: 4301: 4028: 3883: 3551: 3284: 3052: 2506: 1541:

Fuller was among the seven justices who joined the majority opinion in

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that had not been apportioned evenly among the states, in violation of

978: 730: 590:

his proposals, voters rejected the proposed constitution in June 1862.

6803: 6479:"Kennebec commissioners vote to move Augusta's Melville Fuller statue" 6100: 5251: 4366: 2996: 867:

characterized his style as "diffident and not altogether successful".

642:

was attempting to remove because he disagreed with church teaching on

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The Supreme Court, Race, and Civil Rights: From Marshall to Rehnquist

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Melville Weston Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States, 1888–1910

1452: 1000: 945: 5339: 4293: 4020: 3875: 3543: 3276: 3044: 2498: 708: 518:. Later that year, he moved back to Augusta to become the editor of 6830: 6092: 5243: 4358: 4148:

The Pursuit of Justice: Supreme Court Decisions that Shaped America

3258: 2988: 2777: 1725: 1636: 1500: 1433: 1415: 1116: 1062: 450: 302:

and to oppose broad federal power. He wrote major opinions on the

7845:

Democratic Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives

5467:

A March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States

1548: 1489:

has contributed significantly to his poor historical reputation.

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are entitled to constitutional rights, but he dissented when, in

334: 172: 6361: 3222:"Did the Sixteenth Amendment Ever Matter? Does it Matter Today?" 1571: 1217:

could not always garner the support of a majority of the Court.

1029:

Supreme Court decision was reversed via constitutional amendment

577:

broke out in 1861, Fuller supported military action against the

6711: 6548:"Officials hear from public on proposal to move judge's statue" 5470:. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1303: 1190:

was among the first to grant the federal government a de facto

712:

Fuller's chief justice nomination as signed by Grover Cleveland

605:, arguing that it violated state sovereignty. He supported the 593:

In November 1862, Fuller was narrowly elected to a seat in the

326:

minority has taken a more favorable view of his jurisprudence.

6614:"Donor of controversial Augusta statue may take his gift back" 6246:"The Ratings Game: Factors That Influence Judicial Reputation" 1935:

List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office

1735:

praised it as "uncommonly luxuriant and beautiful", while the

1512:

majority distanced itself from the Court's previous ruling in

826: 680:

upholding Congress's power to issue it. He was a supporter of

479:

Melville Weston Fuller was born on February 11, 1833, in

386:(1895) ruled a federal income tax to be unconstitutional; the 6682:"Statue of segregationist justice removed from court grounds" 944:

In this 1895 political cartoon, Fuller is depicted placing a

905:

List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court

3513:– via The University of Texas at Austin School of Law. 3454:

The Public Debate over Controversial Supreme Court Decisions

1605:

Fuller joined the majority in another of the Insular Cases:

1602:

have argued that it correctly interpreted the Constitution.

7830:

United States federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland

2723:

Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States

1925:

List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

1693:, have called for the reversal of birthright citizenship. 1243:

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. v. Minnesota

1031:. However, the Supreme Court has never formally overruled 6168:"Remarks of the Chief Justice: My Life in the Law Series" 6115:– via Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository. 5266:– via Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository. 3587:"An Unapportioned Wealth Tax Has Constitutional Problems" 3487:: The Constitutionality of Federal Wealth or Sales Taxes" 1061:

and extending it to argue for the unconstitutionality of

954:

magazine; it was accompanied by a quotation from Senator

6286:"The Chief Justiceship of Melville W. Fuller, 1888–1910" 4708:

Civil Rights and the Making of the Modern American State

1661:'s opinion that unanimously rejected a challenge to the 1073:

opinion remains relevant in contemporary public policy.

620:

Advertisement for Fuller's law practice, printed in the

3417:

The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice

1451:(1896), he joined six of his colleagues in upholding a 1046:

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

420:(1896), in which the Court articulated the doctrine of 5717:"The Tenacious Twin Relic: Republicans, Polygamy, and 4549:

Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States

2145:

The Chief Justiceship of Melville W. Fuller, 1888–1910

1904:

Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States

1772:, conducted the funeral service. Fuller was buried at 830:

Chief Justice Fuller (left) administering the oath to

3778:

Landmark Decisions of the United States Supreme Court

3674:

The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary

1921:, historic home in Augusta, Maine, where Fuller lived 1788:

A bust of Fuller, displayed at the U.S. Supreme Court

19:"Justice Fuller" redirects here. For other uses, see 4179:"Freedom of Contract and the "Political Economy" of 662:

Beginning in 1871, Fuller also litigated before the

562:

both in his successful 1858 Senate campaign against

558:, arguing instead for compromise. He campaigned for 16:

