267:
469:
66:
552:
678:
2213:
275:
1852:
1186:
664:
644:) with capital at Dara. The province suffered greatly during the near-constant wars with Persia in the 6th century. In 573, the Persians even took Dara, although the East Romans recovered it under the peace of 591. They lost it again to the Persians in the
1735:
1728:
1721:
3843:
3838:
452:
Unlike Trajan's province, which encompassed the whole of Roman-occupied
Mesopotamia between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, the new province was limited between the province of
2255:
640:, while the remainder was divided into two civil and ecclesiastical districts, one (the region south of the Tigris) with capital at Amida and the other (the region of
231:
206:
476:
For the remainder of its existence, the province would remain a bone of contention between the Romans and their eastern neighbors, suffering heavily in the recurrent
407:
in 161–166, but were not formally organized into provinces; instead, they were left under local vassal rulers, although Roman garrisons were maintained, notably at
3833:
2631:
3556:
266:
3388:
966:
343:
Later in the same year, Trajan marched into central and southern
Mesopotamia (enlarging and completing the province of Mesopotamia) and across the river
2626:
1559:
19:
This article is about the province in Roman antiquity until the time of
Heraclius. For the later province (theme) during the middle Byzantine era, see
2248:
2212:
1952:
1868:
3462:
427:, when rebellions broke out in the area, and Nisibis was besieged. Severus quickly restored order and organized Osroene as a full province.
3692:
2241:
1554:
3848:
3863:
645:
3381:
1610:
959:
497:
915:
1903:
1171:
468:
3490:
3662:
3853:
902:
883:
862:
443:. In emulation of Trajan, he re-established a province of Mesopotamia in 198, with Nisibis, elevated to the status of a full
400:
3442:
2319:
established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the
1945:
1767:
3374:
1301:
952:
3868:
3418:
2761:
3499:
2910:
1028:
838:
545:
3738:
3682:
3728:
1836:
1692:
3366:
2233:
3720:
3715:
3335:
2586:
1938:
3873:
3517:
2654:
2578:
2567:
1893:
1713:
1605:
1589:
853:
636:(r. 527–565), the province was split up: the northern districts with Martyropolis went to the new province of
3858:
3647:
2721:
2355:
1631:
325:
3452:
3784:
3652:
2264:
1898:
1641:
24:
1961:
3414:
2641:
2035:
1919:
1697:
1579:
1574:
1509:
1185:
3743:
3637:
2142:
1841:
1702:
1311:
3702:
3687:
2838:
2780:
2591:
2065:
1821:
1386:
1201:
575:
436:
364:
3551:
3627:
3604:
3178:
3163:
2987:
2716:
2663:
2659:
2621:
2553:
2374:
2202:
2192:
2075:
2040:
2020:
2000:
1878:
1784:
1341:
983:
481:
453:
352:
340:. This too was organized as a province in early 116, when coins were minted to celebrate the fact.
3447:
3423:
2982:
2929:
2866:
2706:
2696:
2525:
2495:
2147:
2132:
2070:
1985:
1975:
1888:
1883:
1651:
1584:
1478:
1331:
1249:
1244:
3672:
3504:
3188:
2515:
2120:
1980:
1930:
1682:
1534:
1293:
691:
649:
587:
477:
309:
161:
3779:
3667:
3657:
2222:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
3203:
2972:
2785:
2711:
2304:
2015:
1351:
591:
3594:
3513:
3428:
3341:
2858:
2510:
2342:
2312:
2152:
2045:
1873:
1569:
1529:
1008:
618:
435:
Next, Severus embarked on a war against
Parthia, which he concluded successfully with the
304:
in c. 198. Control of the province was subsequently fought over between the Roman and the
8:
3767:
3568:
3541:
3347:
3302:
3120:
3110:
2772:
2601:
2548:
2543:
2316:
2050:
2025:
1656:
1564:
1539:
1346:
1321:
607:
541:
513:
355:. But he did not stop there. In the last months of 116, he captured the Persian city of
279:
78:
20:
551:
3798:
3607:
3598:
3198:
3173:
3080:
3055:
2944:
2828:
2678:
2490:
2287:
2137:
2095:
2090:
1831:
1646:
1615:
1514:
1361:
1278:
622:
579:
505:
457:
367:
on the
Parthian throne. Never again would the Roman Empire advance so far to the east.
