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1059:, an organizer who would later become an advocate for Native Americans at the federal level as Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs (1993–1997). In 1970 the activists formed a group called the Determination of Rights and Unity for Menominee Stockholders (DRUMS). They blocked the proposed sale of tribal land by MEI to non-Indian developers, and successfully gained control of the MEI board of directors. They also persuaded Congress to restore their status as a federally recognized sovereign tribe by legislation.
91:
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840:. During the ensuing decades, the Menominee were pressured by encroachment of new European-American settlers in the area. Settlers first arrived in Michigan, where lumbering on the Upper Peninsula and resource extraction attracted workers. By mid-century, encroachment by new settlers was increasing. In the 1820s, the Menominee were approached by representatives of the Christianized
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1143:) of timber. As of 2002 that has increased to 1.7 billion board feet (4.0 million m). In the intervening years, they have harvested more than 2.25 billion board feet (5.3 million m). In 1994, the Menominee became the first forest management enterprise in the United States certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC.org).
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During the period of termination, when the
Menominee individually were subject to state law, in 1963 three members of the tribe were charged with violating Wisconsin's hunting and fishing laws on what had formerly been their reservation land for more than 100 years. The tribal members were acquitted.
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was the poorest and least populated
Wisconsin county during this time, and termination adversely affected the region. Tribal crafts and produce alone could not sustain the community. As the tax base lacked industry, the Menominee could not fund basic services. MEI funds, which totaled $ 10 million in
1026:
in Oregon were the only other tribal group identified for termination. The Bureau of Indian
Affairs (BIA) believed the Menominee were sufficiently economically self-reliant on their timber industry to be successful independent of federal assistance and oversight. Before termination, they were one of
906:
After the tribe had regained federal recognition in 1973, it essentially restored the reservation to its historic boundaries in 1975. Many small pockets of territory within the county (and its geographically equivalent town) are not considered as part of the reservation. These amount to 1.14% of the
1034:
passed a law which phased out the
Menominee reservation, effectively terminating its tribal status on April 30, 1961. Commonly held tribal property was transferred to a corporation, Menominee Enterprises, Inc. (MEI). It had a complicated structure and two trusts, one of which, First Wisconsin Trust
801:
After we had advanced five or six leagues, we found ourselves abreast of a little island, which lies near the western side of the bay, and which concealed from our view, the mouth of a river, on which stands the village of the
Malhomines Indians, called by our French "peuples d'avoines" or Wild Oat
1103:
In 1968 the
Supreme Court held that the tribe retained its hunting and fishing rights under the treaties involved, and the rights were not lost after federal recognition was ended by the Menominee Termination Act, as Congress had not clearly removed those rights in its legislation. This has been a
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and many other tribes based along the
Atlantic coast. They are one of the historical tribes of present-day upper Michigan and Wisconsin; they occupied a territory of about 10 million acres (40,000 km) in the period of European colonization. They are believed to have been well-settled in
317:
had drawn opposing conclusions about the effect of the termination on
Menominee hunting and fishing rights on their former reservation land. The U.S. Supreme Court determined that the tribe had not lost traditional hunting and fishing rights as a result of termination, as Congress had not clearly
852:
went to look at the proposed site on the Crow River and rejected the offered land, saying their current land was better for hunting and game. The
Menominee retained lands near the Wolf River in what became their current reservation. The tribe originated in the Wisconsin and are living in their
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encouraged a federal policy to increase self-government among Indian tribes, in addition to increasing education opportunities and religious protection. He signed the bill for federal recognition of the
Menominee Tribe of Wisconsin on December 22, 1973. The sovereign tribe started the work of
847:
The Menominee gradually sold much of their lands in Michigan and Wisconsin to the U.S. government through seven treaties from 1821 to 1848, first ceding their lands in Michigan. The US government wanted to move them to the far west in the period when Wisconsin was organizing for statehood, to
606:
is used as a seasoner for medicines, taking an infusion of the inner bark for chest pain and using the liquid balsam pressed from the trunk for colds and pulmonary troubles. The inner bark is used as a poultice for unspecified illnesses. Gum from plant blisters is also applied to sores.
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recorded under the "Wisconsin" section: "Menominee," a band named "Misi'nimäk Kimiko Wini'niwuk, 'Michilimackinac People,' near the old fort at Mackinac, Mich." Michillimackinac is also spelled as Mishinimakinago, Mǐshǐma‛kǐnung, Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go, Missilimakinak, Teiodondoraghie.
