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isolated from the blood of various animals were attracted towards certain bacteria. The first studies of leukocyte killing in the presence of specific antiserum were performed by Joseph Denys and Joseph Leclef, followed by Leon
Marchand and Mennes between 1895 and 1898. Almoth E. Wright was the first
709:
thorns into starfish larvae, then found unusual cells surrounding the thorns. He realized that in animals which have blood, the white blood cells gather at the site of inflammation, and he hypothesised that this could be the process by which bacteria were attacked and killed by the white blood cells.
631:). Only twenty-two years of age, he was younger than his students. After being involved in a conflict with a senior colleague over attending scientific meetings, he transferred to the University of Saint Petersburg in 1868, where he experienced a worse professional environment. In 1870 he returned to
832:
in France, he was surprised by the fact that the disease affected only some people but not others when they were equally exposed to the infection. To understand the differences in susceptibility to the disease, he drank a sample of cholera but never got sick. He tested on two volunteers of which one
897:
in 1906. He was given honorary memberships in the
Academy of Medicine in Paris and the Academy of Sciences and Medicine in Saint Petersburg. The Leningrad Medical Institute of Hygiene and Sanitation, founded in 1911 was merged with Saint Petersburg State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Studies in
417:
in 1903, for the emerging study of aging and longevity. In this regard, Ilya
Mechnikov is called the "father of gerontology" (although, as often happens in science, the situation is ambiguous, and the same title is sometimes applied to some other people who contributed to aging research later).
1475:
Belkin, a
Russian science historian, explains why Metchnikoff himself, in his Nobel autobiography – and subsequently, many other sources – mistakenly cited his date of birth as 16 May instead of 15 May. Metchnikoff made the mistake of adding 13 days to 3 May, his Old Style birthday, as was the
2893:
There is no clear record that he was professionally restricted in Russia because of his lineage, but he sympathized with the problem his Jewish colleagues suffered owing to
Russian anti-Semitism; his personal religious commitment was to atheism, although he received strict Christian religious
1504:
The author cites
Metchnikoff's death certificate, according to which he died on July 15, 1916 (the original is in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Metchnikoff Fund, 584-2-208). Olga Metchnikoff did not provide a precise date for her husband's death in her book, and many sources
1385:
2894:
training at home. Metchnikoff's atheism smacked of religious fervor in the embrace of rationalism and science. We may fairly argue that
Metchnikoff's religion was based on the belief that rational scientific discourse was the solution for human suffering.
498:. For two and a half centuries, the Mechnikov family lived in St. Petersburg, where it became connected by family ties with many Russian princely families. The word "mech" is a Russian translation of the Romanian "spadă" (sword), which originated with
446:
86:
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to quantify this phenomenon and strongly advocated its potential therapeutic importance. The so-called resolution of the humoralist and cellularist positions by showing their respective roles in the setting of enhanced killing in the presence of
777:
This attraction was soon proposed to be due to soluble elements released by the bacteria (see Harris for a review of this area up to 1953). Some 85 years after this seminal observation, laboratory studies showed that these elements were low
2743:
884:
Metchnikoff won the Karl Ernst von Baer prize in 1867 with
Alexander Kovalevsky based on their doctoral research. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908 with Paul Ehrlich . He was awarded honorary degree from the
833:
was not affected while the other almost died. He hypothesised that the difference in cholera infection was due to differences in intestinal microbes, speculating that those who have plenty of beneficial ones would be healthier.
1118:
Some sources give
Metchnikoff's new-style birth date as 16 May, but this is believed by the Nobel Prize Committee to be an error stated by Metchnikoff himself in converting a nineteenth century date from old-style to
2414:"Elias Metschnikoff, Elie Metchnikoff or Ilya Ilich Mechnikov (1845-1916): A Pioneer in Insect Pathology, the First Describer of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and How to Translate a Russian Name"
357:
mother, and later on continued his career in France. Given this complex heritage, five different nations and peoples lay claim to
Metchnikoff. Despite having a mother of Jewish origin, he was baptized
2751:
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6206:
441:
81:
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Schmalstieg Frank C, Goldman Armond S (2008). "Ilya Ilich Metchnikoff (1845–1915) and Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) The centennial of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine".
774:
was popularized by Wright after 1903, although Metchnikoff acknowledged the stimulatory capacity of immunosensitized serum on phagotic function in the case of acquired immunity.
3883:
479:
798:. Metchnikoff's early observation, then, was the foundation for studies that defined a critical mechanism by which bacteria attract leukocytes to initiate and direct the
729:, and others. At the time, most bacteriologists believed that white blood cells ingested pathogens and then spread them further through the body. His major supporter was
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could prolong life. He attributed the longevity of Bulgarian peasants to their yogurt consumption that contained what was called the Bulgarian bacteria (now called
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2011 to become the North-Western State Medical University, named after Metchnikoff. The Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University is in Odesa, Ukraine.
813:
Metchnikoff discovered fungal infections causing insect death in 1879 and became involved in the biological control of insect pests through his student
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2147:"Prophylaxis of Syphilis by Locally Applied Chemicals. Methods of Examination, Results, and Suggestions for Further Experimental Research"
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Kaufmann, Stefan H E (2008). "Immunology's foundation: the 100-year anniversary of the Nobel Prize to Paul Ehrlich and Elie Metchnikoff".
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Racine, Valerie, "Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Élie Metchnikoff) (1845-1916)". Embryo Project Encyclopedia (2014-07-05). ISSN: 1940-5030
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could engulf and destroy harmful bodies such as bacteria, met with scepticism from leading specialists including Louis Pasteur,
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670:; due to some difficulties, he left in 1888 and went to Paris to seek Pasteur's advice. Pasteur gave him an appointment at the
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611:. Together they won the Karl Ernst von Baer prize for their theses on the development of germ layers in invertebrate embryos.
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In 1856, Metchnikoff entered the Kharkov Lycée, where he developed his interest in biology. Convinced by his mother to study
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Supporters of life extension celebrate 15 May as Metchnikoff Day, and used it as a memorable date for organizing activities.
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1259:"Elie Metchnikoff—The founder of longevity science and a founder of modern medicine: In honor of the 170th anniversary"
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convention in the 20th century. But since he had been born in the 19th century, only 12 days should have been added.
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The family name Mechnikov is a translation from Romanian, since his father was a descendant of the Chancellor
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The issues of aging occupied a significant place in Metchnikoff's works. Metchnikoff developed a theory that
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to complete the principles of immune system. Their works are regarded as the foundation of the science of
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517:, but the German academic session would not start by the end of the year. Metchnikoff thus enrolled at
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475:, largely influenced him on his education, especially in science. The Nevakhovich family was Jewish.
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2363:"The isolation and partial characterization of neutrophil chemotactic factors from Escherichia coli"
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Metchnikoff died in 1916 in Paris from heart failure. According to his will, his body was used for
866:(1907). He also espoused the potential life-lengthening properties of lactic acid bacteria such as
818:
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every day throughout his life. His scientific reasonings on the subject were written in his books
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Metchnikoff E (1887). "Sur la lutte des cellules de l'organisme contre l'invasion des microbes".
