26:
1530:
308:
284:
1103:
The hornblende-hornfels facies is a facies with the same low pressures but slightly higher temperatures as the albite-epidote facies. Though it is named for the mineral hornblende, the appearance of that mineral is not constrained to this facies. The hornblende-hornfels facies has the following
223:
settings, times and places in the geological history of the area. The boundaries between facies (and corresponding areas on the temperature v. pressure graph) are wide because they are gradational and approximate. The area on the graph corresponding to rock formation at the lowest values of
405:
Every metamorphic facies has some index minerals by which it can be recognized. That does not mean these minerals will necessarily be visible with the naked eye, or even exist in the rock; if the rock does not have the right chemical composition, they will not crystallize.
219:. The assemblage is typical of what is formed in conditions corresponding to an area on the two dimensional graph of temperature vs. pressure (See diagram in Figure 1). Rocks which contain certain minerals can therefore be linked to certain
1168:
The pyroxene-hornfels facies is the contact-metamorphic facies with the highest temperatures and is, like the granulite facies, characterized by the mineral orthopyroxene. It is characterized by the following mineral assemblages:
364:
can be described by the abbreviations LT, MT, HT, LP, MP, HP (from low, medium or high; pressure or temperature). Since the 1980s the term UHP (ultra high pressure) has been used for rocks that experienced extreme pressures.
324:
The different metamorphic facies are defined by the mineralogical composition of a rock. When the temperature or pressure in a rock body change, the rock can cross into a different facies and some minerals become
1237:
The sanidinite facies is a rare facies of extremely high temperatures and low pressure. It can only be reached under certain contact-metamorphic circumstances. Due to the high temperature the rock experiences
843:
facies is the highest grade of metamorphism at medium pressure. The depth at which it occurs is not constant. A characteristic mineral for this facies and the pyroxene-hornblende facies is
1458:
1076:, a process that characteristically involves high temperatures but low pressures/depths. This facies is characterized by the following minerals:
1239:
1438:
315:(M) content of the main phases (dark dots and, when the composition can vary, stripes). Thin grey lines represent equilibria between phases.
280:. Turner continued to work in the field, refining the metamorphic facies classifications through the end of his career in the early 1970s.
1465:
1298:
547:
The prehnite-pumpellyite facies is a little higher in pressure and temperature than the zeolite facies. It is named for the minerals
1060:
The albite-epidote-hornfels facies is a facies at low pressure and relatively low temperatures. It is named for the two minerals
245:
908:
1423:
1007:
The eclogite facies is the facies at the highest pressure and high temperature. It is named for the metabasic rock
410:
1554:
299:(F) content of the main phases (dark dots) in metamorphic rocks in various facies. Thin grey lines are stable
1323:
353:
1490:
1451:
542:
53:
924:
The blueschist facies is at relatively low temperature but high pressure, such as occurs in rocks in a
269:
391:
will have different mineralogical compositions even though they are in the same metamorphic facies.
