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of the chromosomes convene themselves on the metaphase plate, an imaginary line that is equidistant from the two spindle poles. This even alignment is due to the counterbalance of the pulling powers generated by the opposing kinetochore microtubules, analogous to a tug-of-war between two people of
267:
samples can also be used for cytogenetic analysis to generate metaphase preparations. Inspection of the stained metaphase chromosomes allows the determination of numerical and structural changes in the tumor cell genome, for example, losses of chromosomal segments or
153:, verifies this evenly balanced alignment and ensures that every kinetochore is properly attached to a bundle of microtubules and is under balanced bipolar tension. Sister chromatids require active
217:
studies. Chromosomes are condensed (thickened) and highly coiled in metaphase, which makes them most suitable for visual analysis. Metaphase chromosomes make the classical picture of chromosomes (
114:, before being separated into each of the two daughter nuclei. This alignment marks the beginning of metaphase. Metaphase accounts for approximately 4% of the
30:
The mitotic spindle checkpoint verifies that all the chromosomes are aligned properly on the metaphase plate and prevents premature entry into anaphase.
401:
464:
756:
650:
42:
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185:. As long as securin and cyclin B remain active, separase remains inactive, preventing premature progression to anaphase.
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328:
Alberts, Bruce; Hopkin, Karen; Johnson, Alexander; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2019).
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337:
250:
245:, produces a pattern of in total up to several hundred bands. Normal metaphase spreads are used in methods like
94:
in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in
229:) of chromosomes to be visualised under microscope to study structure and number of chromosomes (karyotype).
221:). For classical cytogenetic analyses, cells are grown in short term culture and arrested in metaphase using
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165:. Any unattached or improperly attached kinetochores generate signals that prevent the activation of the
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Chromosomes lined up on the metaphase plate. Two views with the metaphase plate rotated 60°.
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332:(Fifth ed.). New York London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 632–633.
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Stages of early mitosis in a vertebrate cell with micrographs of chromatids
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225:. Further they are used for slide preparation and banding (
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on opposite poles of the cell have completed attachment to
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19:For the Product Lifecycle Management software, see
134:equal strength, ending with the destruction of B
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161:that bind them together prior to progression to
121:In metaphase, microtubules from both duplicated
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189:Metaphase in cytogenetics and cancer studies
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451:
757:Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
404:. Kimball's Biology Pages. Archived from
302:"Chromosome condensation through mitosis"
197:Human metaphase chromosomes (normal male
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41:
33:
25:
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321:
209:is one of the main tools of classical
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249:and as a hybridization matrix for
83: 'appearance') is a stage of
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251:comparative genomic hybridization
110:between the spindle poles at the
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141:In order to prevent deleterious
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129:on condensed chromosomes. The
106:, align in the equator of the
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272:, which may lead to chimeric
68:) beyond, above, transcending
282:chronic myelogenous leukemia
7:
767:Maturation promoting factor
10:
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908:Postreplication checkpoint
233:of the slides, often with
205:The analysis of metaphase
167:anaphase promoting complex
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181:for degradation via the
169:(cyclosome or APC/C), a
890:Cell cycle checkpoints
330:Essential cell biology
202:
47:
39:
31:
16:Stage of cell division
917:Other cellular phases
641:CDK-activating kinase
196:
147:cell cycle checkpoint
45:
37:
29:
439:at Wikimedia Commons
21:SDRC § Products
408:on 19 November 2012
253:(CGH) experiments.
104:genetic information
903:Spindle checkpoint
708:P53 p63 p73 family
382:. Nature Education
358:Biology Dictionary
203:
151:spindle checkpoint
48:
40:
32:
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898:Restriction point
435:Media related to
354:"Metaphase plate"
223:mitotic inhibitor
157:to hydrolyze the
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402:"The Cell Cycle"
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360:. Biology Online
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425:External links
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270:translocations
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173:which targets
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143:nondisjunction
118:'s duration.
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72:Ancient Greek
70:and from
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55:Ancient Greek
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859:Prometaphase
410:. Retrieved
406:the original
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384:. Retrieved
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362:. Retrieved
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329:
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311:. Retrieved
307:ScienceDaily
305:
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255:
211:cytogenetics
204:
140:
127:kinetochores
120:
111:
80:
75:
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50:
49:
880:Cytokinesis
849:Preprophase
793:checkpoints
380:"Metaphase"
259:from solid
207:chromosomes
131:centromeres
123:centrosomes
102:, carrying
100:chromosomes
970:Cell cycle
959:Categories
801:Interphase
791:Phases and
474:Cell cycle
412:9 December
386:9 December
364:9 December
288:References
276:, such as
243:Quinacrine
183:proteosome
116:cell cycle
92:cell cycle
89:eukaryotic
53:(from
924:Apoptosis
874:Telophase
864:Metaphase
659:INK4a/ARF
437:Metaphase
274:oncogenes
239:G banding
219:karyotype
199:karyotype
98:). These
51:Metaphase
869:Anaphase
854:Prophase
477:proteins
265:leukemia
231:Staining
227:staining
179:cyclin B
163:anaphase
155:separase
96:anaphase
81:(phásis)
965:Mitosis
938:Meiosis
845:Mitosis
837:M phase
818:S phase
685:cip/kip
313:12 June
278:bcr-abl
175:securin
159:cohesin
87:in the
85:mitosis
777:Cullin
663:p14arf
485:Cyclin
336:
261:tumors
235:Giemsa
215:cancer
149:, the
136:cyclin
933:phase
827:phase
813:phase
752:Cdc42
747:Cdc25
735:Other
517:, B3)
241:) or
78:φάσις
74:
66:meta-
61:μετα-
57:
781:CUL7
742:Cdc2
414:2012
388:2012
366:2012
334:ISBN
315:2007
247:FISH
213:and
177:and
108:cell
772:Wee
762:E2F
726:p73
721:p63
716:p53
697:p57
693:p27
689:p21
679:p19
675:p18
671:p15
667:p16
621:11B
616:11A
558:CDK
280:in
263:or
138:.
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533:D3
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