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in Ukraine. He was the youngest of five children of Ilya Ivanovich Mechnikov, an officer of the
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White, James D (1976). "Despotism and Anarchy: The Sociological Thought of L. I. Mechnikov".
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the next year he worked on a doctoral thesis on the embryonic development of the cuttle-fish
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Karnovsky, M L (May 1981). "Metchnikoff in Messina: a century of studies on phagocytosis".
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Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology: From Metaphor to Theory: From Metaphor to Theory
2016:
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755:(mercurous chloride) in ointment form in an attempt to prevent people from contracting the
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2625:"Recycling Metchnikoff: Probiotics, the Intestinal Microbiome and the Quest for Long Life"
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1834:"Recycling metchnikoff: probiotics, the intestinal microbiome and the quest for long life"
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926:. In 1875, he married his student Olga Belokopytova. In 1885 Olga suffered from severe
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1912:"Revisiting Gerontology's Scrapbook: From Metchnikoff to the Spectrum Model of Aging"
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3372:(1905) by Élie Metchnikoff, translated by Francis B. Binny, on the Internet Archive
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3055:. Blue Ribbon Books. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company Inc. pp. 207–233
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on 20 April 1873. Her death, combined with other problems, caused Metchnikoff to
914:
Metchnikoff married his first wife, Ludmila Feodorovitch, in 1869. She died from
786:) N-formylated oligopeptides, including the most prominent member of this group,
739:
552:. It was in Leuckart's laboratory that he made his first scientific discovery of
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491:
429:
369:
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Schiffmann E, Showell HV, Corcoran BA, Ward PA, Smith E, Becker EL (June 1975).
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Breathnach, C S (September 1984). "Biographical sketches—No. 44. Metchnikoff".
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In 1882 he resigned from Odessa University due to political turmoils after the
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2067:"Metchnikoff Day, an Opportunity to Promote the Study of Aging and Longevity"
1953:"Elie Metchnikoff Rediscovered: Comeback of a Founding Father of Gerontology"
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Metchnikoff also self-experimented with cholera that initially supported the
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Mechnikov Ilya, 1845 - 1916, Year won 1908, A pioneer researcher of immunity
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1911:
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1937:
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Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin
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and this led to his second suicide attempt. He injected himself with the
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242:
180:
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Gasbarrini, Giovanni; Bonvicini, Fiorenza; Gramenzi, Annagiulia (2016).
1329:
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The New Hygiene: Three Lectures on the Prevention of Infectious Diseases
658:. He returned to Odessa as director of an institute set up to carry out
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972:) in Giessen. From this he became a supporter of natural selection and
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3029:(Reprint ed.). San Diego: A Harvest Book; Harcourt. p. 190.
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1471:"Commentary," in I.I. Mechnikov, Academic Collection of Works, vol. 16
568:. In 1865, while at Giessen, he discovered intracellular digestion in
471:. His mother, Emilia Lvovna (Nevakhovich), the daughter of the writer
372:", Metchnikoff was the first to discover a process of immunity called
5857:
5726:
5280:
4832:
2453:"Secvenţe din istoria cercetării filoxerei viţei-de-vie în Basarabia"
1386:"Nobel Laureate Ilya I. Mechnikov (1845-1916). Life story and career"
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Enciclopedica. Revistă de istorie a știinţei și studii enciclopedice
1489:
Immunity: How Elie Metchnikoff Changed the Course of Modern Medicine
1096:[The Founders of Modern Medicine: Pasteur - Lister - Koch].
5796:
5696:
5075:
2776:. North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
2774:"North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov"
988:
759:
705:. In 1882 he first demonstrated the process when he inserted small
702:
686:
3283:
Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology: From Metaphor to Theory
2217:
Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology: From Metaphor to Theory
5958:
3112:
Gourko, Helena; Williamson, Donald I.; Tauber, Alfred I. (2000).
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362:
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232:
2302:"Bacterial factors chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes"
980:. His scientific works and theories were inspired by Darwinism.
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632:
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573:
400:
3095:
Russian scientists at the Naples zoological station, 1874–1934
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Zimmermann, Gisbert; Papierok, Bernard; Glare, Travis (1995).
513:
instead of medicine, in 1862 he tried to study biology at the
413:
in medicine. Mechnikov is also credited with coining the term
5968:
3243:
Tauber AI (2003). "Metchnikoff and the phagocytosis theory".
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698:
603:
In 1867, he returned to Russia to receive his doctorate with
114:
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Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
2580:
Podolsky, Scott H (2012). "Metchnikoff and the microbiome".
2263:
Harris H (July 1954). "Role of chemotaxis in inflammation".
3335:
Works of Elie Metchnikoff, a Pasteur Institute bibliography
3182:
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ultimately won him the Nobel Prize in 1908. He worked with
3396:
2023:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–7,
1458:
Metchnikoff, Elie (Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press)
2795:
1094:"Основатели современной медицины. Пастер — Листер — Кох"
409:) for healthy and long life. This became the concept of
2773:
2744:"North-Western State Medical University I.I. Mechnikov"
2411:
1991:
A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century
1632:
The East Europe Journal of Internal and Family Medicine
1007:
Metchnikoff wrote notable books and papers, including:
572:, and this study influenced his later works. Moving to
3111:
2719:"Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Elie Metchnikoff) (1845–1916)"
1199:"The Romantic Rationalist a Study of Elie Metchnikoff"
399:
Metchnikoff developed one of the earliest concepts in
3330:
The Romantic Rationalist: A Study Of Elie Metchnikoff
2912:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 244.
1442:. Houghton Mifflin Company – via gutenberg.org.
1088:(4th ed.). Moscow. 1913 – via psychlib.ru.
1018:
Lectures on the Comparative Pathology of Inflammation
995:
crematorium. His cinerary urn has been placed in the
486:. Yuri Stefanovich emigrated to Russia together with
2479:"Probiotics Exist Thanks to a Man Who Drank Cholera"
2214:
596:, where he worked briefly with W. M. Keferstein and
592:
epidemic in the autumn of 1865 made him move to the
3388:
Luba Vikhanski's page for Metchnikoff's documentary
3114:
The Evolutionary Biology Papers of Elie Metchnikoff
1013:
Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l’inflammation
860:
The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic Philosophy
635:to take up the appointment of Titular Professor of
424:
322:ancestry best known for his pioneering research in
303:3 May] 1845 – 15 July 1916), also spelled
3380:(1908) by Élie Metchnikoff, translation edited by
3071:
1252:
1250:
3442:
1883:Vértes, L (1985). "The gerontologist Mechnikov".
403:, and advocated the use of lactic acid bacteria (
6168:
2505:"Commemorating the Work of Dr. Elie Metchnikoff"
2021:Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging
1560:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908"
1072:"Этюды оптимизма" [Etudes of Optimism].
840:is caused by toxic bacteria in the gut and that
528:In 1864, he traveled to Germany to study marine
525:, completing his four-year degree in two years.
6078:Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To
5782:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
2299:
1247:
821:for control of insects in agricultural fields.
506:became a prominent geographer and sociologist.
5434:
3279:
2870:
2822:"Elie Metchnikoff: Father of natural immunity"
2014:
1664:"Elie Metchnikoff: father of natural immunity"
1383:
1303:
685:Metchnikoff became interested in the study of
674:, where he remained for the rest of his life.
