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41:
465:
318:, but the two remained in contact until Lvov's sudden death in 1803. Meanwhile, Menelaws remained a Russian state servant of a small rank since his arrival. After Lvov's death he attempted to retire immediately, but, faced with refusal in pension benefits, preferred to remain in service until 1806. According to Anthony Cross, "the late burgeoning of Menelaws talent" probably occurred only after Lvov' death, during his work for the
326:
255:. Historians divide over his role in Menelaws career: tradition held it that Lvov promoted Menelaws, introducing him to the Crown projects, while later researchers assert that, on the contrary, Lvov's influence slowed down Menelaws career. Instead of architecture, in May 1785 Lvov engaged Menelaws and
180:
and de facto the leading architect of the Empire. Except for this final, properly evidenced, stage, life story of Adam
Menelaws remains scarcely documented and has been reconstructed by biographers based on sketchy archive data and circumstantial evidence; Menelaws still "belongs to the category of
205:
suggest that Adam
Menelaws belonged to the same family, but this opinion has not been reliably confirmed by archive research. Historians split over the year of his birth: a 1784 immigration record suggests that he arrived in Russia at the age of 35, i.e. born in or around 1748, while the funeral
279:; by 1790 the coal research team increased to 10 professionals. It is quite likely, however, that Lvov used the state-sponsored quest for coal as a cover to extract a talented architect for his own use: in 1785–1794 Menelaws was regularly involved in Lvov's construction projects. Another Scot,
239:
master". Menelaws signed for a three-year contract to build the Cold Baths near Saint
Petersburg, agreeing also to train a class of Russian craftsmen. Apparently the number of Scottish professionals was too big for Cameron, and one year later Menelaws left him and joined the service of
495:, commissioned to Menelaws, became the last, and best preserved of the architect's projects. The work started with landscaping the territory and digging two large artificial pools; after Alexander's death, Nicholas commissioned Menelaws to build his summer residence, the asymmetrical
381:'s Maryino, was laid down near Saint Peterburg in 1813. All these landscaping projects perished by the end of 19th century. Menelaws park designs always employed a Gothic ruin as a visual anchor. Menelaws was instrumental in operations of the Maryino school established by the
389:
construction. Introduction of cob technology in Russia is usually credited to Lvov, but may also be linked directly to
Menelaws's Scottish experience. Dmitry Shvidkovsky suggested that Menelaws, not Cameron, was the designer of the Razumovsky palace in
716:
Razumovskys sold
Gorenki in 1818; new owners converted the estate to a textile mill and by 1860 Menelaws' gardens were completely destroyed. The neoclassical palace was restored in 1910s, converted to a sanatorium in 1920s and survives in badly ruined
479:
Nicholas became
Menelaws' "most appreciative patron who provided him with the opportunity at a very advanced stage of life". Indeed, his most important commission, the Alexandria Park, was started when the architect was at least around 70 years old.
405:. The new plan proposed by Menelaws created an illusion of a completely novel design, yet carefully preserved the structure of a regular park shaped in the previous century; according to Lvov, Menelaws "merged the art of
206:
records of the
English church in Saint Petersburg state the year of his birth as 1756. In 1803 Menelaws asserted that he hails from a noble English family, but Russian authorities refused to honour his claim.
499:. Externally, it was more English than Gothic; Gothic influence was more obvious in the interiors designed by Menelaws. The park, laid down in English style, featured winding walkways around ponds, and had a
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in 1828. There is no other reliable evidence of his early years, education and experience prior to arriving in Russia in 1784. Members of
Menelaws family were construction contractors in
314:) and numerous members of the English and Scottish diaspora. In 1795 Menelaws began gradually separating from Lvov's service after the construction of the Saint Joseph cathedral in
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235:. All were sufficiently qualified to become professional architects or at least architect's trainees in Russia; Cameron ranked Menelaws as the one of two best stonemasons – the "
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914:(in Russian). The Philosophical Age. Almanac 6. Russia at the Time of Nicholas I: Science, Politics, Enlightenment. Ed. by T. Khartanovich, M. Mikeshin. St. Petersburg, 1998.