224:
86:
65:
3757:
3437:
3325:
3032:
3022:
3017:
2921:
2891:
2688:
2538:
2429:
2419:
2394:
2389:
2182:
2177:
2105:
2100:
1777:
1636:
1493:
1488:
1473:
1408:
1326:
1283:
1003:
998:
898:
879:
858:
848:
834:
493:
420:
301:
148:
456:
to the south, the
Euphrates and Tigris to the north, and the river Chaboras (modern
3806:
3537:
3471:
3402:
3396:
3261:
3256:
3213:
3168:
3075:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2748:
2485:
2477:
2263:
2110:
2080:
1826:
1762:
1549:
1544:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1229:
1086:
1071:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1023:
571:
509:
424:
336:, which was made into a province, and by the end of 115, he had conquered northern
305:
3752:
3697:
3582:
3573:
3545:
3485:
3241:
3231:
3138:
3090:
3045:
2964:
2886:
2871:
2790:
2533:
2437:
2409:
2384:
2366:
1995:
1794:
1483:
1458:
1453:
1433:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1336:
1306:
1258:
1254:
1224:
873:
677:
492:
which replaced the moribund
Parthians, attacked and overran the area, but it was
489:
445:
329:
211:
109:
3612:
1743:
3794:
3788:
3770:
3723:
3615:
3590:
3467:
3457:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3183:
3128:
2939:
2833:
2805:
2795:
2673:
2462:
2457:
2414:
2404:
2327:
and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
2085:
2005:
1463:
648:, and regained it afterwards only to lose the entire region permanently to the
614:
290:
46:
3827:
3774:
3523:
3476:
3433:
3133:
3085:
3050:
3040:
2949:
2649:
2452:
2447:
2399:
2379:
2308:
2292:
2030:
2010:
1990:
1806:
1772:
1263:
1111:
1018:
930:
917:
537:
333:
294:
3624:
274:
82:
3802:
3733:
3677:
3586:
3533:
3495:
3481:
3398:
3331:
3148:
3143:
3095:
2881:
2848:
2843:
2668:
2442:
2320:
2055:
1789:
1745:
1268:
1081:
1013:
404:
379:
50:
3812:
3762:
3710:
3642:
3578:
3354:
3226:
3193:
3105:
3060:
2934:
2876:
2197:
2126:
2060:
1801:
1687:
1677:
1468:
1400:
1273:
1161:
975:
683:
669:
633:
504:(r. ca. 240–270) attacked Mesopotamia, and fought with the Roman emperor
337:
3619:
3509:
3221:
3065:
2467:
2296:
2223:
1219:
1214:
872:
Mommsen, Theodor; Dickson, William Purdie; Haverfield, Francis (2004).
637:
533:
517:
485:
944:
3705:
3007:
2896:
2505:
2500:
2115:
1524:
1209:
1096:
1033:
875:
The provinces of the Roman Empire: from Caesar to
Diocletian, Vol. II
641:
595:
440:
375:
1851:
555:
Map of Roman military stations in
Mesopotamia from a 1436 manuscript
270:
The Roman provinces of the East under Trajan, including
Mesopotamia.
3748:
3561:
3528:
3353: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by
3100:
3070:
2992:
2701:
2616:
2324:
1811:
1661:
1316:
1239:
1234:
1141:
1126:
1121:
1076:
567:
501:
360:
348:
94:
3297:
3153:
3012:
2954:
2717:
Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)
2611:
2606:
2596:
2172:
1418:
1146:
1136:
1101:
1091:
563:
559:
521:
419:
This control was threatened in 195, during the civil war between
408:
396:
371:
135:
90:
1960:
3307:
2187:
2167:
2162:
1166:
1116:
1038:
344:
321:
297:
253:
122:
3002:
2997:
2977:
1519:
1156:
1151:
1131:
257:
37:
527:
1106:
356:
249:
2311:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of
601:
3844:
States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century
3839:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
871:
570:
conquered by Diocletian were lost after the debacle of
524:
took a stand against Shapur, who eventually retreated.