5658:
5644:
5420:
3877:
3428:
2964:[Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich (1845-1916)].
1753:
1751:
1625:"Ilya Mechnikov — the founder of Gerontology"
3377:The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies
2535:
2502:
1909:
1065:The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies
864:The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies
790:, that are made by a variety of replicating
338:"in recognition of their work on immunity".
6197:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
2798:. Odessa I.I. Mechnikov national university
2796:"Odessa I.I. Mechnikov national university"
2300:Ward PA, Lepow IH, Newman LJ (April 1968).
2195:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1479:
1462:
1435:
869:Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
490:in 1711 after the unsuccessful campaign of
388:, while Ehrlich established the concept of
6247:Russian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
5651:
5637:
5427:
5413:
3884:
3870:
3435:
3421:
3405:
3280:Tauber, Alfred I.; Chernyak, Leon (1991).
2990:
2871:Tauber, Alfred I.; Chernyak, Leon (1991).
2538:"Probiotics and medical nutrition therapy"
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2019:, in Gu, Danan; Dupre, Matthew E. (eds.),
1748:
901:
879:
614:
51:
6217:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
5737:Index of topics related to life extension
3242:
3134:
2932:
2905:
2839:
2815:
2813:
2713:
2711:
2691:
2650:
2640:
2622:
2553:
2380:
2319:
2172:
1968:
1950:
1927:
1859:
1849:
1831:
1731:
1679:
1643:
1584:
1485:
1431:
1429:
1401:
1368:
1230:
1025:L’Immunité dans les maladies infectieuses
3043:
3021:
2579:
1983:
1783:
1708:"Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth"
1622:
1554:
1552:
1510:
1256:
905:
676:
428:
376:and the cell responsible for it, called
3300:
3172:
3069:
2243:
2077:
1384:Ezepchuk, Yu V.; Kolybo, D. V. (2016).
1342:
1196:
1167:
1165:
1157:http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/8018
1100:. Moscow. 1915 – via dlib.rsl.ru.
788:N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine
440:Metchnikoff was born in the village of
14:
6169:
3049:"VII Metchnikoff: The Nice Phagocytes"
2909:The Comparative Reception of Darwinism
2819:
2810:
2708:
2262:
2015:Stambler, Ilia; Milova, Elena (2019),
1882:
1705:
1661:
1468:
1426:
341:Mechnikov was born in a region of the
6212:National University of Kharkiv alumni
5632:
5408:
3897:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3865:
3416:
3286:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3245:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
3092:
2575:
2573:
2476:
2450:
2342:J Exp Med. 1976 May 1;143(5):1154–69.
2144:
2119:The Slavonic and East European Review
2115:
1910:Martin, D. J.; Gillen, L. L. (2013).
1827:
1825:
1823:
1701:
1699:
1657:
1655:
1549:
1492:. Chicago Review Press. p. 278.
1084:[Etudes About Human Nature].
336:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
203:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
6192:Foreign members of the Royal Society
3175:Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol
2680:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
2152:British Journal of Venereal Diseases
1585:Kurlansky, Mark (5 September 2019).
1162:
1105:
958:Charles Darwin's theory of evolution
854:). To validate his theory, he drank
733:, who published his research in his
654:to set up his private laboratory in
6187:Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
3346:Lactobacillus bulgaricus on the web
3173:Lavrova, L N (September 1970). "".
2351:J Immunol. 1974 Jun;112(6):2055–62.
2244:Grawitz P (1887). "unknown title".
1623:Stambler, Ilia (13 December 2020).
1439:Life of Elie Metchnikoff, 1845-1916
938:. (Olga died in 1944 in Paris from
681:Metchnikoff in his laboratory, 1913
24:
6272:Russian people of Moldovan descent
6267:Zoologists from the Russian Empire
2983:
2570:
2096:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1994:. Longevity History. p. 540.
1820:
1696:
1652:
502:(Sword-bearer). His elder brother
25:
6283:
3397:ANU - Museum of the Jewish People
3323:
3304:Ilya Mechnikov: His Life and Work
2962:"Мечников Илья Ильич (1845-1916)"
2933:Goldstein, B. I. (21 July 1916).
2418:Biocontrol Science and Technology
2307:The American Journal of Pathology
1984:Stambler, Ilia (29 August 2014).
1951:Vikhanski, L. (1 November 2016).
1473:. Moscow: Meditsina. p. 434.
1390:The Ukrainian Biochemical Journal
1343:Riesman, David (September 1922).
1257:Stambler, Ilia (1 October 2015).
710:He discussed his hypothesis with
540:. He was advised by the botanist
345:that is today part of modern-day
5795:
1645:10.15407/internalmed2020.02b.029
862:(1903) and more expressively in
817:. They were able to make use of
425:Early life, family and education
27:Russian immunologist (1845–1916)
6257:20th-century Russian zoologists
5812:Timeline of senescence research
3078:. Palo Alto, CA: Bull Pub. Co.
2954:
2926:
2899:
2864:
2788:
2766:
2736:
2723:The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
2667:
2616:
2529:
2496:
2470:
2444:
2405:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2293:
2256:
2237:
2208:
2189:
2138:
2109:
2059:
2029:10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_395-1
2008:
1977:
1944:
1903:
1876:
1777:
1616:
1578:
1531:"Ilya Mechnikov – Biographical"
1505:erroneously cite it as July 16.
1451:
1030:Immunity in Infectious Diseases
1002:
625:Imperial Novorossiya University
259:Imperial Novorossiya University
6262:University of Göttingen alumni
6232:Recipients of the Copley Medal
3369:Immunity in Infective Diseases
3340:Books written by I.I.Mechnikov
3144:(19). United States: 1178–80.
3074:The new nuts among the berries
2827:European Journal of Immunology
2536:Brown, AC; Valiere, A (2004).
1765:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
1668:European Journal of Immunology
1377:
1336:
1297:
1190:
1173:"Ilya Mechnikov: Biographical"
1149:
1133:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
1112:
1049:Immunity in Infective Diseases
945:Despite being baptized in the
714:, Professor of Zoology at the
609:University of Saint Petersburg
361:, although he later became an
334:were jointly awarded the 1908
326:(study of immune systems) and
264:University of Saint Petersburg
155:University of Saint Petersburg
13:
1:
3641:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
2623:Mackowiak, Philip A. (2013).
2594:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62018-2
2279:10.1152/physrev.1954.34.3.529
2215:Tauber& Cherniak (1991).
2198:Annales de l'Institut Pasteur
1832:Mackowiak, Philip A. (2013).
1304:O'Donoghue, Chas. H. (1916).
1143:
1076:(2nd ed.). Moscow. 1909.
956:He was greatly influenced by
806:to sites of host invasion by
648:assassination of Alexander II
58:
3208:Journal of Medical Biography
2693:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000697
2503:Elena Milova (12 May 2017).
1310:Science Progress (1916-1919)
1197:Vaughan, R. B. (July 1965).
1037:Études sur la nature humaine
757:sexually transmitted disease
712:Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus
7:
5939:Alliance for Aging Research
5456:(Great Britain/New Zealand)
4989:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
3729:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
3150:10.1056/NEJM198105073041923
3070:Deutsch, Ronald M. (1977).