432:
tribe. They were initially encountered by European explorers in Wisconsin in the mid-17th century during the colonial era, and had extended interaction with them during later periods in North America. During this period they lived in numerous villages which the French visited for
456:
being two of the most important. Wild rice has a special importance to the tribe as their staple grain, while the sturgeon has a mythological importance and is often referred to as the "father" of the Menominee. Feasts are still held annually at which each of these is served.
802:
Indians, probably from their living chiefly on this sort of grain. The whole nation consists only of this village, and that too not very numerous. 'Tis really great pity, they being the finest and handsomest men in all Canada. They are even of a larger stature than the
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The Menominee have traditionally practiced logging in a sustainable manner. In 1905, a tornado swept through the reservation, downing a massive amount of timber. Because the Menominee-owned sawmills could not harvest all the downed timber before it decomposed, the
911:. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the combined Menominee reservation and off-reservation trust land have a total area of 362.8 square miles (939.6 km), of which 355.5 square miles (920.7 km) is land and 7.3 square miles (18.9 km) is water.
502:
system, traditional Menominee believe that children derive their social status from their fathers, and are born "into" their father's clan. Members of the same clan are considered relatives, so must choose marriage partners from outside their clan. Ethnologist
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regained control of the territory, as it holds the reservation in trust for the Menominee. During the next dozen years, it reduced the cutting of salable timber to 30 percent, which allowed the forest to regenerate. In 1934, the Menominee filed suit in the
321:
The tribe regained federal recognition in 1973 by an act of Congress, re-establishing its reservation in 1975. It operates under a written constitution establishing an elected government. The tribe took over tribal government and administration from the
1837:
Assessment of the Forest Management Practices of the Menominee Tribal Enterprises, Inc. 1994. Scientific Certification Systems, Berkeley, CA, and Smart Wood Certification Program. Sigurd Olson Environmental Institute, Northland College, Ashland,
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1954, dwindled to $ 300,000 by 1964. Struggling to manage financially, the white-dominated MEI proposed in 1967 to raise money by selling off former tribal lands to non-Native Americans, which resulted in a fierce backlash among the Menominee.
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The change resulted in diminished standards of living for the members of the tribe; officials had to close the hospital and some schools in order to cover costs of the conversion: to provide their own services or contract for them as a county.
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and Keshena. Since the late 20th century, the members of the reservation have operated a number of gambling facilities in these communities as a source of revenue. They speak English as well as their traditional Menominee language, one of the
886:
The reservation was created in a treaty with the United States signed on May 12, 1854, in which the Menominee relinquished all claims to the lands held by them under previous treaties, and were assigned 432 square miles (1,120 km) on the
792:
Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, a French Catholic clergyman, professor, historian, author and explorer, kept a detailed journal of his travels through Wisconsin and Louisiana. In 1721 he came upon the Menominee, whom he referred to as
1100:(1968). The Court ruled that tribal members still had hunting and fishing rights, and that Congress had not abrogated those rights. The opposite rulings by the state and federal courts brought the issue to the United States Supreme Court.
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At the request of the Menominee, the state organized the former reservation as a new county, so they could maintain some coherence. The tribe was expected to provide county government functions but it became a colony of the state.
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665:—This name is given to some strange Indians (according to the sayings of the Otchipwes ), who are rowing through the woods, and who are sometimes heard shooting, but never seen. And from this word, the name of the village of
554:. As part of this transition, youth meet individually with Elders for interpretation of their dreams, and to receive information about what adult responsibilities they will begin to take on following their rites of passage.
914:
The small non-reservation parts of the county are more densely populated than the reservation, with 1,223 (28.7%) of the county's 4,255 total population, as opposed to the reservation's 3,032 (71.3%) population in the
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reorganizing the reservation, which they re-established in 1975. Tribal members wrote and ratified a tribal constitution in 1976, and elected a new tribal government, which took over from BIA officials in 1979.
635:
883:, which were established after termination of the tribe in 1961 under contemporary federal policy whose goal was assimilation. The tribe regained its federally recognized status and reservation in 1975.
379:(kee ahsh mah che te wuck) which is "Ancient Ones". Their reservation is located 60 miles west of the site of their Creation, according to their tradition. They arose where the Menominee River enters
1119:
in 1993 and it was accredited in 1998. It includes a Sustainable Development Institute. Its goal is education to promote their ethic for living in balance on the land. It is one of a number of
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to China, hoped to find and impress the Chinese. As the canoe approached the shore, Nicolet put on a silk Chinese ceremonial robe, stood up in the middle of the canoe and shot off two pistols.
650:
The tribe originally occupied a large territory of 10 million acres (40,000 km) extending from Wisconsin to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Historic references include one by Father
1828:
Sustainable Management of Temperate Hardwood Forests: A Review of the Forest Management Practices of Menominee Tribal Enterprises, Inc. 1992. Scientific Certification Systems, Berkeley, CA.