500:
before his death in 243. In the 250s, the Persian shah
2747:
815:
Mommsen, Dickson & Haverfield (2004), pp. 103–104
659:
374:(r. 117–138) relinquished his conquests east of the
763:
Mommsen, Dickson & Haverfield (2004), pp. 78–79
745:
Mommsen, Dickson & Haverfield (2004), pp. 77–78
625:as a counter to Nisibis and as the new base of the
2341:
3825:
806:Mommsen, Dickson & Haverfield (2004), p. 100
582:, while the seat of the military commander, the
351:, which he annexed into another Roman province,
736:Mommsen, Dickson & Haverfield (2004), p. 72
370:As soon as Trajan died, however, his successor
3834:States and territories established in the 110s
300:in 116–117 and then re-established by Emperor
70:Provincia Mesopotamia within the Roman Empire.
3382:
3334:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate
2249:
1946:
1729:
960:
613:After the troubles Roman forces faced in the
895:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
414:
328:against Rome's long-time eastern rival, the
3357:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536
1555:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
578:in 363, and the capital was transferred to
3389:
3375:
2256:
2242:
1953:
1939:
1736:
1722:
967:
953:
390:
293:, initially a short-lived creation of the
64:
2291:. Provincial administration reformed and
528:Diocletianic-Constantinian reorganization
2265:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces
892:
550:
544:, which in turn was subordinated to the
467:
430:
399:, came again under Roman control in the
273:
265:
974:
847:
828:
282:, including the province of Mesopotamia
3826:
602:Late Roman/Early Byzantine Mesopotamia
3370:
3287:
3286:
2746:
2340:
2276:
2237:
1934:
1717:
948:
784:
782:
780:
778:
488:(r. 224–241), the founder of the new
385:
3698:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1962:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
540:(r. 306–337), it became part of the
472:Map showing the Mesopotamia province
315:
621:(r. 491–518) built the fortress of
617:of 502–506, the East Roman emperor
516:in 260. In the next year, however,
480:. In the turmoil that followed the
13:
3638:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)
775:
463:
14:
3885:
3849:Provinces of the Byzantine Empire
3574:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)
546:praetorian prefecture of the East
3864:Near East in classical antiquity
3763:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)
3505:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)
2697:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)
2323:in c. 640–660, although in
2211:
1850:
1693:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
1184:
709:Bennett (1997), pp. 196, 198–199
676:
662:
395:Northern Mesopotamia, including
229:
204:
2307:established after the death of
809:
800:
791:
363:, putting his own puppet ruler
2655:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium
2579:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy
1250:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
1245:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
854:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
566:, along with the territory in
378:river, which became again the
359:and deposed the Parthian king
1:
2722:Tripolitania (Roman province)
2300:
1632:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
1029:Tigris–Euphrates river system
697:
423:(r. 193–211) and the usurper
3854:Mesopotamia (Roman province)
25:Mesopotamia (disambiguation)
16:Province of the Roman Empire
7:
3330: Re-established after
2642:Diocese of Annonarian Italy
2277:
1920:Borders of the Roman Empire
1698:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
1580:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
1575:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
857:. Oxford University Press.
