624:
occurs in day care, schools and large gatherings where usually disease transmission could occur. Because the meningococcal organism is transmitted by respiratory droplets and is susceptible to drying, it has been postulated that close contact is necessary for transmission. Therefore, the disease transmission to other susceptible person cannot be prevented. Meningitis occurs sporadically throughout the year, and since the organism has no known reservoir outside of man, asymptomatic carriers are usually the source of transmission.
835:
733:
477:. Different countries have different strains of the bacteria and therefore use different vaccines. Twelve serogroups (strains) exist, with six having the potential to cause a major epidemic - A, B, C, X, Y and W135 are responsible for virtually all cases of the disease in humans. Vaccines are currently available against all six strains, including a newer vaccine against serogroup B. The first vaccine to prevent meningococcal serogroup B (meningitis B) disease was approved by the
454:. While many bacteria produce endotoxin, the levels produced by meningococcal bacteria are 100 to 1,000 times greater (and accordingly more lethal) than normal. As the bacteria multiply and move through the bloodstream, it sheds concentrated amounts of toxin. The endotoxin directly affects the heart, reducing its ability to circulate blood, and also causes pressure on blood vessels throughout the body. As some blood vessels start to
547:
of meningococcal disease may receive meningitis A, C, Y and W-135 vaccines and those older than 55 years of age. Under certain circumstances if unvaccinated health-care personnel cannot get vaccinated and who have intensive contact with oropharyngeal secretions of infected patients and who do not use proper precautions should receive anti-infective prophylaxis against meningococcal infection (i.e., 2-day regimen of oral
607:
been evaluated in HIV-infected individuals to date, HIV-infected individuals 11–55 years of age may receive primary immunization with the conjugated vaccine. Vaccination against meningitis does not decrease CD4+ T-cell counts or increase viral load in HIV-infected individuals, and there has been no evidence that the vaccines adversely affect survival.
906:. This is an area of Africa where the disease is endemic: meningitis is "silently" present, and there are always a few cases. When the number of cases passes five per population of 100,000 in one week, teams are on alert. Epidemic levels are reached when there have been 100 cases per 100,000 populations over several weeks.
751:, and then an urgent transfer to hospital (hopefully, an academic level I medical center, or at least a hospital with round the clock neurological care, ideally with neurological intensive and critical care units) for further care. Once in the hospital, the antibiotics of choice are usually IV broad spectrum 3rd generation
530:
polysaccharide vaccines are an acceptable alternative for adults in this age group if the conjugated vaccine is unavailable. Since safety and efficacy of conjugate vaccines in adults older than 55 years of age have not been established to date, polysaccharide vaccines should be used for primary immunization in this group.
909:
Further complicating efforts to halt the spread of meningitis in Africa is the fact that extremely dry, dusty weather conditions which characterize Niger and
Burkina Faso from December to June favor the development of epidemics. Overcrowded villages are breeding grounds for bacterial transmission and
619:
Meningococcal infection is usually introduced into a household by an asymptomatic person. Carriage then spreads through the household, reaching infants usually after one or more other household members have been infected. Disease is most likely to occur in infants and young children who lack immunity
546:
or to patients with meningococcal disease. Hospital
Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) recommendations regarding immunization of health-care workers that routine vaccination of health-care personnel is recommended, Any individual 11–55 years of age who wishes to reduce their risk
516:
Primary immunization against meningococcal disease with meningitis A, C, Y and W-135 vaccines is recommended for all young adolescents at 11–12 years of age and all unvaccinated older adolescents at 15 years of age. Although conjugate vaccines are the preferred meningococcal vaccine in adolescents 11
507:
Children 2–10 years of age who are at high risk for meningococcal disease such as certain chronic medical conditions and travel to or reside in countries with hyperendemic or epidemic meningococcal disease should receive primary immunization. Although safety and efficacy of the vaccine have not been
853:
are common among young children and the elderly. Deaths occurring in less than 24 hours are more likely during the disease epidemic seasons in Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa is hit by meningitis disease outbreaks throughout the epidemic season. It may be that climate change contributes significantly
719:
is the principal means of preventing secondary cases in household and other close contacts of individuals with invasive disease. Meningitis A, C, Y and W-135 vaccines rarely may be used as an adjunct to chemoprophylaxis,1 but only in situations where there is an ongoing risk of exposure (e.g., when
623:
Close contacts are defined as those persons who could have had intimate contact with the patient's oral secretions such as through kissing or sharing of food or drink. The importance of the carrier state in meningococcal disease is well known. In developed countries the disease transmission usually
606:
HIV-infected individuals are likely to be at increased risk for meningococcal disease; HIV-infected individuals who wish to reduce their risk of meningococcal disease may receive primary immunization against meningococcal disease. Although efficacy of meningitis A, C, Y and W-135 vaccines have not
640:
is commonly used to those close contacts who are at highest risk of carrying the pathogenic strains. Since vaccine duration is unknown, mass select vaccinations may be the most cost-effective means for controlling the transmission of the meningococcal disease, rather than mass routine vaccination
202:
colonises a substantial proportion of the general population harmlessly, but in a very small percentage of individuals it can invade the bloodstream, affecting the entire body, most notably limbs and brain, causing serious illness. Over the past few years, experts have made an intensive effort to
188:
There are approximately 2,600 cases of bacterial meningitis per year in the United States, and on average 333,000 cases in developing countries. The case fatality rate ranges between 10 and 20 percent. The incidence of endemic meningococcal disease during the last 13 years ranges from 1 to 5 per
529:
Routine primary immunization against meningococcal disease is recommended for most adults living in areas where meningococcal disease is endemic or who are planning to travel to such areas. Although conjugate vaccines are the preferred meningococcal vaccine in adults 55 years of age or younger,
1600:
Pichichero M, Casey J, Blatter M, Rothstein E, Ryall R, Bybel M, Gilmet G, Papa T (January 2005). "Comparative trial of the safety and immunogenicity of quadrivalent (A, C, Y, W-135) meningococcal polysaccharide-diphtheria conjugate vaccine versus quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine in two- to
615:
Protective levels of anticapsular antibodies are not achieved until 7–14 days following administration of a meningococcal vaccine, vaccination cannot prevent early onset disease in these contacts and usually is not recommended following sporadic cases of invasive meningococcal disease. Unlike
723:
It is important that clinicians promptly report all cases of suspected or confirmed meningococcal disease to local public health authorities and that the serogroup of the meningococcal strain involved be identified. The effectiveness of mass vaccination programs depends on early and accurate
724:
recognition of outbreaks. When a suspected outbreak of meningococcal disease occurs, public health authorities will then determine whether mass vaccinations (with or without mass chemoprophylaxis) is indicated and delineate the target population to be vaccinated based on risk assessment.
465:. The systemic antibiotic flowing through the bloodstream rapidly kills the bacteria but, as the bacteria are killed, even more toxin is released. It takes up to several days for the toxin to be neutralized from the body by using continuous liquid treatment and antibiotic therapy.
525:
Primary immunization with meningitis A, C, Y and W-135 vaccines is recommended for college students who plan to live in dormitories, although the risk for meningococcal disease for college students 18–24 years of age is similar to that of the general population of similar age.
714:
Meningitis A, C, Y and W-135 vaccines can be used for large-scale vaccination programs when an outbreak of meningococcal disease occurs in Africa and other regions of the world. Whenever sporadic or cluster cases or outbreaks of meningococcal disease occur in the US,
705:
in potential carriers, although rifampin was associated with resistance to the antibiotic following treatment. Eighteen studies provided data on side effects and reported they were minimal but included nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness and pain at injection site.