1131:
The nation has a notable forestry resource and ably manages a timber program. In an 1870 assessment of their lands, which totaled roughly 235,000 acres (950 km), they counted 1.3
600:
for pulmonary troubles, and as chew, the steeped root, for 'bronchial affections'; it is also used as a companion herb in other remedies because of its pleasant smell. The inner bark of
1162:. The complex provides employment to numerous Menominee; approximately 79 percent of the Menominee Casino-Bingo-Hotel's 500 employees are ethnic Menominee or are spouses of Menominee.
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against the Forest Service, saying that its policy had heavily damaged their resource. The court agreed and settled the claim finally in 1952, awarding the Menominee $ 8.5 million.
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in present-day Wisconsin. An additional treaty, which they signed on February 11, 1856, carved out the southwestern corner of this area to create a separate reservation for the
1858:
2098:
2070:
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During the 1950s, federal Indian policy envisioned termination of the "special relationship" between the United States government and those tribes considered "ready for
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which they cultivated and gathered as one of their staple foods. The Menominee have traditionally subsisted on a wide variety of plants and animals, with wild rice and
2118:
1035:
Company, was appointed by the BIA. First Wisconsin Trust Company always voted its shares as a block, and essentially could control the management operations of MEI.
702:, the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region. As the Hopewell culture declined, circa A.D. 800, the Lake Michigan region eventually became home to
1975:
296:
2048:
421:
Historically, the Menominee were known to be a peaceful, friendly and welcoming nation, who had a reputation for getting along with other tribes. When the
2012:
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county's area, so the reservation is essentially 98.86% of the county's area. The largest of these pockets is in the western part of the community of
2063:
836:, the Menominee later became allied with the British and Canadians, whom they helped defeat American forces trying to recapture Fort Mackinac in the
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1022:" to mainstream culture. The Menominee were identified for termination, which would end their status as a sovereign nation. At the time, the
825:
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Due to the state court's ruling, the tribe sued the United States for compensation for the value of the hunting and fishing rights in the
2912:
170:
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in the 1960s under policy of the time which stressed assimilation. During that period, they brought what has become a landmark case in
1525:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 250
899:(Munsee) tribes, who had reached the area as refugees from New York state. The latter two tribes have the federally recognized joint
284:. Their historic territory originally included an estimated 10 million acres (40,000 km) in present-day Wisconsin and the
2138:
1534:
Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45
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Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 56
2143:
2078:
1618:
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The Menominee were among the Native Americans who participated as soldiers in World War II with other United States citizens.
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policy, the Forest Service conducted clear-cutting on reservation lands until 1926, cutting 70 percent of the salable timber.
2459:
1984:
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1411:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Reprinted by the Smithsonian Institution, 1974, 1979, 1984, pp. 250–256.
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are the Bear, the Eagle, the Wolf, the Crane, and the Moose. Each has traditional responsibilities within the tribe. With a
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held that the Menominee tribe no longer had hunting and fishing rights due to the termination act of Congress in 1954.
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1802:
Alan McQuillan, "American Indian Timber Management Policy: Its Evolution in the Context of U. S. Forest History," in
1744:
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culture arose in southern Wisconsin between AD 800 and 900, the Menominee shared the forests and waters with them.
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1120:
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The Menominee Indian Reservation is located in northeastern Wisconsin. For the most part, it is conterminous with
402:, another Algonquian tribe whom they encountered first as they moved west and who told them of the Menominee. The
2778:
2018:
1761:
1340:
334:
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1223:(1795–1858) – chief of Menominee during period of land cessions and restriction to reservation within Wisconsin
2902:
2717:
2610:
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992:
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314:
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It was a period of Indian activism, and community members began an organizing campaign to regain political
972:
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173:. The map's title text, Omaeqnomenew-ahkew, means "Land of the Wild Rice People" in the Menominee language.
101:
511:(1913), incorrectly reporting that their descent and inheritance proceeds through the female line. Such a
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876:
300:
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265:
31:
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20:
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kinship system is common among many other Native American peoples, including other Algonquian tribes.
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916:
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380:
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1202:
323:
83:
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The tribe operates according to a written constitution. It elects a tribal council and chairman.
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642:
310:
1989:
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923:
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429:
137:
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2004:
806:. I have been assured that they had the same original and nearly the same languages with the
797:("peuples d'avoines" or Wild Oat Indians), which the French had adapted from an Ojibwe term:
1998:
2803:
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2702:
2386:
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1452:, University of Wisconsin – Steven Point, Spring 2003, pp. 1 and 5, accessed 28 August 2012
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landmark case in Indian law, helping preserve Native American hunting and fishing rights.