727:Bennett (1997), pp. 206–207
655:
10:
3890:
1703:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
821:
605:
320:In 113, the Roman emperor
38:
18:
3869:Ancient Upper Mesopotamia
3410:
3320:
3303:Quaestura exercitus (536)
3293:
3282:
3212:
3119:
3031:
2963:
2920:
2909:
2857:
2819:
2771:
2760:
2756:
2742:
2687:
2640:
2577:
2566:
2524:
2476:
2428:
2365:
2354:
2350:
2336:
2283:
2272:
2220:
2209:
1971:
1912:
1859:
1848:
1753:
1744:Territories with limited
1670:
1624:
1598:
1502:
1399:
1292:
1200:
1193:
1182:
1064:
991:
982:
797:Southern (2001), p. 70–71
415:Year of the Five Emperors
245:
183:
179:
175:
171:
158:
147:• Re-established by
145:
132:
119:
115:
105:
101:
74:
63:
56:
45:
32:
3179:Palaestina III Salutaris
2375:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae
2001:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
1756:partially or temporarily
831:Trajan: Optimus Princeps
829:Bennett, Julian (1997).
606:Not to be confused with
590:. Other cities included
482:Year of the Six Emperors
439:of the Parthian capital
3346: Placed under the
2707:Mauretania Caesariensis
2526:Diocese of the Britains
2148:Mauretania Caesariensis
788:Kazhdan (1991), p. 1348
391:Lucius Verus's campaign
332:. In 114, he conquered
3620:Late Antique/Medieval)
3463:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3189:Phoenice II Libanensis
2892:Macedonia II Salutaris
2305:praetorian prefectures
2267:(4th–7th centuries AD)
2121:Hispania Tarraconensis
1748:occupation and contact
1535:Babylonian mathematics
893:Southern, Pat (2001).
772:Southern (2001), p. 42
754:Southern (2001), p. 33
718:Bennett (1997), p. 201
692:History of Mesopotamia
632:During the reforms of
556:
508:(r. 253–260), whom he
473:
283:
271:
121:• Established by
23:. For other uses, see
3874:Iraq in the Roman era
3405:in modern territories
2911:Praetorian prefecture
2786:Noricum mediterraneum
2762:Praetorian prefecture
2712:Mauretania Sitifensis
2607:Picenum Suburbicarium
2568:Praetorian prefecture
2356:Praetorian prefecture
2303: 293. Permanent
878:. Gorgias Press LLC.
554:
532:Under the reforms of
471:
431:Reconquest by Severus
382:'s eastern boundary.
277:
269:
34:Provincia Mesopotamia
3859:Late Roman provinces
3342:Diocese of Illyricum
3336:Prefecture of Africa
3091:Galatia II Salutaris
2859:Diocese of Macedonia
2749:Eastern Roman Empire
2511:Mauretania Tingitana
2343:Western Roman Empire
2153:Mauretania Tingitana
2046:Corsica and Sardinia
1986:Africa proconsularis
1530:Babylonian astronomy
1009:Mesopotamian Marshes
646:great war of 602–628
312:of the 7th century.
134:• Evacuated by
39:ἐπαρχία Μεσοποταμίας
3595:Sardinia (Classical
3468:Bulgaria (Classical
3348:Quaestura exercitus
3121:Diocese of the East
3111:Pontus Polemoniacus
2773:Diocese of Pannonia
2602:Lucania et Bruttium
2549:Maxima Caesariensis
2544:Flavia Caesariensis
2051:Crete and Cyrenaica
2026:Bithynia and Pontus
1611:Destruction by ISIL
1565:Sumerian literature
1540:Akkadian literature
976:Ancient Mesopotamia
927: /
608:Mesopotamia (theme)
542:Diocese of the East
280:Diocese of the East
21:Mesopotamia (theme)
3514:Corsica (Classical
3434:Armenia (Classical
3415:Albania (Classical
3199:Syria II Salutaris
3056:Armenian Satrapies
2829:Dacia Mediterranea
2751:(395–c. 640)
2679:Venetia et Histria
2587:Apulia et Calabria
2288:Notitia Dignitatum
2138:Lycia et Pamphylia
2116:Hispania Lusitania
2096:Gallia Narbonensis
2091:Gallia Lugdunensis
1899:Sub-Saharan Africa
1647:Mesopotamian myths
849:Kazhdan, Alexander
576:Persian expedition
557:
478:Roman–Persian Wars
474:
449:, as its capital.