626:
The greenschist facies is at low pressure and temperature. The facies is named for the typical
16:
Set of mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks formed under similar pressures and temperatures
1402:
1394:
1073:
276:
throughout his career. A classic work of Turner's was the book he published in 1948 titled
189:
1192:(If the temperature is below 750 °C there will be andalusite instead of sillimanite)
8:
741:
facies is a facies of medium pressure and average to high temperature. It is named after
273:
1345:
928:. The facies is named after the schistose character of the rocks and the blue minerals
885:
798:
732:
714:
621:
349:
71:
46:
1395:
1355:
919:
630:
473:
461:
368:
Which minerals grow in a rock is also dependent upon the original composition of the
338:
334:
249:
84:
39:
1329:
834:
300:
225:
208:
66:
1534:
1002:
925:
707:
414:
77:
32:
1485:
634:
560:
515:
455:
373:
61:
1188:
cordierite + quartz + sillimanite + K-feldspar (orthoclase) ± biotite ± garnet
847:. The granulite facies is characterized by the following mineral assemblages:
745:
that form under such circumstances. It has the following mineral assemblages:
1548:
1120:
1116:
855:
844:
764:
661:
596:
476:
400:
348:
The minerals in a metamorphic rock and their age relations can be studied by
257:
1350:
1333:
1282:
1272:
1222:
568:
502:
426:
357:
261:
25:
1510:
1495:
1226:
929:
881:
788:
756:
738:
695:
582:
571:). The prehnite-pumpellyite is characterized by the mineral assemblages:
564:
438:
383:, the minerals that can grow in them are different too. Therefore, a meta
253:
216:
183:
101:
1500:
1208:
1136:
1132:
1045:
979:
952:
891:
877:
859:
821:
780:
752:
678:
674:
642:
507:
490:
465:
430:
330:
229:
868:
clinopyroxene + plagioclase + garnet ± orthopyroxene (higher pressure)
1515:
1443:
1310:
1290:
1276:
1258:
1218:
1212:
1018:
990:
956:
933:
895:
840:
806:
742:
687:
600:
529:
483:
464:. At lower temperature and pressure processes in the rock are called
369:
312:
288:
220:
1505:
1294:
1286:
1243:
1112:
1069:
1008:
948:
817:
768:
703:
578:
556:
548:
494:
384:
307:
283:
212:
179:
90:
360:
of the rock. Apart from the metamorphic facies of a rock, a whole
1306:
1302:
1254:
1177:
1065:
1033:
1022:
967:
936:. The blueschist facies forms the following mineral assemblages:
802:
784:
683:
638:
589:
552:
469:
434:
361:
292:
265:
204:
188:
graph corresponds to circumstances within the Earth's crust and
1197:
1061:
944:
760:
691:
627:
522:
511:
498:
388:
377:
326:
272:. Eskola's classification was refined by New-Zealand geologist
437:
is stable at high pressure but relatively low temperature and
1262:
460:
The zeolite facies is the metamorphic facies with the lowest
342:
1246:. It is characterized by the following mineral assemblages:
311:
Triangular diagrams showing the aluminium (A), iron (F) and
1397:
Mineralogical and
Structural Evolution of Metamorphic Rocks
1151:
cordierite + anthophyllite + biotite + plagioclase + quartz
810:
380:
296:
278:
Mineralogical and
Structural Evolution of Metamorphic Rocks
95:
1242:
and glass is formed. This facies is named for the mineral
1414:
Eskola, Pentti Eelis, 1920: "The mineral facies of rocks"
264:
a number of metamorphic facies were proposed in 1920 by
228:, as opposed to metamorphic rocks, in a process called
224:
temperature and pressure is the range of formation of
779:
muscovite + biotite + quartz + plagioclase ± garnet,
865:
orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase ± quartz
1383:
Essentials of
Geology, 3rd Edition, Stephen Marshak
1196:cordierite + orthopyroxene + plagioclase ± garnet,
1011:. The eclogite facies has the mineral assemblages:
1095:In calcaerous assemblage: Calcite + talc + quartz
1083:albite + epidote + actinolite + chlorite + quartz
1055:
479:. It can have the following mineral assemblages:
1546:
902:
652:chlorite + albite + epidote ± actinolite, quartz
178:Figure 1. Diagram showing metamorphic facies in
1419:Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
1328:Ecologites and blueschists are associated with
1068:, though they are also stable in other facies.
333:. Whether minerals really react depends on the
1176:orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase ±
633:of the rocks and green colour of the minerals
536:
1459:
1098:
970:+ lawsonite ± phengite, glaucophane, chlorite
721:
1051:phengite + kyanite + talc + quartz ± jadeite
1163:
686:+ muscovite + chlorite + albite + quartz +
1466:
1452:
645:. Characteristic mineral assemblages are:
372:(the original rock before metamorphosis).