Chief justice of the United States from 1888 to 1910

4831: 4398: 4260:– via Washington University Open Scholarship. 3909:Bader, William D. (2020). "Theodore Roosevelt". In 1874:protests and other attention in 2020, focus on the 1631:(1890), a case involving Congress's power over the 1201:, a 1904 case that approved the use of the federal 882:. Fuller's health declined after 1900, and scholar 870:In 1893, Cleveland offered to appoint Fuller to be 566:and in his unsuccessful bid against Lincoln in the 538:, Illinois. The city presented Fuller, a steadfast 390:later superseded the decision. Fuller's opinion in 5785:Troubled Beginnings of the Modern State, 1888–1910 4060:A Constitutional History of the U.S. Supreme Court 2955:– via Penn Law Legal Scholarship Repository. 1485:(1954). Fuller's decision to join the majority in 650:to be biased against Cheney, Fuller filed suit in 345:, he became involved in politics, campaigning for 298:, exhibited by his tendency to support unfettered 7779:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States 5226:"The Supreme Court and "Civil Rights," 1886–1908" 2337:Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary 1103:had filed suit under the Sherman Act against the 7806: 5604:"Ruling America's Colonies: The "Insular Cases"" 5456: 5082:Davis, Abraham L.; Graham, Barbara Luck (1995). 4778: 4670: 3767: 1235:Fuller in his Supreme Court chambers, circa 1899 314:, and he took part in important decisions about 4444:and the Constitutional Obligation of Obedience" 2773:Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies 2261:Chief Justice: Leadership and the Supreme Court 1641:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1085:authority commonly arose in the context of the 4402:The Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in America 4102: 3167: 1967:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: 1310:case, which the Court ultimately abandoned in 1302:(1908), for example, it unanimously upheld an 703: 6789: 5171: 1884:requested that the statue be removed, citing 1572:Citizenship, immigration, and the territories 361:, where he opposed the policies of President 6270:– via Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. 5178:Justice Deferred: Race and the Supreme Court 3259:"Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company" 3011:– via Duke Law Scholarship Repository. 1957: 1647:Fuller was rarely amenable to the claims of 1021:Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 6362:"Melville W. Fuller: A Model Chief Justice" 5830:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 5081: 4511: 4399:Schultz, David; John R. Vile, eds. (2005). 4141: 2884:. Supreme Court Historical Society: 37–51. 2823:The Supreme Court in Conference (1940–1985) 2475: 1854:, with many condemning him for his vote in 369:before accepting the nomination to succeed 6796: 6782: 5555: 5540:– via UF Law Scholarship Repository. 5416:The Supreme Court in United States History 4953:"The Strange Career of Plessy v. Ferguson" 1677:(1898), in which the Court ruled that the 1471:decision placed the Court's imprimatur on 1220: 1035:reasoning; to the contrary, Chief Justice 38: 6512: 6162: 5870: 5598: 5282:"Race and the Police Power: 1890 to 1937" 5220: 5154:– via Digital Commons@UM Carey Law. 5127: 4916: 4545: 4448:Regent Journal of Law & Public Policy 4405:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 260–261. 4226: 3168:McManus, Edgar J.; Helfman, Tara (2014). 2673:"Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice, Dead" 2578:McMillion, Barry J. (February 23, 2021). 2577: 2213: 1756:, Fuller died on July 4, 1910, of a 333:, Fuller established a legal practice in 4985: 4747: 4671:Curriden, Mark; Phillips, Leroy (1999). 4270: 3858:"The Proper Scope of the Commerce Power" 3481:Johnson, Calvin H. (December 30, 2002). 3325: 3128: 1783: 1700: 1635:, a six-justice majority upheld an anti- 1432: 1230: 1129:Northern Securities Co. v. United States 965:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 939: 825: 707: 615: 383:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 7915:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago) 6643: 6641: 6395: 6321: 6125: 5997:from the original on September 30, 2020 5962: 5714: 5505: 5316: 5276: 4704: 4623: 4588: 4335: 4205:from the original on September 18, 2020 3852: 3713: 3566:from the original on September 22, 2020 3480: 3447: 3413: 3356: 3321: 3003:from the original on September 22, 2019 2971:"Rhetorical Styles on the Fuller Court" 2819: 2769: 2685:from the original on September 16, 2021 2531: 2293: 2257: 1475:. It instituted a half-century of what 442:(1898), the majority ruled in favor of 232: 1866; died 1904) 211: 1858; died 1864) 74:October 8, 1888 – July 4, 1910 7807: 7127: 6647: 6611: 6593:from the original on February 16, 2021 6578: 6527:from the original on February 21, 2021 6508: 6506: 6476: 6445: 6441: 6439: 6391: 6389: 6317: 6315: 6300:from the original on September 6, 2021 6279: 6277: 6262:from the original on September 4, 2021 6065: 6063: 6048:from the original on September 6, 2021 6015: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5887:from the original on September 6, 2021 5819: 5817: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5691:from the original on December 14, 2010 5640: 5638: 5594: 5592: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5501: 5499: 5452: 5450: 5409: 5375: 5216: 5214: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5123: 5121: 5037: 5033: 5031: 4950: 4946: 4944: 4893: 4889: 4887: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4700: 4698: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4643:from the original on September 6, 2021 4605:from the original on September 6, 2021 4546:Tanenhaus, David Spinoza, ed. (2008). 4476: 4437: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4252:from the original on February 22, 2017 4222: 4220: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4105:"Pioneering the Federal Police Power: 4052: 4050: 4035:from the original on September 4, 2021 4000: 3890:from the original on December 13, 2020 3804: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3584: 3523: 3443: 3441: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3257:Jones, Francis R. (October 25, 1895). 3219: 3110:from the original on September 6, 2021 3076: 3074: 3021: 2905: 2903: 2871: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2744:from the original on February 25, 2021 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2667: 2665: 2650:from the original on February 28, 2020 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2166:from the original on November 30, 2018 1499:(1898), which rejected a challenge to 1076: 716:On March 23, 1888, Chief Justice 694:United States Civil Service Commission 688:. Fuller strongly supported President 7126: 6816: 6777: 6560:from the original on December 2, 2020 6477:Lowell, Jessica (February 16, 2021). 6458:from the original on January 17, 2021 6403:A Companion to American Legal History 6374:from the original on January 12, 2021 6205: 6144:from the original on November 8, 2021 6107:from the original on December 4, 2020 6069: 5850: 5823: 5802:from the original on November 8, 2021 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5753:from the original on November 8, 2021 5644: 5556:Vignarajah, Krishanti (Spring 2010). 5298:from the original on November 8, 2021 5199:from the original on November 8, 2021 4729:from the original on November 8, 2021 4570:from the original on November 8, 2021 4438:Taylor, Michael J. C. (Spring 2012). 