2477:Lewis, Danny (7 May 2015).
2382:10.4049/jimmunol.114.6.1831
1588:Milk: A 10,000-Year History
1126:
697:after experimenting on the
693:. At Messina he discovered
519:Kharkov Imperial University
368:Honoured as the "father of
10:
6288:
6227:People from Kharkiv Oblast
5974:Gerontology Research Group
3307:. The Minerva Group, Inc.
2629:Frontiers in Public Health
2542:Nutrition in Clinical Care
1838:Frontiers in Public Health
1712:Journal of Innate Immunity
1436:Metchnikoff, Olga (1921).
1345:"Life of Elie Metchnicoff"
1082:"Этюды о природе человека"
889:in Cambridge, UK, and the
765:In 1887, he observed that
743:). His discovery of these
619:Metchnikoff was appointed
554:alternation of generations
6148:
6088:
6037:
6014:MPI for Biology of Ageing
5916:
5820:
5804:
5793:
5747:Longevity escape velocity
5669:
5556:
5531:
5512:
5487:
5463:
5444:
5062:
4727:
4388:
4186:Charles Scott Sherrington
4162:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
4124:
3903:
3665:Charles Scott Sherrington
3657:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3451:
3384:, on the Internet Archive
3301:Zalkind, Semyon (2001) .
3093:Fokin, Sergei I. (2008).
2940:Canadian Jewish Chronicle
2906:Thomas F., Glick (1988).
2430:10.1080/09583159550039701
1970:10.1093/geront/gnw162.708
1349:Annals of Medical History
1275:10.1134/S2079057015040219
1215:10.1017/S0025727300030702
922:, taking a large dose of
847:Lactobacillus delbrueckii
721:His theory, that certain
623:at the newly established
330:(study of death). He and
296:
282:
251:
225:
218:
189:
163:
122:
103:
66:
50:
41:
34:
6125:Experimental Gerontology
6024:SENS Research Foundation
5176:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
3673:Charles Algernon Parsons
2642:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00052
1851:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00052
1486:Vikhanski, Luba (2016).
556:(sexual and asexual) in
484:Nicolae Milescu Spătarul
42:
6252:Russian Nobel laureates
6097:Ageing Research Reviews
5742:List of aging processes
5478:Rudolf Christoph Eucken
3220:10.1258/jmb.2008.008006
2879:Oxford University Press
2820:Gordon, Siamon (2008).
2221:Oxford University Press
1763:Encyclopædia Britannica
1706:Gordon, Siamon (2016).
1662:Gordon, Siamon (2008).
1263:Advances in Gerontology
1138:History of phagocytosis
947:Russian Orthodox Church
910:Portrait of Metchnikoff
902:Personal life and views
887:University of Cambridge
880:Awards and recognitions
615:Career and achievements
594:University of Göttingen
496:Danubian Principalities
140:University of Göttingen
6202:Russian gerontologists
5787:Transhumanist politics
5562:Nobel Prize recipients
5533:Physiology or Medicine
3957:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
3801:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
3585:Pierre Paul Émile Roux
2686:(Suppl 2): S116–S119.
2165:10.1136/sti.16.3-4.186
2145:Worms, Werner (1940).
1986:""Father" Metchnikoff"
1638:(14). Kharkov: 29–30.
993:Père Lachaise Cemetery
911:
800:innate immune response
796:gram negative bacteria
792:gram positive bacteria
782:(between 150 and 1500
682:
515:University of Würzburg
437:
436:(left) and Metchnikoff
386:cell-mediated immunity
176:cell-mediated immunity
6242:Russian immunologists
6139:Rejuvenation Research
6132:Neurobiology of Aging
6009:Methuselah Foundation
5497:Klas Pontus Arnoldson
4458:Dickinson W. Richards
4142:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
3609:Horace Tabberer Brown
3513:Alfred Russel Wallace
2994:Irish Medical Journal
2841:10.1002/eji.200838855
2368:Journal of Immunology
2266:Physiological Reviews
1929:10.1093/geront/gnt073
1681:10.1002/eji.200838855
1593:Bloomsbury Publishing
1469:Belkin, R.I. (1964).
1403:10.15407/ubj88.06.098
949:, Metchnikoff was an
909:
830:1892 cholera epidemic
689:, and especially the
680:
550:University of Giessen
432:
289:Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
145:University of Messina
135:University of Giessen
71:Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
4881:Rita Levi-Montalcini
4242:Albert Szent-Györgyi
3817:Edgar Douglas Adrian
3457:Josiah Willard Gibbs
3382:P. Chalmers Mitchell
3118:Springer Netherlands
3097:. Napoli: Giannini.
2676:"Probiotics History"
2483:Smithsonian Magazine
2451:Timuș, Asea (2015).
2017:"Longevity Activism"
716:University of Vienna
605:Alexander Kovalevsky
566:University of Munich
150:University of Munich
78:3 May] 1845
5984:Immortalist Society
5732:Indefinite lifespan
5712:Free-radical theory
5692:Calorie restriction
5682:Anti-aging movement
5273:William C. Campbell
5184:Elizabeth Blackburn
5021:Robert F. Furchgott
5013:Stanley B. Prusiner
5005:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
4905:George H. Hitchings
4869:Joseph L. Goldstein
4829:Bengt I. Samuelsson
4658:Earl Sutherland Jr.
3689:William Henry Bragg
3521:George William Hill
3505:Albert A. Michelson
3361:18 May 2014 at the
3001:(9). Ireland: 303.
2588:(9856): 1810–1811.
2092:"Metchnikoff, Elie"
1396:(88, № 6): 98–109.
828:notion. During the
641:Comparative Anatomy
582:and the crustacean
453:Kharkov Governorate
299:; 15 May [
297:Илья Ильич Мечников
93:Kharkov Governorate
6054:The First Immortal
5333:William Kaelin Jr.
5329:Peter J. Ratcliffe
5072:Leland H. Hartwell
4961:Richard J. Roberts
4841:Barbara McClintock
4785:Godfrey Hounsfield
4686:Nikolaas Tinbergen
4618:Marshall Nirenberg
4586:Charles B. Huggins
4375:Tadeusz Reichstein
4363:António Egas Moniz
4158:Christiaan Eijkman
3761:Thomas Hunt Morgan
3745:Henry Hallett Dale
3721:John Scott Haldane
3705:George Ellery Hale
3404:on Nobelprize.org
2935:"Elie Metchnikoff"
1798:10.1038/ni0708-705
1759:"Élie Metchnikoff"
1306:"Élie Metchnikoff"
912:
872:. This concept of
683:
564:) and then at the
482:, the grandson of
438:
274:Kharkov University
130:Kharkov University
6222:Pasteur Institute
6164:
6163:
5994:Insilico Medicine
5833:Eric R. Braverman
5777:Stem-cell therapy
5626:
5625:
5454:Ernest Rutherford
5402:
5401:
5367:Ardem Patapoutian
5216:Ralph M. Steinman
5212:Jules A. Hoffmann
5200:Robert G. Edwards
5168:Harald zur Hausen
5092:H. Robert Horvitz
4993:Eric F. Wieschaus
4929:E. Donnall Thomas
4913:J. Michael Bishop
4901:Gertrude B. Elion
4773:Hamilton O. Smith
4698:Christian de Duve
4434:Frederick Robbins
4311:Alexander Fleming
4250:Corneille Heymans
4096:Frederick Banting
4001:Allvar Gullstrand
3859:
3858:
3625:Ernest Rutherford
3444:Copley Medallists
3356:Immunity defender
3293:978-0-19-534510-0
3127:978-94-015-9381-6
3104:978-8-8743-1404-1
3036:978-0-15602-777-9
2919:978-0-226-29977-8
2877:. New York (US):
2834:(12): 3257–3264.