1147:O-poor sediments or meta-igneous rocks:
1021:+ garnet ± kyanite, quartz, hornblende,
894:+ orthopyroxene + K-feldspar + quartz ±
660:albite + quartz + epidote + muscovite ±
319:
306:
282:
1091:muscovite + biotite + chlorite + quartz
1547:
1473:
1428:Holmes' Principles of Physical Geology
1392:
671:muscovite + chlorite + albite + quartz
611:muscovite + chlorite + albite + quartz
574:In meta-igneous rocks and greywackes:
444:
235:
1447:
1159:dolomite + calcite + tremolite ± talc
943:glaucophane + lawsonite + chlorite +
726:
615:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1232:
913:
409:Very typical index minerals are the
376:have a different composition than a
1317:
909:Ultra-high-temperature metamorphism
828:
13:
996:
677:+ chlorite + muscovite + quartz ±
14:
1566:
1439:Metamorphic facies by Dave Waters
1368:
1332:. Granulites are associated with
824:(higher pressure and temperature)
449:
394:
1528:
813:(lower pressure and temperature)
329:while others become unstable or
287:Triangular diagrams showing the
24:
441:is stable at high temperature.
1386:
1056:Albite-epidote-hornfels facies
1044:phengite + garnet + kyanite +
986:In carbonate-rocks (marbles):
260:in 1838. Analogous with these
1:
1417:Phillpots, Anthony R., 1990:
1393:Turner, Francis John (1948).
1361:
903:Ultra-high-temperature facies
341:of the reaction and how much
1324:Subduction zone metamorphism
1261:(often altered to quartz) +
585:+ chlorite + albite + quartz
532:+ chlorite + albite + quartz
354:scanning electron microscopy
244:was first used for specific
7:
1339:
1111:hornblende + plagioclase ±
543:prehnite-pumpellyite facies
537:Prehnite-pumpellyite facies
433:is stable at low pressure,
10:
1571:
1321:
1289:± calcite, diopside (also
1099:Hornblende-hornfels facies
1000:
917:
906:
898:(at very high temperature)
832:
730:
722:Epidote-amphibolite facies
619:
540:
482:In meta-igneous rocks and
468:. The facies is named for
453:
398:
1524:
1481:
588:pumpellyite + chlorite +
1164:Pyroxene-hornfels facies
978:phengite + paragonite +
595:pumpellyite + epidote +
345:is present in the rock.
246:sedimentary environments
186:space. The domain of the
1434:Geological Nomenclature
1155:In Si-rich dolostones:
862:+ plagioclase ± biotite
1139:+ quartz + plagioclase
1131:muscovite + biotite +
316:
304:
1555:Metamorphic petrology
1322:Further information:
1104:mineral assemblages:
1028:In metagranodiorite:
816:dolomite + calcite +
320:Underlying principles
310:
286:
211:formed under similar
1491:Prehnite-pumpellyite
1432:Visser, W.A., 1980;
1203:In carbonate rocks:
1074:contact metamorphism
1072:is a rock formed by
1032:quartz + phengite +
1535:Minerals portal
1036:/omphacite + garnet
982:+ chlorite + quartz
962:In metagreywackes:
656:In metagreywackes:
445:Mineral assemblages
274:Francis John Turner
236:Historic definition
1475:Metamorphic facies
1346:Metamorphic series
1048:(Mg-rich) + quartz
888:+ quartz ± biotite
794:In Si-dolostones:
733:amphibolite facies
727:Amphibolite facies
622:greenschist facies
616:Greenschist facies
350:optical microscopy
317:
305:
262:sedimentary facies
201:metamorphic facies
1542:
1541:
1356:Petrogenetic grid
1233:Sanidinite facies
920:blueschist facies
914:Blueschist facies
603:+ albite + quartz
592:+ albite + quartz
462:metamorphic grade
339:activation energy
335:reaction kinetics
250:sedimentary rocks
226:sedimentary rocks
209:metamorphic rocks
197:
196:
193:
87:
80:
58:
49:
42:
35:
1562:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1424:Duff, P. McL. D.
