Memorial (society)

1373: 1344: 1372: 1149:. Decades later, and thirty years after the 1992 presidential edict, the researchers were filing cases in the courts to pressure regional branches of the FSB to release documents about the Great Terror over 80 years earlier. Krivenko was an academic and a founding member of Memorial, while Prudovsky began by researching the fate of his grandfather and has spent the last ten years on a wide-ranging study of political repression in the 1930s. 4327: 1145:. This demanded that all legislative acts and other documentation that "served as the basis for mass repressive measures and violations of human rights" should be declassified and made publicly available within three months. The Great Terror involved "crimes against humanity" and was therefore subject to no statute of limitation. In 1968, the USSR acceded to the UN 997:, for its work in documenting violations of human rights in Russia and other former states in the USSR. Quoting the RLA jury: "for showing, under very difficult conditions, and with great personal courage, that history must be recorded and understood, and human rights respected everywhere if sustainable solutions to the legacy of the past are to be achieved." 1327:(ECHR) in Strasbourg. The Research & Information Centre at Petersburg Memorial declared that it would continue its work and projects but "did not intend to mark all its publications with such a stamp", designating it a foreign agent. It informed, "all interested persons that RIC Memorial's public activities would be continued by the Joffe Foundation". 896:, executed in 1937 and 1938. In 2016, the Russian government attempted to revise this account, claiming that among the dead were Soviet POWs shot by invading Finns in 1941–1944. Memorial representatives challenged both the motivation behind this claim and the purported new evidence intended to support it. 782:

guards were shot dead. Both titles contain an introduction on the crime and the exhumations, and a roll-call of the respective victims with biogram and picture, where available. They are based on analogous Polish publications, but include additional information on the Katyn Massacre and expanded biograms.

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Memorial International's designation as a "foreign agent" was part of the State's ongoing battle with NGOs and civil society. By autumn 2019, Memorial and its new chairman, Yan Rachinsky, faced fines of 3,700,000 roubles for infringing the terms of the foreign agent law: a sum that was raised through

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On 20 March 2009, the city's Dzerzhinsky district court ruled that the December 2008 search and confiscation of 12 HDDs were carried out with procedural violations; the actions of law enforcement bodies were illegal. Eventually, the 12 hard drives, plus optical discs and some papers, were returned to

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in April and May 1940. The result of this research are four publications on the murders, all edited by Gurianov: one volume on Katyn, where NKVD officers murdered at least 4,400 regular army officers and reserve officers; and three volumes on Kalinin, were 6,300 policemen and prison guards and border

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Memorial was founded on 26–28 January 1989 as a "historical and educational" society at a conference held in the Moscow Aviation Institute. Two years later a distinct Memorial Civil Rights Defense Center was also set up. In a random poll conducted on the streets of Moscow, respondents named many whom

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According to the 2012 foreign agent law, "groups must register with the Justice Ministry as “foreign agents” if they receive even a minimal amount of funding from any foreign sources, governmental or private, and engage in 'political activity'". The first part of Memorial to be declared a "foreign

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and their families. Between 1987 and 1990, while the USSR was still in existence, 23 branches of the society were established. When the Soviet Union collapsed, branches of Memorial in Ukraine remained affiliated to the Russian network. Some of the oldest branches of Memorial in northwest and central

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In 2005, Memorial's database contained records of more than 1,300,000 victims of political repression in the Soviet Union. First issued as a CD, by 2020 the fifth edition of the database was available online and held over three million entries of those shot, imprisoned or deported during the Soviet

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ordered the International Memorial Society and its regional branches to close because it had violated the 2012 foreign agent law. During the court hearing, state prosecutor Zhafyarov accused Memorial of "creating a false image of the Soviet Union as a terrorist state" and "making us repent for the

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On 11 November 2021, the Russian Prosecutor General's Office announced that it had submitted a lawsuit to the Supreme Court, seeking to close Memorial International over violations of the Russian foreign agent law. The following day, it became known that the Moscow City Prosecutor's Office filed a

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Since 1999, Memorial has organised an annual competition for secondary school students around the theme of "The Individual and History: Russia in the 20th century". It received between 1,500 and 2,000 entries each year. Authors of the 40 best contributions are invited to Moscow to attend a special

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with hostile chants. Memorial staff called the police, but by the time the officers arrived most of the intruders had dispersed, and police led away the three who remained. Then, without explanation, the police shut the people who had been watching the film in the Memorial building and held them

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The growing list of prisoners of conscience and political prisoners in Russia (the Memorial Human Rights Centre issued a list of 377 names on 9 November 2021) reflected the link always drawn by Memorial between past atrocities and present-day violations of human rights. This referred, on the one

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for further information), and faced with a need to update the information (and the technology), it was decided to create a map of the burial grounds, graveyards and commemorative sites across Russia. Launched in Russian in 2016, an English-language version, "Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the

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In the 1990s, Memorial researchers gained access to central FSB archives and many significant documents about collectivisation, the Gulag and the Great Terror were found and published. Outside the capital, the situation across the country varied considerably. After the third-term re-election of

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On 29 December 2021, HRC Memorial as a legal entity in Russia was closed and liquidated by the Moscow City Court as violating the "Foreign Agent" Law. On 5 April 2022, the Russian Court of Appeal confirmed the dissolution. Some of Memorial's human rights activities continued in Russia. Memorial

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Another project is the "Open List" database, created in several languages of the former Soviet Union (Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian and Belarusian) to encourage relatives and descendants of those shot, imprisoned and deported to contribute information about the victims and their families. This

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A significant juncture in Memorial's development was its Moscow conference on 29–30 October 1988. After the failure of officialdom to force the postponement of the conference, it gathered 338 delegates from 57 cities and towns. In a report to the Politburo dated 16 November the new KGB head,

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On 31 December 2021, a joint statement was released by the European Union, the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom criticising the Russian courts' decisions to shut Memorial and calling on Russia "to uphold its international human rights obligations and commitments".

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within the Soviet Union; Sakharov became the first Memorial chairman. The exiled Solzhenitsyn was also named but he declined the invitation, saying he could do little to help from abroad; in private, he told Sakharov that the scope of the project should not be restricted to the

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in Moscow, said, "This outrageous police raid shows the poisonous climate for non-governmental organisations in Russia This is an overt attempt by the Russian government to silence critical voices". Academics from all over the world signed an open letter to then-President

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Memorial's creation was a response to growing public awareness of historic abuses within the Soviet Union (USSR) during the 1980s, as well as concern about contemporary human rights, especially in certain hotspots around the USSR. This took place within the context of

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In its 2015 annual "foreign agent" audit, Russia's Ministry of Justice accused the Memorial Human Rights Centre of "undermining the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation" and of calling for "a change of political regime" in the country.

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Memorial organized assistance, both legal and financial, for the victims of the Gulag. It conducts research into the history of political repression and shares the findings in books, articles, exhibitions, museums, and the websites of its member organizations.

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In eastern and southern Ukraine, as noted earlier (§), Memorial organisations set up during the late Soviet period have remained affiliated with the Russian network. A noted centre for work both on historical materials and current human rights concerns is the

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agent" was its Moscow-based Human Rights Centre in July 2014. The following year, the Ministry of Justice designated the Research & Information Centre at St. Petersburg Memorial, two Memorial organisations in Yekaterinburg and another one in Ryazan "

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Memorial Germany was founded in 1993 in Berlin to support the organization in Russia. Over time it has become an independent human rights organization based in Germany. Memorial Italia has been operating since 2004. Memorial Belgium was founded in 2007.