476:(Ojibwa), another Algonquian people. Their language has a closer affinity to those of the
8:
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that territory for more than 1,000 years. By some accounts, they are descended from the
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1956:
Nancy Lurie (1987), "Menominee Termination and Restoration," in Donald L. Fixico, ed.,
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534:. It features Menominee spearfishing at night by torchlight and canoe on the Fox River.
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117:
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became involved in managing their forest. Despite the desire of the tribe and Senator
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Mitchell Oshkenaniew – advocate for sovereignty and recognition by federal government
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Tiller's Guide to Indian Country: Economic Profiles of American Indian Reservations
1591:
Charlevoix., Pierre Francois Xavier de (1928). Louise Phelps Kellogg, Ph.D. (ed.).
1241:– Co-founder, Fund for the Four Directions, indigenous activist; killed in 1999 in
1208:
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depicted on this 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map Of Michigan, showing a Menominee-filled
564:
184:
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1884:
The Struggle for Self-Determination: History of the Menominee Indians Since 1854.
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958:
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that have been developed since the early 1970s, and one of two in Wisconsin.
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738:
399:
96:
59:
1722:
Nancy O. Lurie (1972.) "Menominee Termination: From Reservation to Colony,"
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1231:
1171:
1155:
778:
742:
523:
504:
465:
438:
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1806:
eds. R. L. Clow and I Sutton (University Press of Colorado, 2001): 73–102.
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was the first non-Native American to reach Lake Michigan in 1634 or 1638.
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people", as they cultivated wild rice as one of their most important food
165:
2444:
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2335:
2223:
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1949:
Nancy Lurie (1972), "Menominee Termination: From Reservation to Colony,"
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Indians from New York to share or cede some of their land for their use.
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730:
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477:
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1997:
1925:
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Menominee Language and the Menominee Indian Tribe (Menomini, Mamaceqtaw)
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Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132
713:
and explorers from France encountered their descendants: the Menominee,
2595:
2575:
2261:
2238:
1365:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
1183:
1136:
774:
722:
149:
1791:"Sustainable Development Institute » Research Education Outreach"
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1461:
1337:
2631:
2325:
2087:
2081:
1804:
Trusteeship in Change: Toward Tribal Autonomy in Resource Management,
1176:
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who had recently moved into Wisconsin) witnessed the French explorer
654:, a missionary priest in Michigan, who in his 1878 dictionary wrote:
531:
449:
441:
in 1928 estimated that the tribe's number in 1650 was 3,000 persons.
411:
281:
1990:
Perey, "The Menominee Myth of the Flood – in Relation to Life Today"
1278:
Center for Menominee Language, Culture, and Art, Language Materials
2550:
2339:
2320:
2271:
2233:
1242:
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734:
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597:
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580:(bellwort) has historically been used to treat pain and swellings.
453:
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of North America, made up of several tribes now located around the
129:
2228:
1671:"2020 Decennial Census: Menominee Reservation (reservation only)"
781:'s approach and landing. Red Banks, near the present-day city of
547:
543:
499:
444:
The early French explorers and traders referred to the people as
395:
2032:
Mitchell A. Dodge papers on the Menominee Indian Tribe, MSS 1538
1970:
1304:
309:(1968), to protect their treaty hunting and fishing rights. The
1908:
Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal
1711:
Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal
1151:
896:
807:
551:
473:
422:
153:
54:
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2253:
1567:
Around the Shores of Lake Michigan: A Guide to Historic Sites
1159:
1011:, during World War II. U.S. Navy photograph, August 24, 1943.
199:
1705:
1703:
1503:
Smith, Huron H. 1923 "Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians".
1490:
Smith, Huron H. 1923 "Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians".
1477:
Smith, Huron H. 1923 "Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians".
819:
574:
are traditionally strung together and dried for winter use.
375:
states that they have always been here and believe they are
492:
214:
205:
190:
16:
Federally-recognized indigenous people of the United States
1915:
Oshkosh The Brave: Chief of the Menominees, and His Family
1070:
394:, meaning "the people". The name "Menominee" is not their
288:
of Michigan. The tribe currently has about 8,700 members.
1713:. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, pp. 31–34.
1700:
562:
Traditional Menominee diets include local foods such as
1146:
Since June 5, 1987, the tribe has owned and operated a
785:, later developed in this area. Nicolet, looking for a
2013:"Treaties between the United States and the Menominee"
1505:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
1492:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
1479:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
823:
Amiskquew, a mid-19th century Menominee warrior, from
1960:(Milwaukee: American Indian Studies Program): 439–478
1421:
Ross, Norbert; Medin, Douglas; Cox, Douglass (2006).