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4151:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4098: 4096: 4056: 3982:from the original on November 8, 2021 3908: 3800: 3798: 3695:from the original on November 8, 2021 3667:(1994). "Melville Weston Fuller". In 3620:Ball, Milan N. (September 28, 2020). 3476: 3474: 3414:Tomlins, Christopher L., ed. (2005). 3256: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3135:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3059:from the original on January 28, 2021 2965: 2920:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2909: 2888:from the original on November 8, 2021 2826:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2559:from the original on January 20, 2021 2471: 2469: 2454:from the original on January 24, 2021 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1953: 1951: 1396:Fuller wrote the majority opinion in 1319: 849:Circuit Courts of Appeals Act of 1891 838:on March 4, 1897. Outgoing president 498:, and his paternal grandfather was a 484: 400:and making government prosecution of 6638: 6579:Dineen, Hannah (February 16, 2021). 6513:Schroeder, Nick (February 9, 2021). 6356: 6283: 6243: 5778: 4986:Maidment, Richard A. (August 1973). 4176: 3957: 3819:(3). Taylor & Francis: 365–383. 3732:from the original on August 18, 2021 3622:"The Federal Taxing Power: A Primer" 3619: 3395:from the original on August 11, 2021 2716: 2431: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1768:, who later served as the Episcopal 1705:Fuller's grave at Graceland Cemetery 1580:, the United States took control of 1410:unfair. The Court agreed to issue a 1053:was "obviously dead wrong"; scholar 457:opinion was unanimously reversed in 7905:20th-century American Episcopalians 7900:19th-century American Episcopalians 7825:Chief justices of the United States 6662:from the original on April 21, 2021 6605: 6572: 6503: 6446:Wolman, Jordan (December 6, 2020). 6436: 6386: 6338:from the original on April 10, 2021 6312: 6274: 6225:from the original on April 10, 2021 6060: 5947: 5935:from the original on March 18, 2020 5899: 5814: 5703: 5635: 5589: 5544: 5532:from the original on April 26, 2021 5496: 5484:from the original on April 26, 2021 5447: 5435:from the original on August 4, 2016 5258:from the original on August 5, 2021 5211: 5158: 5146:from the original on August 3, 2021 5118: 5106:from the original on April 26, 2021 5063:from the original on August 7, 2020 5028: 4967:from the original on April 26, 2021 4941: 4884: 4816: 4804:from the original on April 26, 2021 4695: 4655: 4493:from the original on April 26, 2021 4458:from the original on April 26, 2021 4419:from the original on April 26, 2021 4373:from the original on April 26, 2021 4320: 4308:from the original on August 6, 2021 4217: 4165: 4123:from the original on April 26, 2021 4103:Margulies, Herbert F. (1995–1996). 4081:from the original on April 26, 2021 4047: 3927:10.18574/nyu/9781479802098.001.0001 3915:The Presidents and the Constitution 3744: 3663: 3646: 3601:from the original on April 26, 2021 3505:from the original on April 26, 2021 3438: 3298: 3238:from the original on April 26, 2021 3192:from the original on April 26, 2021 3149:from the original on April 26, 2021 3122: 3080: 3071: 2900: 2874:"The Era of Melville Weston Fuller" 2852: 2840:from the original on April 26, 2021 2806: 2794:from the original on April 26, 2021 2756: 2697: 2662: 2590:from the original on March 18, 2021 2513:from the original on April 26, 2021 2358:from the original on April 26, 2021 2138: 851:. The act established intermediate 13: 7910:American people of English descent 7787: 7107: 6817: 6806:Supreme Court of the United States 6756:Chief Justice of the United States 6648:Lowell, Jessica (April 20, 2021). 6626:from the original on April 8, 2021 6545: 6424:from the original on July 14, 2021 6034:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1998.tb00129.x 5911:"Birthright Citizenship on Trial: 5765: 5654:Journal of American Ethnic History 4501:– via UND Scholarly Commons. 4385: 4093: 3825:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1973.tb00505.x 3795: 3634:from the original on March 2, 2021 3471: 3227:Northwestern University Law Review 3204: 2947:from the original on July 31, 2021 2644:Supreme Court of the United States 2620:from the original on July 10, 2021 2571: 2525: 2466: 2282: 2266:University of South Carolina Press 2238: 2178: 2150:University of South Carolina Press 1948: 1724:During his confirmation, Fuller's 1657:, for instance, he joined Justice 1639:law that dissolved the charter of 664:Supreme Court of the United States 292:chief justice of the United States 62:Chief Justice of the United States 14: 7926: 7865:20th-century American politicians 7860:19th-century American politicians 6704: 6612:Lowell, Jessica (April 8, 2021). 6367:Mackinac Center for Public Policy 4589:Bobroff, Rochelle (Summer 2009). 4346:American Journal of Legal History 4113:Journal of Southern Legal History 4109:and the Anti-Lottery Act of 1895" 3585:Jensen, Erik M. (November 2019). 3524:Jensen, Erik M. (December 1997). 3086:"Melville W. Fuller Reconsidered" 2976:American Journal of Legal History 2370: 2316: 2294:Umbreit, Kenneth Bernard (1938). 1985: 1836:Mackinac Center for Public Policy 1526:and Armand Derfner characterized 1155:and other cases, legal historian 1096:United States v. E. C. Knight Co. 887:Fuller died that July. President 878:, and he served ten years on the 595:Illinois House of Representatives 393:United States v. E. C. Knight Co. 359:Illinois House of Representatives 357:, he served a single term in the 6722: 6710: 6674: 6244:Ross, William G. (Winter 1996). 6022:Journal of Supreme Court History 5970:Journal of Supreme Court History 5858:Journal of Supreme Court History 5726:Journal of Supreme Court History 5563:University of Chicago Law Review 4988:"Plessy v. Ferguson Re-Examined" 4793:Journal of Supreme Court History 4651:– via DigitalCommons@NYLS. 4241:Washington University Law Review 4191:NYU Journal of Law & Liberty 4008:University of Chicago Law Review 3720:. New York, NY: Atherton Press. 3381:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2007.00159.x 3368:Journal of Supreme Court History 3091:Journal of Supreme Court History 3032:University of Chicago Law Review 1696: 1429:Nadir of American race relations 1338:. The case stemmed from an 1894 1148:Swift & Co. v. United States 924: 898: 815: 759:, chaired by Vermont Republican 273: 7855:Politicians from Augusta, Maine 6539: 6470: 6350: 6237: 6199: 6156: 6119: 6009: 5844: 5506:Malavet, Pedro A. (Fall 2010). 5403: 5369: 5310: 5270: 5075: 4979: 4772: 4741: 4633:University of Toledo Law Review 4617: 4595:University of Toledo Law Review 4582: 4539: 4505: 4470: 4431: 4264: 4135: 3994: 3951: 3902: 3846: 3707: 3613: 3578: 3517: 3407: 3350: 3250: 3161: 3015: 2959: 2632: 2602: 1964:Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court 1313:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 1105:American Sugar Refining Company 983:a provision of the Constitution 936:Income tax in the United States 534:In 1856, Fuller left Maine for 229: 208: 21:Justice Fuller (disambiguation) 5943:– via OpenCommons@UConn. 3627:Congressional Research Service 3132:A History of the Supreme Court 2584:Congressional Research Service 2300:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: 1668:Fong Yue Ting v. United States 1441:In the words of legal scholar 1023:, ratified in 1913, abrogated 958:praising the Court's decision. 880:Permanent Court of Arbitration 1: 7885:20th-century American lawyers 7880:19th-century American lawyers 5917:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 5287:Washington and Lee Law Review 5128:Goldstein, Leslie F. (2013). 