928:) in the USSR from 1968 to 1983. All of its 63 issues were also translated into English and published abroad. Western observers and scholars considered it to be a key source of trustworthy information about human rights in the post-Stalin Soviet Union. 497:

Secretaries of several creative unions (architects, designers, artists and filmmakers) were present as potential trustees of the proposed organization. More radical voices were also heard, including those of the Moscow Popular Front, the newly founded

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of being behind the murder, and claimed that Kadyrov had openly threatened her. Kadyrov denied his involvement and sued Memorial for defamation, naming Orlov specifically in his complaint. Several years later the case was yet to be resolved.

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containing 20 years of research. The information was being used to develop "a universally accessible database with hundreds of thousands of names." Director Irina Flige thought Memorial was being targeted because it was on the wrong side of

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there for hours, late into the night. Everyone was forced to provide full personal details from their passports, their residential address and phone number, as well as information about their education, workplace, and work title.

955:, and the struggle of its citizens to preserve their cultural identity in the face of military raids and enforced disappearances by the Russian army and 'guerilla' fighters. The 25-minute film was produced in collaboration with 2655:"Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 2. Биограммы польских военнопленных. М-Я" 2603:

Those Killed in Kalinin, buried in Mednoye. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War - Prisoners of the Ostashkov Soviet NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940

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2629:"Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Том 1. Биограммы военнопленных : А-Л" 1385:

lawsuit with the Moscow City Court requesting the closure of the Memorial Human Rights Centre. The lawsuits would be heard on 26 and 23 November, respectively. More than 120,000 people signed a petition to save the group.

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In July 1997, a joint expedition of the St. Petersburg and Karelian Memorial Societies led by Dmitriev, Irina Flige, and Veniamin Joffe found 236 common graves containing the bodies of at least 6,000 victims of Stalin–era

1369:, then the organisation's many branches would have to re-register and thereafter restore contacts with one another across the country. In January 2015, the Court announced that it would not uphold the Ministry's request. 1105:, stated that the recipients "have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human rights abuses and the abuse of power", however the committee stated that the choice was not made against Putin, who launched an 1320:". On 4 October 2016, the law requiring organizations that accepted funds from abroad and engaged in "political activities" to register and declare themselves as a "foreign agent" was applied to Memorial International. 686:. Over the next thirty years this date was adopted across Russia: by 2016 annual events were held on 30 October at 103 of the 411 burial grounds and commemorative sites included on the "Russia's Necropolis" website. 343:. Although the focus of affiliated groups differs from region to region, they share similar concerns about human rights, documenting the past, educating young people and marking remembrance days for the victims of 2681:"Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года. Tом 3. Что мы знаем о Медном" 319:, especially in conflict zones in and around modern Russia. A movement rather than a unitary system, as of December 2021 Memorial encompassed over 50 organizations in Russia and 11 in other countries, including 1183:

in 2012, civil society as a whole and Memorial, in particular, were increasingly out of favour. Memorial's chronicling of historic purges frequently conflicted with Putin's attempts to venerate Soviet history.

761:, the Memorial Polish programme researched the mass executions of nearly 22,000 Polish military officers and soldiers, policemen, officials, intelligentsia and others conducted at Stalin's order by the NKVD in 2566:

Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War - Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Central Committee of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940

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It became much harder for human rights activists to act impartially during the second Chechen conflict (1999–2005). Memorial's office in Grozny was frequently raided by the authorities. Memorial activist

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Those Killed in Katyn. The Memorial Book of Polish Prisoners of War - Prisoners of the Kozelsk NKVD Camp, Shot Dead at the Order of the Politburo of the Bolshevic Communist Party from 5 March 1940 Onwards

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spent days in Grozny under bombardment by federal aviation. They moved between the two sides of the conflict, searching for the missing and arranging exchanges of those killed during the fighting.

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Moscow Memorial was among the organisations that persuaded the Russian authorities to follow the long-standing dissident tradition of marking 30 October each year, transforming it into an official

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newspaper. Memorial denied any link to the publication. Some human rights lawyers in Russia speculated that the raid was a retaliation for the St. Petersburg Memorial screening of the banned film

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Soviet past, instead of remembering glorious history probably because someone is paying for it". A lawyer for Memorial said it would appeal against the decision in both Russian courts and the

1428:(ECHR), ordering the Russian government to halt the abolition of the two organisations. As of December 2021, both organisations were party to a pre-existing ECHR complaint concerning the 1038:, a board member of Memorial, commented that the prize represents "much-needed moral support at a difficult time for rights activists in Russia". A cash reward, which comes with the prize, of 374:. The label was extended in November 2015 to the Research & Information Centre at St. Petersburg Memorial, and on 4 October 2016 to Memorial International itself. On 28 December 2021, the 876:

At the Kovalevsky Woods near St. Petersburg, Memorial attempted to construct a National Memorial Museum Complex to commemorate the 4,500 victims who were killed and buried there during the

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Ubity v Kalinine, zakhoroneny v Mednom. kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh - uznikov Ostashskogo lagera NKVD SSSR, Passtrelannykh po Resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda

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Memorial HRC and International Memorial disputed this designation of their status in the courts and, having exhausted such legal recourse with the Russian judicial system, applied to the

475: 5952: 494:, observed that 66% of the delegates came from Moscow and the Moscow Region. Kryuchkov decried "provocative statements" made by dissidents and young activists during the two-day event. 3691:

tr. "She said that Kadyrov threatened her, literally said: "Yes, my hands are covered in blood up to the elbows. And I am not ashamed of this. I have killed and will kill bad people.""

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Memorial was planning to continue the project and publish a volume on the Katyn Massacre committed at the Kharkov Regional Directorate of the NKVD, however the events after 2019 (the

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ordered Memorial International to close for violations of the foreign agent law. A lawyer for Memorial said it would appeal. The Memorial Human Rights Centre was ordered shut by the

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According to Orlov, "Я знаю, я уверен в том, кто виновен в убийстве Наташи Эстемировой. Мы все этого человека знаем. Зовут его Рамзан Кадыров, это президент Чеченской республики". (

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in the country. Three days later, Memorial suspended its activities in Chechnya, stating "We cannot risk the lives of our colleagues even if they are ready to carry on their work."

1094: 399: 4976: 2599:Убиты в Калинине, захоронены в Медном. Книга памяти польских военнопленных – узников Осташского лагеря НКВД СССР, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро СК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года 394:

continues to operate in other countries, notably in Germany where its oldest and largest non-Russian chapter is based. In October 2022, Memorial was one of the three laureates of

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tr. "I know, I am sure who is guilty of the murder of Natasha Estemirova. We all know this person. His name is Ramzan Kadyrov, this is the President of the Chechen Republic"

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In the early 21st century, Memorial in St. Petersburg worked to create the "Virtual Gulag" Museum in order to bring together research and archives from all over the former

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in Geneva described the Russian courts' rulings as "further weaken the country's dwindling human rights community". This was followed by the application of an emergency

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V. Kryuchkov, "The provocative statements by certain participants at the conference of the Memorial Society", KGB report to the CPSU Central Committee, 16 November 1988

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was passed in July 2012, Memorial came under increasing government pressure. On 21 July 2014, the Memorial Human Rights Centre was declared a "foreign agent" by the

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which led to increased government transparency and tolerance of civil society. An earlier statement of the goals later pursued by the Memorial Society was made by

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Later, branches of the International Memorial were also set up in the Czech Republic (2016) and most recently a French branch came into existence in April 2020.