223:
211:
208:
196:
1645:"2020 Decennial Census: Menominee County, Wisconsin"
568:(ramps, or wild garlic). Boiled, sliced potatoes of
507:
wrote an article on the Menominee which appeared in
472:
Menominee customs are quite similar to those of the
1958:
An Anthology of Western Great Lakes Indians History
1593:
Journal of a Voyage to North America in Two Volumes
202:
193:
187:
169:Claims of the Menominee Nation as described in the
1913:Nichols, Phebe Jewell (Mrs. Angus F. Lookaround).
1898:Sustaining the Forest, the People, and the Spirit.
1556:. Montreal: Beauchemin & Valois, v. 2, p. 248.
1423:Culture and Resource Conflict: Why Meanings Matter
1378:"Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin. Who are We?"
931:. Current population of the tribe is about 8,700.
1817:Cradle to Cradle; Remaking the Way We Make Things
1768:, Milwaukee Public Museum, accessed 30 June 2008.
1637:
1323:. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., p.37.
1280:www.menomineelanguage.com/dictionaries-word-lists
550:for multiple days and living in a small isolated
538:Traditional Menominee spiritual culture includes
2874:
1930:. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation
1777:Nancy O. Lurie, (1971) "Menominee Termination,"
645:, that spans the northern half of the territory
1606:The Menominee Tribe of Indians v. United States
1367:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.401, n.134
998:
856:
583:Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium, ssp obtusifolium
87:
1910:. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press.
26:Some placenames use other spellings; see also
2180:
2064:
1891:Wisconsin American Indian History and Culture
1321:Wisconsin American Indian History and Culture
826:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
1420:
1282:, Menominee Dictionary - English - Menominee
1126:
1007:Dan Waupoose, a Menomini chief; training at
848:extinguish all Native American land claims.
368:who had been in this area for 10,000 years.
1900:Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York.
1863:History of the Menominee Indians since 1854
1590:
1055:as the Menominee Tribe. Activists included
748:
586:(rabbit tobacco) is also used medicinally.
2194:
2187:
2173:
2071:
2057:
1995:
1886:Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
1819:, New York: North Point Press, 2002, p. 88
1584:
1268:. The Menomonee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin.
1085:When the state appealed the decision, the
741:. It is believed that the French explorer
53:
1815:William McDonough and Michael Braungart,
1400:
1398:
1315:
1313:
698:who inhabited the lands once occupied by
682:is the Menominee word for turtle. In his
1002:
965:
866:
818:
752:
522:
459:
333:
164:
1920:
1893:. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.
1611:
1201:– activist and Assistant Secretary for
1027:the wealthiest American Indian tribes.
398:. It was adopted by Europeans from the
2875:
1395:
1310:
1247:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
291:Federal recognition of the tribe was
254:word for "Wild Rice People"; known as
2168:
2052:
1985:University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
1917:. Menominee Indian Reservation, 1954.
1859:"The Struggle for Self-Determination"
1739:, Bowarrow Publishing Company, 1996.
1554:A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language
1425:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
1333:
1331:
1329:
1307:, Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
694:The Menominee are descendants of the
2008:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1211:– lover of 1930s serial bank robber
1165:
943:Legend Lake (most, population 1,525)
383:of Lake Michigan, where the city of
78:Regions with significant populations
2883:Native American tribes in Wisconsin
1971:Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
274:Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin
13:
2913:Native American tribes in Michigan
1943:
1446:"Menominee Clans depicted at UWSP"
1326:
922:The most populous communities are
684:The Indian Tribes of North America
14:
2924:
2855:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
1996:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1964:
488:, part of the Algonquian family.
341:, Menominee, early 19th century,
2850:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2080:
2036:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
1927:Material culture of the Menomini
1565:Bogue, Margaret Beattie (1985).
1121:tribal colleges and universities
1098:Menominee Tribe v. United States
1080:Menominee Tribe v. United States
1072:Menominee Tribe v. United States
940:Keshena (most, population 1,268)
625:
318:ended these in its legislation.
306:Menominee Tribe v. United States
183:
89:
1852:
1841:
1831:
1822:
1809:
1796:
1784:
1771:
1750:
1729:
1716:
1689:
1663:
1608:, 95 Ct.Cl. 232 (Ct.Cl., 1941).
1599:
1559:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1455:
1439:
814:
810:, and the Indians at the Falls.