5052:Washington and Lee Law Review 4440:"Between Law and Conscience: 4236:: A Centennial Retrospective" 3917:. Vol. 1. New York, NY: 3359:"The Four Good Dissenters in 3220:Jensen, Erik M. (July 2014). 2481:"Chief Justices I Have Known" 2220:. Vol. 2. New York, NY: 1941: 1674:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 1258:right to enter into contracts 1119:period essentially abrogated 968:In 1894, Congress passed the 929: 805:Republican National Committee 490:). His maternal grandfather, 474: 439:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 45: 7840:20th-century American judges 7835:19th-century American judges 5609:Yale Law & Policy Review 4705:Francis, Megan Ming (2014). 4552:. Vol. 2. Detroit, MI: 4381:– via Chicago Unbound. 4316:– via Chicago Unbound. 4177:Paul, Ellen Frankel (2005). 4043:– via Chicago Unbound. 3898:– via Chicago Unbound. 3781:. Washington, DC: CQ Press. 3714:Hyneman, Charles S. (1963). 3457:. Washington, DC: CQ Press. 3067:– via Chicago Unbound. 2770:Cushman, Clare, ed. (2013). 2616:. July 20, 1888. p. 1. 2614:Harrisburg Daily Independent 1882:Maine Supreme Judicial Court 1752:While at his summer home in 1463:, maintaining instead that " 891:nominated Associate Justice 684:and generally advocated for 7: 5909:Berger, Bethany R. (2016). 5788:. New York, NY: Macmillan. 5419:. Vol. 3. Boston, MA: 4993:Journal of American Studies 4748:Canellos, Peter S. (2021). 4145:; Patrick, John J. (2006). 3807:"The Knight Case Revisited" 3805:Fisher, Joe A. (May 1973). 3357:Johnson, Calvin H. (2007). 2872:Morris, Jeffrey B. (1981). 2681:. July 5, 1910. p. 5. 2258:Steamer, Robert J. (1986). 1896: 1482:Brown v. Board of Education 1213:and showed his support for 1134:Northern Securities Company 876:Venezuelan boundary dispute 704:Nomination to Supreme Court 460:Brown v. Board of Education 10: 7931: 6126:Thomson, James A. (1997). 5824:Kraut, Julia Rose (2020). 5645:Erman, Sam (Summer 2008). 5175:; Derfner, Armand (2021). 4713:Cambridge University Press 3966:Princeton University Press 3717:The Supreme Court on Trial 3326:Semonche, John E. (1978). 3129:Schwartz, Bernard (1995). 2820:Dickson, Del, ed. (2001). 2640:"Justices 1789 to Present" 1915:of Chicago, named for him. 1868:Kennebec County Courthouse 1426: 1224: 1132:, a majority broke up the 1093:. In the first such case, 933: 902: 819: 777:1888 presidential election 757:Senate Judiciary Committee 581:. However, he opposed the 568:1860 presidential election 506:, from which he graduated 351:1860 presidential election 18: 7895:Harvard Law School alumni 7785: 7135: 7122: 7105: 6825: 6812: 6762: 6753: 6745: 6740: 5715:Rothera, Evan C. (2016). 5382:The Constitution and Race 5006:10.1017/S0021875800013396 4001:Currie, David P. (1985). 3958:Ross, William G. (1994). 3919:New York University Press 2432:King, Willard L. (1950). 2334:Hall, Timothy L. (2001). 1876: 1861: 1779: 1544:Berea College v. Kentucky 1385:criticized the ruling in 1205:for regulatory purposes. 1142:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 1069:. In any event, Fuller's 796:Reconstruction Amendments 656:Supreme Court of Illinois 632:Illinois Central Railroad 603:Emancipation Proclamation 529: 404:cases more difficult. In 281: 269: 250: 242: 189: 179: 164: 147: 123: 118: 114: 102: 90: 78: 67: 59: 55: 37: 30: 6322:Skouras, George (2011). 6284:Sims, John Cary (1998). 6075:"Melville Weston Fuller" 6016:Taylor, John B. (1998). 5851:Price, Polly J. (2018). 5183:Harvard University Press 4918:10.1162/0011526053124488 4855:10.1086/scr.1998.3109701 4523:Aspen Law & Business 2543:Rowman & Littlefield 2222:Chelsea House Publishers 1747: 1437:The Fuller Court in 1899 970:Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act 6346:– via HeinOnline. 6308:– via HeinOnline. 6233:– via HeinOnline. 6152:– via HeinOnline. 6056:– via HeinOnline. 5895:– via HeinOnline. 5761:– via HeinOnline. 5521:Mississippi Law Journal 4975:– via HeinOnline. 4812:– via HeinOnline. 4784:"The Virtue of Defeat: 4613:– via HeinOnline. 4554:Macmillan Reference USA 4483:North Dakota Law Review 4477:Kerian, Jon R. (1961). 4466:– via HeinOnline. 4131:– via HeinOnline. 4057:Regan, Richard (2015). 3403:– via HeinOnline. 3118:– via HeinOnline. 2896:– via HeinOnline. 2728:Oxford University Press 2521:– via HeinOnline. 1969:Congressional Quarterly 1496:Williams v. Mississippi 1461:Equal Protection Clause 1422: 1221:Substantive due process 1198:McCray v. United States 1089:, a major 1890 federal 912:substantive due process 7890:Bowdoin College alumni 7792: 7112: 5963:Peppers, Todd (2020). 5173:Burton, Orville Vernon 1961:; Witt, Elder (1997). 1789: 1706: 1683:birthright citizenship 1654:Chinese Exclusion Case 1455:law that required the 1438: 1399:United States v. Shipp 1344:American Railway Union 1236: 959: 843: 792:William Morris Stewart 713: 652:Chicago Superior Court 644:baptismal regeneration 627: 583:Lincoln Administration 496:Supreme Court of Maine 444:birthright citizenship 432:that residents of the 337:after graduating from 288:Melville Weston Fuller 128:Melville Weston Fuller 7791: 7111: 6959:Edward Douglass White 6553:Portland Press Herald 6328:Journal Jurisprudence 6215:Cornell Law Quarterly 6207:Mason, Alpheus Thomas 6164:Rehnquist, William H. 6133:Cumberland Law Review 5088:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 4951:Oberst, Paul (1973). 4625:Purcell, Edward A. Jr 3104:10.1353/sch.1998.0040 2776:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 2533:Abraham, Henry Julian 2302:Harper & Brothers 1852:racial unrest in 2020 1787: 1719:Chicago Literary Club 1704: 1663:Chinese Exclusion Act 1518:(1886), in which the 1436: 1391:Edward A. Purcell Jr. 1253:Allgeyer v. Louisiana 1234: 1101:Department of Justice 1039:cited it in the 2012 943: 893:Edward Douglass White 829: 711: 677:Juilliard v. Greenman 619: 546:, which repealed the 109:Edward Douglass White 7870:Lawyers from Chicago 6991:Charles Evans Hughes 6719:at Wikimedia Commons 6251:Marquette Law Review 4842:Supreme Court Review 4758:. pp. 422–423. 4521:. Gaithersburg, MD: 4518:Federal Jurisdiction 4213:– via NYU Law. 2780:. pp. 220–224. 2344:. pp. 198–201. 1770:Bishop of Washington 1715:William F. Coolbaugh 1679:Fourteenth Amendment 1622:Gonzales v. Williams 1578:Spanish–American War 1169:, and law professor 1015:even called for the 997:Henry Billings Brown 992:John Marshall Harlan 972:, which contained a 842:stands to the right. 648:ecclesiastical court 6975:William Howard Taft 6688:. February 15, 2022 5327:Columbia Law Review 5278:Epstein, Richard A. 5135:Maryland Law Review 4833:Klarman, Michael J. 4337:Epstein, Richard A. 4281:Columbia Law Review 4234:Lochner v. New York 4228:Bernstein, David E. 4181:Lochner v. New York 3863:Virginia Law Review 3854:Epstein, Richard A. 3531:Columbia Law Review 2486:Virginia Law Review 1919:Fuller-Weston House 1744:kept the mustache. 1576:As a result of the 1536:Fifteenth Amendment 1364:equitable authority 1271:Lochner v. New York 1077:Interstate commerce 1041:Affordable Care Act 889:William Howard Taft 668:strict construction 548:Missouri Compromise 544:Kansas–Nebraska Act 428:. He argued in the 407:Lochner v. New York 388:Sixteenth Amendment 320:liberty of contract 7793: 7129:Associate justices 7113: 6727:Works by or about 6717:Melville W. Fuller 6360:(March 10, 2006). 5983:10.1111/jsch.12238 5924:Cardozo Law Review 5872:10.1111/jsch.12167 5739:10.1111/jsch.12091 5600:Torruella, Juan R. 5514:Boumediene v. Bush 5458:Urofsky, Melvin I. 5387:Praeger Publishing 5047:— 100 Years Later" 5045:Plessy v. Ferguson 5039:Wisdom, John Minor 5024:– via JSTOR. 