386:Severus's province
289:was the name of a
284:
272:
225:Rashidun Caliphate
3821:
3820:
3803:Thrace (Classical
3795:Turkey (Classical
3587:Sicily (Classical
3534:Greece (Classical
3496:Cyprus (Classical
3482:Crimea (Classical
3477:Britain (England)
3364:
3363:
3326:Septem Provinciae
3316:
3315:
3288:Other territories
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3061:Armenia III (536)
3033:Diocese of Pontus
3023:Phrygia Salutaris
3018:Phrygia Pacatiana
2922:Diocese of Thrace
2905:
2904:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2689:Diocese of Africa
2562:
2561:
2430:Diocese of Vienne
2420:Maxima Sequanorum
2332:
2331:
2231:
2230:
2183:Pannonia Superior
2178:Pannonia Inferior
2106:Germania Superior
2101:Germania Inferior
1965:
1928:
1927:
1904:Equatorial Africa
1778:Byzantine Armenia
1768:Caucasian Albania
1711:
1710:
1662:Ziggurat (Temple)
1637:Sumerian religion
1395:
1394:
1342:Middle Babylonian
1284:Kish civilization
1180:
1179:
1004:Lower Mesopotamia
999:Upper Mesopotamia
904:978-0-203-45159-5
885:978-1-59333-026-2
864:978-0-19-504652-6
586:, was located at
536:(r. 284–305) and
421:Septimius Severus
316:Trajan's province
306:Sassanian empires
302:Septimius Severus
264:
263:
241:
240:
237:
236:
217:
216:
149:Septimius Severus
3881:
3749:Spain (Classical
3579:Italy (Classical
3542:Crete (Classical
3403:Byzantine Empire
3391:
3384:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3340: Later the
3324: Later the
3284:
3283:
3262:Thebais Inferior
3257:Thebais Superior
3214:Diocese of Egypt
3204:Theodorias (528)
3066:Armenia IV (536)
2918:
2917:
2821:Diocese of Dacia
2811:Valeria ripensis
2769:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2627:Tuscia et Umbria
2575:
2574:
2478:Diocese of Spain
2363:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2302:
2285:As found in the
2274:
2273:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2215:
2111:Hispania Baetica
2081:Gallia Aquitania
1963:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1854:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1560:Sumerian cuisine
1550:Warfare in Sumer
1545:Economy of Sumer
1198:
1197:
1188:
1072:Fertile Crescent
1056:Sinjar Mountains
1051:Hamrin Mountains
1046:Zagros Mountains
1024:Taurus Mountains
989:
988:
969:
962:
955:
946:
945:
942:
941:
939:
938:
937:
932:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
908:
889:
868:
844:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
789:
786:
773:
770:
764:
761:
755:
752:
746:
743:
737:
734:
728:
725:
719:
716:
710:
707:
686:
681:
680:
672:
667:
666:
665:
650:Muslim conquests
627:dux Mesopotamiae
584:dux Mesopotamiae
425:Pescennius Niger
310:Muslim conquests
233:
232:
221:
220:
208:
207:
201:
200:
185:
184:
162:Muslim conquests
68:
41:
40:
35:
30:
29:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3775:Early Medieval)
3688:The Netherlands
3599:Early Medieval)
3518:Early Medieval)
3406:
3397:History of the
3395:
3365:
3360:
3312:
3289:
3266:
3242:Augustamnica II
3208:
3115:
3027:
2965:Diocese of Asia
2959:
2912:
2901:
2887:Macedonia Prima
2853:
2815:
2791:Noricum ripense
2763:
2752:
2726:
2683:
2636:
2569:
2558:
2520:
2472:
2438:Alpes Maritimae
2424:
2410:Lugdunensis III
2367:Diocese of Gaul
2357:
2346:
2345:(395–476)
2328:
2295:established by
2279:
2268:
2262:
2232:
2227:
2216:
2207:
2168:Moesia Superior
2163:Moesia Inferior
1996:Alpes Maritimae
1967:
1959:
1929:
1924:
1908:
1861:
1855:
1846:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1712:
1707:
1666:
1620:
1594:
1503:Culture/society
1498:
1391:
1387:Muslim conquest
1357:Fall of Babylon
1288:
1189:
1176:
1060:
978:
973:
935:
933:
929:
926:
921:
918:
916:
914:
913:
911:
905:
886:
865:
841:
824:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
682:
675:
668:
663:
661:
658:
611:
604:
530:
490:Sassanid Empire
466:
464:Border conflict
460:) to the east.