288:'s reign. Subsequently, it expanded the scope of its research to cover the entire Soviet period. Memorial is the recipient of numerous awards, among others the 5805: 5650: 3680:"Она рассказывала, что Кадыров ей угрожал, говорил буквально: "Да, у меня руки по локоть в крови. И я не стыжусь этого. Я убивал и буду убивать плохих людей." 2558:

Ubity v Katyni. Kniga pamiati Polskikh voennoplennykh - uznikov Kozelskogo lagera NKVD, rasstrelannykh po resheniyu Politbiuro TsK VKP(b) ot 5 Marta 1940 Goda

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Russia, the Urals and Siberia later developed websites documenting independent local research and published the crimes of the Soviet regime in their region.

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Democracy Defender Award, jointly with Ukrainian Human Rights Centre ZMINA, for courageous and important efforts to promote human rights and democracy.

3365: 2561:Убиты в Катыни. Книга памяти польских военнопленных - узников Козельского лагеря НКВД, расстрелянных по решению Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) от 5 марта 1940 года 5706: 697:

Throughout its existence, but particularly since 2012, the International Memorial Society has widened its range of activities. Today these include the

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said, "Unfortunately, this action against Memorial is not an isolated instance of pressure against freedom of association and expression in Russia".

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said that the assembly hoped "to contribute to ending the circle of fear and violence surrounding human rights defenders in the Russian Federation".

893: 474:. Their concept included a monument, a museum, an archive, and a library. An "all-Union informal movement" organized and submitted a petition to the 3850: 3472: 651:

To assist the formation of public awareness based on the values of democracy and law, to extirpate totalitarian patterns , and to firmly establish

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The launch of the online version was held at Memorial's office in Karetny. Many former editors of the underground publication attended, including

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on 29 December 2021; state prosecutors accused it of breaching the foreign agent law and supporting terrorism and extremism. On the same day, the

1864: 670:; the fifth version contains over three million names, although Memorial estimated that 75% of victims had not yet been identified and recorded. 447:, the opening of all secret police archives relating to the past, and the organization of an international tribunal to examine the crimes of the 354:

years of the late 1980s, to document the crimes against humanity committed in the USSR during the 20th century and help surviving victims of the

1529: 5875: 3753: 861:, noting their state of preservation, monuments and ceremonies, and whether they have protected status. It includes the killing fields of the 6421: 5169: 4902: 4030: 3382: 1001: 478:(CPSU) in 1988, and that body supported Politburo proposals for the creation of a monument to the victims of political repression during the 4144: 2160: 705:

excursions and exhibitions, the society has organised similar educational ventures about the Soviet era in Moscow and other Russian cities.

4753: 3425: 3293:"Denmark and OSCE-partner countries honours Human Rights Centre ZMINA and Memorial Human Rights Centre with 2022 Democracy Defender Award" 3062: 742:. To date, 26 collections of winning entries have been published: the majority of these can be found on the "Lessons of History" website. 2713: 1362: 1129:

In April 2021, Memorial researchers Sergei Krivenko and Sergei Prudovsky published a study of the "national" operations conducted by the

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which had been distributed in the Soviet Union. Appearing at irregular intervals during the year, it was circulated in typescript form (

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Activists linked to Memorial played a key role during the first Chechen conflict (1994–1996) when Russia's human rights ombudsman

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hand, to hotspots around the Soviet Union and Russia, the two wars in Chechnya, conflicts with neighbouring countries, especially

6431: 5321: 3080: 2381:[Memory, speak! What does Memorial do – an organisation that is carefully monitored by the Prosecutor General's Office]. 5699: 3557: 947:

Memorial has funded or helped to produce various publications and films related to human rights. This included the documentary

2465: 1555: 588:. Memorial was not formally recognized until 1990 when the organization acquired official status. On 19 April 1992, after the 6228: 6118: 5847: 2611: 2578: 2041: 982: 219: 4372: 4176: 1961: 1028: 4096: 3141: 1722: 540:, future chairman (1998–2017) of International Memorial, as particularly outspoken. Memorial should become an heir to the 4395: 4331: 3814: 3002: 1670: 822:: the book on Katyn in 2015, on the 75th anniversary; and the three volumes on Mednoye on the 80th anniversary, in 2019. 718:

expanded sources of information beyond the case files kept on individuals by the Soviet security services or the police.

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On 14 October 2021, around 20 men broke into the Moscow offices of Memorial and interrupted a public film screening of

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that condemned the seizure of disks and material. The United States declared itself "deeply concerned" about the raid:

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On 4 December 2008, Memorial's St. Petersburg office was raided by the authorities. Officers confiscated 11 computer

1072: 512:. Members of the Moscow Action Group of Memorial were among the radicals. The conference was addressed by dissidents 1694: 508: 4260: 2680: 2654: 2628: 1405: 1106: 667: 479: 281: 3108: 4832: 4450: 1404:

In February 2024, Memorial's co-chair, Oleg Orlov, was sentenced to two years in prison having been convicted of

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Disrupted by the 2008 seizure in St. Petersburg of much of the materials on which the project was based (see

63: 3134:"Chechnyan President forces Victor Gollancz Prize-winner Oleg Orlov to face a court hearing (Archived copy)" 2279: 1281:

on 15 July 2009. BBC reporters suggested her death was connected to her investigations of government-backed

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they thought suitable candidates for the Memorial Society's board of trustees. The second most popular was

371: 1893:[after the liquidation, "Memorial" announced the start of a new project] (in Russian). Коммерсантъ 6391: 6376: 5229: 3482: 1201:, specifically the idea "that Stalin and the Soviet regime were successful in creating a great country". 1009: 830: 4130: 3934: 1335:

crowdfunding. In 2020, Memorial submitted a complaint to the ECHR about excessive fines and harassment.

985:, an affiliate organisation since February 1989, which today runs the "Human Rights in Ukraine" portal. 5309: 4510: 3876: 1451: 866: 1147:

Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity

6128: 5756: 3216: 2379:"Память, говори! Чем занимается "Мемориал" — организация, которую тщательно проверяет Генпрокуратура" 1429: 1317: 1102: 819: 585: 499: 483: 367: 269: 17: 6138: 3950: 3217:"Лех Валенса выдвинул Международный "Мемориал" на Нобелевскую Премию Мира – Права человека в России" 2903: 6296: 5725: 3539: 2556: 1137:, 1937–1938. Examining the available documents, they noted that the FSB, successor to the NKVD and 581: 277: 5181: 5161: 4153: 3726: 2169: 2110: 2059: 1913: 873:

peasant families and then Poles, Lithuanians and others were deported in their tens of thousands.

596:, a "historical, educational, human rights and charitable society", with organizations in several 390:

instructing Russia to halt the forced dissolution of Memorial, pending the outcome of litigation.

5971: 5911: 5076: 1389: 375: 304: 3935:"Memorial faces the courts; an appeal to the ECHR", International Memorial News, 29 October 2020 3433: 2214: 1273:(1958–2006), investigated murders and abductions in Chechnya until she herself was kidnapped in 857:

Gulag" followed in August 2021. This resource documents over 400 sites, some dating back to the

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Prior to its dissolution in Russia in early 2022, it consisted of two separate legal entities,

293: 179: 59: 3679: 2821: 2033: 2018: 1962:"The deportation of Solzhenitsyn", A Chronicle of Current Events (32.1, item 12), 17 July 1974 1556:"Russian court shuts down Memorial Human Rights Center, day after sister group ordered closed" 5501: 5133: 4745: 4486: 4346:(Joffe Foundation). A select directory of burial grounds and commemorative sites (in English) 2239:

A.N. Alexeyev, "Memorial has existed for a quarter of a century", Cogita!ru, 15 February 2013

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A.N. Alexeyev, "Memorial has existed for a quarter of a century", Cogita!ru, 15 February 2013

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school academy and the awards ceremony. The jury has been headed in the past by Otto Sigurd,

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Catriona Bass, "A national museum to the victims of Stalinist repression: words not deeds?"