4957:Arizona Law Review 4880:– via JSTOR. 4786:Plessy v. Ferguson 4756:Simon and Schuster 4513:Chemerinsky, Erwin 4442:Jones v. Van Zandt 4276:"Lochner's Legacy" 4063:. Washington, DC: 3773:Urofsky, Melvin I. 3679:Garland Publishing 3669:Urofsky, Melvin I. 3449:Urofsky, Melvin I. 3264:Harvard Law Review 2678:The New York Times 2610:"Fuller Confirmed" 2477:Frankfurter, Felix 1872:Black Lives Matter 1790: 1774:Graceland Cemetery 1762:Theodore Roosevelt 1707: 1649:Chinese immigrants 1534:" and "erased the 1515:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 1465:separate but equal 1457:racial segregation 1448:Plessy v. Ferguson 1439: 1374:Eleventh Amendment 1320:Judicial authority 1248:Due Process Clause 1237: 1013:Sylvester Pennoyer 960: 872:secretary of state 844: 800:Charles B. Farwell 714: 686:limited government 628: 575:American Civil War 560:Stephen A. Douglas 512:Harvard Law School 422:separate but equal 417:Plessy v. Ferguson 412:Due Process Clause 347:Stephen A. Douglas 316:racial segregation 304:federal income tax 264:Harvard University 169:Graceland Cemetery 7802: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7118: 7117: 7071:William Rehnquist 6772: 6771: 6763:Succeeded by 6715:Media related to 6586:News Center Maine 6546:Lowell, Jessica. 6520:Bangor Daily News 6491:on March 18, 2021 6452:The Maine Monitor 6417:978-1-118-53376-5 6398:Brophy, Alfred L. 6358:Reed, Lawrence W. 6166:(February 2003). 5837:978-0-674-97606-1 5795:978-0-02-541360-3 5510:Downes v. Bidwell 5477:978-0-19-512635-8 5396:978-0-275-93914-4 5377:Lively, Donald E. 5318:Schmidt, Benno C. 5192:978-0-674-97564-4 5181:. Cambridge, MA: 5099:978-1-4522-6379-3 5090:SAGE Publications 4765:978-1-5011-8820-6 4722:978-1-139-99254-1 4688:978-0-571-19952-5 4563:978-0-02-866126-1 4532:978-0-7355-0037-2 4412:978-0-7656-8063-1 4272:Sunstein, Cass R. 4158:978-0-19-531189-1 4074:978-0-8132-2721-4 3975:978-1-4008-6357-0 3964:. Princeton, NJ: 3936:978-1-4798-3990-2 3856:(November 1987). 3788:978-1-56802-720-3 3688:978-0-8153-1176-8 3609:– via SSRN. 3464:978-1-56802-937-5 3431:978-0-618-32969-4 3343:978-0-313-20314-5 3246:– via SSRN. 3185:978-1-136-75716-7 3142:978-0-19-984055-7 2833:978-0-19-512632-7 2787:978-1-60871-832-0 2737:978-0-19-517661-2 2552:978-0-7425-5895-3 2479:(November 1953). 2351:978-0-8160-4194-7 2275:978-0-87249-482-4 2231:978-0-8352-0217-6 2159:978-1-57003-018-5 1978:978-1-56802-130-0 1807:William Rehnquist 1608:DeLima v. Bidwell 1600:Juan R. Torruella 1595:Downes v. Bidwell 1412:stay of execution 1328:. In the case of 1294:judicial activism 1055:Calvin H. Johnson 861:Felix Frankfurter 788:William M. Evarts 761:George F. Edmunds 698:Solicitor General 672:U.S. Constitution 636:Charles E. Cheney 285: 284: 138:February 11, 1833 7922: 7781: 7681: 7535: 7473: 7429: 7145: 7124: 7123: 7055:Warren E. Burger 6863:Oliver Ellsworth 6814: 6813: 6804:Justices of the 6798: 6791: 6784: 6775: 6774: 6746:Preceded by 6738: 6737: 6726: 6714: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6655:Kennebec Journal 6645: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6619:Kennebec Journal 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6510: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6487:. Archived from 6484:Kennebec Journal 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6443: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6281: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6173:Duke Law Journal 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6080:Yale Law Journal 6067: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5960: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5874: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5776: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5712: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5690: 5666:10.2307/27501851 5651: 5642: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5553: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5231:Yale Law Journal 5222:Bernstein, David 5218: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5169: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5035: 5026: 5025: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4920: 4895:Pollak, Louis H. 4891: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4837:"The Plessy Era" 4829: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4780:Thomas, Clarence 4776: 4770: 4769: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4711:. New York, NY: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4677:. New York, NY: 4668: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4396: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4333: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4248:(5): 1469–1527. 4224: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4187: 4174: 4163: 4162: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4107:Champion v. Ames 4100: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3870:(8): 1387–1455. 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3765: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3661: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3538:(8): 2334–2419. 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3504: 3491: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3422:Houghton Mifflin 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3332:. Westport, CT: 3323: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3217: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3174:. New York, NY: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3023:Garrow, David J. 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2967:Pratt, Walter F. 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2933:10.2307/40041345 2927:(6): 1463–1510. 2911:White, G. Edward 2907: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2869: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2817: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2767: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2714: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2438:. New York, NY: 2429: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2340:. New York, NY: 2331: 2314: 2313: 2291: 2280: 2279: 2264:. Columbia, SC: 2255: 2236: 2235: 2211: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2148:. Columbia, SC: 2136: 1983: 1982: 1955: 1811:Alpheus T. Mason 1766:James E. Freeman 1737:Jackson Standard 1299:Muller v. Oregon 1285:Rufus W. Peckham 1186:. The ruling in 1179:Champion v. Ames 895:to replace him. 853:appellate courts 840:Grover Cleveland 832:William McKinley 781:winning Illinois 727:Edward J. Phelps 690:Grover Cleveland 646:. Believing the 640:Episcopal Church 607:Corwin Amendment 494:, served on the 489: 367:Grover Cleveland 277: 233: 231: 212: 210: 198:Calista Reynolds 175:, Illinois, U.S. 154: 137: 135: 119:Personal details 105: 93: 85:Grover Cleveland 81: 72: 50: 47: 42: 28: 27: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7850:Maine Democrats 7805: 7804: 7803: 7794: 7783: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7676: 7617:J. M. Harlan II 7530: 7468: 7424: 7140: 7131: 7114: 7103: 7102: 7007:Harlan F. Stone 6943:Melville Fuller 6911:Salmon P. Chase 6821: 6808: 6802: 6768: 6759: 6751: 6729:Melville Fuller 6707: 6702: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6646: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6561: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6511: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6444: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6418: 6408:Wiley–Blackwell 6406:. Hoboken, NJ: 6394: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6339: 6320: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6282: 6275: 6265: 6263: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6068: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5961: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5907: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5822: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5796: 5777: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5713: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5649: 5643: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5597: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5554: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5504: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5478: 5462:Finkelman, Paul 5455: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5411:Warren, Charles 5408: 5404: 5397: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5340:10.2307/1122071 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5294:(4): 741–761 . 