433:
417:
393:
388:
330:Parthian Empire
318:
278:The late Roman
260:
256:
252:
230:
212:Parthian Empire
205:
164:
151:
138:
125:
69:
58:
36:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3887:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3792:
3789:Roman Carthage
3782:
3777:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3610:
3602:
3576:
3571:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3507:
3502:
3493:
3488:
3479:
3474:
3472:High Medieval)
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:Libya Inferior
3249:
3247:Libya Superior
3244:
3239:
3237:Augustamnica I
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2993:Lycaonia (370)
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Dacia Ripensis
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2496:Carthaginensis
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2463:Novempopulania
2460:
2458:Narbonensis II
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2415:Lugdunensis IV
2412:
2407:
2405:Lugdunensis II
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:Gallia Belgica
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Arabia Petraea
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:Canary Islands
1865:
1863:
1860:Contacts &
1857:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:Assyriologists
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1590:List of rulers
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1479:Proto-Armenian
1476:
1471:
1466:
1464:Middle Persian
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1352:Neo-Babylonian
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:Old Babylonian
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1302:Early Dynastic
1298:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
986:
980:
979:
972:
971:
964:
957:
949:
910:
909:
903:
890:
884:
869:
863:
851:, ed. (1991).
845:
839:
825:
823:
820:
818:
817:
808:
799:
790:
774:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
688:
687:
673:
657:
654:
615:Anastasian War
603:
600:
529:
526:
484:, in 239–243,
465:
462:
432:
429:
416:
413:
392:
389:
387:
384:
365:Parthamaspates
326:launched a war
317:
314:
291:Roman province
262:
261:
247:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
227:
218:
215:
214:
209:
197:
196:
191:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
159:
156:
155:
152:
146:
143:
142:
139:
133:
130:
129:
126:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
107:
106:Historical era
103:
102:
99:
98:
76:
72:
71:
61:
60:
54:
53:
43:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3886:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Late Antique)
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Liechtenstein
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Late Antique)
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3285:
3281:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Palaestina II
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Cappadocia II
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Armenia Maior
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Alpes Cottiae
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2516:Tarraconensis
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Narbonensis I
2451:
2449:
2448:Aquitanica II
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Lugdunensis I
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:Constantine I
2306:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
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2019:
2017:
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2012:
2009:
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1991:Alpes Cottiae
1989:
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1773:Roman Armenia
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1019:Syrian Desert
1017:
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1007:
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985:
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897:. Routledge.
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840:0-415-16524-5
836:
833:. Routledge.
832:
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538:Constantine I
535:
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295:Roman emperor
292:
288:
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259:
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246:Today part of
244:
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67:
62:
55:
52:
48:
44:
31:
26:
22:
3768:Vatican City
3721:Saudi Arabia
3693:North Africa
3632:
3564:
3308:Spania (552)
3169:Palaestina I
3158:
3149:Euphratensis
3096:Helenopontus
3076:Cappadocia I
2983:Hellespontus
2882:Epirus Vetus
2849:Praevalitana
2764:of Illyricum
2554:Valentia (?)
2539:Britannia II
2443:Aquitanica I
2321:theme system
2286:
2157:
2125:
1862:explorations
1816:
1790:Roman Crimea
1746:Roman Empire
1585:Royal titles
1510:Architecture
1376:
1347:Neo-Assyrian
1194:(Pre)history
1014:Persian Gulf
912:
894:
874:
852:
830:
811:
802:
793:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
652:in 633–640.