1874:
Jeeri R. Reddy, Safety and
Immunogenicity of Meningococcal Meningitis Quadrivalent (A, C, Y & W-135) Polysaccharide Vaccine "PHASE III MULTICENTER CLINICAL TRIAL IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA" 2008; West African Journal of Medicine (in
442:
called meningococcal sepsis that affects the entire body. In this case, bacterial toxins rupture blood vessels and can rapidly shut down vital organs. Within hours, patient's health can change from seemingly good to mortally ill.
349:
are often also present, but do not always occur; their absence does not negate a diagnosis of meningococcal disease. Anyone with symptoms of meningococcal meningitis should receive intravenous antibiotics prior to the results of
398:
and altered mental status may also occur. The petechial rash appear with the 'star-like' shape. Meningococcal sepsis has a greater mortality rate than meningococcal meningitis, but the risk of neurologic sequelae is much lower.
203:
understand specific aspects of meningococcal biology and host interactions; however, the development of improved treatments and effective vaccines is expected to depend on novel efforts by workers in many different fields.
688:
included 24 studies with 6,885 participants. During follow up no cases of meningococcal disease were reported and thus true antibiotic preventative measures could not be directly assessed. However, the data suggested that
267:
due to blood leakage that may leave red or brownish pinprick spots, which can develop into purple bruising. Meningococcal rash can usually be confirmed by a glass test in which the rash does not fade away under pressure.
34:
5474:
5459:
1803:
Akpede GO (1995). "Presentation and outcome of sporadic acute bacterial meningitis in children in the
African meningitis belt: recent experience from Northern Nigeria highlighting emergent factors in outcome".
2217:
Andreoni J, Käyhty H, Densen P (July 1993). "Vaccination and the role of capsular polysaccharide antibody in prevention of recurrent meningococcal disease in late complement component-deficient individuals".
631:
measures, such as handwashing and not sharing drinking cups, can reduce the incidence of infection by limiting exposure. When a case is confirmed, all close contacts with the infected person can be offered
1741:
Kroon FP, Bruisten S, Swieten PV et al. No increase in HIV-load following immunization with conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, Pneumovax, or Typhim-Vi. Proceedings of ICAAC New
Orleans 1996. Abstract No. I61
311:
can appear during influenza pandemics and in military camps. This is a multilobar, rapidly evolving pneumonia, sometimes associated with septic shock. With prompt treatment, the prognosis is excellent.
2098:
Ross SC, Berberich HM, Densen P (December 1985). "Natural serum bactericidal activity against
Neisseria meningitidis isolates from disseminated infections in normal and complement-deficient hosts".
636:
to reduce the likelihood of the infection spreading to other people. However, rifampin-resistant strains have been reported and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics contributes to this problem.
684:
investigated the effectiveness of different antibiotics for prophylaxis against meningococcal disease and eradication of N. meningitidis particularly in people at risk of being carriers. The
1865:
Control and
Prevention of Meningococcal Disease: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): VIRGINIA EPIDEMIOLOGY BULLETIN, July 1997, Volume 97, Number 7
1692:"Immunization of health-care workers: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)"
1750:
Tasker SA, Treanor J, Rossetti R et al. Whole virion influenza vaccine has protective efficacy in the setting of HIV infection. Proceedings of ICAAC New
Orleans 1996. Abstract No. I88
661:
populations frequently experience frequent meningococcal disease since their immune response to natural infection may be less complete than that of complement non-deficient persons.
484:
Vaccines offer significant protection from three to five years (plain polysaccharide vaccine
Menomune, Mencevax and NmVac-4) to more than eight years (conjugate vaccine Menactra).
2883:
2063:
Ross SC, Rosenthal PJ, Berberich HM, Densen P (June 1987). "Killing of
Neisseria meningitidis by human neutrophils: implications for normal and complement-deficient individuals".
807:, seizures, circulatory collapse and organ failure. Later complications are: deafness, blindness, lasting neurological deficits, reduced IQ, and gangrene leading to amputations.
1309:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meningococcal disease among college students: ACIP modifies recommendations for meningitis vaccination. Press release. 1999 Oct 20
407:
Meningococcal disease causes life-threatening meningitis and sepsis conditions. In the case of meningitis, bacteria attack the lining between the brain and skull called the
914:
Africa news has been providing the number of deaths for each country since 1995, and a mass vaccination campaign following a community outbreak of meningococcal disease in
930:
As of June 2022, there is an ongoing outbreak of the disease in Florida. The CDC has identified 26 cases of the disease. Seven deaths have been attributed to the disease.
189:
100,000 in developed countries, and from 10 to 25 per 100,000 in developing countries. During epidemics the incidence of meningococcal disease approaches 100 per 100,000.
567:
Because the risk of meningococcal disease is increased among USA's military recruits, all military recruits routinely receive primary immunization against the disease.
2725:
4435:
1358:
591:
pilgrimage have a certificate of vaccination against meningococcal disease, issued not more than 3 years and not less than 10 days before arrival in Saudi Arabia.
668:
also is related, with an increased risk of contracting meningococcal disease. Persons with functional or anatomic asplenia may not efficiently clear encapsulated
430:
Even with antibiotics, approximately 1 in 10 people who have meningococcal meningitis will die; however, about as many survivors of the disease lose a limb or
1431:
Trotter CL, Andrews NJ, Kaczmarski EB, Miller E, Ramsay ME (2004). "Effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine 4 years after introduction".
1268:
778:
compared two antibiotics. There was one trial: an open label (not blinded) non-inferiority trial of 510 people comparing two different types of antibiotics;
2338:"Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): use of vaccines and immune globulins for persons with altered immunocompetence"
786:(12 deaths out of 256). There were no reported side effects. Both antibiotics were considered equally effective. Antibiotic choice should be based on local
4705:
2876:
2756:
974:
2024:"Deficiency of the sixth component of complement and susceptibility to Neisseria meningitidis infections: studies in 10 families and five isolated cases"
1935:
Kirsch EA, Barton RP, Kitchen L, Giroir BP (November 1996). "Pathophysiology, treatment and outcome of meningococcemia: a review and recent experience".
1238:
672:
from the bloodstream Persons with other conditions associated with immunosuppression also may be at increased risk of developing meningococcal disease.
657:
infection than complement-satisfactory persons, and it was estimated that the risk of infection is 7000 times higher in such individuals. In addition,
538:
Health care people should receive routine immunization against meningococcal disease for laboratory personnel who are routinely exposed to isolates of
2429:
910:
lead to a high prevalence of respiratory tract infections, which leave the body more susceptible to infection, encouraging the spread of meningitis.
1975:"Complement deficiency states and infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and consequences of neisserial and other infections in an immune deficiency"
1732:
Janoff EN, Tasker S, Opstad NL et al. Impact of immunization of recent HIV-1 seroconverters. Proceedings of ICAAC New Orleans 1996. Abstract No. I60
803:
Complications following meningococcal disease can be divided into early and late groups. Early complications include: raised intracranial pressure,
177:, which is an even more damaging and dangerous condition. Meningitis and meningococcemia are major causes of illness, death, and disability in both
1332:
5567:
2869:
2379:
Zalmanovici Trestioreanu A, Fraser A, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, Leibovici L (25 October 2013). Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group (ed.).
2827:
747:
and should not be delayed while waiting for investigations. Treatment in primary care usually involves prompt intramuscular administration of
767:
are also effective. Supportive measures include IV fluids, oxygen, inotropic support, e.g., dopamine or dobutamine and management of raised
4428:
1578:
1010:
825:
2556:
1059:
316:
can appear, either as a septic pericarditis with grave prognosis or as a reactive pericarditis in the wake of meningitis or septicaemia.
