1756:. Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by immune cells and play a key role in the immune response. Chemokines are a type of cytokines that act as chemoattractants, meaning they attract and guide immune cells to specific sites in the body where they are needed. Cell adhesion molecules play an important role in the immune response by facilitating the interaction between immune cells and other cells in the body, such as endothelial cells, which form the lining of blood vessels. By inhibiting NF-κB activation, metronidazole can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as
686:
663:
947:
1702:
1516:
1783:. In these conditions, metronidazole has been suspected to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects that could be beneficial in the treatment of these conditions. Despite the success in treating rosacea with metronidazole, the exact mechanism of why metronidazole in rosacea is efficient is not precisely known, i.e., which properties of metronidazole help treat rosacea: antibacterial or immunomodulatory or both, or other mechanism is involved. Increased
40:
1339:. Although some of the testing methods have been questioned, oral exposure has been shown to cause cancer in experimental animals and has also demonstrated some mutagenic effects in bacterial cultures. The relationship between exposure to metronidazole and human cancer is unclear. One study found an excess in lung cancer among women (even after adjusting for smoking), while other studies found either no increased risk, or a
31:
8553:
2977:
Overgaard J, Hansen HS, Overgaard M, Bastholt L, Berthelsen A, Specht L, et al. (February 1998). "A randomized double-blind phase III study of nimorazole as a hypoxic radiosensitizer of primary radiotherapy in supraglottic larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer
1640:
In India, it is sold under the brand name
Metrogyl and Flagyl. In Bangladesh, it is available as Amodis, Amotrex, Dirozyl, Filmet, Flagyl, Flamyd, Metra, Metrodol, Metryl, etc. In Pakistan, it is sold under the brand name of Flagyl and Metrozine. In the United States it is sold under the brand name
1197:
associated with bacterial vaginosis, amongst other risk factors including the presence of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin (fFN). Metronidazole was ineffective in preventing preterm delivery in high-risk pregnant women (selected by history and a positive fFN test) and, conversely, the incidence of
1818:
infections in horses. Metronidazole is used in the aquarium hobby to treat ornamental fish and as a broad-spectrum treatment for bacterial and protozoan infections in reptiles and amphibians. In general, the veterinary community may use metronidazole for any potentially susceptible anaerobic
1311:
toxicity. Common adverse drug reaction associated with topical metronidazole therapy include local redness, dryness and skin irritation; and eye watering (if applied near eyes). Metronidazole has been associated with cancer in animal studies. In rare cases, it can also cause temporary
1813:
for this purpose in dogs and cats. It is also used for the management of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal infections, periodontal disease, and systemic infections in cats and dogs. Another common usage is the treatment of systemic and/or gastrointestinal
1443:. People are often advised not to drink alcohol during systemic metronidazole therapy and for at least 48 hours after completion of treatment. However, some studies call into question the mechanism of the interaction of alcohol and metronidazole, and a possible
1503:, which disrupt the DNA of microbial cells. This function only occurs when metronidazole is partially reduced, and because this reduction usually happens only in anaerobic bacteria and protozoans, it has relatively little effect upon human cells or
2863:
Shennan A, Crawshaw S, Briley A, Hawken J, Seed P, Jones G, et al. (January 2006). "A randomised controlled trial of metronidazole for the prevention of preterm birth in women positive for cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin: the PREMET Study".
3720:
Chaturvedi S, Malik MY, Rashid M, Singh S, Tiwari V, Gupta P, et al. (July 2020). "Mechanistic exploration of quercetin against metronidazole induced neurotoxicity in rats: Possible role of nitric oxide isoforms and inflammatory cytokines".
3989:
Tirkkonen T, Heikkilä P, Huupponen R, Laine K (October 2010). "Potential CYP2C9-mediated drug-drug interactions in hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with the sulphonylureas glibenclamide, glimepiride or glipizide".
4813:
Gonçalves-Santos E, Caldas I, Fernandes V, Franco L, Pelozo M, Feltrim F, et al. (August 2023). "Pharmacological potential of new metronidazole/eugenol/dihydroeugenol hybrids against
Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo".
3180:
Karamanakos PN, Pappas P, Boumba VA, Thomas C, Malamas M, Vougiouklakis T, et al. (2007). "Pharmaceutical agents known to produce disulfiram-like reaction: effects on hepatic ethanol metabolism and brain monoamines".