631:
626:
619:Anastasius I
612:
592:Martyropolis
583:
558:
531:
475:
451:
444:
434:
418:
405:Lucius Verus
394:
380:Roman Empire
369:
342:
324:(r. 98–117)
319:
286:
285:
194:Succeeded by
193:
188:
51:Roman Empire
3758:Switzerland
3724:(Classical)
3706:(Classical)
3628:(Classical)
3608:(Classical)
3355:Justinian I
3227:Aegyptus II
3159:Mesopotamia
3106:Paphlagonia
2935:Haemimontus
2913:of the East
2877:Epirus Nova
2801:Pannonia II
2534:Britannia I
2395:Germania II
2226:'s reforms.
2158:Mesopotamia
1889:Scandinavia
1822:Netherlands
1817:Mesopotamia
1688:Hittitology
1678:Assyriology
1599:Archaeology
1469:Old Persian
1279:Jemdet Nasr
934: /
684:Asia portal
670:Iraq portal
634:Justinian I
588:Constantina
498:Timesitheus
338:Mesopotamia
287:Mesopotamia
189:Preceded by
3828:Categories
3771:(Classical
3716:San Marino
3678:Montenegro
3653:Luxembourg
3616:(Classical
3565:(Classical
3443:Azerbaijan
3332:reconquest
3222:Aegyptus I
3184:Phoenice I
3139:Cilicia II
3046:Armenia II
2796:Pannonia I
2468:Viennensis
2390:Germania I
2385:Belgica II
2325:Asia Minor
2297:Diocletian
2224:Diocletian
2036:Cappadocia
1652:Divination
1362:Achaemenid
1327:Isin-Larsa
1220:Trialetian
1215:Mousterian
1202:Prehistory
698:References
638:Armenia IV
534:Diocletian
518:Odaenathus
486:Ardashir I
401:expedition
308:until the
83:Diyarbakır
3807:Medieval)
3799:Medieval)
3663:Macedonia
3591:Medieval)
3583:Medieval)
3569:Medieval)
3546:Medieval)
3538:Medieval)
3500:Medieval)
3486:Medieval)
3419:Medieval)
3134:Cilicia I
3086:Galatia I
3041:Armenia I
3008:Pamphylia
2940:Moesia II
2897:Thessalia
2674:Raetia II
2506:Lusitania
2501:Gallaecia
2491:Balearica
2380:Belgica I
2143:Macedonia
2031:Britannia
1525:Cuneiform
1401:Languages
1210:Acheulean
1097:Babylonia
1034:Euphrates
984:Geography
931:37°N 41°E
642:Tur Abdin
494:recovered
441:Ctesiphon
376:Euphrates
110:Antiquity
89:(Oğuz) /
3744:Slovenia
3739:Slovakia
3729:Scotland
3703:Portugal
3552:Guernsey
3101:Honorias
3071:Bithynia
2844:Moesia I
2839:Dardania
2781:Dalmatia
2702:Byzacena
2669:Raetia I
2617:Sardinia
2592:Campania
2570:of Italy
2293:dioceses
2066:Dalmatia
1981:Aegyptus
1964:(117 AD)
1913:See also
1837:Scotland
1832:Slovakia
1754:Occupied
1671:Academia
1625:Religion
1494:Urartian
1489:Sumerian
1474:Parthian
1409:Akkadian
1382:Sasanian
1372:Parthian
1367:Seleucid
1317:Simurrum
1307:Akkadian
1240:Khiamian
1230:Natufian
1142:Simurrum
1127:Kassites
1122:Hittites
1077:Adiabene
656:See also
568:Adiabene
510:captured
506:Valerian
502:Shapur I
361:Osroes I
349:Adiabene
95:Nusaybin
47:Province
3785:Tunisia
3780:Ukraine
3711:Romania
3683:Morocco
3668:Moldova
3557:Hungary
3529:Germany