1885:
Greenwood BM, Wali SS, Wali (April 1980). "Control of meningococcal infection in the African meningitis belt by selective vaccination".
1104:
5420:
5007:
919:
4515:
2357:
2314:
1711:
1510:
1333:"Novartis receives EU approval for Bexsero, first vaccine to prevent the leading cause of life-threatening meningitis across Europe"
1321:
Jeeri R. Reddy and Thiombiano S. Rigobert. Infections à méningocoques Maladies infectieuses et Africa. West Africa. Med. Bull. 2007
1831:
Munford RS, Taunay Ade E, de Morais JS, Fraser DW, Feldman RA (June 1974). "Spread of meningococcal infection within households".
616:
developed countries, in sub-Saharan Africa and other under developed countries, entire families live in a single room of a house.
4525:
4421:
1212:
2665:
2639:
2526:
4800:
804:
650:
284:, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. In meningococcal meningitis this is caused by the bacteria invading the
232:
54:
2691:
5582:
4739:
4049:
2295:"Prevention and Control of Meningococcal Disease. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)"
1491:"Prevention and control of meningococcal disease. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)"
1196:
1098:
1053:
2718:"CDC investigates 'one of the worst outbreaks of meningococcal disease' in US history among gay and bisexual men in Florida"
508:
established in children younger than 2 years of age and under outbreak control, the unconjugated vaccine can be considered.
4918:
4480:
3699:
3444:
1000:
292:. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, Western Europe, the UK, and Ireland still face many challenges combating this disease.
2717:
2258:
Cunliffe NA, Snowden N, Dunbar EM, Haeney MR (July 1995). "Recurrent meningococcal septicaemia and properdin deficiency".
1543:"Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations for use of meningococcal vaccines in pediatric patients"
5368:
4713:
598:
is highly endemic or epidemic are at risk of exposure should receive primary immunization against meningococcal disease.
395:
391:
1365:
4900:
3125:
517:
years of age or older, polysaccharide vaccines are an acceptable alternative if the conjugated vaccine is unavailable.
5326:
5064:
4923:
4826:
3253:
2896:
2133:
Al'Aldeen AA, Cartwright KA, Cartwright (November 1996). "Neisseria meningitidis: vaccines and vaccine candidates".
1276:
4734:
4721:
3689:
1542:
879:
5232:
4808:
3694:
3235:
2748:
4973:
4795:
4749:
4660:
4650:
3267:
2861:
1163:
78:
4357:
1246:
345:, and sometimes chills, altered mental status, or seizures. Diarrhea or respiratory symptoms are less common.
5572:
5077:
4997:
4943:
3083:
5385:
4913:
4754:
4538:
4253:
3577:
3013:
166:
2440:
5562:
5405:
5026:
4938:
3914:
3908:
3524:
1488:
1336:
5425:
5227:
3993:
1020:
829:
736:
497:
41:
2855:
981:) in cerebrospinal fluid and established the connection between the organism and epidemic meningitis.
4953:
4729:
3714:
3549:
3518:
3448:
3229:
2971:
44:, one of the youngest survivors of the disease. The infected arms and legs had to be amputated later.
2831:
5489:
5222:
4928:
4895:
4605:
4520:
4471:
4189:
4092:
3971:
3709:
3704:
3588:
3377:
3196:
3119:
3111:
867:
787:
620:
to the strain of organism circulating and who subsequently acquire carriage of an invasive strain.
575:
Immunization against meningococcal disease is not a requirement for entry into any country, unlike
182:
33:
5353:
5153:
4890:
4865:
4785:
4393:
4273:
4233:
4175:
3894:
3661:
3097:
3055:
1005:
839:
821:
771:. Steroid therapy may help in some adult patients, but is unlikely to affect long term outcomes.
681:
93:
4933:
4885:
4875:
4870:
4759:
4444:
4209:
4127:
4086:
4082:
3963:
3957:
3724:
3434:
3369:
3163:
3069:
3041:
2975:
1643:
1540:
424:
289:
198:
161:
58:
5540:
2548:
1041:
5380:
5358:
5271:
4584:
4226:
4215:
4013:
3643:
3469:
3247:
3007:
2961:
1082:
1015:
768:
720:
cluster cases or outbreaks occur) and when a serogroup contained in the vaccine is involved.
658:
493:
190:
128:
2578:
739:, who had all four limbs partially amputated aged seven months due to meningococcal disease.
5415:
5084:
5073:
4700:
4690:
4490:
4387:
4347:
4300:
4182:
3833:
3791:
3771:
3728:
3584:
3383:
3063:
911:
665:
2836:(12th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 193–204. Archived from
1489:
Bilukha OO, Rosenstein N, Rosenstein, National Center For Infectious Diseases (May 2005).
8:
5478:
5297:
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5202:
5128:
5118:
5092:
5088:
4963:
4769:
4680:
4452:
4365:
4310:
3979:
3855:
3800:
3748:
3667:
3610:
3563:
3498:
3346:
3338:
3332:
3049:
3035:
2904:
2837:
2337:
2294:
1691:
1490:
995:
970:
850:
478:
285:
178:
875:
5348:
5259:
4670:
4655:
4645:
4353:
4264:
3765:
3754:
3675:
3619:
3407:
3105:
3091:
3021:
2998:
2804:
2779:
2617:
2499:
2466:
2405:
2380:
2194:
2169:
2040:
2023:
2004:
1910:
1785:
1626:
1614:
1570:
1456:
1408:
1383:
1155:
962:
451:
65:
5483:
2271:
2146:
1898:
1844:
1773:
1444:
1216:
774:
There is some debate on which antibiotic is most effective at treating the illness. A
235:(DIC), which is the inappropriate clotting of blood within the vessels. DIC can cause
5500:
5373:
5053:
4764:
4338:
4304:
4168:
4100:
3863:
3841:
3810:
3261:
3027:
2661:
2635:
2621:
2609:
2522:
2504:
2486:
2410:
2349:
2306:
2275:
2235:
2199:
2150:
2115:
2080:
2045:
1996:
1991:
1974:
1952:
1948:
1902:
1848:
1813:
1777:
1703:
1667:
1618:
1562:
1502:
1448:
1413:
1192:
1147:
1143:
1094:
1049:
950:
775:
685:
70:
49:
3782:
3739:
3634:
2687:
2008:
1789:
1630:
1574:
1159:
5410:
5331:
5145:
5113:
4329:
4244:
4035:
3882:
3869:
3684:
3301:
3283:
3190:
3149:
3077:
2947:
2799:
2791:
2605:
2601:
2494:
2482:
2478:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2267:
2227:
2189:
2181:
2142:
2107:
2072:
2035:
1986:
1944:
1914:
1894:
1840:
1769:
1657:
1610:
1554:
1460:
1440:
1403:
1395:
1382:
Krause G, Blackmore C, Wiersma S, Lesneski C, Gauch L, Hopkins RS (December 2002).
1139:
748:
716:
637:
334:
240:
214:
and occasionally through close, prolonged general contact with an infected person.
1269:"Control of epidemic meningococcal disease. WHO practical guidelines. 2nd edition"
423:. The meninges (and sometimes the brain itself) begin to swell, which affects the
5577:
5494:
5304:
5192:
5016:
4948:
4855:
4675:
4554:
4279:
4200:
4154:
4059:
3999:
3934:
3876:
3845:
3837:
3540:
3510:
3504:
3387:
3216:
3140:
2967:
1646:"Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule--United States, 2006"
1384:"Mass vaccination campaign following community outbreak of meningococcal disease"
1186:
834:
783:
764:
439:
351:
330:
74:
2891:
2111:
2076:
1644:
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases (January 2006).