2246:Virchows Adz. IIO
2038:978-3-319-69892-2
1957:The Gerontologist
1916:The Gerontologist
1891:(30): 1859–1860.
1786:Nature Immunology
1724:10.1159/000443331
1674:(12): 3257–3264.
1106:Explanatory notes
1042:The Nature of Man
997:Pasteur Institute
815:Isaak Krasilschik
723:white blood cells
672:Pasteur Institute
488:Dimitrie Cantemir
459:, now located in
286:
285:
269:Pasteur Institute
220:Scientific career
74:15 May [
16:(Redirected from
6279:
6237:Russian atheists
6062:Fantastic Voyage
5853:Leonard Hayflick
5799:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5630:
5629:
5564:
5541:Élie Metchnikoff
5522:Gabriel Lippmann
5429:
5422:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5380:
5369:
5354:
5348:Michael Houghton
5335:
5325:Gregg L. Semenza
5319:
5313:James P. Allison
5307:
5305:Michael W. Young
5291:
5289:Yoshinori Ohsumi
5283:
5267:
5251:
5249:Thomas C. Südhof
5235:
5223:
5202:
5194:
5188:Carol W. Greider
5178:
5162:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5110:
5098:
5082:
5055:
5039:
5031:
5015:
5007:
5001:Peter C. Doherty
4995:
4979:
4973:Alfred G. Gilman
4967:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:
4917:Harold E. Varmus
4907:
4891:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4843:
4835:
4819:
4803:
4793:Baruj Benacerraf
4787:
4775:
4759:
4743:
4720:
4704:
4688:
4672:
4660:
4652:
4636:
4620:
4610:Robert W. Holley
4604:
4588:
4576:
4560:
4548:
4532:
4516:
4514:Georg von Békésy
4508:
4496:
4484:
4482:Joshua Lederberg
4468:
4460:
4454:Werner Forssmann
4444:
4436:
4420:
4408:
4400:
4381:
4365:
4353:
4345:
4343:Bernardo Houssay
4329:
4321:
4305:
4293:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4224:
4216:
4200:
4192:
4180:
4172:
4170:Karl Landsteiner
4164:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4134:Johannes Fibiger
4117:
4116:
4110:
4108:Willem Einthoven
4102:
4090:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3973:Élie Metchnikoff
3967:
3965:Alphonse Laveran
3959:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3844:
3841:George de Hevesy
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3497:Élie Metchnikoff
3492:
3489:Dmitri Mendeleev
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3318:
3297:
3276:
3239:
3202:
3169:
3138:N. Engl. J. Med.
3131:
3108:
3089:
3077:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3040:
3018:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2888:978-0-1953451-00
2868:
2862:
2861:
2843:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2750:. Archived from
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2513:. Archived from
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2384:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2159:(3–4): 186–210.
2142:
2136:
2135:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2073:. 15 April 2015.
2063:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1963:(Suppl_3): 181.
1948:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1566:. Nobel Media AB
1556:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1537:. Nobel Media AB
1527:
1508:
1507:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1169:
1160:
1153:
1120:
1116:
1101:
1089:
1077:
985:medical research
960:. He first read
819:green muscardine
780:molecular weight
737:(now called the
727:Emil von Behring
629:Odesa University
523:natural sciences
511:natural sciences
450:
390:humoral immunity
359:Russian Orthodox
355:Ukrainian-Jewish
305:Élie Metchnikoff
298:
110:
90:
60:
55:
45:
36:Élie Metchnikoff
32:
31:
21:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6144:
6084:
6033:
6029:Sierra Sciences
5979:Human Longevity
5924:2045 Initiative
5912:
5908:Michael D. West
5816:
5800:
5791:
5665:
5657:
5627:
5622:
5560:
5552:
5527:
5508:
5483:
5459:
5440:
5433:
5403:
5398:
5383:
5372:
5357:
5352:Charles M. Rice
5344:Harvey J. Alter
5338:
5322:
5310:
5301:Michael Rosbash
5297:Jeffrey C. Hall
5294:
5286:
5270:
5261:May-Britt Moser
5254:
5238:
5233:Shinya Yamanaka
5226:
5205:
5197:
5192:Jack W. Szostak
5181:
5165:
5160:Oliver Smithies
5149:
5137:
5125:
5113:
5108:Peter Mansfield
5101:
5096:John E. Sulston
5085:
5069:
5058:
5042:
5034:
5018:
5010:
4998:
4985:Edward B. Lewis
4982:
4970:
4958:
4946:
4934:
4922:
4910:
4894:
4889:Susumu Tonegawa
4886:
4874:
4862:
4846:
4838:
4822:
4806:
4790:
4778:
4762:
4749:Roger Guillemin
4746:
4741:Daniel Gajdusek
4737:Baruch Blumberg
4734:
4723:
4714:Renato Dulbecco
4710:David Baltimore
4707:
4691:
4678:Karl von Frisch
4675:
4663:
4655:
4639:
4623:
4607:
4598:Haldan Hartline
4591:
4579:
4563:
4551:
4535:
4530:Maurice Wilkins
4519:
4511:
4499:
4494:Arthur Kornberg
4487:
4471:
4463:
4447:
4439:
4423:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4384:
4368:
4356:
4348:
4332:
4324:
4308:
4299:Joseph Erlanger
4296:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4227:
4219:
4203:
4195:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4155:
4150:Charles Nicolle
4147:
4139:
4131:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3993:Albrecht Kossel
3990:
3982:
3970:
3962:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3899:
3890:
3860:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3793:Joseph Barcroft
3791:
3785:Robert Robinson
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3697:Arthur Schuster
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3649:Albert Einstein
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3601:William Bayliss
3599:
3593:Hendrik Lorentz
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3481:William Crookes
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3363:Wayback Machine
3326:
3321:
3315:
3294:
3257:10.1038/nrm1244
3251:(11): 897–901.
3128:
3105:
3086:
3058:
3056:
3053:Microbe Hunters
3037:
3027:Microbe Hunters
2986:
2984:Further reading
2981:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2904:
2900:
2889:
2869:
2865:
2818:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2754:on 2 April 2015
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2672:
2668:
2621:
2617:
2578:
2571:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2475:
2471:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2410:
2406:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2298:
2294:
2261:
2257:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2223:. p. 155.
2213:
2209:
2194:
2190:
2143:
2139:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2039:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1982:
1978:
1949:
1945:
1908:
1904:
1881:
1877:
1830:
1821:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1704:
1697:
1660:
1653:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1511:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1434:
1427:
1382:
1378:
1341:
1337:
1316:(42): 308–310.