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361:. Historians split on the issue whether Gorenki was designed primarily by Menelaws or by Lvov. In 1801–1802 Menelaws designed and built the Razumovsky Palace in
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The
Scottish origin of Menelaws was confirmed by the architect himself to A. B. Granville, an English traveler who published a report of his journey in
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from 1784 to 1831. Menelaws achieved success in the first two decades of the 19th century as the designer of town and country residences and parks of
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909:"Adam Menelas na rossiyskoy zemle (Адам Менелас на российской земле. Возможные пути интерпретации творчества архитектора императора Николая I)"
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project. 73 craftsmen, including Adam
Menelaws, agreed to move to Russia (many took their families with them), causing a futile protest of the
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Attribution to Menelaws alone is a recent trend (e.g. Kuznetsov, p. 219); earlier, the palace was attributed to Lvov or
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three years after Menelaws' death). It was suggested that Nicholas actually planned to relocate the remains of
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413:". Menelaws designed and built 12 structures, including the Egyptian Gates and three park pavilions: the large
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Shortly before his death in 1824, Alexander I granted a 285-acre (1.15 km) lot of land on the coast of
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By the Banks of the Neva: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-century Russia
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or imports from England and Wales). In 1786 Menelaws found commercial-grade ("not inferior to that of
934:
The Empress & the Architect: British Architecture and Gardens at the Court of Catherine the Great
176:
architecture. From 1825 to 1831 Menelaws, then in his seventies, became the first house architect of
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500:
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17:
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pavilions. Elephants lived in Alexandria until 1911 and were allowed to roam free in the summer.
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857:
Cross, Anthony Glenn (1991). "In Cameron's Shadow: Adam Menelaws, Stonemason turned architect".
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617:'s immigration and death records contradict in the same fashion, with a span of 10 years.
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Shvidkovsky, Dmitry (1992). "Architect to three emperors. Adam Menelas in Russia".
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providing living quarter to the palace chaplain. Use of an eclectic, pan-European
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In the 1810s Alexander I invited Menelaws to redesign the Alexander's Park in
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Menelaws married Elizabeth Cave in 1792; the ceremony was attended by Lvov,
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motive, common to Menelaws later works, was most likely inspired by Lvov.
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into the chapel. The park also had facilities of the lesser rank: an
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and medieval legacy, as would be evidenced later by his reign.
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of Britain, was later recreated in Menelaws' own designs. The
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A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840
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was justified as a symbol of the New Europe shaped at the
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provided living quarters to the chaplain of Nicholas I
865:
453:. Alexander's Park was occupied by Nicholas I, then
227:, inviting skilled construction workers to join his
931:
734:
732:
337:In the 19th century Menelaws created a string of
283:, was employed by Lvov to construct his idealist
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523:for old horses retired from the palace service,
1318:19th-century architects from the Russian Empire
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542:Menelaws died in Saint Petersburg during the
449:, but was also a sign of Alexander's turn to
251:architect was at that time aide to statesman
394:, but other historians reject this opinion.
385:in 1819, teaching the peasants the craft of
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128:(born between 1748 and 1756, presumably in
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511:) as its focal point (it was completed by
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341:for the Razumovskys; the best known, in
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247:Lvov, an amateur composer, poet and
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429:(1821–1827), a house for the young
401:, starting with an old dilapidated
24:
369:; the palace was destroyed by the
357:for its landscaping and a private
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417:(1819–1834) built on the site of
1313:18th-century Scottish architects
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1308:Russian neoclassical architects
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781:
772:
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1323:Landscape and garden designers
1298:Scottish expatriates in Russia
1049:Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
870:. Cambridge University Press.
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608:
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556:
423:Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
263:fossils (at that time Russian
13:
1:
866:Cross, Anthony Glenn (1997).
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932:Shvidkovsky, Dmitry (1996).
355:An Encyclopedia of Gardening
184:
7:
787:Kuznetsov, pp. 221–222
760:Kuznetsov, pp. 218–219
373:and later reconstructed by
213:, an architect employed by
10:
1354:
1303:Gothic Revival architects
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1082:
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1008:
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936:. Yale University Press.
887:Russian Parks and Gardens
846:. Yale University Press.
491:, to Nicholas I. The new
141:
132:– died 31 August 1831 in
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82:
68:
53:
38:
31:
859:Scottish Slavonic Review
549:
544:cholera epidemic of 1831
312:Imperial Academy of Arts
267:was dependent on either
509:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
503:(private church of the
885:Hayden, Peter (2006).
476:
377:. Another large park,
334:
287:, a country estate in
220:Edinburgh Evening News
156:origin, active in the
467:
457:, who also leaned to
328:
142:Адам Адамович Менелас
47:Vladimir Borovikovsky
471:in Alexandria Park,
351:John Claudius Loudon
253:Alexander Bezborodko
1338:Deaths from cholera
1328:18th-century births
889:. Frances Lincoln.