5430:
5309:
5212:
5042:
4908:
4850:
4835:
4695:
4626:
4379:
4029:
4023:
3886:
3624:
3155:
2922:
2892:
2231:
1541:
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases (August 2005).
939:
752:
239:
tissue damage when upstream thrombi obstruct blood flow and hemorrhage because
5505:
2378:
329:
The patient with meningococcal meningitis typically presents with high fever,
165:(also termed meningococcus). It has a high mortality rate if untreated but is
5556:
5390:
5207:
5103:
5059:
4744:
4543:
4501:
4375:
4291:
4118:
4073:
3814:
3806:
3649:
3416:
3327:
3181:
2987:
2953:
2928:
2913:
2749:"An Outbreak of Meningococcal Disease in Florida Is Growing, the C.D.C. Says"
2490:
732:
698:
556:
228:
5468:
450:
bacterium is surrounded by a slimy outer coat that contains disease-causing
438:. The sepsis type of infection is much more deadly, and results in a severe
5395:
5321:
5217:
4989:
4880:
4860:
4665:
4579:
4371:
4145:
3352:
3292:
3239:
3224:
3169:
2795:
2613:
2508:
2414:
2310:
1781:
1671:
1662:
1645:
1622:
1566:
1558:
1506:
1452:
1417:
1399:
990:
966:
859:
580:
576:
435:
379:
313:
256:
110:
2825:
2353:
2335:
2292:
2279:
2239:
2203:
2154:
2119:
2084:
2049:
2000:
1956:
1906:
1852:
1817:
1707:
1689:
1151:
247:
rash, which appears with a star-like shape. This is due to the release of
193:
have sharply reduced the incidence of the disease in developed countries.
5535:
5400:
5108:
5002:
4968:
4958:
4790:
4600:
4570:
4413:
3945:
3900:
3851:
3555:
3307:
2465:
Sudarsanam TD, Rupali P, Tharyan P, Abraham OC, Thomas K (14 June 2017).
2185:
2132:
1760:
Obaro S (April 2000). "Control of meningococcal disease in west Africa".
779:
760:
694:
633:
552:
412:
362:
Symptoms of meningococcemia are, at least initially, similar to those of
342:
207:
138:
2467:"Pre-admission antibiotics for suspected cases of meningococcal disease"
210:(which is spread through casual contact), it can be transmitted through
5288:
5283:
4611:
4561:
4534:
3319:
756:
690:
548:
462:
455:
371:
280:. Meningitis is a disease caused by inflammation and irritation of the
277:
170:
102:
5451:
5511:
5278:
5123:
5047:
4993:
4461:
4133:
3985:
3653:
3594:
3475:
2851:
461:
Patients with meningococcal disease are treated with a large dose of
387:
363:
354:
being known, as delay in treatment can greatly worsen the prognosis.
346:
308:
244:
145:
114:
2592:
Enserink M (December 2008). "Meningitis. Less vaccine can be more".
1127:
542:. Laboratory personnel and medical staff are at risk of exposure to
5363:
5314:
5177:
5172:
5021:
4510:
4485:
3569:
883:
863:
849:
as HIV, TB and malaria. Cases of meningococcemia leading to severe
743:
When meningococcal disease is suspected, treatment must be started
408:
281:
243:
are exhausted. Small bleeds into the skin cause the characteristic
236:
118:
98:
82:
5516:
5343:
5254:
5182:
5098:
4685:
4160:
4106:
3460:
3425:
2636:"BURKINA FASO: 5 million at risk as meningitis death toll climbs"
915:
899:
628:
383:
338:
86:
1830:
5463:
5338:
2938:
1599:
954:
846:
375:
367:
248:
211:
174:
106:
2464:
1430:
1381:
5197:
2167:
958:
895:
887:
855:
701:
and penicillin were equally effective for the eradication of
588:
473:
The most effective method of prevention is a vaccine against
416:
252:
2062:
1690:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (December 1997).
378:, diarrhea, stiff neck, and malaise. Later symptoms include
5266:
5187:
2833:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
2257:
903:
891:
871:
584:
431:
420:
264:
260:
845:
The importance of meningitis disease is as significant in
2336:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (April 1993).
2022:
Orren A, Potter PC, Cooper RC, du Toit E (October 1987).
1934:
1884:
150:
10–20% mortality generally. 10% mortality with treatment.
2293:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (June 2000).
2021:
1297:
Sanford Guide to antimicrobial therapy 2014 44th edition
1093:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 24–28.
411:. Infected fluid from the meninges then passes into the
206:
While meningococcal disease is not as contagious as the
1972:
583:
requires that travelers to that country for the annual
458:, major organs like the lungs and kidneys are damaged.
1128:"Epidemiology and prevention of meningococcal disease"
949:(berry), meningococcal disease was first described by
2381:"Antibiotics for preventing meningococcal infections"
5441:
2523:"AFRICA: Climate change linked to spread of disease"
2216:
1125:
838:
The distribution of meningococcal meningitis in the
196:
The disease's pathogenesis is not fully understood.
2826:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012).
2688:"Meningococcal Disease: Frequently Asked Questions"
2097:
2170:"Preventative strategies on meningococcal disease"
1126:Riedo FX, Plikaytis BD, Broome CV (August 1995).
1046:Vaccines: A Clinical Overview and Practical Guide
5554:
4337:
782:(in which there were 14 deaths out of 247), and
276:Meningococcal meningitis is a form of bacterial
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1213:"Meningococcal septicaemia in college students"
366:. Typically, the first symptoms include fever,
2830:. In Atkinson W, Wolfe S, Hamborsky J (eds.).
2168:Mayon-White RT, Heath PT, Heath (March 1997).
4429:
2877:
2253:
2251:
2249:
1330:
1184:
644:
159:describes infections caused by the bacterium
2662:"NIGER: Nearly 1,000 deaths from meningitis"
1973:Ross SC, Densen P, Densen (September 1984).
1637:
1593:
1525:
1424:
1375:
1317:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1188:Meningococcal Disease: Methods and Protocols
977:identified the meningococcus (designated as
2471:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2210:
2091:
2056:
2015:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1824:
1275:. World Health Organisation. Archived from
1048:. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 235–246.
1039:
709:
651:final common complement pathway (C3, C5-C9)
649:Persons with component deficiencies in the
601:
5421:Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema
4707:Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex
4443:
4436:
4422:
2884:
2870:
2591:
2246:
1178:
1119:
1044:. In Domachowske J, Suryadevara M (eds.).
32:
16:Often life-threatening bacterial infection
4516:Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection
2803:
2498:
2404:
2193:
2039:
1990:
1968:
1966:
1802:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1661:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1407:
1359:"Conjugate Meningococal Vaccine Benefits"
1312:
1300:
1033:
594:Travelers to or residents of areas where
415:, causing symptoms including stiff neck,
1921:
1231:
1011:2009–10 West African meningitis outbreak
979:Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis
933:
833:
826:2009–10 West African meningitis outbreak
731:
562:
2385:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1759:
1074:
5568:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions
5555:
2810:citing public domain text from the CDC
2746:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2579:"FASO: Meningitis kills more than 400"
1963:
1678:
1467:
969:described intracellular micrococci in
805:disseminated intravascular coagulation
233:disseminated intravascular coagulation
4740:Rapid growing mycobacterium infection
4417:
4050:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
2865:
2777:
2529:from the original on 22 February 2012
1261:
319:
300:As with any gram-negative bacterium,
4919:Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis
4481:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
3435:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
2559:from the original on 10 January 2022
1166:from the original on 26 January 2020
1107:from the original on 20 October 2023
1080:
357:
5369:Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer
2780:"Etymologia: Meningococcal Disease"
2706:
1581:from the original on 28 August 2021
396:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
392:multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
13:
2897:Gram-negative bacterial infections
2819:
2360:from the original on 17 April 2021
2317:from the original on 17 April 2021
1714:from the original on 16 April 2021
1615:10.1097/01.inf.0000148928.10057.86
1513:from the original on 10 April 2021
1215:. Essortment. 2002. Archived from
222:
14:
5594:
5327:Superficial pustular folliculitis
4924:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
3254:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
2845:
2759:from the original on 28 June 2022
2728:from the original on 28 June 2022
2668:from the original on 12 June 2011
2642:from the original on 12 June 2011
1331:Press Release (22 January 2013).