1302:
1298:
1255:
1248:
1203:Medical History
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1092:
1086:Научного слова
1080:
1074:Научного слова
1071:
1005:
987:and afterwards
936:relapsing fever
920:attempt suicide
904:
882:
740:Virchows Archiv
617:
546:Rudolf Leuckart
473:Leo Nevakhovich
444:
427:
380:, specifically
370:innate immunity
351:Moldavian noble
278:
247:
214:
185:
159:
123:Alma mater
118:
112:
108:
99:
84:
79:
73:
72:
62:
46:
43:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6285:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6156:Life extension
6152:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6118:Biogerontology
6114:
6107:
6100:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6074:
6066:
6058:
6050:
6046:Life Extension
6041:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5954:Buck Institute
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5878:Ilya Mechnikov
5875:
5870:
5868:Dimu Kotsovsky
5865:
5863:Cynthia Kenyon
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5838:Aubrey de Grey
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5762:Organ printing
5759:
5754:
5752:Mind uploading
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5663:life extension
5656:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5544:
5537:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5500:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5474:
5472:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5389:Katalin Karikó
5381:
5370:
5355:
5336:
5320:
5308:
5292:
5284:
5268:
5252:
5245:Randy Schekman
5236:
5224:
5203:
5195:
5179:
5172:Luc Montagnier
5163:
5152:Mario Capecchi
5147:
5135:
5128:Barry Marshall
5123:
5111:
5104:Paul Lauterbur
5099:
5088:Sydney Brenner
5083:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5049:Paul Greengard
5045:Arvid Carlsson
5040:
5032:
5016:
5008:
4996:
4980:
4977:Martin Rodbell
4968:
4956:
4953:Edwin G. Krebs
4949:Edmond Fischer
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4897:James W. Black
4892:
4884:
4872:
4860:
4857:César Milstein
4853:Georges Köhler
4844:
4836:
4825:Sune Bergström
4820:
4817:Torsten Wiesel
4813:David H. Hubel
4804:
4788:
4776:
4769:Daniel Nathans
4760:
4753:Andrew Schally
4744:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4705:
4689:
4673:
4666:Gerald Edelman
4661:
4653:
4650:Julius Axelrod
4637:
4634:Salvador Luria
4630:Alfred Hershey
4621:
4605:
4589:
4577:
4566:François Jacob
4561:
4549:
4533:
4517:
4509:
4497:
4485:
4469:
4461:
4450:André Cournand
4445:
4437:
4421:
4409:
4406:Selman Waksman
4401:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4371:Edward Kendall
4366:
4354:
4346:
4330:
4327:Hermann Muller
4322:
4306:
4303:Herbert Gasser
4294:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4258:Gerhard Domagk
4253:
4245:
4237:
4225:
4217:
4214:William Murphy
4206:George Whipple
4201:
4193:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4091:
4084:Archibald Hill
4079:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4017:Charles Richet
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3968:
3960:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:James Chadwick
3845:
3837:
3833:Archibald Hill
3829:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3713:Theobald Smith
3709:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3529:Francis Galton
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3402:Ilya Mechnikov
3399:
3390:
3385:
3373:
3365:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3324:External links
3322:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3298:
3292:
3277:
3240:
3203:
3170:
3132:
3126:
3109:
3103:
3090:
3084:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3045:de Kruif, Paul
3035:
3023:de Kruif, Paul
3019:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2953:
2925:
2918:
2898:
2887:
2863:
2809:
2787:
2765:
2735:
2707:
2666:
2615:
2569:
2528:
2517:on 12 May 2021
2495:
2469:
2443:
2424:(4): 527–530.
2404:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2292:
2255:
2236:
2229:
2219:. Oxford, UK:
2207:
2188:
2137:
2126:(3): 395–411.
2108:
2076:
2058:
2037:
2007:
2001:978-1500818579
2000:
1976:
1943:
1902:
1885:Orvosi Hetilap
1875:
1819:
1792:(7): 705–712.
1776:
1747:
1718:(3): 223–227.
1695:
1651:
1615:
1602:978-1526614353
1601:
1577:
1564:Nobelprize.org
1548:
1535:nobelprize.org
1509:
1499:978-1613731109
1498:
1478:
1461:
1450:
1448:at archive.org
1425:
1376:
1355:(3): 317–319.
1335:
1296:
1269:(4): 201–208.
1246:
1209:(3): 201–215.
1189:
1161:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1098:Научного слова
1090:
1078:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1004:
1001:
978:biogenetic law
903:
900:
881:
878:
784:Dalton (unit)s
731:Rudolf Virchow
616:
613:
562:Chaetosomatida
542:Ferdinand Cohn
480:Yuri Stefanovi
469:Imperial Guard
465:Kharkiv Oblast
461:Kupiansk Raion
457:Russian Empire
426:
423:
343:Russian Empire
313:Russian Empire
284:
283:
280:
279:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
253:
249:
248:
246:
245:
240:
235:
229:
227:
223:
222:
216:
215:
213:
212:
206:
200:
193:
191:
187:
186:
184:
183:
178:
173:
167:
165:
164:Known for
161:
160:
158:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
124:
120:
119:
113:
111:(aged 71)
105:
101:
100:
97:Russian Empire
80:
70:
68:
64:
63:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6284:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:Organizations
5915:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:Denham Harman
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5677:Anti-oxidants
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5654:
5649:
5647:
5642:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5503:Fredrik Bajer
5501:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5394:
5393:Drew Weissman
5390:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5277:Satoshi Ōmura
5274:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5241:James Rothman
5237:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5208:Bruce Beutler
5204:
5201:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5121:
5120:Linda B. Buck
5117:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5037:Günter Blobel
5033:
5030:
5026:
5025:Louis Ignarro
5022:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4965:Phillip Sharp
4962:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4925:Joseph Murray
4921:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4877:Stanley Cohen
4873:
4870:
4866:
4865:Michael Brown
4861:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4842:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4781:Allan Cormack
4777:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4757:Rosalyn Yalow
4754:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4702:George Palade
4699:
4695:
4694:Albert Claude
4690:
4687:
4683:
4682:Konrad Lorenz
4679:
4674:
4671:
4670:Rodney Porter
4667:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4646:Ulf von Euler
4643:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4594:Ragnar Granit
4590:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4575:
4574:Jacques Monod
4571:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4546:Andrew Huxley
4543:
4539:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4522:Francis Crick
4518:
4515:
4510:
4507:
4506:Peter Medawar
4503:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4474:George Beadle
4470:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4442:Hugo Theorell
4438:
4435:
4431:
4430:Thomas Weller
4427:
4422:
4419:
4418:Fritz Lipmann
4415:
4410:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4319:Howard Florey
4316:
4312:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4199:
4198:Thomas Morgan
4194:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4088:Otto Meyerhof
4085:
4080:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4025:Róbert Bárány
4021:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4009:Alexis Carrel
4005:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3953:Camillo Golgi
3949:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3769:Paul Langevin
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3617:Joseph Larmor
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:J. J. Thomson
3558:
3554:
3553:Ray Lankester
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3537:George Darwin
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:Joseph Lister
3462:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3316:
3314:0-89875-622-7
3310:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3214:(2): 96–103.
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3116:. Dordrecht:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3085:0-915950-08-1
3081:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2967:
2966:m-necropol.ru
2963:
2957:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2881:. p. 5.