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They included former dissidents Dmitry Leonov and Vyacheslav Igrunov, unofficial historian

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To promote the truth about the historical past and perpetuate the memory of the victims of

448: 406:, for their efforts in "document war crimes, human rights abuses, and the abuse of power". 344: 191: 185: 6162: 2881: 8: 6300: 6144: 6088: 4422: 3327: 2874:"Friday Night 04.27.07 – Human Rights Advocacy in Chechnya: Job or Sacrifice? – 04.27.07" 2533: 2432:"The Victims of War and Repression complex, Ryazan (Central Russia)", Russia's Necropolis 1865:"Historic Russian Human Rights Center Closes, Warns of "Return to the Totalitarian Past"" 1473: 210: 6016: 5313: 5261: 4956: 4694: 6249: 5568: 4894: 4820: 4737: 4632: 4466: 4458: 3979:[Memorial complained to the ECHR about fines under the law on foreign agents]. 3789: 3731: 3163: 1652: 1365:

in an application to the Supreme Court. If Memorial was closed, commented its chairman

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and to commemorate and record the existence of the Gulag and the lives of its inmates.

597: 570: 491: 216:"The Guardian of National Memory" Award from Polish Institute of National Memory (2012) 73: 1012:

in the Russian Federation, as well as refugees from Africa, Asia and the Middle East.

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The first calls for the closure of Memorial were made in 2014 by Minister of Justice

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In 2004, the Memorial Human Rights Centre (HRC) was among the four recipients of the

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Some of these goals became feasible in the late 1980s when several activists such as

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The raid was supposedly related to a xenophobic article in a June 2007 issue of the

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Memorial worked on the law "On Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression".

264: 6076: 5090: 4430: 6324: 6320: 6308: 6240: 6190: 6176: 6124: 5890: 5836: 5793: 5642: 5509: 5412: 5237: 5125: 5102: 5082: 4655: 4610: 4203: 3953:[Memorial – Trials over Memorials. A complaint was filed with the ECHR]. 3909: 3818: 3686: 3561: 3164:"Memorial Awarded 2012 'Custodian of National Memory' Prize – HRO.org in English" 3006: 2469: 2283: 2195: 2111:

KGB report on Memorial conference to the CPSU Central Committee, 16 November 1988

2076: 2029: 2013: 1981: 1674: 1462: 1397:(ECHR) in Strasbourg, which has jurisdiction over Russia. The following day, the 1366: 1258: 1227: 1090: 1050: 936: 818:

Both titles were launched on 17 September, to the date on the anniversary of the

645: 561: 553: 537: 521: 467: 403: 151: 145: 95: 6102: 4878: 3645: 3623: 3595: 3408: 3048: 3018: 2836: 2496: 2446:"Korkino village (Siberia), burial of Great Terror victims", Russia's Necropolis 1680:, Russian Federation Ministry of Justice (in Russian), accessed 28 December 2021 6338: 6255: 6112: 6092: 6070: 6064: 6046: 6006: 5994: 5631: 5520: 5442: 5375: 5301: 5273: 5269: 5145: 5121: 5049: 4948: 4932: 4582: 4359: 3085: 2378: 2080: 2025: 1300: 1292: 1250: 1235: 1180: 1167: 1020: 932: 870: 747: 613: 574: 513: 459: 455: 197: 157: 6040: 6028: 5221: 5094: 5027: 3811: 3339: 2996: 1789:"As Russia shutters respected NGOs, European Court of Human Rights intervenes" 1667: 1580: 6370: 6206: 6168: 6132: 6058: 5684: 5590: 5505: 5337: 5325: 5289: 5285: 5153: 4964: 4851: 4721: 4671: 4490: 4442: 4083: 3888: 3580: 3575: 3477: 2517: 1999: 1925: 1421: 1377: 1142: 722: 633: 387: 308: 285: 111: 6082: 5963: 4177:"As the Kremlin Revises History, a Human Rights Champion Becomes a Casualty" 3812:"The Register of foreign agent NGOs", Russian Federation Ministry of Justice 3081:"Russische Publizistin Scherbakowa erhält Ossietzky-Preis | DW | 4 May 2014" 1343: 1071:

In 2012, Memorial was awarded the Custodian of National Memory prize by the

6276: 6259: 6232: 6194: 5884: 5830: 5824: 5769: 5479: 5438: 5401: 5390: 5353: 5281: 5197: 5060: 4859: 4812: 4518: 4418: 4355: 4204:"Ukraine war: Russian human rights campaigner Oleg Orlov sentenced to jail" 3312: 3273:"Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian Rights Defenders Awarded Nobel Peace Prize" 2363:

For example, the Bolsheromanovka village memorial in Siberia's Altai Region

2255: 2092: 1758: 1628: 1456: 1134: 1054: 846: 762: 758: 698: 652: 580:

On 6 July 1989, Memorial organized its first public event by picketing the

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dissidents in February 1974, following the deportation of dissident writer

434: 6350: 6282: 6218: 6212: 5716: 5627: 5594: 5213: 5177: 5141: 4702: 4031:"Thugs Attack Russian Human Rights Group, Then Police Make Matters Worse" 3981: 3523: 3455: 1031: 862: 641: 441:

from the USSR. They called for publication in the USSR of Solzhenitsyn's

355: 351: 3851:"Russian Justice Ministry Accuses Memorial Of Calling For Regime Change" 2855: 2409:[Memorial – Rehabilitation of victims of political repression]. 1890: 766: 6180: 6108: 6052: 5605: 5490: 5379: 4530: 3976: 3509: 1994:] (in Russian). Moscow: Chekhov Publishing Corp. pp. 101–102. 1467: 1278: 1141:, had not fulfilled the terms of a June 1992 edict issued by President 881: 877: 601: 566: 320: 115: 4231:"U.S, EU condemn decision to shut Russian human rights group Memorial" 2161:"Russia's Supreme Court orders closure of Memorial civil rights group" 1401:

announced its decision to shut down the Memorial Human Rights Centre.

1347:

Protest in defense of the Memorial in Warsaw, Poland, 21 November 2021

833:, including the closure of Memorial) made this impossible as of 2024. 5333: 4824: 2764: 2719: 1985: 1814:"Russia: Dissolution of Human Rights Center "Memorial" confirmed in…" 1754:"Russian court orders closure of country's oldest human rights group" 1193: 637: 471: 4340:(Memorial). Online database with over 3 million entries (in Russian) 4145:"'Russia's conscience' on trial as civil rights group faces closure" 3313:"Statistics of the national operations of the NKVD, 1937–1938", 2021 1723:"Russian court shuts down human rights group Memorial International" 1507:"Russian court shuts down human rights group Memorial International" 476:

19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

4208: 4110:"Russia's leading rights group says prosecutors seek to cripple it" 3727:"Chechen Leader Sues Over Accusations of Ordering Activist's Death" 3600: 3109:"Waynakh Online » Memorial Received the Victor Gollancz Prize" 2806: 2779: 2445: 2431: 2362: 1282: 1246: 1198: 952: 910: 424: 4257:"Russia: Joint Statement on Court Decisions to Liquidate Memorial" 2134: 1411: 6344: 5453: 3977:""Мемориал" пожаловался в ЕСПЧ на штрафы по закону об иноагентах" 2276: 2200: 1163: 1082:

nominated Memorial International for the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize.

