164:). In order to avoid paying beverage taxes on alcohol that is not meant to be consumed, the alcohol is usually "denatured", or treated with added chemicals to make it unpalatable. Its composition is tightly defined by government regulations in countries that tax alcoholic beverages. Denatured alcohol is used identically to ethanol itself but only for applications that involve fuel, surgical and laboratory stock. Pure ethanol is required for food and beverage applications and certain chemical reactions where the denaturant would interfere. In
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of alcohol in the US, federal law required methanol be added to domestically manufactured industrial alcohols. From 25–27 December 1926, which was roughly at the midpoint of nationwide alcohol prohibition, 31 people in New York City alone died of methanol poisoning. To help prevent this,
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or other simple processes to reverse the denaturation. Methanol is commonly used both because its boiling point is close to that of ethanol and because it is toxic. Another typical denaturant is pyridine. Often the denatured alcohol is dyed with
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suitable for consumption, it is a cheaper solution for most uses that do not involve drinking. If pure ethanol were made cheaply available for fuel, solvents, or medicinal purposes, it could be used as a beverage without payment of alcohol tax.
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initiated by the Soviet government. There is much evidence to that in both popular folklore and in literature and music. The word "denaturat" (Russian: денатурат) even gained a special symbolic meaning. Its consumption is mentioned in songs of
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104:. Because of the diversity of industrial uses for denatured alcohol, hundreds of additives and denaturing methods have been used. The main additive usually is 10% methanol (methyl alcohol), hence the name
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Naim
Kosaric, Zdravko Duvnjak, Adalbert Farkas, Hermann Sahm, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, Otto Goebel and Dieter Mayer in "Ethanol" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2011, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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335:, added to render the mixture unsuitable for drinking. SDAs are often used in cosmetic products, and can also be used in chemical manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and solvents. Another example is
294:) in the proportion of 3.75 litres to every 1000 litres of the mixture and synthetic organic dyestuff (methyl violet) in the proportion of 1.5 grams to every 1000 litres of the mixture.
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European
Community COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 162/2013 on the mutual recognition of procedures for the complete denaturing of alcohol for the purposes of exemption from excise duty
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Denatured alcohol has no advantages for any purpose over normal ethanol; it is a public policy compromise. As denatured alcohol is sold without the often heavy taxes on
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Completely denatured alcohol must be made in accordance with the following formulation: with every 90 parts by volume of alcohol mix 9.5 parts by volume of
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to form a foul-tasting, often toxic, solution. For many of these solutions, it is intentionally difficult to separate the components.
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and denatonium benzoate, N.F. In the United States and other countries, the use of denatured alcohol unsuitable for beverages avoids
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There are several grades of denatured alcohol, but in general the denaturants used are similar. As an example, the formulation for
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Per hectolitre (100 L) of absolute ethanol: 3 litres of isopropyl alcohol, 3 litres of methyl ethyl ketone and 1 gram
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The
European Union agreed in February 2013 to the following mutual procedures for the complete denaturing of alcohol:
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Section 21.151. A specially denatured alcohol is a combination of ethanol and another chemical substance, e.g.,
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or a substitute and 0.5 parts by volume of crude pyridine, and to the resulting mixture add mineral naphtha (
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New
Zealand has removed methanol from its government-approved "methylated spirits" formulation.
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is often added to give the substance an extremely bitter flavour. Substances such as
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545:"Некодифицированные спиртные напитки в поэме В. В. Ерофеева «Москва — Петушки»"
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in
Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom; and
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Despite its poisonous content, denatured alcohol is sometimes consumed as a
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27 CFR 20, regulations relating to denatured alcohol in the United States
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Specifications and licensing of methylated spirits in the United
Kingdom
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1 US gallon or 3.785 litres of denatured alcohol in a metal container
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What is specially denatured alcohol (SDA)? definition and meaning
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442:"What Is Denatured Alcohol? Composition, Examples, and Effects"
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77:. It is sometimes dyed so that it can be identified visually.