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2814:
2797:
2791:
2775:
2769:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2375:(6): 1831–7.
2374:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2314:(4): 725–36.
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:(3): 529–62.
2272:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2230:0-19-506447-X
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1115:
1111:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
974:Ernst Haeckel
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
908:
899:
896:
895:Royal Society
892:
888:
877:
875:
871:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:
848:
843:
839:
834:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
775:
773:
768:
763:
761:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:immune system
688:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:Louis Pasteur
657:
653:
650:. He went to
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
612:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:to work with
543:
539:
535:
532:on the small
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
448:
443:
435:
431:
422:
419:
416:
412:
408:
407:
406:Lactobacillus
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
353:father and a
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
290:
281:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
254:
250:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
228:
224:
221:
217:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
192:
188:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
166:
162:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
125:
121:
116:
106:
102:
98:
94:
88:
83:
77:
69:
65:
54:
49:
44:Илья Мечников
40:
33:
30:
19:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6076:
6070:Ending Aging
6068:
6060:
6052:
6044:
5888:Durk Pearson
5873:Ray Kurzweil
5843:Laura Deming
5828:Bill Andrews
5767:Rejuvenation
5757:Nanomedicine
5717:Gene therapy
5592:
5547:Paul Ehrlich
5540:
5378:Svante Pääbo
5363:David Julius
5317:Tasuku Honjo
5265:Edvard Moser
5257:John O'Keefe
5220:posthumously
5219:
5156:Martin Evans
5132:Robin Warren
5116:Richard Axel
5063:2001–present
4941:Bert Sakmann
4809:Roger Sperry
4801:George Snell
4797:Jean Dausset
4765:Werner Arber
4718:Howard Temin
4642:Bernard Katz
4626:Max Delbrück
4582:Francis Rous
4558:Feodor Lynen
4554:Konrad Bloch
4542:Alan Hodgkin
4526:James Watson
4502:Frank Burnet
4490:Severo Ochoa
4478:Edward Tatum
4466:Daniel Bovet
4379:Philip Hench
4291:Edward Doisy
4222:Hans Spemann
4210:George Minot
4190:Edgar Adrian
4178:Otto Warburg
4100:John Macleod
4069:August Krogh
4061:Jules Bordet
3977:Paul Ehrlich
3972:
3929:Niels Finsen
3913:Emil Behring
3809:Oswald Avery
3777:Thomas Lewis
3737:Arthur Evans
3496:
3473:Eduard Suess
3375:
3367:
3351:
3342:(In Russian)
3303:
3282:
3248:
3244:
3211:
3207:
3178:
3174:
3141:
3136:
3113:
3094:
3073:
3057:. Retrieved
3052:
3026:
2998:
2992:
2970:. Retrieved
2968:(in Russian)
2965:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2938:
2928:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2873:
2866:
2831:
2825:
2800:. Retrieved
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2752:the original
2747:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2585:
2581:
2548:(2): 56–68.
2545:
2541:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:the original
2508:
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2446:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2372:
2366:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2311:
2305:
2295:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2156:
2150:
2140:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:
2071:Fight Aging!
2070:
2061:
2050:, retrieved
2020:
2010:
1990:
1979:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1922:(1): 51–58.
1919:
1915:
1905:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1841:
1837:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1762:
1715:
1711:
1671:
1667:
1635:
1631:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1587:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1563:
1539:. Retrieved
1534:
1503:
1488:
1481:
1470:
1464:
1453:
1438:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1266:
1262:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1177:Nobel Prizes
1176:
1151:
1114:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1003:Publications
982:
969:
965:
962:Fritz Müller
955:
944:
916:tuberculosis
913:
891:Copley Medal
883:
867:
863:
859:
850:
846:
835:
823:
812:
804:inflammation
776:
764:
738:
734:
720:
695:phagocytosis
684:
645:
618:
602:
583:
577:
527:
508:
477:
439:
420:
404:
398:
374:phagocytosis
367:
340:
332:Paul Ehrlich
304:
288:
287:
252:Institutions
219:
209:Albert Medal
197:Copley Medal
171:Phagocytosis
109:(1916-07-15)
107:15 July 1916
57:Metchnikoff
29:
6182:1916 deaths
6177:1845 births
5903:Roy Walford
5883:Liz Parrish
5722:Gerontology
5437:Nobel Prize
5229:John Gurdon
5144:Craig Mello
5140:Andrew Fire
5053:Eric Kandel
5029:Ferid Murad
4937:Erwin Neher
4849:Niels Jerne
4614:Har Khorana
4602:George Wald
4570:André Lwoff
4538:John Eccles
4426:John Enders
4398:Max Theiler
4359:Walter Hess
4351:Paul Müller
4315:Ernst Chain
3985:Emil Kocher
3945:Robert Koch
3937:Ivan Pavlov
3921:Ronald Ross
3825:G. H. Hardy
3633:Horace Lamb
3577:James Dewar
3569:Ivan Pavlov
3545:Felix Klein
3446:(1901–1950)
2946:17 November
2510:Lifespan.io
842:lactic acid
598:Jakob Henle
445: [
434:Leo Tolstoy
415:gerontology
328:thanatology
243:gerontology
181:gerontology
85: [
18:Metchnikoff
6171:Categories
6149:Categories
6111:Aging Cell
5944:Altos Labs
5898:Sandy Shaw
5772:Senescence
5687:Biohacking
5660:Outline of
5465:Literature
5080:Paul Nurse
4414:Hans Krebs
4339:Gerty Cori
4287:Henrik Dam
4234:Otto Loewi
4230:Henry Dale
3753:Niels Bohr
3681:Max Planck
3352:Tsalyk St.
3059:14 October
2582:The Lancet
2466:(9): 8–18.
1144:References
1119:new-style.
970:For Darwin
966:Für Darwin
932:spirochete
874:probiotics
851:bulgaricus
767:leukocytes
749:Émile Roux
745:phagocytes
538:Heligoland
536:island of
411:probiotics
394:immunology
382:macrophage
324:immunology
238:immunology
5893:Mark Roth
5858:Saul Kent
5727:Glycation
5549:(Germany)
5505:(Denmark)
5480:(Germany)
5446:Chemistry
5439:laureates
5281:Tu Youyou
4833:John Vane
4728:1976–2000
4389:1951–1975
4335:Carl Cori
4125:1926–1950
3904:1901–1925
3893:Laureates
3191:0372-9311
3158:0028-4793
3007:0332-3102
2438:0958-3157
2047:239107136
1814:205359637
1444:and also
1412:2409-4943
1361:0743-3131
1322:2059-495X
1283:2079-0589
1223:2048-8343
999:library.
856:sour milk
826:probiotic
808:pathogens
802:of acute
607:from the
558:nematodes
534:North Sea
455:, in the
378:phagocyte
317:Moldavian
311:from the
309:zoologist
61:1910–1915
6089:Journals
5707:Exercise
5697:Cryonics
5543:(Russia)
5524:(France)
5499:(Sweden)
5076:Tim Hunt
3359:Archived
3265:14625539
3236:25063709
3228:18463079
3047:(1926).
3025:(1996).