956: 770: 625: 336: 328: 324: 3833: 3754:"Arsonists Torch Memorial Human Rights Office in North Caucasus" 3524:

HDDs will be returned to "Memorial" in presence of the Ombudsman

3224: 2950: 2920: 2518:"Results of 22nd annual schools competition", Lessons of History 1912:

Kwai, Isabella; Engelbrecht, Cora; Ward, Euan (7 October 2022).

1008:

for its wide range of services on behalf of forced migrants and

721:

Memorial's archives have been used by historians such as Briton

4998: 4326: 1304: 1274: 1023:

of the European Union, in memory of murdered Memorial activist

884:

killing field (1937–1938) in Karelia, thanks to the efforts of

605: 536:. In a report to the Politburo, KGB head Kryuchkov singled out 340: 273: 83: 4343: 4080:"Russian Justice Ministry asks to close Memorial Rights Group" 3383:"With shutdown of Memorial, Kremlin looks to control the past" 3247:"Nobel Peace Prize to activists from Belarus, Russia, Ukraine" 2965: 2752: 2351:

A Chronicle of Current Events, chronicle-of-current-events.com

1530:"Russia shuts Memorial Human Rights Centre in 'one-two punch'" 1310: 907:

In 2008, Memorial HRC launched an online version of the noted

4058:"Russian Soviet-era remembrance group Memorial risks closure" 1891:"«Мемориал» после ликвидации объявил о старте нового проекта" 1838: 1604: 1245: 778: 529: 359: 332: 236: 4288:

Victims of Soviet terror: the story of the Memorial movement

3877:"Russia accuses human rights group of seeking regime change" 3456:"Memorial will get its property back but not its reputation" 3023:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, www.unhcr.org

2765:"Those who did not return: An overview", Russia's Necropolis 1299:

On 17 January 2018, masked arsonists set fire to Memorial's

1187: 1166:, and, on the other hand, to the regime within Russia under 899: 6412:

Non-profit organizations listed in Russia as foreign agents

3063:"Political Sakharov Prize Goes To Russian Rights Activists" 2935: 2733: 1695:"Russian Court Orders Prominent Human Rights Group to Shut" 1130: 1039: 829:

and the policy pursued by the Russian Federation after its

774: 544:

of the late Soviet period, said Roginsky, and he named the

5206:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

4099:, BBC News (Russian Service), 28 January 2015(in Russian). 3910:"Russia censures Memorial rights group as 'foreign agent'" 2780:"Kovalyovsky Woods memorial cemetery", Russia's Necropolis 2753:"Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag" (in English) 1839:"The Organization Has Been Liquidated by a Court Decision" 684:

Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions

4349: 3951:"Мемориал – Суды над «Мемориалами». Подана жалоба в ЕСПЧ" 3351: 2480: 1945: 1138: 593: 548:(1968–1982) and its compilers as a model to be emulated. 4350:

Open List of the Victims of the Soviet Regime, 1917–1991

4337: 4006:"Men disrupt screening of Ukraine famine film in Russia" 3834:

St Petersburg Memorial Research & Information Centre

2326: 1338: 1049:, a founder and staff member of Memorial, was given the 962: 241: 4352:

Moscow (in Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian and Belarusian)

2980: 2824:, 7x7: Horizontal Russia website (English translation) 2714:"Gulag files seized during police raid on rights group" 1004:(UNHCR) named Memorial HRC as the winner of the annual 666:

Its online database contains details of the victims of

307:

committed in the Soviet Union, particularly during the

16:

For other social organizations with the same name, see

4394: 3709:

Chechen leader sues rights group after activist murder

3454:

After various forms of pressure the newspaper closed.

3370:, Rights in Russia & Article 20 (October 2016) pdf 2807:"The Sandarmokh Memorial complex", Russia's Necropolis 2407:"Мемориал – Реабилитация жертв политических репрессий" 2062:: his remarks are quoted at the bottom of page three. 1505:

Chernova, Anna; Berlinger, Joshua (28 December 2021).

1528:

Osborn, Andrew; Antonov, Mikhail (29 December 2021).

1521: 701:

project and, following the example of Berlin and its

5532:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

1214:(2007), which is about the murder of Russian ex-spy 1114:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2483:(in Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian, and Belarusian). 1911: 792:(Moscow 2015), with 4 415 biograms of the victims. 4152: 2712: 2678: 2652: 2626: 2168: 2017: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 951:(2007), which focused on the village of Zumsoy in 753:Memorial had a special Polish programme headed by 5580:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 4131:"Closure of another Memorial organisation sought" 1504: 1042:50,000 was awarded to Memorial in December 2009. 592:, Memorial was reconstituted as an International 470:proposed a complex to commemorate the victims of 409: 6368: 4133:, International Memorial, news 12 November 2021. 4055: 3330:, The Dmitriev Affair website, 17 November 2021. 2822:Anna Yarovaya, "Who wants to rewrite Sandarmokh" 2738:tr. "Memory Map: Necropolis of Terror and Gulag" 1747: 1745: 1743: 1057:for her work relating to Memorial's activities. 398:, alongside Ukrainian human rights organisation 3043: 3041: 3039: 1773: 1547: 1412:International response to the threat of closure 1269:, a close colleague of the murdered journalist 1152: 708: 569:because repressive measures had begun with the 5714: 3849:Service, RFE/RL's Russian (10 November 2015). 3342:, Ivanovo News, 16 November 2021 (in Russian). 2997:2004 Right Livelihood Award: Memorial (Russia) 2936:Memorial Anti-Discrimination Centre (Brussels) 5993: 5979: 5700: 5170:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 4903:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 4380: 2344:"Political prisoner's day, 30 October 1974", 2154: 2152: 1888: 1740: 1527: 1002:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 923: 908: 422: 416: 254: 4285: 4136: 3507:['Memorial' reverted the searches]. 3036: 2055: 2053: 1692: 1093:and the Ukrainian human rights organisation 1089:along with Belarusian human rights activist 970:has branches in several European countries. 4344:Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag 3189:"'Custodian of National Memory' Prize 2012" 2328:The Victims of Political Terror in the USSR 1787:Friedman, Ingrid Burke (30 December 2021). 1648: 1646: 809:Vol. 2, "The Biograms of Polish POWs. M-Ya" 5986: 5972: 5707: 5693: 4387: 4373: 4306:Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia 4097:"Supreme Court has not abolished Memorial" 3715:, 18 July 2009. Retrieved on 19 July 2009. 3573: 3352:Memorial Human Rights Centre: Publications 2734:«Карта Памяти: Некрополь террора и Гулага» 2149: 804:Vol. 1, "The Biograms of Polish POWs. A-L" 429:(openness), policies pursued by president 5458:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4201: 4003: 2981:The Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2376: 2322: 2320: 2050: 1188:Confiscation of the digital archive, 2008 1124: 988: 692: 619: 486:in 1961 had been ignored for many years. 303:, whose purpose was the recording of the 6427:Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes 6397:Political repression in the Soviet Union 4973:International Committee of the Red Cross 4805:International Committee of the Red Cross 4762:Nansen International Office for Refugees 4568:International Committee of the Red Cross 3724: 2593: 2554: 2012: 1980: 1786: 1717: 1715: 1643: 1581:"Memorial – Structure and organisations" 1573: 1371: 1342: 6382:1989 establishments in the Soviet Union 5322:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 4338:Victims of Political Terror in the USSR 4142: 3848: 3779: 3777: 3704: 3702: 2299:"Qu'est-ce que Memorial International?" 2241:(in Russian), accessed 28 December 2021 2158: 1693:Nechepurenko, Ivan (28 December 2021). 1619: 1617: 1553: 814:Vol. 3, "What do we Know about Mednoye" 628:, Memorial pursued the following aims: 23:International human rights organisation 6369: 3785:"Russia: Government vs. Rights Groups" 3552:Memorial got back its confiscated HDDs 2698: 2606:] (in Russian). Moscow: Memorial. 2317: 2006: 1976: 1974: 1688: 1686: 1376:Protest in defense of the Memorial in 1060:In 2009, Memorial HRC was awarded the 745: 6119:Belarusian Association of Journalists 5967: 5688: 4368: 3985:(in Russian). Moscow. 20 October 2020 3874: 3497: 3340:"Hunting for the secrets of the NKVD" 2377:Bocharova, Svetlana (27 March 2013). 1712: 1339:Intimidation and order to close, 2021 983:Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group 963:International Memorial outside Russia 677: 655:in everyday politics and public life; 502:, and uncensored periodicals such as 263: 220:Pax Christi International Peace Award 6422:Organizations disestablished in 2021 4313:Gulag: A History of the Soviet camps 4202:Rosenberg, Steve (7 February 2024). 4143:Ivanova, Polina (14 December 2021). 4056:Rainsford, Sarah (30 October 2014). 4004:Tsvetkova, Maria (15 October 2021). 3774: 3699: 2159:Ivanova, Polina (28 December 2021). 1862: 1751: 1668:"The Register of foreign agent NGOs" 1614: 1119: 1029:President of the European Parliament 728: 662:carried out by totalitarian regimes. 3875:Hille, Kathrin (10 November 2015). 3578:[And the discs come back]. 3574:Belovranin, Andrzej (11 May 2009). 3401: 3049:"Russia rights group wins EU prize" 2797:opendemocracy.net, 5 November 2010. 1971: 1683: 560:in 1975 for his efforts to promote 13: 6229:Democratic Opposition in Venezuela 5558:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 5424:International Atomic Energy Agency 4837:American Friends Service Committee 4279: 3725:Schwirtz, Michael (18 July 2009). 3646:"Rights group halts Chechnya work" 3505:"'Мемориал' повернул обыск вспять" 2207: 2129:[MEMORIAL: HUMAN RIGHTS]. 1752:Roth, Andrews (28 December 2021). 624:According to its post-Soviet 1992 524:), and by the octogenarian writer 14: 6443: 6402:Commemoration of communist crimes 6387:Organizations established in 1989 5039:International Labour Organization 4319: 3624:"Russian activist found murdered" 3596:"Vow to catch Chechnya assassins" 3542:, by Sean Guillory, 31 March 2009 3194:Institute of National Remembrance 2594:Gurianov, Aleksandr, ed. (2015). 2555:Gurianov, Aleksandr, ed. (2015). 1311:"Foreign agent" status, 2014–2020 1073:Institute of National Remembrance 284:and other crimes committed under 6417:2021 disestablishments in Russia 6289:Democratic opposition in Belarus 4325: 4261:European External Action Service 4249: 4223: 4195: 4169: 4124: 4102: 4090: 4072: 4049: 4023: 3997: 3969: 3943: 3928: 3902: 3868: 3842: 3827: 3805: 3746: 3718: 3673: 1112:Memorial also received the 2022 853: 668:political repression in the USSR 480:cult of personality under Stalin 5238:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 4451:Institut de Droit International 3660: 3638: 3616: 3588: 3567: 3545: 3533: 3517: 3465: 3448: 3418: 3375: 3359: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3306: 3285: 3265: 3239: 3209: 3181: 3156: 3126: 3101: 3073: 3055: 3011: 2990: 2974: 2959: 2944: 2929: 2914: 2896: 2866: 2849: 2830: 2815: 2800: 2788: 2773: 2758: 2746: 2727: 2672: 2646: 2620: 2587: 2548: 2526: 2511: 2497:"Stalin's new status in Russia" 2489: 2474: 2453: 2439: 2425: 2399: 2370: 2356: 2337: 2291: 2270: 2244: 2232: 2185: 2119: 2104: 2099:chronicle-of-current-events.com 2086: 2069: 2020:Moscow and Beyond, 1986 to 1989 1966:chronicle-of-current-events.com 1955: 1939: 1905: 1882: 1856: 1831: 1806: 590:dissolution of the Soviet Union 6432:Nansen Refugee Award laureates 2573:(in Russian). Moscow: Zvenia. 2215:"Memorial History. A Timeline" 1992:Gorky, Moscow, Then Everywhere 1889:Старикова, М. (7 April 2022). 1661: 1605:International Memorial website 1598: 1498: 1426:European Court of Human Rights 1395:European Court of Human Rights 1325:European Court of Human Rights 1277:and shot dead in neighbouring 1211:Rebellion: the Litvinenko Case 1173: 1085:Memorial was awarded the 2022 1066:Society for Threatened Peoples 612:), as well as in Germany, the 410:Early history and predecessors 384:European Court of Human Rights 209:"Freedom of Expression Prize" 1: 4977:League of Red Cross Societies 4503:Paul Estournelles de Constant 3957:(in Russian). 