1089:. In Jong EC, Stevens DL (eds.).
610:
227:Meningococcemia, like many other
169:. While best known as a cause of
4735:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
3470:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
3445:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
2694:from the original on 8 July 2014
2427:
1992:10.1097/00005792-198409000-00001
1949:10.1097/00006454-199611000-00009
1806:West African Journal of Medicine
1144:10.1097/00006454-199508000-00001
1062:from the original on 2 July 2023
1001:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
880:Democratic Republic of the Congo
798:
533:
5233:Gram-negative toe web infection
4809:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
3236:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
2828:"Ch. 13: Meningococcal Disease"
2771:
2740:
2680:
2654:
2628:
2585:
2571:
2541:
2515:
2458:
2421:
2372:
2329:
2286:
2161:
2126:
1878:
1868:
1859:
1796:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1351:
1324:
810:
487:
402:
324:
304:can infect a variety of sites.
4974:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
4796:Cutaneous diphtheria infection
4750:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
4661:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
4651:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
3268:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
2606:10.1126/science.322.5907.1449a
2483:10.1002/14651858.CD005437.pub4
2397:10.1002/14651858.CD004785.pub5
1291:
1205:
1185:Pollard AJ, Maiden MC (2001).
675:
659:complement component-deficient
511:
295:
1:
4998:Primary gonococcal dermatitis
4944:Flinders Island spotted fever
3084:Flinders Island spotted fever
2272:10.1016/S0163-4453(95)91550-8
2147:10.1016/S0163-4453(96)92081-2
1899:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)91230-1
1845:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)90022-1
1774:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)72263-7
1445:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16725-1
1026:
854:the spread of the disease in
468:
337:, severe headache, vomiting,
271:
255:that break down the walls of
5583:Vaccine-preventable diseases
5386:Blistering distal dactylitis
4914:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
4802:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
4755:Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis
4539:Chronic recurrent erysipelas
4254:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
3578:Burkholderia cepacia complex
3014:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1091:Netter's Infectious Diseases
793:
727:
570:
288:and circulating through the
231:blood infections, can cause
7:
5406:Blastomycosis-like pyoderma
5027:Chromobacteriosis infection
4939:Mediterranean spotted fever
3915:Far East scarlet-like fever
3909:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
3525:Chromobacteriosis infection
984:
502:
10:
5599:
5426:Tick-borne lymphadenopathy
5228:Gram-negative folliculitis
2430:"The case for vaccination"
1335:. Novartis. Archived from
1021:Meningitis Vaccine Project
925:
830:Meningitis Vaccine Project
819:
737:Charlotte Cleverley-Bisman
645:Chronic medical conditions
498:Meningitis Vaccine Project
491:
434:, or experience permanent
42:Charlotte Cleverley-Bisman
5526:
5445:
5245:
5165:
5144:
5035:
4982:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4778:
4730:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
4715:Mycobacterium haemophilum
4634:
4625:
4593:
4568:
4552:
4499:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4328:
4290:
4263:
4243:
4199:
4144:
4117:
4072:
4046:
4010:
3942:
3933:
3825:
3790:
3781:
3738:
3715:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
3633:
3618:
3609:
3550:Burkholderia pseudomallei
3539:
3519:Chromobacterium violaceum
3486:
3459:
3449:Meningococcal septicaemia
3424:
3415:
3406:
3318:
3291:
3282:
3230:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
3215:
3180:
3139:
2997:
2986:
2937:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2747:Anthes E (22 June 2022).
2716:Thomas N (23 June 2022).
2112:10.1093/infdis/152.6.1332
2077:10.1093/infdis/155.6.1266
1083:"6. Infections caused by
815:
555:or a single dose of oral
520:
390:, seizures, anxiety, and
386:, hypotension, cyanosis,
183:under-developed countries
144:
134:
124:
92:
64:
48:
40:
31:
26:
5223:Lymphogranuloma venereum
4929:Flea-borne spotted fever
4902:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
4896:American tick bite fever
4606:Erysipeloid of Rosenbach
4521:Streptococcal intertrigo
4190:Plesiomonas shigelloides
3972:Brazilian purpuric fever
3589:Bordetella parapertussis
3378:Bartonella bacilliformis
3197:Flea-borne spotted fever
3127:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
3120:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
3112:American tick bite fever
2232:10.1093/infdis/168.1.227
1943:(11): 967–78, quiz 979.
1601:ten-year-old children".
868:Central African Republic
710:Disease outbreak control
653:are more susceptible to
602:HIV-infected individuals
217:
173:, it can also result in
5354:Trichomycosis axillaris
4891:African tick bite fever
4866:North Asian tick typhus
4786:Cutaneous actinomycosis
4358:Guillain–Barré syndrome
4274:Cardiobacterium hominis
4234:Acinetobacter baumannii
4176:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
3895:Yersinia enterocolitica
3662:Klebsiella granulomatis
3098:African tick bite fever
3056:North Asian tick typhus
1937:Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J
1603:Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J
1132:Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J
1006:African meningitis belt
840:African meningitis belt
822:African meningitis belt
763:. Benzylpenicillin and
551:or a single dose of IM
5066:Haemophilus influenzae
5010:Pasteurella hemolytica
4934:Japanese spotted fever
4886:Bacillary angiomatosis
4876:Flying squirrel typhus
4871:Queensland tick typhus
4760:Tuberculous cellulitis
4723:Mycobacterium kansasii
4445:Bacterial skin disease
4210:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4128:Francisella tularensis
4087:Legionella longbeachae
4083:Legionella pneumophila
3725:Enterobacter aerogenes
3370:Bacillary angiomatosis
3164:Orientia tsutsugamushi
3070:Queensland tick typhus
3042:Japanese spotted fever
2976:Flying squirrel typhus
2796:10.3201/eid2307.ET2307
1663:10.1542/peds.2005-2790
1559:10.1542/peds.2005-1314
1400:10.3201/eid0812.040421
1085:Neisseria meningitidis
1040:Suryadevara M (2021).
953:during an outbreak in
842:
740:
670:Neisseria meningitidis
425:central nervous system
290:central nervous system
263:can develop under the
199:Neisseria meningitidis
191:Meningococcal vaccines
162:Neisseria meningitidis
59:critical care medicine
5381:Elephantiasis nostras
5359:Necrotizing fasciitis
5272:Hospital furunculosis
4954:Brill–Zinsser disease
4585:Dermatitis gangrenosa
4227:Moraxella catarrhalis
4093:Legionnaires' disease
4014:Pasteurella multocida
3644:Klebsiella pneumoniae
3441:Meningococcal disease
3248:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
3008:Rickettsia rickettsii
2972:Brill–Zinsser disease
2962:Rickettsia prowazekii
2778:Henry R (July 2017).