1407:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1330:subduction zones
1318:Tectonic setting
1249:In metapelites:
1184:In metapelites:
1172:In metabasites:
1127:In metapelites:
1107:In metabasites:
1087:In metapelites:
1079:In metabasites:
1040:In metapelites:
1014:In metabasites:
974:In metapelites:
939:In metabasites:
872:In metapelites:
854:orthopyroxene +
850:In metabasites:
835:granulite facies
829:Granulite facies
775:In metapelites:
748:In metabasites:
667:In metapelites:
648:In metabasites:
607:In metapelites:
301:phase equilibria
177:
83:
76:
52:
45:
38:
31:
28:
19:
18:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1520:
1477:
1472:
1411:
1410:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1369:
1364:
1342:
1326:
1320:
1305:and other rare
1268:In carbonates:
1240:partial melting
1235:
1166:
1146:
1101:
1058:
1005:
1003:eclogite facies
999:
997:Eclogite facies
926:subduction zone
922:
916:
911:
905:
837:
831:
735:
729:
724:
624:
618:
545:
539:
458:
452:
447:
424:
420:
415:aluminosilicate
403:
397:
374:Carbonate rocks
322:
238:
207:assemblages in
187:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
99:
93:
88:
81:
74:
69:
64:
59:
55:
50:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1540:
1539:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1385:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1280:
1266:
1265:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1215:
1201:
1200:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1125:
1124:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
994:
993:
984:
983:
972:
971:
960:
959:
918:Main article:
915:
912:
907:Main article:
904:
901:
900:
899:
889:
870:
869:
866:
863:
833:Main article:
830:
827:
826:
825:
814:
792:
791:
773:
772:
731:Main article:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
700:
699:
681:
672:
665:
664:
654:
653:
620:Main article:
617:
614:
613:
612:
605:
604:
593:
586:
561:phyllosilicate
541:Main article:
538:
535:
534:
533:
519:
518:
505:
477:tectosilicates
456:zeolite facies
454:Main article:
451:
450:Zeolite facies
448:
446:
443:
422:
418:
399:Main article:
396:
395:Index minerals
393:
321:
318:
237:
234:
195:
194:
174:
173:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
100:
89:
82:
75:
70:
65:
60:
51:
44:
37:
30:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1567:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1537:
1536:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1334:volcanic arcs
1331:
1325:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1257:+ sanidine +
1256:
1253:cordierite +
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:cummingtonite
1118:
1117:anthophyllite
1114:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1004:
992:
989:
988:
987:
981:
977:
976:
975:
969:
965:
964:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
940:
937:
935:
931:
927:
921:
910:
897:
893:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:
873:
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:clinopyroxene
853:
852:
851:
848:
846:
845:orthopyroxene
842:
836:
823:
819:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:
776:
770:
766:
765:cummingtonite
762:
758:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:
744:
740:
734:
716:
713:
712:
711:
709:
705:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
680:
676:
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
662:stilpnomelane
659:
658:
657:
651:
650:
649:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
623:
610:
609:
608:
602:
598:
597:stilpnomelane
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
577:
576:
575:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
544:
531:
528:
527:
526:
524:
517:
513:
509:
506:
504:
503:clay minerals
500:
496:
492:
489:
488:
487:
485:
480:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
457:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:nesosilicates
416:
412:
407:
402:
401:index mineral
392:
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
371:
366:
363:
359:
358:thin sections
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
314:
309:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
270:Pentti Eskola
267:
263:
259:
258:Amanz Gressly
255:
251:
247:
243:
233:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
191:
185:
181:
176:
175:
103:
97:
92:
86:
79:
73:
68:
63:
57:
48:
41:
34:
29:
27:
21:
20:
1526:
1474:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1396:
1388:
1351:Metamorphism
1327:
1313:-silicates).
1283:monticellite
1273:wollastonite
1267:
1248:
1236:
1223:wollastonite
1211:± diopside,
1202:
1191:
1183:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1142:
1126:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1059:
1039:
1027:
1013:
1006:
985:
973:
961:
947:± epidote ±
938:
923:
871:
849:
838:
793:
774:
747:
736:
701:
666:
655:
647:
625:
606:
573:
569:sorosilicate
546:
520:
481:
459:
408:
404:
367:
347:
323:
277:
268:petrologist
241:
239:
217:temperatures
203:is a set of
200:
198:
190:upper mantle
23:
1511:Amphibolite
1496:Greenschist
1401:. pp.