349:), was included in
225:Catherine of Russia
1268:Znamenskaya Church
799:Cross, 1997 p. 305
778:Cross, 1997 p. 303
707:Cross, 1997 p. 300
675:Cross, 1997 p. 298
587:Cross, 1997 p. 297
513:Ludwig Charlemagne
477:
447:Congress of Vienna
335:
310:(president of the
203:Dmitry Shvidkovsky
172:, specializing in
150:landscape designer
1285:
1284:
1025:Giacomo Quarenghi
826:Kuznetsov, p. 224
769:Kuznetsov, p. 220
726:Kuznetsov, p. 217
693:Kuznetsov, p. 219
684:Kuznetsov, p. 216
649:Kuznetsov, p. 215
635:Kuznetsov, p. 213
626:Kuznetsov, p. 227
578:Kuznetsov, p. 212
562:Kuznetsov, p. 226
375:Afanasy Grigoriev
363:Basmanny District
295:, resembling the
181:almost unknown".
119:
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108:Alexandria Park,
16:(Redirected from
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1042:Catherine Palace
1032:Babolovky Palace
1018:Alexander Palace
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517:Alexander Nevsky
505:House of Romanov
455:heir presumptive
359:botanical garden
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76:Saint Petersburg
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1240:Chinese Theatre
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1150:(unknown), 1???
1140:(unknown), 1???
1130:(unknown), 1783
1120:(unknown), 1???
1110:(unknown), 1783
1105:Babolovsky Park
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1037:(unknown), 1796
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485:Gulf of Finland
437:(1825–1828), a
339:English gardens
291:; its circular
211:Charles Cameron
209:In early 1780s
187:
124:, also spelled
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331:Tsarskoye Selo
329:The Chapel in
259:in search for
233:Foreign Office
229:Tsarskoye Selo
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158:Russian Empire
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275:") coal near
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33:Adam Menelaws
30:
27:
19:
1272:
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1244:
1232:
1230:
1221:), 1825-1828
1218:
1216:
1202:
1193:), 1819-1834
1190:
1188:
1179:), 1821-1827
1176:
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1162:architecture
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215:Catherine II
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125:
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57:1748 to 1756
45:Portrait by
26:
1333:1831 deaths
1205:Yury Felten
1170:White Tower
596:Colvin 1995
469:The Cottage
459:eclecticism
443:romanticism
431:Grand Dukes
427:White Tower
289:Tver Oblast
170:Alexander I
83:Nationality
60:presumably
1292:Categories
1275:Ivan Blank
1198:Ruin Tower
834:References
487:, east of
347:Balashikha
320:Razumovsky
285:Sun Temple
265:metallurgy
178:Nicholas I
162:Razumovsky
93:Occupation
1160:landscape
1098:N. Zhirar
1000:architect
529:menagerie
451:mysticism
421:built by
419:Mon Bijou
403:menagerie
383:Golitsyns
379:Stroganov
277:Borovichi
273:Newcastle
249:Palladian
223:, signed
185:Biography
166:Stroganov
146:architect
144:) was an
130:Edinburgh
96:Architect
62:Edinburgh
927:: 36–41.
907:(1998).
537:elephant
489:Petergof
473:Petergof
433:and the
411:Le Nôtre
322:family.
316:Mahilyow
269:charcoal
237:vaulting
154:Scottish
110:Petergof
105:Projects
87:Scottish
18:Menelaws
1277:), 1736
1263:), 1773
1249:), 1779
1235:), 182?
1212:Schapel
1207:), 1773
1184:Arsenal
1065:), 1824
1051:), 1756
1027:), 1796
1010:Palaces
861:: 7–21.
842:(1995)
497:Cottage
415:Arsenal
392:Baturin
343:Gorenki
301:rotunda
138:Russian
126:Menelas
1100:, 1740
940:
921:Apollo
893:
874:
850:
717:shape.
527:and a
525:a farm
435:Chapel
367:Moscow
297:henges
293:arcade
195:Argyll
191:London
1084:Parks
912:(PDF)
550:Notes
533:llama
531:with
439:folly
1226:Farm
938:ISBN
891:ISBN
872:ISBN
848:ISBN
535:and
409:and
407:Kent
261:coal
201:and
164:and
148:and
69:Died
54:Born
925:135
387:cob
365:of
353:'s
152:of
1294::
923:.
792:^
731:^
698:^
666:^
654:^
640:^
567:^
546:.
244:.
197:;
140::
136:,
1273:(
1259:(
1245:(
1231:(
1217:(
1203:(
1189:(
1175:(
1061:(
1047:(
1023:(
998:(
979:e
972:t
965:v
952:)
946:.
899:.
880:.
751:.
475:.
20:)
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