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Ethanol with additives to discourage recreational consumption
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In many countries, sales of alcoholic beverages are heavily
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85:, each and together, make denatured alcohol poisonous; and
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282:, according to 2005 British regulations was as follows:
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Diverse additives are used to make it difficult to use
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Production, distribution and use of denatured alcohol
518:. Environmental Protection Authority. Archived from
415:"Which Type of Ethanol Should I Use? - Bitesize Bio"
646:. Businessdictionary.com. Retrieved on 29 May 2011.
627:. Edocket.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved on 29 May 2011.
160:for revenue and public health policy purposes (see
402:. The Online Distillery Network. 22 November 1993.
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168:, denatured ethanol should not be used for the
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130:alcohol does not alter the ethanol molecule (
684:. access.gpo.gov. Retrieved on 29 May 2011.
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325:Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations
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440:Helmenstine, Anne Marie (23 March 2018).
227:may also be included to induce vomiting.
588:"The Denatured Alcohol Regulations 2005"
138:in biochemistry. Rather, the ethanol is
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722:"List of SDAs with denaturing chemical"
513:"Denatured Ethanol Group Standard 2006"
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611:Official Journal of the European Union
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665:. Ttb.gov. Retrieved on 29 May 2011.
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194:List of methanol poisoning incidents
592:Office of Public Sector Information
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468:Blum, Deborah (19 February 2010).
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219:are added to give the mixture an
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495:"Meths drinking on the increase"
493:Gates, Charlie (14 April 2010).
413:Gelling, Cristy (13 June 2012).
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198:Harm reduction § Alcohol
280:completely denatured alcohol
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675:2004 CFR Title 27, Volume 1
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317:specially denatured alcohol
311:Specially denatured alcohol
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140:mixed with other chemicals
58:denatured rectified spirit
134:or structurally), unlike
656:TTBGov Denatured Alcohol
75:recreational consumption
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713:HM Revenue and Customs
642:10 August 2019 at the
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239:anti-alcohol campaigns
122:methyl isobutyl ketone
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680:14 March 2012 at the
400:"Ethanol Denaturants"
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223:, and agents such as
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661:6 June 2019 at the
614:. 22 February 2013.
551:on 26 November 2013
470:"The Chemist's War"
331:in SDA 29, 35, and
304:denatonium benzoate
256:Vyacheslav Shishkov
152:Ethanol § Uses
118:methyl ethyl ketone
347:taxes on alcohol.
341:tert-butyl alcohol
106:methylated spirits
73:to discourage its
45:methylated spirits
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421:. Science Squared
372:Isopropyl alcohol
339:, which contains
248:Venedikt Yerofeev
244:Vladimir Vysotsky
204:surrogate alcohol
166:molecular biology
110:isopropyl alcohol
89:makes it bitter.
41:Denatured alcohol
18:Methylated spirit
16:(Redirected from
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162:Pigovian tax
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136:denaturation
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208:prohibition
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555:13 January
529:2 November
383:References
213:denatonium
192:See also:
132:chemically
128:Denaturing
87:denatonium
71:nauseating
447:ThoughtCo
362:Bitterant
67:poisonous
757:Methanol
737:Alcohols
678:Archived
659:Archived
640:Archived
480:Archived
453:11 March
425:13 April
351:See also
337:SDA 40-B
217:pyridine
188:Toxicity
83:methanol
79:Pyridine
625:Section
594:. 2005.
233:In the
181:alcohol
114:acetone
94:solvent
63:ethanol
345:excise
254:, and
120:, and
523:(PDF)
516:(PDF)
475:Slate
158:taxed
53:meths
51:, or
49:metho
557:2013
531:2014
455:2017
427:2016
235:USSR
196:and
146:Uses
100:and
81:and
572:doi
367:E85
333:35A
321:SDA
172:of
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