3524:Georgia
3491:Croatia
3458:Belgium
3453:Balkans
3448:Austria
3429:Andorra
3424:Algeria
3298:Taurica
3232:Arcadia
3194:Syria I
3164:Osroene
3154:Isauria
3013:Pisidia
2988:Islands
2955:Thracia
2950:Scythia
2945:Rhodope
2664:Aemilia
2660:Liguria
2632:Valeria
2622:Sicilia
2612:Samnium
2597:Corsica
2486:Baetica
2358:of Gaul
2313:Ravenna
2278:History
2203:Thracia
2193:Sicilia
2173:Noricum
2076:Galatia
2041:Cilicia
2021:Assyria
2011:Armenia
1894:Somalia
1884:Ireland
1812:Germany
1807:Georgia
1795:Cherson
1785:Assyria
1657:Prayers
1642:Deities
1606:Looting
1449:Kassite
1444:Hurrian
1439:Hittite
1429:Elamite
1424:Eblaite
1419:Aramaic
1414:Amorite
1337:Kassite
1312:Gutians
1294:History
1259:Samarra
1255:Hassuna
1225:Zarzian
1147:Subartu
1137:Mitanni
1102:Chaldea
1092:Assyria
1065:Ancient
822:Sources
564:Singara
560:Nisibis
522:Palmyra
454:Osroene
446:colonia
409:Nisibis
397:Osroene
372:Hadrian
353:Assyria
334:Armenia
160:•
136:Hadrian
91:Nisibis
75:Capital
59:198–637
57:116–117
49:of the
3734:Serbia
3673:Monaco
3633:Kuwait
3625:Kosovo
3613:Jordan
3605:Jersey
3510:France
3350:in 536
3144:Cyprus
3129:Arabia
2930:Europa
2867:Achaea
2317:Africa
2188:Raetia
2133:Iudaea
2127:Italia
2071:Epirus
2056:Cyprus
1976:Achaia
1827:Persia
1763:Arabia
1484:Sutean
1459:Median
1454:Luwian
1434:Gutian
1322:Ur III
1235:Nemrik
1172:Cities
1167:Urartu
1117:Hamazi
1112:Gutium
1087:Armani
1039:Tigris
992:Modern
936:37; 41
901:
882:
861:
837:
596:Kephas
572:Julian
514:Edessa
458:Khabur
345:Tigris
322:Trajan
298:Trajan
254:Turkey
123:Trajan
3813:Wales
3658:Malta
3643:Libya
3399:Roman
3003:Lydia
2998:Lycia
2978:Caria
2872:Creta
2806:Savia
2198:Syria
2061:Dacia
1879:India
1874:China
1842:Sudan
1802:Dacia
1570:Music
1520:Akitu
1377:Roman
1269:Ubaid
1264:Halaf
1162:Tukri
1157:Sumer
1152:Suhum
1132:Media
1082:Akkad
580:Amida
258:Syria
79:Amida
3562:Iraq
3401:and
2973:Asia
2315:and
2016:Asia
1616:Tell
1274:Uruk
1107:Elam
922:41°E
919:37°N
899:ISBN
880:ISBN
859:ISBN
835:ISBN
623:Dara
594:and
562:and
437:sack
357:Susa
250:Iraq
87:Dara
85:) /
2662:et
1515:Art
574:'s
548:.
520:of
512:at
496:by
403:of
347:to
167:637
154:198
141:117
128:116
3830::
3805:-
3797:-
3773:-
3751:-
3618:-
3597:-
3593:,
3589:-
3581:-
3567:-
3544:-
3536:-
3516:-
3498:-
3484:-
3470:-
3436:-
3417:-
2301:c.
2299:,
777:^
629:.
598:.
411:.
3809:)
3801:(
3791:)
3787:(
3601:)
3585:(
3548:)
3540:(
3520:)
3512:(
3390:e
3383:t
3376:v
2257:e
2250:t
2243:v
1954:e
1947:t
1940:v
1737:e
1730:t
1723:v
1257:/
968:e
961:t
954:v
907:.
888:.
867:.
843:.
610:.
97:)
93:(
81:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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