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5219: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5193: 5170: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5126: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5100: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5041:(Winter 1996). 5036: 5029: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4949: 4942: 4897:(Winter 2005). 4892: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4830: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4723: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4679:Faber and Faber 4669: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4627:(Summer 2009). 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4564: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4413: 4397: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4334: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4294:10.2307/1122721 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4225: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4185: 4175: 4166: 4159: 4143:Hall, Kermit L. 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4101: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4075: 4055: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4021:10.2307/1599519 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3976: 3956: 3952: 3937: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3876:10.2307/1073233 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3769:Finkelman, Paul 3766: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3689: 3662: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3544:10.2307/1123374 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3489: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3334:Greenwood Press 3324: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3277:10.2307/1321669 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3218: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3186: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3143: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3079: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3045:10.2307/1600454 3039:(4): 995–1087. 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2908: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2870: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2834: 2818: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2788: 2768: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2738: 2718:Hall, Kermit L. 2715: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2553: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2499:10.2307/1069773 2474: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2430: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2352: 2332: 2317: 2292: 2283: 2276: 2256: 2239: 2232: 2212: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2160: 2137: 1986: 1979: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1899: 1890:Kennebec County 1864: 1782: 1754:Sorrento, Maine 1750: 1699: 1574: 1477:Louis H. Pollak 1431: 1425: 1348:Pullman Company 1322: 1229: 1223: 1184:Tenth Amendment 1171:David P. Currie 1162:Loewe v. Lawlor 1138:holding company 1113:Richard Epstein 1083:Commerce Clause 1079: 938: 932: 927: 907: 901: 865:G. Edward White 857:Walter F. Pratt 824: 818: 744:John Scholfield 740:Seventh Circuit 725:Vermont native 706: 623:Chicago Tribune 564:Abraham Lincoln 532: 504:Bowdoin College 477: 469:Kennebec County 363:Abraham Lincoln 339:Bowdoin College 312:citizenship law 308:Commerce Clause 300:free enterprise 262: 255:Bowdoin College 238: 235: 227: 223: 220: 214: 206: 202: 199: 180:Political party 158:Sorrento, Maine 156: 152: 139: 133: 131: 130: 129: 103: 91: 79: 73: 68: 51: 48: 33: 32:Melville Fuller 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7928: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7786: 7784: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7771:(2022–present) 7766: 7765:(2020–present) 7760: 7759:(2018–present) 7754: 7753:(2017–present) 7748: 7747:(2010–present) 7742: 7741:(2009–present) 7736: 7735:(2006–present) 7730: 7724: 7718: 7717:(1991–present) 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7084: 7068: 7052: 7036: 7023:Fred M. Vinson 7020: 7004: 6988: 6972: 6956: 6940: 6927:Morrison Waite 6924: 6908: 6895:Roger B. Taney 6892: 6876: 6860: 6844: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6819:Chief justices 6810: 6809: 6801: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6778: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6761: 6752: 6749:Morrison Waite 6747: 6743: 6742: 6741:Legal offices 6736: 6735: 6720: 6706: 6705:External links 6703: 6700: 6699: 6673: 6637: 6604: 6571: 6538: 6502: 6469: 6435: 6416: 6385: 6349: 6311: 6273: 6258:(2): 402–452. 6236: 6221:(3): 606–608. 6198: 6180:(4): 787–805. 6155: 6118: 6093:10.2307/793644 6071:Frank, John P. 6059: 6028:(1): 133–165. 6008: 5977:(2): 140–150. 5946: 5913:Elk v. Wilkins 5898: 5843: 5836: 5813: 5794: 5764: 5702: 5634: 5588: 5570:(2): 781–845. 5543: 5495: 5476: 5446: 5402: 5395: 5368: 5334:(3): 444–524. 5309: 5269: 5244:10.2307/796668 5238:(3): 725–744. 5210: 5191: 5157: 5117: 5098: 5074: 5027: 5000:(2): 125–32 . 4978: 4940: 4883: 4815: 4788:in Retrospect" 4771: 4764: 4740: 4721: 4694: 4687: 4654: 4639:(4): 931–970. 4616: 4601:(4): 819–842. 4581: 4562: 4538: 4531: 4504: 4469: 4430: 4411: 4384: 4359:10.2307/845465 4319: 4288:(5): 873–919. 4263: 4216: 4198:(1): 515–569. 4164: 4157: 4134: 4092: 4073: 4046: 4015:(4): 867–902. 3993: 3974: 3950: 3935: 3901: 3845: 3794: 3787: 3743: 3706: 3687: 3645: 3612: 3577: 3516: 3470: 3463: 3451:, ed. (2006). 3437: 3430: 3406: 3375:(2): 162–177. 3349: 3342: 3297: 3271:(3): 198–211. 3249: 3234:(3): 799–824. 3203: 3184: 3160: 3141: 3121: 3070: 3014: 2989:10.2307/844665 2983:(3): 189–220. 2958: 2899: 2851: 2832: 2805: 2786: 2755: 2736: 2720:, ed. (1992). 2696: 2661: 2631: 2601: 2570: 2551: 2541:. Lanham, MD: 2524: 2493:(7): 883–905. 