1016:Meningococcal vaccine
934:History and etymology
837:
788:antibiotic resistance
769:intracranial pressure
735:
563:USA military recruits
494:Meningococcal vaccine
370:, myalgia, headache,
157:Meningococcal disease
129:Meningococcal vaccine
79:altered mental status
27:Meningococcal disease
5573:Causes of amputation
5416:Chronic lymphangitis
5085:Hot tub folliculitis
5074:Pseudomonal pyoderma
4701:Miliary tuberculosis
4691:Lichen scrofulosorum
4491:Toxic shock syndrome
4388:Helicobacter cinaedi
4348:Campylobacter jejuni
4301:Aeromonas hydrophila
4183:Vibrio alginolyticus
3834:Shigella dysenteriae
3772:Citrobacter freundii
3729:Enterobacter cloacae
3585:Bordetella pertussis
3064:Rickettsia australis
2186:10.1136/adc.76.3.178
1979:Medicine (Baltimore)
1388:Emerging Infect. Dis
666:properdin deficiency
627:Additionally, basic
481:on 22 January 2013.
5305:Acute lymphadenitis
5298:Perianal cellulitis
5293:Pyogenic paronychia
5203:Chlamydia infection
5119:Granuloma inguinale
5093:Green nail syndrome
5089:Ecthyma gangrenosum
4964:Cat-scratch disease
4770:Tuberculoid leprosy
4681:Lepromatous leprosy
4528:Streptococcus iniae
4366:Helicobacter pylori
3856:Bacillary dysentery
3801:Salmonella enterica
3749:Serratia marcescens
3668:Granuloma inguinale
3564:Burkholderia mallei
3499:Eikenella corrodens
3347:Bartonella quintana
3339:Cat-scratch disease
3333:Bartonella henselae
3050:Rickettsia sibirica
3036:Rickettsia japonica
2664:. 6 February 2007.
2638:. 6 February 2007.
2525:. 6 February 2007.
1042:"19. Meningococcus"
996:Pathogenic bacteria
971:cerebrospinal fluid
851:meningoencephalitis
479:European Commission
286:cerebrospinal fluid
167:vaccine-preventable
5563:Bacterial diseases
5527:External resources
5349:Pitted keratolysis
5260:Periapical abscess
4671:Erythema induratum
4656:Borderline leprosy
4646:Aquarium granuloma
4354:Campylobacteriosis
4265:Cardiobacteriaceae
3766:Citrobacter koseri
3676:Klebsiella oxytoca
3106:Rickettsia parkeri
3092:Rickettsia africae
3022:Rickettsia conorii
2753:The New York Times
2581:. 6 February 2007.
1339:on 25 January 2013
1249:on 6 November 2014
975:Anton Wiechselbaum
963:Ettore Marchiafava
957:in 1805. In 1884,
843:
741:
320:Signs and symptoms
55:Infectious disease
5550:
5549:
5439:
5438:
5374:Fournier gangrene
5241:
5240:
5140:
5139:
5081:hot-foot syndrome
5054:Vibrio vulnificus
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4765:Tuberculous gumma
4621:
4620:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4339:Campylobacterales
4324:
4323:
4305:Aeromonas veronii
4169:Vibrio vulnificus
4101:Coxiella burnetii
4068:
4067:
3994:H. parainfluenzae
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3864:Proteus mirabilis
3811:Paratyphoid fever
3700:Enterohemorrhagic
3620:Enterobacteriales
3605:
3604:
3535:
3534:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3384:Carrion's disease
3278:
3277:
3262:Ehrlichia ewingii
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3028:Boutonneuse fever
2840:on 10 March 2017.
2446:on 24 August 2015
2437:North & South
1243:Meningitisnow.org
1198:978-0-89603-849-3
1100:978-0-323-71159-3
1055:978-3-030-58416-0
951:Gaspard Vieusseux
776:systematic review
686:systematic review
154:
153:
71:Flu-like symptoms
21:Medical condition
5590:
5443:
5442:
5411:Bullous impetigo
5332:Sycosis vulgaris
5146:Campylobacterota
5095:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4831:
4632:
4631:
4467:
4466:
4458:
4457:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4335:
4334:
4245:Xanthomonadaceae
4053:
4036:Actinobacillosis
4017:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3870:Proteus vulgaris
3788:
3787:
3685:Escherichia coli
3631:
3630:
3616:
3615:
3491:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3302:Brucella abortus
3289:
3288:
3284:Hyphomicrobiales
3191:Rickettsia felis
3150:Rickettsia akari
3078:Rickettsia honei
2995:
2994:
2948:Rickettsia typhi
2935:
2934:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2841:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2784:Emerg Infect Dis
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2439:. Archived from
2434:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2391:(10): CD004785.
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2255:
2244:
2243:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2174:Arch. Dis. Child
2165:
2159:
2158:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1994:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1893:(8171): 729–32.
1882:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1839:(7869): 1275–8.
1828:
1822:
1821:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1768:(9210): 1184–5.
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1538:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1486:
1465:
1464:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1394:(12): 1398–403.
1379:
1373:
1372:
1371:on 14 July 2010.
1370:
1364:. Archived from
1363:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1310:
1307:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1279:on 18 April 2003
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1245:. Archived from
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1191:. Humana Press.
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1081:Bash MC (2022).
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1037:
918:was done by the
749:benzylpenicillin
717:chemoprophylaxis
680:An updated 2013
638:Chemoprophylaxis
241:clotting factors
36:
24:
23:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5522:
5521:
5454:
5440:
5435:
5247:
5237:
5161:
5136:
5072:
5031:
5017:Meningococcemia
4978:
4949:Verruga peruana
4856:Epidemic typhus
4813:
4774:
4676:Histoid leprosy
4637:
4617:
4589:
4564:
4555:Corynebacterium
4548:
4495:
4447:
4442:
4412:
4403:
4320:
4286:
4259:
4239:
4201:Pseudomonadales
4195:
4155:Vibrio cholerae
4140:
4113:
4064:
4047:
4042:
4011:
4006:
3943:
3921:
3877:Yersinia pestis
3821:
3777:
3734:
3690:Enterotoxigenic
3622:
3601:
3541:Burkholderiales
3531:
3505:Kingella kingae
3487:
3482:
3455:
3394:
3388:Verruga peruana
3314:
3274:
3217:Anaplasmataceae
3203:
3176:
3135:
2989:
2982:
2968:Epidemic typhus
2926:
2899:
2890:
2848:
2822:
2820:Further reading
2817:
2816:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2477:(6): CD005437.
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2342:MMWR Recomm Rep
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2299:MMWR Recomm Rep
2291:
2287:
2256:
2247:
2215:
2211:
2166:
2162:
2131:
2127:
2096:
2092:
2061:
2057:
2020:
2016:
1971:
1964:
1933:
1922:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1829:
1825:
1801:
1797:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1702:(RR-18): 1–42.
1696:MMWR Recomm Rep
1688:
1679:
1642:
1638:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1539:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1495:MMWR Recomm Rep
1487:
1468:
1439:(9431): 365–7.