1383:
of metronidazole. One possible mechanism of this toxicity is that metronidazole may cause interference with postsynaptic central monoaminergic neurotransmission and immunomodulation. Other research suggests the role of
1787:
production in rosacea is thought to contribute to the inflammatory process and skin damage, so metronidazole's ability to decrease ROS may explain the mechanism of action in this disease, but this remains speculation.
2646:"Multicenter comparison of clotrimazole vaginal tablets, oral metronidazole, and vaginal suppositories containing sulfanilamide, aminacrine hydrochloride, and allantoin in the treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis"
5791:
5353:
2167:"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)"
2515:
1095:. Treatment for both the infected patient and the patient's sexual partner is recommended, even if asymptomatic. Therapy other than 5-nitroimidazole drugs is also an option, but cure rates are much lower.
5274:
Suárez LJ, Arce RM, Gonçalves C, Furquim CP, Santos NC, Retamal-Valdes B, et al. (April 2024). "Metronidazole may display anti-inflammatory features in periodontitis treatment: A scoping review".
6150:
5784:
5163:
Fararjeh M, Mohammad MK, Bustanji Y, Alkhatib H, Abdalla S (February 2008). "Evaluation of immunosuppression induced by metronidazole in Balb/c mice and human peripheral blood lymphocytes".
1590:
The biological activity of hydroxymetronidazole is 30% to 65%, and the elimination half-life is longer than that of the parent compound. The serum half-life of hydroxymetronidazole after
4778:
Rizzo A, Paolillo R, Guida L, Annunziata M, Bevilacqua N, Tufano MA (July 2010). "Effect of metronidazole and modulation of cytokine production on human periodontal ligament cells".
1214:. However, the neurotoxic side effects occurring at the required dosages have prevented the widespread use of metronidazole as an adjuvant agent in radiation therapy. However, other
275:
5777:
2907:
Nori D, Cain JM, Hilaris BS, Jones WB, Lewis JL (August 1983). "Metronidazole as a radiosensitizer and high-dose radiation in advanced vulvovaginal malignancies, a pilot study".
3868:
the authors of all the reports presumed the metronidazole-ethanol reaction to be an established pharmacologic fact. None provided evidence that could justify their conclusions
3315:
3946:
Kudo T, Endo Y, Taguchi R, Yatsu M, Ito K (May 2015). "Metronidazole reduces the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes in HepaRG cells and cryopreserved human hepatocytes".
1222:
with reduced electron affinity showed less serious neuronal side effects and have found their way into radio-onological practice for head and neck tumors in some countries.
5345:
4127:
Bergan T, Leinebo O, Blom-Hagen T, Salvesen B (1984). "Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of metronidazole after tablets, suppositories and intravenous administration".
1989:
1959:
1929:
6143:
2503:
4468:
6930:
8618:
6136:
2222:
5471:
5504:
1823:(FDA) suggests it only be used when necessary because it has been shown to be carcinogenic in mice and rats, as well as to prevent antimicrobial resistance.
180:
2617:
Huang Y, Shen C, Shen Y, Cui H (January 2024). "Assessing the
Efficacy of Clotrimazole and Metronidazole Combined Treatment in Vaginitis: A Meta-Analysis".
1713:
Metronidazole is researched for its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Studies have shown that metronidazole can decrease the production of
1534:
concentrations occur after one to two hours. Food may slow down absorption but does not diminish it. Of the circulating substance, about 20% is bound to
3074:
1058:
in the gastrointestinal tract and some sources speculate that it may be unsuitable in people with diarrhea or feeding-tubes in the duodenum or jejunum.
8139:
7651:
4583:
4548:
3591:"Outbreak of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with mebendazole and metronidazole use among Filipino laborers in Taiwan"
1826:
The appropriate dosage of metronidazole varies based on the animal species, the condition being treated and the specific formulation of the product.
2034:
3276:
934:. It is available in most areas of the world. In 2021, it was the 194th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2
4948:
7728:
6590:
5071:
Dall'Oglio F, Nasca MR, Gerbino C, Micali G (November 2022). "Advances in pharmacotherapy for rosacea: what is the current state of the art?".