1227:vesuvianite
1217:diopside +
930:glaucophane
882:sillimanite
789:sillimanite
759:± epidote,
757:plagioclase
739:amphibolite
696:spessartine
583:pumpellyite
565:pumpellyite
514:+ quartz ±
472:, strongly
439:sillimanite
184:temperature
72:Amphibolite
56:Pumpellyite
47:Greenschist
1501:Blueschist
1362:References
1279:+ diopside
1209:forsterite
1207:calcite +
1137:cordierite
1133:andalusite
1046:chloritoid
980:carpholite
953:paragonite
892:sapphirine
886:K-feldspar
878:cordierite
860:hornblende
822:forsterite
781:staurolite
753:hornblende
743:amphiboles
679:paragonite
675:chloritoid
643:actinolite
508:laumontite
491:heulandite
484:greywackes
466:diagenesis
431:Andalusite
425:, all are
411:polymorphs
387:and a meta
331:metastable
256:geologist
230:diagenesis
85:Sanidinite
40:Blueschist
1516:Granulite
1299:merwinite
1291:tilleyite
1277:anorthite
1259:tridymite
1219:grossular
1213:periclase
1180:or quartz
1019:omphacite
991:aragonite
966:quartz +
957:omphacite
934:lawsonite
896:osumilite
876:garnet +
841:granulite
807:tremolite
771:, biotite
628:schistose
601:muscovite
530:muscovite
370:protolith
313:magnesium
289:aluminium
240:The name
213:pressures
67:Granulite
54:Prehnite-
1549:Category
1506:Eclogite
1426:, 1996;
1340:See also
1309:- or Ca-
1295:spurrite
1287:melilite
1244:sanidine
1123:, quartz
1113:diopside
1070:Hornfels
1009:eclogite
949:phengite
818:diopside
799:dolomite
769:diopside
717:+ quartz
715:dolomite
708:dolomite
635:chlorite
579:prehnite
549:prehnite
516:chlorite
495:analcite
474:hydrated
470:zeolites
385:psammite
295:(C) and
221:tectonic
180:pressure
78:Hornfels
33:Eclogite
1486:Zeolite
1303:larnite
1255:mullite
1178:olivine
1066:epidote
1034:jadeite
1023:zoisite
968:jadeite
803:calcite
785:kyanite
710:rocks:
684:biotite
639:epidote
631:texture
590:epidote
523:pelites
521:In meta
435:kyanite
362:terrane
293:calcium
266:Finnish
205:mineral
62:Zeolite
1198:spinel
1062:albite
945:sphene
761:garnet
706:-rich
692:garnet
563:) and
512:albite
499:quartz
389:pelite
378:basalt
337:, the
327:stable
242:facies
1405:–332.
1263:glass
343:fluid
291:(A),
254:Swiss
1143:In K
1064:and
932:and
839:The
811:talc
737:The
641:and
381:lava
297:iron
215:and
137:1000
104:(°C)
96:kbar
702:In
567:(a
551:(a
429:).
421:SiO
417:(Al
413:of
356:of
352:or
252:by
248:in
134:900
131:800
128:700
125:600
122:500
119:400
116:300
113:200
110:100
1551::
1370:^
1336:.
1311:Mg
1307:Ca
1301:,
1297:,
1293:,
1285:+
1275:+
1225:±
1221:+
1135:+
1115:,
955:,
951:±
884:+
880:+
858:+
820:±
809:±
805:+
801:+
783:,
767:,
763:,
755:+
704:Si
688:Mn
637:,
599:+
581:+
557:Al
553:Ca
525::
510:+
501:±
497:+
493:+
486::
232:.
199:A
170:20
167:18
164:16
161:14
158:12
155:10
1467:e
1460:t
1453:v
1403:1
1145:2
1119:/
787:/
698:)
694:(
690:-
559:-
555:-
423:5
419:2
303:.
192:.
182:-
152:8
149:6
146:4
143:2
140:0
107:0
102:T
98:)
94:(
91:P
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