1429:
1425:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1219:on 28 July 2007
1211:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1038:
1034:
1029:
987:
973:, and in 1887,
936:
928:
832:
818:
813:
801:
796:
784:chloramphenicol
765:chloramphenicol
730:
712:
703:N. meningitidis
682:Cochrane review
678:
655:N. meningitidis
647:
613:
604:
596:N. meningitidis
573:
565:
544:N. meningitides
540:N. meningitidis
536:
523:
514:
505:
500:
492:Main articles:
490:
475:N. meningitidis
471:
448:N. meningitidis
440:blood poisoning
405:
360:
358:Meningococcemia
352:lumbar puncture
331:nuchal rigidity
327:
322:
302:N. meningitidis
298:
274:
225:
223:Meningococcemia
220:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5596:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5508:
5497:
5486:
5471:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:Classification
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5431:Tropical ulcer
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5310:Pilonidal cyst
5307:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5251:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5213:Rat-bite fever
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5070:
5062:
5057:
5050:
5045:
5043:Pasteurellosis
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5005:
5000:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Rickettsialpox
4906:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4851:Endemic typhus
4847:
4845:
4838:
4836:Pseudomonadota
4829:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4698:
4696:Lupus vulgaris
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4636:Mycobacterium-
4629:
4627:Actinomycetota
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4472:Staphylococcus
4464:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4380:Gastric cancer
4362:
4361:
4360:
4343:
4341:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4030:Actinobacillus
4026:
4024:Pasteurellosis
4020:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3953:
3951:
3937:
3935:Pasteurellales
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3887:Bubonic plague
3873:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:Enteroinvasive
3692:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3581:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3324:
3322:
3320:Bartonellaceae
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:Rickettsialpox
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2923:Rickettsiaceae
2916:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2893:Pseudomonadota
2889:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2846:External links
2844:
2843:
2842:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2770:
2739:
2705:
2679:
2653:
2627:
2600:(5907): 1449.
2584:
2570:
2540:
2514:
2457:
2420:
2371:
2348:(RR-4): 1–18.
2328:
2305:(RR-7): 1–10.
2285:
2245:
2220:J. Infect. Dis
2209:
2160:
2125:
2100:J. Infect. Dis
2090:
2071:(6): 1266–75.
2065:J. Infect. Dis
2055:
2014:
1962:
1920:
1877:
1867:
1858:
1823:
1795:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1677:
1636:
1592:
1553:(2): 496–505.
1524:
1501:(RR-7): 1–21.
1466:
1423:
1374:
1350:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1290:
1260:
1230:
1204:
1197:
1177:
1118:
1099:
1073:
1054:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
986:
983:
935:
932:
927:
924:
817:
814:
812:
809:
800:
797:
795:
792:
753:cephalosporins
729:
726:
711:
708:
677:
674:
646:
643:
612:
611:Close contacts
609:
603:
600:
572:
569:
564:
561:
535:
532:
522:
519:
513:
510:
504:
501:
489:
486:
470:
467:
404:
401:
359:
356:
333:(stiff neck),
326:
323:
321:
318:
307:Meningococcal
297:
294:
273:
270:
224:
221:
219:
216:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
96:
90:
89:
68:
62:
61:
52:
46:
45:
38:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5595:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:Botryomycosis
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5267:Boil/furuncle
5265:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5208:Leptospirosis
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5104:Salmonellosis
5102:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5060:Rhinoscleroma
5058:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:Scrofuloderma
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4544:Scarlet fever
4542:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4502:Streptococcus
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4376:MALT lymphoma
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4292:Aeromonadales
4289:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4119:Thiotrichales
4116:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4074:Legionellales
4071:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4009:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:H. influenzae
3955:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3815:Salmonellosis
3812:
3808:
3807:Typhoid fever
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:Rhinoscleroma
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3328:Bartonellosis
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:Murine typhus
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:Rickettsioses
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Rickettsiales
2911:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:(1): 227–31.
2225:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:(3): 178–81.
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:(6): 1332–5.
2105:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2034:(2): 249–53.
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1985:(5): 243–73.
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1812:(4): 217–26.
1811:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1656:(1): 239–40.
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:(8): 643–57.
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:pathologists
960:
956:
952:
948:
945:(membrane) +
944:
941:
931:
923:
921:
917:
913:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:Côte d'Ivoire
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
848:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
808:
806:
799:Complications
791:
790:information.
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
738:
734:
725:
721:
718:
707:
704:
700:
699:ciprofloxacin
696:
692:
687:
683:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
642:
639:
635:
630:
625:
621:
617:
608:
599:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
568:
560:
558:
557:ciprofloxacin
554:
550:
545:
541:
534:Medical staff
531:
527:
518:
509:
499:
495:
485:
482:
480:
476:
466:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
441:
437:
433:
432:their hearing
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
355:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Kernig's sign
332:
317:
315:
310:
305:
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
269:
266:
262:
258:
257:blood vessels
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:gram-negative
215:
213:
209:
204:
201:
200:
194:
192:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:
158:
149:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
95:
94:Complications
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
5534:
5510:
5499:
5488:
5473:
5458:
5396:Malakoplakia
5322:Folliculitis
5246:Unspecified
5218:Lyme disease
5155:Helicobacter
5154:
5129:
5078:
5065:
5052:
5009:
4990:Gonococcemia
4901:
4881:Trench fever
4861:Scrub typhus
4801:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4666:Buruli ulcer
4635:
4610:
4580:Gas gangrene
4569:
4553:
4527:
4500:
4470:
4395:Helicobacter
4394:
4386:
4372:Peptic ulcer
4364:
4346:
4311:
4299:
4272:
4252:
4232:
4225:
4216:
4208:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4153:
4146:Vibrionaceae
4126:
4099:
4081:
4048:
4028:
4012:
3992:
3978:
3964:
3956:
3944:
3907:
3893:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3832:
3799:
3770:
3764:
3755:
3747:
3723:
3683:
3674:
3660:
3642:
3583:
3576:
3562:
3548:
3517:
3503:
3497:
3488:
3468:
3440:
3433:
3417:Neisseriales
3376:
3364:
3360:
3353:Trench fever
3345:
3331:
3300:
3293:Brucellaceae
3260:
3246:
3240:Anaplasmosis
3228:
3225:Ehrlichiosis
3189:
3170:Scrub typhus
3162:
3148:
3126:
3118:
3104:
3090:
3076:
3062:
3048:
3034:
3020:
3006:
2960:
2946:
2895:-associated
2854:
2838:the original
2832:
2809:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2752:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2721:
2698:10 September
2696:. Retrieved
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2630:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2552:
2549:"Meningitis"
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2517:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2441:the original
2436:
2423:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2364:10 September
2362:. Retrieved
2345:
2341:
2331:
2321:10 September
2319:. Retrieved
2302:
2298:
2288:
2263:
2259:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2141:(3): 153–7.
2138:
2134:
2128:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2031:
2027:
2017:
1982:
1978:
1940:
1936:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1870:
1861:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1718:10 September
1716:. Retrieved
1699:
1695:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1609:(1): 57–62.
1606:
1602:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1550:
1546:
1517:10 September
1515:. Retrieved
1498:
1494:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1366:the original
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1337:the original
1326:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
1272:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1242:
1239:"Glass Test"
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:the original
1207:
1187:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1135:
1131:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1090:
1084:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1045:
1035:
991:Endocarditis
978:
967:Angelo Celli
946:
942:
937:
929:
908:
860:Burkina Faso
844:
811:Epidemiology
802:
773:
744:
742:
722:
713:
702:
679:
669:
663:
654:
648:
626:
622:
618:
614:
605:
595:
593:
581:Saudi Arabia
577:yellow fever
574:
566:
543:
539:
537:
528:
524:
515:
506:
488:Vaccinations
483:
474:
472:
460:
447:
445:
436:brain damage
429:
406:
403:Pathogenesis
380:septic shock
361:
328:
314:Pericarditis
306:
301:
299:
275:
226:
205:
197:
195:
187:
160:
156:
155:
111:brain damage
18:
5536:MedlinePlus
5401:Pyomyositis
5109:Shigellosis
5079:Pseudomonas
5003:Melioidosis
4969:Oroya fever
4959:Brucellosis
4791:Nocardiosis
4601:Listeriosis
4571:Clostridium
4217:Pseudomonas
3965:Haemophilus
3946:Haemophilus
3901:Yersiniosis
3852:Shigellosis
3556:Melioidosis
3365:B. quintana
3361:B. henselae
3308:Brucellosis
2856:-1886809878
2790:(7): 1187.