2748:"A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity"
1906:
62:
3423:
7946:
7007:
779:
5024:"Perspectives on rosacea patient characteristics and quality of life using baseline data from a phase 3 clinical study conducted in Japan"
3463:
3446:
6923:
4494:
3563:
2554:
1348:
2261:
3567:
3535:
5497:
3880:
Visapää JP, Tillonen JS, Kaihovaara PS, Salaspuro MP (June 2002). "Lack of disulfiram-like reaction with metronidazole and ethanol".
3142:
Lawford R, Sorrell TC (August 1994). "Amebic abscess of the spleen complicated by metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity: case report".
8117:
7876:
4391:
4084:
Lamp KC, Freeman CD, Klutman NE, Lacy MK (May 1999). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nitroimidazole antimicrobials".
3304:
2820:
Rawat A, Singh P, Jyoti A, Kaushik S, Srivastava VK (August 2020). "Averting transmission: A pivotal target to manage amoebiasis".
1809:
in dogs, cats, and other companion animals, but it does not reliably clear infection with this organism and is being supplanted by
3447:"Prenatal exposure to metronidazole and risk of childhood cancer: a retrospective cohort study of children younger than 5 years"
2368:
1981:
1951:
1921:
1856:
1583:
of metronidazole in healthy adults is eight hours, in infants during the first two months of their lives about 23 hours, and in
755:
8132:
6916:
2138:
1657:
1579:. Metronidazole and its metabolites are mainly excreted via the kidneys (77%) and to a lesser extent via the faeces (14%). The
6908:
8507:
8083:
7644:
7595:
5408:
4068:
3920:
2796:
2548:
2486:
2338:
2255:
2103:
931:
1471:
family. Therefore, metronidazole may interact with medications metabolized by this enzyme. Examples of such medications are
5490:
4975:"Maintenance of Remission after Oral Metronidazole Add-on Therapy in Rosacea Treatment: A Retrospective, Comparative Study"
4284:
3924:
3834:
Williams CS, Woodcock KR (February 2000). "Do ethanol and metronidazole interact to produce a disulfiram-like reaction?".
8603:
5428:
4859:"A systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of azelaic acid in the management of acne, rosacea, melasma and skin aging"
824:
113:
4209:
Alauzet C, Lozniewski A, Marchandin H (February 2019). "Metronidazole resistance and nim genes in anaerobes: A review".
8608:
8598:
8573:
6583:
4600:
4565:
4464:
2304:
1138:
878:
4524:
8125:
7238:
1447:
for the alcohol intolerance is suggested. Metronidazole is also generally thought to inhibit the liver metabolism of
799:
2214:
8524:
8100:
7637:
7612:
3380:
Beard CM, Noller KL, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT, Dahlin DC (February 1988). "Cancer after exposure to metronidazole".
3224:
Karamanakos PN (November 2008). "The possibility of serotonin syndrome brought about by the use of metronidazole".
3099:
Iqbal SM, Murthy JG, Banerjee PK, Vishwanathan KA (April 1999). "Metronidazole ototoxicity--report of two cases".
5769:
5375:
1073:
An effective treatment option for mixed infectious vaginitis is a combination of clotrimazole and metronidazole.
408:
260:
94:
5442:
4616:
Kraft MY, Kochergin PM, Tsyganova AM, Shlikhunova VS (1989). "Synthesis of metronidazole from ethylenediamine".
3893:
8583:
7467:
1452:
1185:
to prevent recurrence. Although it is generally a standard treatment it is associated with some side effects.
923:, while others state doses for trichomoniasis are safe. Metronidazole is generally considered compatible with
8578:
7031:
6576:
3067:
1154:
by mouth. In 2017, the IDSA generally recommended vancomycin and fidaxomicin over metronidazole. Vancomycin
7698:
1820:
1364:
681:
514:
3764:
Cina SJ, Russell RA, Conradi SE (December 1996). "Sudden death due to metronidazole/ethanol interaction".
3445:
Thapa PB, Whitlock JA, Brockman
Worrell KG, Gideon P, Mitchel EF, Roberson P, et al. (October 1998).
1907:
https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/metronidamed-medsurge-pharma-pty-ltd
8480:
3689:"Metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity: Possible central serotonergic and noradrenergic system involvement"
3272:
2026:
1879:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
1757:
1332:
982:
850:
642:
173:
3799:
Gupta NK, Woodley CL, Fried R (October 1970). "Effect of metronidazole on liver alcohol dehydrogenase".