19 October 2020 3473:"Russia: raid on Memorial HQ" 3409:Stalin's new status in Russia 2857:A Chronicle of Current Events 2841:"Chronicle of current events" 2346:A Chronicle of Current Events 2094:A Chronicle of Current Events 1491: 918:A Chronicle of Current Events 901:A Chronicle of Current Events 644:and thus prevent a return to 520:(wife of dissident scientist 396:that year's Nobel Peace Prize 6035:Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 3855:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 3530:, 27 March 2009 (in Russian) 3513:(in Russian). 21 March 2008. 3462:20 January 2009 (in Russian) 2862:chronicleofcurrentevents.net 1987:Горький, Москва, далее везде 1946:Memorial Human Rights Centre 1653:"Structure and organisation" 1153:Memorial Human Rights Centre 1019:. In 2009, Memorial won the 709:Archives and online database 482:. A similar decision by the 350:Memorial emerged during the 313:Memorial Human Rights Centre 242:Memorial Human Rights Centre 7: 4308:, Granta publishers: London 4112:. Reuters. 11 November 2021 3656:– via news.bbc.co.uk. 3634:– via news.bbc.co.uk. 2971:, accessed 31 December 2021 2966:Association Mémorial France 2956:, accessed 31 December 2021 2941:, accessed 31 December 2021 2926:, accessed 31 December 2021 2837:Khronika tekushchikh sobyty 2679:Aleksandr Gurianov (2019). 2653:Aleksandr Gurianov (2019). 2627:Aleksandr Gurianov (2019). 2507:– via news.bbc.co.uk. 2303:Association Mémorial France 2198:, then chief editor of the 2116:, accessed 28 December 2021 2101:, accessed 28 December 2021 1968:, accessed 28 December 2021 1952:, accessed 28 December 2021 1611:, accessed 28 December 2021 1554:Chernova, Anna; Guy, Jack. 1439: 1010:internally displaced people 837:"Virtual Gulag" museum and 785:The four publications are: 757:. Together with the Polish 546:Chronicle of Current Events 123:Chairman of the HRC Council 10: 6448: 5806:Center for Civil Liberties 5651:Center for Civil Liberties 4511:International Peace Bureau 3368:Civil Society under Attack 2860:, April 1968 to June 1982 2839:(Хроника текущих событий, 1380:, Russia, 12 December 2021 1221:Allison Gill, director of 1218:in Great Britain in 2006. 1109:in February of that year. 1095:Centre for Civil Liberties 1015:In 2008, Memorial won the 400:Centre for Civil Liberties 317:protection of human rights 15: 6129:Reporters Without Borders 6002: 5906: 5870: 5846: 5815: 5779: 5755: 5724: 5363: 5112: 4869: 4646: 4406: 3564:, 6 May 2009 (in Russian) 3540:Memorial Vindicated Again 2468:29 September 2007 at the 2066:, accessed 9 January 2022 1655:(2018) Memorial website, 1452:Kommunarka "firing range" 1430:Russian foreign agent law 1406:"repeatedly discrediting" 1388:On 28 December 2021, the 1103:Norwegian Nobel Committee 1045:The writer and historian 820:Soviet invasion of Poland 586:Tiananmen Square Massacre 582:Chinese Embassy in Moscow 528:, an early inmate of the 484:22nd Congress of the CPSU 368:Russian foreign agent law 280:to study and examine the 270:human rights organisation 255: 232: 167: 131: 121: 105: 90: 79: 69: 55: 44:28 January 1989 40: 33: 18:Memorial (disambiguation) 6407:Sakharov Prize laureates 6297:Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya 6273:/ Andrea González (2017) 5346:Médecins Sans Frontières 4304:Cathy Merridale (2000), 2951:Memorial Česká republika 2598: 2560: 2536:. wilsoncenter.org. 2020 2348:(33.1), 10 December 1974 1474:Solovki "special" prison 1170:and his administration. 1027:. Announcing the award, 942: 795:Gurianov Aleksandr, ed. 788:Gurianov Aleksandr, ed. 402:and Belarusian activist 278:fall of the Soviet Union 225:Nobel Peace Prize (2022) 34: 4833:Friends Service Council 4311:Anne Applebaum (2003), 3168:hro.rightsinrussia.info 3051:. BBC. 22 October 2009. 3000:www.rightlivelihood.org 2463:www.rightlivelihood.org 2127:"МЕМОРИАЛ: ПРАВОЗАЩИТА" 1390:Supreme Court of Russia 376:Supreme Court of Russia 315:, which focused on the 305:crimes against humanity 282:human rights violations 100:Protecting human rights 5912:Nobel Prize recipients 5848:Physiology or Medicine 5230:UN Peacekeeping Forces 5079: (declined award) 4988:Martin Luther King Jr. 3817:6 October 2022 at the 3576:"И возвращаются диски" 3372:(via docs.google.com). 2904:"MEMORIAL Deutschland" 2481:The Open List database 2219:International Memorial 1673:6 October 2022 at the 1448:, 30 October each year 1418:UN Human Rights Office 1408:the Russian military. 1381: 1348: 1125:International Memorial 1000:In the same year, the 995:Right Livelihood Award 989:Awards and nominations 968:International Memorial 924: 909: 693:Research and education 620:Mission and activities 439:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 423: 417: 301:Memorial International 268:) is an international 237:Memorial International 180:Right Livelihood Award 5502:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 5182:Alfonso García Robles 5162:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 5134:Amnesty International 4746:Carlos Saavedra Lamas 4286:Adler, Nanci (1993). 3389:. AFP. 5 January 2022 3005:1 August 2014 at the 2924:www.memorialitalia.it 2878:www.16beavergroup.org 2204:magazine, came first. 1375: 1346: 1062:Victor Gollancz Prize 736:Svetlana Aleksiyevich 616:, Italy, and France. 466:, Dmitry Leonov, and 444:The Gulag Archipelago 421:(reconstruction) and 265:[mʲɪmərʲɪˈaɫ] 204:Victor Gollancz Prize 6355:Woman, Life, Freedom 6317:Siarhei Tsikhanouski 6293:Coordination Council 5746:Karl Barry Sharpless 5617:World Food Programme 4334:at Wikimedia Commons 4315:, Allen Lane: London 3838:www.memorial-nic.org 3685:19 July 2009 at the 2534:"Alexander Guryanov" 2282:30 June 2007 at the 2114:bukovsky-archive.com 2064:bukovsky-archive.com 1485:Topography of Terror 1416:On 29 December, the 1216:Alexander Litvinenko 1099:Berit Reiss-Andersen 1078:On 4 February 2015, 1017:Hermann Kesten Prize 1006:Nansen Refugee Award 703:Topography of Terror 660:political repression 584:in protest over the 449:Soviet secret police 345:political repression 192:Hermann Kesten Prize 186:Nansen Refugee Award 6301:Svetlana Alexievich 5298:Pugwash Conferences 4157:on 10 December 2022 3560:16 May 2009 at the 3426:"Eleven hard disks" 3415:. 27 December 2008. 3315:p. 2 (in Russian), 3227:on 24 February 2015 2969:memorial-france.org 2954:memorial-czechia.cz 2884:on 20 November 2008 2258:on 6 September 2006 2173:on 10 December 2022 2096:(Moscow), 1968–1982 2083:and Yury Samodurov. 1631:on 6 September 2006 1470:forest and memorial 1363:Aleksandr Konovalov 1107:invasion of Ukraine 839:Russia's Necropolis 831:invasion of Ukraine 372:Ministry of Justice 211:Index on Censorship 127:Alexander Cherkasov 30: 6392:Post-Soviet states 6377:Memorial (society) 5569:Juan Manuel Santos 4895:George C. Marshall 4738:Carl von Ossietzky 4633:Austen Chamberlain 4499:A. M. F. Beernaert 4467:Theodore Roosevelt 4459:Bertha von Suttner 4332:Memorial (society) 4263:. 31 December 2021 4237:. 31 December 2021 4183:. 29 December 2021 4181:The New York Times 4086:. 10 October 2014. 3790:Human Rights Watch 3732:The New York Times 3069:. 22 October 2009. 2826:dmitrievaffair.com 2811:en.mapofmemory.org 2784:en.mapofmemory.org 2769:en.mapofmemory.org 2499:. 27 December 2008 2460:FAQ about Memorial 2449:en.mapofmemory.org 2435:en.mapofmemory.org 2366:en.mapofmemory.org 2252:"Memorial Charter" 1918:The New York Times 1699:The New York Times 1625:"MEMORIAL Charter" 1446:Day of Remembrance 1382: 1349: 1271:Anna Politkovskaya 1267:Natalia Estemirova 1242:Memorial in 2009. 1223:Human Rights Watch 1101:, the head of the 1025:Natalya Estemirova 854:§ Persecution 777:and probably near 755:Aleksandr Gurianov 678:Day of Remembrance 632:To promote mature 600:(Russia, Ukraine, 598:post-Soviet states 571:October Revolution 492:Vladimir Kryuchkov 464:Vyacheslav Igrunov 74:Human rights group 28: 6364: 6363: 6333:Mikola Statkevich 6313:Veronika Tsepkalo 6305:Maria Kalesnikava 5961: 5960: 5872:Economic Sciences 5682: 5681: 5543:Kailash Satyarthi 5428:Mohamed ElBaradei 5246:Mikhail Gorbachev 4941:Philip Noel-Baker 4925:Lester B. Pearson 4887:Albert Schweitzer 4668:Ferdinand Buisson 4660:Gustav Stresemann 4539:Henri La Fontaine 4400:Nobel Peace Prize 4330:Media related to 4037:. 16 October 2021 3916:. 9 November 2015 3762:. 17 January 2018 3407:Galpin, Richard. 3366:Olga Gnezdilova, 3328:"Thirty Years On" 3281:. 7 October 2022. 2740:) launched 2016. 