339:Ball-headed War Club with Spike
1793:, College of Menominee Nation
1414:
1409:Indian Tribes of North America
1370:
1357:
1298:
1271:
1259:
934:
557:
528:Spearing Salmon By Torchlight,
448:(wild oats), referring to the
348:The Menominee are part of the
1:
2718:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
1876:
1571:University of Wisconsin Press
1107:
993:United States Court of Claims
832:Initially neutral during the
491:The five principal Menominee
390:Their name for themselves is
315:United States Court of Claims
1115:The Menominee developed the
1062:At the same time, President
999:20th-century termination era
973:United States Forest Service
901:Stockbridge-Munsee Community
863:Menominee Indian Reservation
857:Menominee Indian Reservation
617:History of Northern Michigan
278:Menominee Indian Reservation
171:Treaty of Washington of 1831
102:Menominee Indian Reservation
7:
2888:Menominee County, Wisconsin
2809:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
2769:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
1293:Menominee, Menominee Person
1117:College of Menominee Nation
769:In 1634, the Menominee and
329:
301:United States Supreme Court
10:
2929:
2845:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
2799:Battle of Apple River Fort
2611:Stillman's Run Battle Site
2086:Native American tribes in
1976:Menominee Language Lessons
1882:Beck, David R. M. (2005).
1595:(Report). The Caxton Club.
1077:
988:Department of the Interior
977:Robert M. La Follette, Sr.
860:
614:
610:
518:
266:federally recognized tribe
32:Menomonie (disambiguation)
28:Menomonee (disambiguation)
25:
21:Menominee (disambiguation)
18:
2822:
2789:Battle of Kellogg's Grove
2731:
2543:
2493:
2410:
2372:
2365:
2334:
2306:
2288:
2270:
2252:
2209:
2202:
2094:
1999:"Menominee Indians"
1981:The Menominee Clans Story
1552:Baraga, Frederic (1878).
1466:Indian Country Wisconsin,
1127:Current tribal activities
838:Battle of Mackinac Island
276:. Their land base is the
148:
143:
128:
123:
112:
107:
82:
77:
72:
67:
52:
45:
2779:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
2744:Battle of Stillman's Run
2044:Brigham Young University
1758:Indian Country Wisconsin
1266:Brief History - About Us
1252:
871:Tribal office in Keshena
765:holding a wild oat stem.
749:First European encounter
324:Bureau of Indian Affairs
272:officially known as the
260:, "the people", in the
2794:Attack at Ament's Cabin
2784:Battle of Waddams Grove
2027:Milwaukee Public Museum
1867:Britannica Encyclopedia
1468:Milwaukee Public Museum
1353:Milwaukee Public Museum
1174:– actor who starred in
1087:Wisconsin Supreme Court
853:traditional homelands.
759:Great Peace of Montreal
757:Menominee signature on
643:Brown County, Wisconsin
484:tribes. All four spoke
406:name for the tribe was
387:, has since developed.
311:Wisconsin Supreme Court
239:
2774:Spafford Farm massacre
2196:Black Hawk War of 1832
1896:Davis, Thomas (2000).
1889:Boatman, John (1998).
1619:"2020 Gazetteer Files"
1363:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1319:Boatman, John (1998).
1012:
955:(most, population 690)
949:(part, population 281)
872:
829:
812:
773:(along with a band of
766:
677:
596:) is taken as a root
535:
469:
464:Menomini dress at the
430:Northeastern Woodlands
345:
174:
138:Native American Church
2759:Indian Creek massacre
2040:Harold B. Lee Library
2005:Catholic Encyclopedia
1006:
966:Conflict over logging
961:(most, population 98)
870:
822:
799:
756:
704:Late Woodland Indians
696:Late Woodland Indians
656:
546:. Ceremonies involve
526:
509:Catholic Encyclopedia
486:Anishinaabe languages
463:
437:. The anthropologist
337:
168:
144:Related ethnic groups
2903:Algonquian ethnonyms
2804:Sinsinawa Mound raid
2749:Buffalo Grove ambush
1677:. U.S. Census Bureau
1651:. U.S. Census Bureau
1094:U.S. Court of Claims
929:Algonquian languages
783:Green Bay, Wisconsin
761:in 1701 depicting a
589:Taenidia integerrima
577:Uvularia grandiflora
428:The Menominee are a
385:Marinette, Wisconsin
19:For other uses, see
2830:Black Hawk Purchase
2688:Hamilton's Diggings
2526:Joseph Throckmorton
2480:James W. Stephenson
2450:William S. Hamilton
2119:Lac Courte Oreilles
2015:, Menominee website
1951:Human Organization,
1724:Human Organization,
1709:Patty Loew (2001).
1462:"Menominee Culture"
1239:Ingrid Washinawatok
709:Early fur traders,
639:Wisconsin Territory
530:an oil painting by
42:
2898:Great Lakes tribes
2893:Algonquian peoples
2764:St. Vrain massacre
2628:Michigan Territory
2154:Stockbridge–Munsee
1992:, Anthropology.net
1764:2007-06-26 at the
1735:Tiller, Veronica.