2068:
1295:. High doses and long-term systemic treatment with metronidazole are associated with the development of
8593:
8543:
5552:
3259:
1772:
1054:
Metronidazole is bitter and so the liquid suspension contains metronidazole benzoate. This may require
7629:
6128:
4907:
1355:
also found chromosomal abnormalities in circulating lymphocytes in people treated with metronidazole.
583:
7311:
2275:
1878:
1344:
1231:
8147:
4908:"Ocular rosacea associated with transient monocular vision loss: resolution with oral metronidazole"
4415:"Effect of Evergreened Reformulations on Medicaid Expenditures and Patient Access from 2008 to 2016"
3054:
919:
or allergies to the medication may occur. Some state that metronidazole should not be used in early
5604:
2390:
Freeman CD, Klutman NE, Lamp KC (November 1997). "Metronidazole. A therapeutic review and update".
1420:
1340:
1143:
990:
846:
658:
5309:
Barr SC, Bowman DD, Heller RL (July 1994). "Efficacy of fenbendazole against giardiasis in dogs".
603:
8512:
8088:
7600:
7462:
7439:
7206:
6616:
6551:
5589:
3415:
2578:"Bacterial vaginosis: review of treatment options and potential clinical indications for therapy"
1784:
1714:
150:
52:
2787:
Ryan KJ, Ahmad N, Alspaugh JA, Drew WL, Lagunoff M, Pottinger P, et al. (12 January 2018).
2165:
McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Bakken JS, Carroll KC, Coffin SE, et al. (March 2018).
2027:"Flagyl, Flagyl ER (metronidazole) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"
8307:
8044:
7826:
7450:
7326:
7282:
6998:
6938:
6872:
6323:
6260:
5976:
2942:
Sarna JR, Furtado S, Brownell AK (November 2013). "Neurologic complications of metronidazole".
1753:
1734:
1308:
1267:, weight loss, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and metallic taste in the mouth.
1121:
967:
963:
624:
343:
161:
4490:
4311:"Targeting the American market for medicines, ca. 1950s-1970s: ICI and Rhône-Poulenc compared"
2538:
1455:), thus propylene glycol may potentially have similar interaction effects with metronidazole.
7983:
7834:
7830:
7456:
6341:
5227:"Scavenging properties of metronidazole on free oxygen radicals in a skin lipid model system"
4056:
2245:
1742:
1607:
1432:
1389:
1304:
1259:(≥1% of those treated with the drug) associated with systemic metronidazole therapy include:
1256:
1173:
1091:
563:
165:
3688:
3559:
3542:
8588:
8014:
7744:
7376:
5902:
5584:
5116:"Metronidazole Attenuates the Intensity of Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis"
3730:
3346:
1738:
1580:
1562:
1519:
1406:
994:
897:
523:
377:
370:
8269:
1211:
503:
243:
8:
8376:
8182:
8152:
7884:
7865:
7815:
7770:
7577:
6943:
6456:
5984:
3337:
Bendesky A, Menéndez D, Ostrosky-Wegman P (June 2002). "Is metronidazole carcinogenic?".
1776:
1539:
1500:
1440:
1236:
1155:
1047:
1006:
978:
893:
858:
438:
429:
157:
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4383:
3734:
3350:
685:
662:
8278:
7807:
7689:
7549:
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7138:
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6568:
6285:
5256:
5145:
5114:
Seidler
Stangova P, Dusek O, Klimova A, Heissigerova J, Kucera T, Svozilkova P (2019).
5096:
4999:
4974:
4940:
4888:
4839:
4760:
4735:
Elangbam CS, Qualls CW, Dahlgren RR (January 1997). "Cell adhesion molecules--update".
4676:
4633:
4335:
4310:
4234:
4186:
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4109:
4015:
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3859:
3664:
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3512:
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3014:
2889:
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2191:
2166:
1765:
1730:
1444:
1352:
1320:
1035:
959:
912:
124:
4358:
3488:"Epidemiologic evaluation of pharmaceuticals with limited evidence of carcinogenicity"
3486:
Friedman GD, Jiang SF, Udaltsova N, Quesenberry CP, Chan J, Habel LA (November 2009).
3393:
3358:
2991:
1125:(Guinea worm), metronidazole just eases worm extraction rather than killing the worm.