2553:www.who.int
2266:(1): 67–8.
1343:12 February
780:ceftriaxone
761:ceftriaxone
745:immediately
695:ceftriaxone
676:Antibiotics
641:schedules.
634:antibiotics
553:ceftriaxone
512:Adolescents
413:spinal cord
343:photophobia
296:Other types
208:common cold
139:Antibiotics
101:leading to
5557:Categories
5501:DiseasesDB
5289:Paronychia
5284:Cellulitis
5157:cellulitis
5068:cellulitis
5008:Cutaneous
4612:Mycoplasma
4562:Erythrasma
4535:Erysipelas
4526:Cutaneous
4397:cellulitis
3980:H. ducreyi
3967:meningitis
3489:ungrouped:
3182:Flea-borne
3141:Mite-borne
2999:Tick-borne
2028:Immunology
1650:Pediatrics
1547:Pediatrics
1223:29 January
1027:References
820:See also:
757:cefotaxime
664:Inherited
549:rifampicin
469:Prevention
463:antibiotic
456:hemorrhage
372:arthralgia
325:Meningitis
278:meningitis
272:Meningitis
171:meningitis
125:Prevention
103:amputation
75:stiff neck
5512:SNOMED CT
5279:Carbuncle
5132:infection
5130:Aeromonas
5124:Chancroid
5048:Tularemia
5012:infection
4994:Gonorrhea
4904:infection
4804:infection
4725:infection
4717:infection
4709:infection
4530:infection
4462:Bacillota
4314:infection
4312:Aeromonas
4219:infection
4134:Tularemia
3986:Chancroid
3758:infection
3740:Slow/weak
3654:Pneumonia
3595:Pertussis
3476:Gonorrhea
3129:infection
2852:DermAtlas
2672:6 January
2646:6 January
2622:206583291
2533:6 January
2491:1469-493X
2260:J. Infect
2135:J. Infect
1283:7 October
1253:7 October
1111:1 October
1066:1 October
938:From the
794:Prognosis
728:Treatment
571:Travelers
452:endotoxin
388:petechiae
364:influenza
347:Petechiae
309:pneumonia
251:into the
245:petechial
179:developed
146:Prognosis
135:Treatment
115:blindness
50:Specialty
5517:23511006
5364:Gangrene
5315:Pyoderma
5248:pathogen
5178:Syphilis
5173:Syphilid
5022:Glanders
4827:Gram -ve
4511:Impetigo
4486:Impetigo
4453:Gram +ve
3842:flexneri
3756:Serratia
3570:Glanders
2757:Archived
2726:Archived
2692:Archived
2666:Archived
2640:Archived
2614:19056945
2557:Archived
2527:Archived
2509:28613408
2428:Wane J.
2415:24163051
2358:Archived
2315:Archived
2311:10902834
2009:25041064
1790:40851283
1782:10791403
1712:Archived
1672:16396888
1631:23012002
1623:15665711
1579:Archived
1575:20859458
1567:15995007
1511:Archived
1507:15917737
1453:15276396
1418:12498654
1164:Archived
1160:39011100
1105:Archived
1060:Archived
985:See also
884:Ethiopia
864:Cameroon
755:, e.g.,
691:rifampin
503:Children
409:meninges
282:meninges
237:ischemic
119:deafness
99:Gangrene
83:seizures
66:Symptoms
5495:D008589
5344:Ecthyma
5255:Abscess
5183:Chancre
5099:Q fever
4686:Leprosy
4638:related
4161:Cholera
4107:Q fever
3710:O104:H4
3705:O157:H7
3359:Either
2988:Spotted
2805:5512471
2763:28 June
2732:28 June
2594:Science
2563:4 April
2500:6481530
2406:6698485
2354:8474421
2280:8522838
2240:8515116
2204:9135255
2195:1717118
2155:8945702
2120:3934293
2085:3106511
2050:3679285
2041:1453963
2001:6433145
1957:8933544
1915:2002137
1907:6103155
1853:4134961
1818:8634227
1708:9427216
1461:8759414
1409:2738498
1152:8532420
959:Italian
926:Florida
916:Florida
900:Nigeria
629:hygiene
579:. Only
384:purpura
339:purpura
87:purpura
5578:Sepsis
5541:000608
5339:Pimple
5114:Plague
4779:Others
4594:Others
3883:Plague
3846:boydii
3838:sonnei
2939:Typhus
2802:
2620:
2612:
2507:
2497:
2489:
2450:3 July
2413:
2403:
2352:
2309:
2278:
2238:
2202:
2192:
2153:
2118:
2083:
2048:
2038:
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1999:
1955:
1913:
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1887:Lancet
1875:press)
1851:
1833:Lancet
1816:
1788:
1780:
1762:Lancet
1706:
1670:
1629:
1621:
1585:5 July
1573:
1565:
1505:
1459:
1451:
1433:Lancet
1416:
1406:
1195:
1170:3 July
1158:
1150:
1097:
1052:
955:Geneva
947:kokkos
943:meninx
878:, the
866:, the
847:Africa
828:, and
816:Africa
521:Adults
421:rashes
376:chills
368:nausea
249:toxins
212:saliva
175:sepsis
107:sepsis
5484:036.9
5198:Bejel
5193:Pinta
5166:Other
5036:Gamma
4844:Alpha
4280:HACEK
4060:HACEK
4000:HACEK
3511:HACEK
2990:fever
2618:S2CID
2444:(PDF)
2433:(PDF)
2005:S2CID
1911:S2CID
1786:S2CID
1627:S2CID
1571:S2CID
1457:S2CID
1369:(PDF)
1362:(PDF)
1156:S2CID
940:Greek
896:Niger
888:Ghana
856:Benin
589:Umrah
417:fever
253:blood
218:Types
5506:8847
5490:MeSH
5479:9-CM
5188:Yaws
4983:Beta
3826:H2S−
3792:H2S+
3783:Lac−
3635:Lac+
2765:2022
2734:2022
2700:2017
2674:2009
2648:2009
2610:PMID
2565:2023
2535:2009
2505:PMID
2487:ISSN
2475:2017
2452:2015
2411:PMID
2389:2013
2366:2017
2350:PMID
2323:2017
2307:PMID
2276:PMID
2236:PMID
2200:PMID
2151:PMID
2116:PMID
2081:PMID
2046:PMID
1997:PMID
1953:PMID
1903:PMID
1849:PMID
1814:PMID
1778:PMID
1720:2017
1704:PMID
1668:PMID
1619:PMID
1587:2012
1563:PMID
1519:2017
1503:PMID
1449:PMID
1414:PMID
1345:2013
1285:2018
1255:2018
1225:2008
1193:ISBN
1172:2019
1148:PMID
1113:2023
1095:ISBN
1068:2023
1050:ISBN
965:and
912:IRIN
904:Togo
902:and
892:Mali
872:Chad
587:and
585:Hajj
496:and
446:The
419:and
265:skin
261:rash
259:. A
181:and
5475:ICD
5469:A39
5460:ICD
3625:OX−
3363:or
2800:PMC
2792:doi
2722:CNN
2602:doi
2598:322
2495:PMC
2479:doi
2401:PMC
2393:doi
2268:doi
2228:doi
2224:168
2190:PMC
2182:doi
2143:doi
2108:doi
2104:152
2073:doi
2069:155
2036:PMC
1987:doi
1945:doi
1895:doi
1841:doi
1770:doi
1766:355
1658:doi
1654:117
1611:doi
1555:doi
1551:116
1441:doi
1437:364
1404:PMC
1396:doi
1273:WHO
1140:doi
920:CDC
759:or
559:).
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