2465: 2369: 2350: 2315: 2281: 2274: 2237: 2230: 2177: 2158: 1984: 1977: 1959:Biskupic, Joan 1946: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1916: 1913:community area 1906: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1863: 1860: 1828:Howard Gillman 1824:Bruce Ackerman 1781: 1778: 1749: 1746: 1698: 1695: 1651:. In the 1889 1633:Utah Territory 1573: 1570: 1505:literacy tests 1424: 1421: 1369:Ex parte Young 1366:. The case of 1352:Eugene V. Debs 1321: 1318: 1222: 1219: 1078: 1075: 977:that it was a 931: 928: 926: 923: 900: 897: 817: 814: 718:Morrison Waite 705: 702: 696:, to serve as 682:states' rights 531: 528: 524:city solicitor 508:Phi Beta Kappa 481:Augusta, Maine 476: 473: 371:Morrison Waite 331:Augusta, Maine 283: 282: 279: 278: 271: 267: 266: 252: 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 237: 236: 225: 221: 219:Mary Coolbaugh 218: 217: 215: 204: 200: 197: 196: 193: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 166: 162: 161: 155:(aged 77) 149: 145: 144: 141:Augusta, Maine 127: 125: 121: 120: 116: 115: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 97:Morrison Waite 94: 88: 87: 82: 76: 75: 65: 64: 57: 56: 53: 52: 49: 1900-10 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7927: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7875:Maine lawyers 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7790: 7780: 7770: 7767: 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5847: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5820: 5818: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5780:Fiss, Owen M. 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5720: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5639: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5602:(Fall 2013). 5601: 5595: 5593: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5502: 5500: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5421:Little, Brown 5418: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5280:(Fall 1989). 5279: 5273: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5122: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5048: 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3419: 3418: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3082:Ely, James W. 3077: 3075: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2689:September 16, 2684: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2528: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2470: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2342:Facts on File 2339: 2338: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2233: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2140:Ely, James W. 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832:Lawrence Reed 1829: 1825: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:John P. Frank 1799: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1697:Personal life 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1659:Stephen Field 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1590:Insular Cases 1587: 1583: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1566:Donald Lively 1563: 1558: 1554: 1553:Berea College 1550: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:Vernon Burton 1521: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1473:Jim Crow laws 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1435: 1430: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:public rights 1333: 1332: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1233: 1228: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1136:, a railroad 1135: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1091:antitrust law 1088: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 993: 988: 984: 980: 975: 971: 967: 966: 957: 956:David B. Hill 953: 952: 947: 942: 937: 925:Federal power 922: 920: 919: 918:laissez-faire 913: 906: 899:Jurisprudence 896: 894: 890: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 841: 837: 833: 828: 823: 816:Chief justice 813: 810: 806: 801: 797: 793: 790:of New York, 789: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 752: 749: 748:Shelby Cullom 745: 741: 736: 732: 728: 723: 719: 710: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 678: 673: 669: 665: 660: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 626:, May 4, 1860 625: 624: 618: 614: 612: 611:habeas corpus 608: 604: 600: 599:Richard Yates 596: 591: 588: 587:gerrymandered 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 556:secessionists 553: 552:abolitionists 549: 545: 541: 537: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 500:probate judge 497: 493: 492:Nathan Weston 487: 482: 472: 470: 466: 462: 461: 456: 453:era, and the 452: 447: 445: 441: 440: 435: 431: 430:Insular Cases 427: 426:Jim Crow laws 423: 419: 418: 413: 409: 408: 403: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 353:. During the 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:Supreme Court 293: 289: 280: 276: 272: 268: 265: 260: 256: 253: 249: 245: 241: 216: 195: 194: 192: 188: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 167: 165:Resting place 163: 159: 150: 146: 142: 126: 122: 117: 113: 110: 107: 101: 98: 95: 89: 86: 83: 77: 71: 66: 63: 58: 54: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 7778: 7477:Van Devanter 7365:J. M. Harlan 7094: 7091:2005–present 7087:John Roberts 7078: 7062: 7046: 7030: 7014: 6998: 6982: 6966: 6950: 6942: 6934: 6918: 6902: 6886: 6870: 6854: 6838: 6766:Edward White 6754: 6692:February 24, 6690:. Retrieved 6685: 6676: 6664:. Retrieved 6653: 6628:. Retrieved 6617: 6607: 6595:. Retrieved 6584: 6574: 6562:. Retrieved 6551: 6541: 6529:. Retrieved 6518: 6493:. Retrieved 6489:the original 6482: 6472: 6460:. Retrieved 6451: 6426:. Retrieved 6402: 6376:. Retrieved 6365: 6352: 6340:. Retrieved 6331: 6327: 6302:. Retrieved 6293: 6289: 6266:September 4, 6264:. Retrieved 6255: 6249: 6239: 6227:. 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Retrieved 4707: 4673: 4647:September 6, 4645:. Retrieved 4636: 4632: 4619: 4607:. Retrieved 4598: 4594: 4584: 4572:. Retrieved 4548: 4541: 4517: 4507: 4495:. Retrieved 4489:(1): 49–65. 4486: 4482: 4472: 4460:. Retrieved 4451: 4447: 4441: 4433: 4421:. Retrieved 4401: 4375:. Retrieved 4350: 4344: 4310:. Retrieved 4285: 4279: 4266: 4254:. Retrieved 4245: 4239: 4233: 4207:. Retrieved 4195: 4189: 4180: 4147: 4137: 4125:. Retrieved 4116: 4112: 4106: 4083:. Retrieved 4059: 4039:September 4, 4037:. Retrieved 4012: 4006: 3996: 3984:. Retrieved 3960: 3953: 3914: 3911:Gormley, Ken 3904: 3892:. Retrieved 3867: 3861: 3848: 3836:. Retrieved 3816: 3810: 3777: 3734:. Retrieved 3716: 3709: 3697:. Retrieved 3677:. New York: 3673: 3638:February 10, 3636:. Retrieved 3625: 3615: 3603:. Retrieved 3594: 3590: 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3535: 3529: 3519: 3507:. Retrieved 3493: 3484: 3453: 3416: 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3372: 3366: 3360: 3352: 3328: 3288:. Retrieved 3268: 3262: 3252: 3240:. Retrieved 3231: 3225: 3194:. Retrieved 3170: 3163: 3151:. Retrieved 3131: 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3098:(1): 35–49. 3095: 3089: 3061:. Retrieved 3036: 3030: 3017: 3005:. Retrieved 2980: 2974: 2961: 2949:. Retrieved 2924: 2918: 2890:. Retrieved 2881: 2877: 2842:. Retrieved 2822: 2796:. Retrieved 2772: 2746:. Retrieved 2726:. New York: 2722: 2687:. Retrieved 2676: 2652:. Retrieved 2643: 2634: 2622:. Retrieved 2613: 2604: 2592:. Retrieved 2583: 2573: 2561:. Retrieved 2537: 2527: 2515:. Retrieved 2490: 2484: 2456:. Retrieved 2434: 2360:. Retrieved 2336: 2296: 2260: 2216: 2168:. Retrieved 2144: 1963: 1885: 1875: 1865: 1855: 1844:Owen M. Fiss 1819:James W. Ely 1815: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1776:in Chicago. 