2850:19039772
2802:17 March
2780:17 March
2758:17 March
2728:16 March
2702:27741152
2661:24350221
2610:13290396
2602:23189332
2564:15481739
2399:22663271
2287:13185754
2183:21773301
2101:16 March
1938:23893558
1870:24350221
1806:18563076
1769:16 March
1742:26836137
1690:19039772
1570:16 March
1541:16 March
1420:29236381
1330:43426778
1291:35017226
1241:14321564
1127:See also
989:cremated
772:opsonins
760:syphilis
703:starfish
687:microbes
666:against
570:flatworm
442:Ivanovka
307:, was a
117:, France
82:Ivanovka
5959:BioViva
5514:Physics
3895:of the
3395:on the
3273:4571282
3199:4932822
3185:: 3–5.
3166:7012622
3015:6384135
2652:3859987
2555:1482314
2488:21 June
2330:4384494
2321:2013377
2174:1053233
2132:4207300
1897:3895124
1861:3859987
1733:6738810
1370:7034616
1232:1033501
1040:(1903;
1028:(1901;
1016:(1892;
951:atheist
940:typhoid
928:typhoid
893:of the
849:subsp.
753:calomel
664:vaccine
656:Messina
637:Zoology
590:cholera
585:Nebalia
579:Sepiola
548:at the
494:on the
492:Peter I
363:atheist
347:Ukraine
293:Russian
233:Zoology
6081:(2019)
6073:(2007)
6065:(2004)
6057:(1998)
6049:(1982)
5964:Calico
5821:People
5805:Events
5702:Cyborg
5670:Issues
5323:2019:
5311:2018:
5295:2017:
5287:2016:
5271:2015:
5255:2014:
5239:2013:
5227:2012:
5206:2011:
5198:2010:
5182:2009:
5166:2008:
5150:2007:
5138:2006:
5126:2005:
5114:2004:
5102:2003:
5086:2002:
5070:2001:
5043:2000:
5035:1999:
5019:1998:
5011:1997:
4999:1996:
4983:1995:
4971:1994:
4959:1993:
4947:1992:
4935:1991:
4923:1990:
4911:1989:
4895:1988:
4887:1987:
4875:1986:
4863:1985:
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4779:1979:
4763:1978:
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4735:1976:
4708:1975:
4692:1974:
4676:1973:
4664:1972:
4656:1971:
4640:1970:
4624:1969:
4608:1968:
4592:1967:
4580:1966:
4564:1965:
4552:1964:
4536:1963:
4520:1962:
4512:1961:
4500:1960:
4488:1959:
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4448:1956:
4440:1955:
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4404:1952:
4396:1951:
4369:1950:
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4148:1928:
4140:1927:
4132:1926:
4106:1924:
4094:1923:
4082:1922:
4067:1920:
4059:1919:
4023:1914:
4015:1913:
4007:1912:
3999:1911:
3991:1910:
3983:1909:
3971:1908:
3963:1907:
3951:1906:
3943:1905:
3935:1904:
3927:1903:
3919:1902:
3911:1901:
3851:(1950)
3843:(1949)
3835:(1948)
3827:(1947)
3819:(1946)
3811:(1945)
3803:(1944)
3795:(1943)
3787:(1942)
3779:(1941)
3771:(1940)
3763:(1939)
3755:(1938)
3747:(1937)
3739:(1936)
3731:(1935)
3723:(1934)
3715:(1933)
3707:(1932)
3699:(1931)
3691:(1930)
3683:(1929)
3675:(1928)
3667:(1927)
3659:(1926)
3651:(1925)
3643:(1924)
3635:(1923)
3627:(1922)
3619:(1921)
3611:(1920)
3603:(1919)
3595:(1918)
3587:(1917)
3579:(1916)
3571:(1915)
3563:(1914)
3555:(1913)
3547:(1912)
3539:(1911)
3531:(1910)
3523:(1909)
3515:(1908)
3507:(1907)
3499:(1906)
3491:(1905)
3483:(1904)
3475:(1903)
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3311:
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3101:
3082:
3033:
3013:
3005:
2972:26 May
2916:
2885:
2858:658489
2856:
2848:
2748:FAIMER
2700:
2659:
2649:
2635:: 52.
2608:
2600:
2562:
2552:
2521:12 May
2436:
2397:
2391:165239
2389:
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2318:
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2204:: 321.
2181:
2171:
2130:
2052:13 May
2045:
2035:
1998:
1936:
1895:
1868:
1858:
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1812:
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1410:
1367:
1359:
1328:
1320:
1289:
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1239:
1229:
1221:
1182:14 May
1068:(1907)
1060:(1906)
1052:(1905)
707:citrus
699:larvae
668:rabies
652:Sicily
633:Odessa
621:docent
574:Naples
500:Spătar
401:ageing
226:Fields
211:(1916)
205:(1908)
199:(1906)
190:Awards
6104:Aging
6038:Books
5969:ERIBA
5593:1908
5489:Peace
5435:1908
3269:S2CID
3232:S2CID
3181:(9).
2854:S2CID
2606:S2CID
2456:(PDF)
2395:S2CID
2128:JSTOR
2043:S2CID
1810:S2CID
1628:(PDF)
1608:8 May
1326:JSTOR
1287:S2CID
924:opium
838:aging
627:(now
530:fauna
449:]
349:to a
320:noble
115:Paris
89:]
5999:LEAF
5934:AgeX
5618:1913
5613:1912
5608:1911
5603:1910
5598:1909
5588:1907
5583:1906
5578:1905
5573:1904
5568:1903
5469:1908
5385:2023
5374:2022
5359:2021
5340:2020
4279:1942
4272:1941
4265:1940
4115:1925
4076:1921
4053:1918
4046:1917
4039:1916
4032:1915
3309:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3261:PMID
3224:PMID
3195:PMID
3187:ISSN
3183:USSR
3162:PMID
3154:ISSN
3122:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3080:ISBN
3061:2020
3031:ISBN
3011:PMID
3003:ISSN
2974:2021
2948:2012
2914:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2846:PMID
2804:2015
2782:2015
2760:2015
2730:2015
2698:PMID
2657:PMID
2598:PMID
2560:PMID
2523:2021
2490:2022
2434:ISSN
2387:PMID
2326:PMID
2283:PMID
2225:ISBN
2179:PMID
2103:2015
2054:2021
2033:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1934:PMID
1893:PMID
1866:PMID
1802:PMID
1771:2015
1738:PMID
1686:PMID
1610:2020
1597:ISBN
1572:2015
1543:2015
1494:ISBN
1446:here
1416:PMID
1408:ISSN
1357:ISSN
1318:ISSN
1279:ISSN
1237:PMID
1219:ISSN
1184:2019
794:and
639:and
588:. A
521:for
301:O.S.
104:Died
76:O.S.
67:Born
6019:NIA
6004:LEF
5989:ILA
5949:AGE
5929:A4M
3253:doi
3216:doi
3146:doi
3142:304
2836:doi
2688:doi
2647:PMC
2637:doi
2590:doi
2586:380
2550:PMC
2426:doi
2377:doi
2373:114
2316:PMC
2275:doi
2169:PMC
2161:doi
2025:doi
1965:doi
1924:doi
1889:126
1856:PMC
1846:doi
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1720:doi
1676:doi
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1227:PMC
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