1625:. US Census Bureau
1343:2007-06-26 at the
1154:, associated with
1139:(3.1 million
1013:
1009:Algiers, Louisiana
909:Keshena, Wisconsin
873:
842:Stockbridge-Munsee
830:
767:
571:Sagittaria cuneata
536:
470:
366:indigenous peoples
362:Old Copper Culture
346:
262:Menominee language
244:"Menominee People"
175:
40:
2870:
2869:
2814:Battle of Bad Axe
2739:Minor engagements
2539:
2538:
2361:
2360:
2162:
2161:
1779:Indian Historian,
1432:978-0-87154-570-1
1166:Notable Menominee
981:sustainable yield
881:town of Menominee
787:Northwest Passage
688:John Reed Swanton
592:(a member of the
377:Kiash Matchitiwuk
364:people and other
250:derived from the
163:
162:
2920:
2840:Keokuk's Reserve
2693:Pecatonica River
2643:Blue Mounds Fort
2556:Apple River Fort
2516:Joseph M. Street
2511:Antoine LeClaire
2501:George Davenport
2485:Samuel Whiteside
2470:John H. Rountree
2435:Ebenezer Brigham
2425:Milton Alexander
2420:John Giles Adams
2370:
2369:
2207:
2206:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2009:
2001:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1922:Skinner, Alanson
1870:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1754:
1748:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1459:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1412:
1405:Swanton, John R.
1402:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1380:. Archived from
1374:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1335:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1209:Billie Frechette
1045:Menominee County
877:Menominee County
711:coureur-de-bois,
700:Hopewell Indians
673:Michillimackinac
659:Mishinimakinago;
629:
565:Allium tricoccum
540:rites of passage
446:"folles avoines"
270:Native Americans
231:
227:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
99:
95:
93:
92:
68:Total population
57:
43:
39:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2908:Menominee tribe
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2835:Black Hawk Tree
2818:
2754:Plum River raid
2727:
2723:Wisconsin River
2703:Sinsinawa Mound
2678:Gratiot's Grove
2668:Fort Koshkonong
2591:Kellogg's Grove
2535:
2531:Satterlee Clark
2521:Felix St. Vrain
2489:
2475:Isaiah Stillman
2465:Alexander Posey
2460:Abraham Lincoln
2406:
2392:Jefferson Davis
2357:
2330:
2302:
2284:
2266:
2248:
2198:
2193:
2163:
2158:
2124:Lac du Flambeau
2090:
2079:
2077:
1967:
1946:
1944:Further reading
1933:
1931:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1766:Wayback Machine
1755:
1751:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1675:data.census.gov
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1649:data.census.gov
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1589:
1585:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:4:1-174 (p. 41)
1502:
1498:
1494:4:1-174 (p. 61)
1489:
1485:
1481:4:1-174 (p. 69)
1476:
1472:
1460:
1456:
1450:Pointer Alumnus
1444:
1440:
1433:
1419:
1415:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1345:Wayback Machine
1336:
1327:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1168:
1129:
1110:
1082:
1076:
1001:
968:
937:
865:
859:
817:
771:Ho-Chunk people
751:
652:Frederic Baraga
648:
647:
646:
637:
632:
631:
630:
619:
613:
560:
521:
353:language family
343:Brooklyn Museum
332:
326:(BIA) in 1979.
286:Upper Peninsula
252:Ojibwe language
246:, also spelled
229:
225:
186:
182:
100:
90:
88:
63:
48:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2823:Related topics
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Soldiers Grove
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Stillman Creek
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2571:Fort Armstrong
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:James D. Henry
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2402:Zachary Taylor
2399:
2397:Winfield Scott
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Henry Atkinson
2378:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Billy Caldwell
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2280:Waukon Decorah
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2029:
2023:Indian Country
2016:
2010:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1965:External links
1963:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1918:
1911:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1851:
1840:
1830:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1783:
1770:
1749:
1728:
1715:
1699:
1688:
1662:
1636:
1610:
1598:
1583:
1558:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1454:
1438:
1431:
1413:
1394:
1369:
1356:
1349:Indian Country
1325:
1309:
1297:
1270:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1236:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:John Dillinger
1206:
1203:Indian Affairs
1196:
1181:
1167:
1164:
1150:-style gaming
1128:
1125:
1109:
1106:
1078:Main article:
1075:
1069:
1024:Klamath people
1000:
997:
967:
964:
963:
962:
956:
950:
947:Middle Village
944:
941:
936:
933:
861:Main article:
858:
855:
816:
813:
750:
747:
634:
633:
624:
623:
622:
621:
620:
612:
609:
603:Abies balsamea
594:parsely family
559:
556:
520:
517:
331:
328:
161:
160:
146:
145:
141:
140:
126:
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3:
2:
2925:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
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2891:
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2886:
2884:
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2880:
2878:
2863:
2862:
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2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
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2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
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2684:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Fort Hamilton
2656:
2654:
2653:Fort Defiance
2651:
2649:
2648:Fort Crawford
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Bad Axe River
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Waddams Grove
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Dixon's Ferry
2564:
2562:
2561:Buffalo Grove
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Henry Gratiot
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:Native people
2201:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Forest County
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2069:
2067:
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1569:, pp. 7–13.