1758:heart attack 1751: 1740: 1736: 1732:New York Sun 1731: 1723: 1711:tuberculosis 1708: 1691:Donald Trump 1687:Wong Kim Ark 1686: 1672: 1666: 1652: 1646: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1593: 1575: 1556: 1542: 1540: 1531: 1527: 1513: 1509: 1494: 1491: 1486: 1480: 1468: 1446: 1443:John V. Orth 1440: 1397: 1395: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1359: 1346:against the 1329: 1323: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1289: 1275: 1269: 1267: 1261: 1251: 1241: 1238: 1210: 1206: 1203:taxing power 1196: 1192:police power 1187: 1177: 1175: 1166: 1160: 1157:James W. Ely 1152: 1146: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1108: 1094: 1080: 1070: 1067:wealth taxes 1058: 1050: 1044: 1037:John Roberts 1032: 1024: 1007: 1005: 963: 961: 950: 916: 908: 884:David Garrow 869: 845: 834:(center) as 822:Fuller Court 809:Matthew Quay 785: 772: 753: 715: 675: 661: 629: 621: 592: 572: 533: 519: 488: Weston 478: 464: 458: 454: 448: 437: 415: 405: 391: 381: 379: 328: 287: 286: 153:(1910-07-04) 151:July 4, 1910 104:Succeeded by 80:Nominated by 69: 25: 7820:1910 deaths 7815:1833 births 7729:(1994–2022) 7723:(1993–2020) 7711:(1990–2009) 7705:(1988–2018) 7699:(1986–2016) 7693:(1981–2006) 7687:(1975–2010) 7673:(1972–1987) 7667:(1970–1994) 7661:(1967–1991) 7659:T. Marshall 7655:(1965–1969) 7649:(1962–1965) 7643:(1962–1993) 7637:(1958–1981) 7631:(1957–1962) 7625:(1956–1990) 7619:(1955–1971) 7613:(1949–1956) 7607:(1949–1967) 7601:(1945–1958) 7595:(1943–1949) 7593:W. Rutledge 7589:(1941–1954) 7583:(1941–1942) 7577:(1940–1949) 7571:(1939–1975) 7565:(1939–1962) 7563:Frankfurter 7559:(1938–1957) 7553:(1937–1971) 7547:(1932–1938) 7541:(1930–1945) 7527:(1923–1930) 7521:(1923–1939) 7515:(1922–1938) 7509:(1916–1922) 7503:(1916–1939) 7497:(1914–1941) 7491:(1912–1922) 7485:(1911–1916) 7479:(1911–1937) 7465:(1910–1914) 7459:(1906–1910) 7453:(1903–1922) 7447:(1902–1932) 7441:(1898–1925) 7435:(1896–1909) 7421:(1893–1895) 7415:(1892–1903) 7409:(1891–1906) 7403:(1890–1910) 7397:(1888–1893) 7391:(1882–1893) 7385:(1882–1902) 7379:(1881–1889) 7373:(1881–1887) 7367:(1877–1911) 7361:(1873–1882) 7355:(1870–1892) 7349:(1870–1880) 7343:(1863–1897) 7337:(1862–1877) 7331:(1862–1890) 7325:(1862–1881) 7319:(1858–1881) 7313:(1853–1861) 7307:(1851–1857) 7301:(1846–1870) 7295:(1845–1851) 7289:(1845–1872) 7283:(1842–1860) 7277:(1838–1852) 7271:(1837–1865) 7265:(1836–1841) 7259:(1835–1867) 7253:(1830–1844) 7247:(1829–1861) 7241:(1826–1828) 7235:(1823–1843) 7229:(1812–1845) 7223:(1811–1835) 7217:(1807–1826) 7211:(1807–1823) 7205:(1804–1834) 7199:(1800–1804) 7193:(1798–1829) 7187:(1796–1811) 7181:(1793–1806) 7175:(1792–1793) 7169:(1790–1799) 7163:(1790–1795) 7157:(1789–1798) 7151:(1790–1810) 7142:J. Rutledge 7039:Earl Warren 6304:November 8, 6148:November 8, 6087:: 202–206. 6052:November 8, 5891:November 8, 5865:(1): 7–26. 5757:November 8, 5660:(4): 5–33. 5528:: 181–257. 5142:: 190–223. 5059:(1): 9–20. 4963:: 389–418. 4849:: 303–414. 4609:November 8, 4353:: 109–110. 3399:November 8, 3114:November 8, 2892:November 8, 2654:February 9, 1909:Fuller Park 1848:Progressive 1840:revisionist 1586:Philippines 1582:Puerto Rico 1520:Waite Court 1326:injunctions 1292:engaged in 1278:involved a 1227:Lochner era 1087:Sherman Act 1017:impeachment 735:George Gray 638:, whom the 579:Confederacy 467:. In 2021, 434:territories 424:and upheld 398:Sherman Act 324:revisionist 92:Preceded by 7809:Categories 7769:K. Jackson 7587:R. Jackson 7539:O. Roberts 7513:Sutherland 7495:McReynolds 7419:H. Jackson 7389:Blatchford 7209:Livingston 7203:W. Johnson 7191:Washington 7173:T. Johnson 6760:1888–1910 6733:Wikisource 6296:: 101–03. 4733:August 16, 4574:August 16, 4312:August 28, 3986:August 16, 3736:August 18, 3699:August 16, 3420:. Boston: 1942:References 1501:poll taxes 1427:See also: 1404:Ed Johnson 1331:In re Debs 1225:See also: 1215:federalism 1063:flat taxes 979:direct tax 934:See also: 930:Income tax 903:See also: 820:See also: 765:Copperhead 731:Anglophile 475:Early life 184:Democratic 134:1833-02-11 7757:Kavanaugh 7739:Sotomayor 7678:Rehnquist 7629:Whittaker 7075:1986–2005 7059:1969–1986 7043:1953–1969 7027:1946–1953 7011:1941–1946 6995:1930–1941 6979:1921–1930 6963:1910–1921 6947:1888–1910 6931:1874–1888 6915:1864–1873 6899:1836–1864 6883:1801–1835 6867:1796–1800 6835:1789–1795 6666:April 22, 6495:August 3, 6342:April 26, 6334:: 37–58. 6229:April 26, 6042:145215355 5991:225605782 5881:148732719 5806:March 16, 5747:148549941 5733:: 21–38. 5682:130446696 5488:April 20, 5439:April 20, 5429:313219951 5361:August 5, 5348:0010-1958 5302:August 5, 5262:August 5, 5203:August 3, 5150:August 3, 5022:145390453 4971:April 26, 4871:147074451 4808:April 26, 4800:: 15–24. 4462:April 26, 4423:March 28, 4127:April 26, 4119:: 45–60. 4085:March 16, 4065:CUA Press 3945:250101451 3560:150973582 3495:Tax Notes 3389:144943526 3176:Routledge 3153:March 16, 2798:March 15, 2748:March 15, 2594:April 20, 2563:March 16, 2517:April 26, 2440:Macmillan 2362:March 28, 1453:Louisiana 1416:lynch mob 1033:Pollock's 1001:precedent 946:dunce cap 836:president 773:Juilliard 573:When the 402:antitrust 355:Civil War 270:Signature 251:Education 70:In office 7721:Ginsburg 7691:O'Connor 7665:Blackmun 7647:Goldberg 7641:B. White 7501:Brandeis 7483:J. Lamar 7426:E. White 7395:L. Lamar 7377:Matthews 7317:Clifford 7311:Campbell 7293:Woodbury 7275:McKinley 7233:Thompson 7185:S. Chase 7179:Paterson 6831:John Jay 6660:Archived 6630:April 8, 6624:Archived 6597:March 1, 6591:Archived 6564:March 6, 6558:Archived 6531:March 2, 6525:Archived 6462:March 1, 6456:Archived 6422:Archived 6400:(eds.). 6378:March 1, 6372:Archived 6336:Archived 6298:Archived 6260:Archived 6223:Archived 6209:(1951). 6191:March 3, 6142:Archived 6111:March 3, 6105:Archived 6073:(1951). 6046:Archived 6001:March 3, 5995:Archived 5939:March 3, 5933:Archived 5885:Archived 5800:Archived 5782:(1993). 5751:Archived 5695:March 3, 5686:Archived 5674:27501851 5627:March 3, 5622:23736226 5581:March 3, 5576:20722465 5536:March 3, 5530:Archived 5482:Archived 5464:(2002). 5433:Archived 5413:(1922). 5379:(1992). 5320:(1982). 5296:Archived 5256:Archived 5224:(1990). 5197:Archived 5144:Archived 5110:April 8, 5104:Archived 5067:March 3, 5061:Archived 5014:27553046 4965:Archived 4935:57560611 4927:20027958 4904:Daedalus 4876:March 3, 4835:(1998). 4802:Archived 4782:(1997). 4727:Archived 4641:Archived 4603:Archived 4568:Archived 4515:(1999). 4497:March 3, 4491:Archived 4456:Archived 4417:Archived 4377:March 3, 4371:Archived 4339:(1996). 4306:Archived 4274:(1987). 4256:March 3, 4250:Archived 4230:(2005). 4209:March 3, 4200:Archived 4121:Archived 4079:Archived 4033:Archived 3980:Archived 3894:March 3, 3888:Archived 3838:March 3, 3833:24443014 3775:(2003). 3730:Archived 3693:Archived 3632:Archived 3605:March 3, 3599:Archived 3570:March 3, 3564:Archived 3509:March 3, 3500:Archived 3393:Archived 3290:March 3, 3242:March 3, 3236:Archived 3196:April 8, 3190:Archived 3147:Archived 3108:Archived 3084:(1998). 3063:March 3, 3057:Archived 3025:(2000). 3007:March 3, 3001:Archived 2969:(1980). 2951:July 31, 2945:Archived 2941:40041345 2913:(2006). 2886:Archived 2878:Yearbook 2844:March 3, 2838:Archived 2792:Archived 2778:CQ Press 2742:Archived 2683:Archived 2648:Archived 2624:July 10, 2618:Archived 2588:Archived 2557:Archived 2535:(2008). 2511:Archived 2458:March 3, 2452:Archived 2356:Archived 2310:45219167 2170:March 3, 2164:Archived 2142:(1995). 1897:See also 1726:mustache 1681:ensured 1637:polygamy 1584:and the 1528:Williams 1510:Williams 1382:official 1356:contempt 1280:New York 1262:Allgeyer 1117:New Deal 540:Democrat 451:New Deal 343:Democrat 329:Born in 318:and the 243:Children 44:Fuller, 7763:Barrett 7751:Gorsuch 7703:Kennedy 7685:Stevens 7635:Stewart 7623:Brennan 7569:Douglas 7545:Cardozo 7525:Sanford 7439:McKenna 7433:Peckham 7353:Bradley 7263:Barbour 7251:Baldwin 7239:Trimble 7167:Iredell 7149:Cushing 6686:AP News 6428:July 2, 6186:1373198 5356:1122071 4863:3109701 4302:1122721 4029:1599519 3913:(ed.). 3884:1073233 3671:(ed.). 3552:1123374 3485:Pollock 3361:Pollock 3285:1321669 3053:1600454 2507:1069773 2448:8989401 1870:. 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