2613:978-5-6041921-4-6 2580:978-5-78700-123-5 2043:978-0-394-58797-4 1399:Moscow City Court 1120:Recent operations 1087:Nobel Peace Prize 1047:Irina Scherbakowa 859:Russian Civil War 827:COVID-19 pandemic 740:Ludmila Ulitskaya 729:School programmes 558:Nobel Peace Prize 509:Express Chronicle 431:Mikhail Gorbachev 380:Moscow City Court 290:Nobel Peace Prize 248: 247: 6439: 6345:Ukrainian people 6329:Stsiapan Putsila 6272: 6253: 6023:Aung San Suu Kyi 5988: 5981: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5914: 5897:Philip H. Dybvig 5740:Morten P. Meldal 5734:Carolyn Bertozzi 5709: 5702: 5695: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5664: 5662:Narges Mohammadi 5653: 5634: 5619: 5608: 5597: 5582: 5571: 5560: 5549: 5547:Malala Yousafzai 5534: 5523: 5512: 5493: 5482: 5471: 5469:Martti Ahtisaari 5460: 5445: 5430: 5415: 5404: 5393: 5382: 5356: 5348: 5340: 5328: 5316: 5314:José Ramos-Horta 5304: 5292: 5276: 5264: 5262:Rigoberta Menchú 5256: 5254:Aung San Suu Kyi 5248: 5240: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5208: 5200: 5192: 5184: 5172: 5164: 5156: 5148: 5136: 5128: 5126:Mairead Corrigan 5105: 5097: 5085: 5070: 5069: 5063: 5052: 5041: 5030: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4990: 4979: 4967: 4959: 4957:Dag Hammarskjöld 4951: 4943: 4935: 4927: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4905: 4897: 4889: 4881: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4845: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4807: 4799: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4756: 4748: 4740: 4732: 4730:Arthur Henderson 4724: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4697: 4695:Nathan Söderblom 4689: 4687:Frank B. Kellogg 4681: 4680: 4674: 4662: 4639: 4627: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4613: 4605: 4599:Hjalmar Branting 4593: 4585: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4541: 4533: 4525: 4513: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4437: 4425: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4329: 4301: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4156: 4151:. 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Archived from 3422: 3416: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3363: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3278:The Moscow Times 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3253:. 7 October 2022 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3223:. Archived from 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3140:. Archived from 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3015: 3009: 2994: 2988: 2978: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2880:. 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Archived from 2123: 2117: 2108: 2102: 2090: 2084: 2079:, and academics 2073: 2067: 2057: 2048: 2047: 2023: 2014:Sakharov, Andrei 2010: 2004: 2003: 1982:Sakharov, Andrey 1978: 1969: 1959: 1953: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1863:Chernova, Anna. 1860: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1843:Memorial Society 1835: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1784: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1749: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1690: 1681: 1665: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1627:. Archived from 1621: 1612: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1502: 1479:Solovetsky Stone 1232:State Department 927: 914: 886:Yury A. Dmitriev 556:, who had won a 500:Democratic Union 428: 420: 267: 262: 258: 257: 51: 49: 31: 27: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6357:movement (2023) 6325:Sergei Dylevsky 6321:Ales Bialiatski 6309:Volha Kavalkova 6266: 6247: 6245:Daniel Ceballos 6241:Antonio Ledezma 6125:Ladies in White 5998: 5992: 5962: 5957: 5910: 5902: 5899:(United States) 5893:(United States) 5891:Douglas Diamond 5887:(United States) 5866: 5842: 5837:Anton Zeilinger 5833:(United States) 5811: 5794:Ales Bialiatski 5775: 5751: 5748:(United States) 5736:(United States) 5720: 5713: 5683: 5678: 5673:to be announced 5667: 5656: 5643:Ales Bialiatski 5637: 5622: 5611: 5600: 5585: 5574: 5563: 5552: 5537: 5526: 5515: 5510:Tawakkol Karman 5496: 5485: 5474: 5463: 5448: 5433: 5418: 5413:Wangari Maathai 5407: 5396: 5385: 5370: 5359: 5351: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5279: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5187: 5175: 5167: 5159: 5151: 5139: 5131: 5119: 5108: 5103:Andrei Sakharov 5100: 5088: 5083:Henry Kissinger 5073: 5067: 5066: 5055: 5044: 5033: 5022: 5014: 5013: 5005: 5004: 4993: 4982: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4900: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4865: 4857: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4707:Nicholas Butler 4700: 4692: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4665: 4656:Aristide Briand 4653: 4642: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4611:Fridtjof Nansen 4608: 4603:Christian Lange 4596: 4588: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4516: 4508: 4496: 4484: 4472: 4464: 4456: 4448: 4440: 4428: 4413: 4402: 4393: 4322: 4298: 4282: 4280:Further reading 4277: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4149:Financial Times 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4078: 4077: 4073: 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2277:Memorial-Italia 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2196:Vitaly Korotich 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2165:Financial Times 2157: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2137:on 5 March 2007 2125: 2124: 2120: 2109: 2105: 2091: 2087: 2077:Arseny Roginsky 2074: 2070: 2058: 2051: 2044: 2011: 2007: 1979: 1972: 1960: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1861: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1785: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1750: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1691: 1684: 1678:unro.minjust.ru 1675:Wayback Machine 1666: 1662: 1651: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1463:Arseny Roginsky 1442: 1422:interim measure 1414: 1367:Arseny Roginsky 1341: 1313: 1259:Sergei Kovalyov 1255: 1228:Dmitry Medvedev 1190: 1176: 1155: 1127: 1122: 1091:Ales Bialiatski 1051:Ossietzky Award 991: 965: 945: 937:Alexander Lavut 905: 843: 751: 748:Katyn Massacres 731: 711: 695: 680: 646:totalitarianism 622: 562:civil liberties 554:Andrei Sakharov 542:Helsinki Groups 538:Arseny Roginsky 522:Andrei Sakharov 468:Arseny Roginsky 412: 404:Ales Bialiatski 388:interim measure 260: 240: 228: 176: 175: 163: 152:Arseny Roginsky 146:Andrei Sakharov 142: 141: 134: 124: 108: 98: 96:totalitarianism 62: 47: 45: 36: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 6445: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6256:Yon Goicoechea 6237:Leopoldo López 6226: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6188: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6122: 6116: 6113:United Nations 6106: 6100: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5995:Sakharov Prize 5991: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 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W. de Klerk 5270:Nelson Mandela 5265: 5257: 5249: 5241: 5233: 5225: 5217: 5209: 5201: 5193: 5185: 5173: 5165: 5157: 5149: 5146:Menachem Begin 5137: 5129: 5122:Betty Williams 5116: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5086: 5071: 5064: 5053: 5050:Norman Borlaug 5042: 5031: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4991: 4980: 4968: 4960: 4952: 4949:Albert Luthuli 4944: 4936: 4928: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4808: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4741: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4710: 4698: 4690: 4682: 4675: 4663: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4606: 4594: 4591:Léon Bourgeois 4586: 4583:Woodrow Wilson 4578: 4571: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4526: 4514: 4506: 4494: 4487:Klas Arnoldson 4482: 4475:Ernesto Moneta 4470: 4462: 4454: 4446: 4438: 4426: 4423:Frédéric Passy 4410: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4392: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360:NobelPrize.org 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4321: 4320:External links 4318: 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