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1382:the original
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1172:Apesanahkwat
1158:games and a
1145:
1141:cubic metres
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815:19th century
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505:James Mooney
490:
471:
466:Field Museum
445:
443:
439:James Mooney
427:
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407:
391:
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376:
373:oral history
370:
347:
338:
320:
304:
290:
273:
256:
255:
247:
243:
178:
176:
37:Ethnic group
2732:Engagements
2445:Henry Dodge
2440:John Dement
2366:U.S. people
2224:Checokalako
2104:Fond du Lac
2019:"Menominee"
1953:31: 257–269
1904:Loew, Patty
1726:31: 257-269
1338:"Menominee"
1229:– actress,
1205:, 1993–1997
1186:- actress,
1053:sovereignty
935:Communities
924:Legend Lake
917:2020 census
893:Stockbridge
834:War of 1812
763:thunderbird
717:(Ojibwa),
558:Ethnobotany
513:matrilineal
497:patrilineal
435:fur trading
410:, meaning "
357:Great Lakes
2877:Categories
2673:Fort Union
2596:Plum River
2576:Fort Beggs
2387:Hugh Brady
2308:Potawatomi
2239:Towaunonne
2219:Black Hawk
1877:References
1623:census.gov
1388:2011-12-28
1184:Alaqua Cox
1137:board feet
1108:Government
889:Wolf River
804:Potawatomi
795:Malhomines
775:Potawatomi
723:Potawatomi
680:Maehkaenah
615:See also:
468:in Chicago
408:manoominii
392:Mamaceqtaw
371:Menominee
350:Algonquian
297:Indian law
293:terminated
257:Mamaceqtaw
150:Potawatomi
2632:Wisconsin
2326:Waubonsie
2290:Menominee
2144:St. Croix
2139:Red Cliff
2129:Menominee
2099:Bad River
2088:Wisconsin
1934:25 August
1180:and films
1177:Babylon 5
1148:Las Vegas
1135:standing
1030:In 1954,
735:Winnebago
532:Paul Kane
450:wild rice
412:wild rice
381:Green Bay
282:Wisconsin
248:Menomini,
236:Menominee
179:Menominee
118:Menominee
108:Languages
84:Wisconsin
41:Menominee
2601:Saukenuk
2551:Illinois
2340:Meskwaki
2321:Shabbona
2272:Ho-Chunk
2234:Pamisseu
2149:Sokaogon
2114:Ho-Chunk
1924:(1921).
1906:(2001).
1848:About Us
1762:Archived
1407:(1952).
1341:Archived
1243:Colombia
1199:Ada Deer
1057:Ada Deer
1032:Congress
879:and the
715:Chippewa
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668:Mackinac
598:infusion
482:Kickapoo
474:Chippewa
454:sturgeon
330:Overview
313:and the
264:) are a
242:meaning
158:Kickapoo
134:Big Drum
130:Catholic
124:Religion
62:, c.1858
2861:Warrior
2713:Victory
2698:Roxbury
2412:Militia
2353:Wapello
2298:Oshkosh
2262:Wapasha
2229:Neapope
2034:in the
1681:13 July
1655:13 July
1629:13 July
1305:History
1295:Pg. 144
1289:Archive
1245:by the
1189:Hawkeye
1133:billion
808:Noquets
611:History
548:fasting
544:puberty
519:Culture
500:kinship
416:staples
396:autonym
299:to the
114:English
2683:Helena
2581:Galena
2544:Places
2494:Others
2348:Keokuk
2254:Dakota
2134:Oneida
1869:online
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1074:(1968)
953:Neopit
897:Lenape
737:, and
719:Ottawa
552:wigwam
423:Oneota
404:Ojibwe
154:Ojibwe
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1253:Notes
1160:hotel
1156:bingo
1096:, in
739:Miami
671:, or
493:clans
303:, in
73:8,700
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2338:and
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