8334:
7851:
7087:
7023:
5844:
5804:
5684:
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5594:
5404:
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2403:
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In addition to its anti-biotic properties, attempts were also made to use a possible
614:
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287:
86:
72:
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4019:
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5043:
5035:
4994:
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4093:
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3610:
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2710:
2679:
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2589:
2438:
2399:
2283:
2186:
2178:
1625:
1603:
1504:
1448:
1276:
1272:
1082:
1066:
Drugs of choice for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis include metronidazole and
1051:
along with other drugs and to prevent infection in people recovering from surgery.
971:
698:
325:
233:
223:
213:
203:
193:
5799:
5084:
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1733:
properties are thought to be related to its ability to decrease the activation of
1628:. Searle was acquired by Pfizer in 2003. The original patent expired in 1982, but
1621:
1319:
Some evidence from studies in rats indicates the possibility it may contribute to
8613:
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8431:
7968:
7912:
7513:
6607:
6540:
6202:
6192:
6057:
5874:
5849:
5547:
5176:
4827:
4791:
3959:
2427:"Metronidazole is still the drug of choice for treatment of anaerobic infections"
1689:
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1468:
1207:
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353:
333:
6603:
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was 10 hours, 19 hours after intravenous infusion, and 11 hours after a tablet.
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6280:
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5699:
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5579:
5513:
5424:
4748:
4712:
4695:
4359:"G.D. SEARLE & CO. v. COMM | 88 T.C. 252 (1987) | 8otc2521326 | Leagle.com"
4044:(in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Anaerobex-Filmtabletten.
3155:
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22:
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6557:
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6398:
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6004:
5989:
5917:
5913:
5718:
5708:
5132:
5115:
4664:
4592:
4557:
4517:"Noritate (Metronidazole): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning"
4431:
4414:
3464:
10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19981001)83:7<1461::aid-cncr25>3.0.co;2-1
1792:
1771:
Metronidazole has been studied in various immunological disorders, including
1761:
1701:
1669:
1612:
Bacteria may have developed unexpectedly higher resistance to metronidazole.
1584:
1380:
1198:
preterm delivery was found to be higher in women treated with metronidazole.
1194:
1027:
924:
766:
674:
312:
5039:
4857:
King S, Campbell J, Rowe R, Daly ML, Moncrieff G, Maybury C (October 2023).
4272:
2308:
930:
Metronidazole began to be commercially used in 1960 in France. It is on the
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8415:
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5141:
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4799:
4721:
4672:
4516:
4450:
4344:
4280:
4230:
4195:
4105:
4011:
3967:
3901:
3855:
3750:
3705:
3673:
3624:
3521:
3366:
3237:
3202:
3120:
3040:
2963:
2885:
2841:
2773:
2732:
2630:
2603:
2452:
2280:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
2200:
1810:
1791:
Metronidazole is also researched as a potential anti-inflammatory agent in
1718:
1673:
1629:
1531:
1527:
1416:
1385:
1313:
1292:
1244:
1240:
1002:
854:
594:
238:
228:
218:
208:
198:
188:
5330:
5243:
5226:
4756:
4326:
4140:
3820:
3785:
3606:
3472:
3401:
3163:
2999:
2928:
2671:
2411:
2182:
8488:
8441:
8425:
8410:
8225:
8220:
8064:
8054:
8031:
7995:
7938:
7855:
7845:
7841:
7738:
7734:
7724:
7521:
7431:
7407:
7392:
7387:
7341:
7290:
7251:
7159:
7133:
7128:
7059:
6982:
6971:
6877:
6852:
6801:
6762:
6686:
6653:
6643:
6638:
6599:
6446:
6423:
6418:
6403:
6388:
6383:
6308:
6303:
6275:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6159:
6082:
6037:
6032:
5948:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5669:
5649:
5634:
5614:
5529:
4154:
Krakovka S, Ribacke U, Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L, Svärd S (11 January 2022).
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
2481:(2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust.
1665:
1591:
1436:
1368:
1323:, although no case reports documenting this have been published to date.
1300:
1268:
1151:
1067:
1031:
1023:
986:
889:
169:
80:
5113:
2288:
1343:
risk. Metronidazole is listed as a possible carcinogen according to the
1235:
has recommended topical metronidazole as a third-line treatment for the
483:
39:
8465:
8405:
8343:
8314:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8003:
7972:
7956:
7928:
7792:
7788:
7659:
7444:
7372:
7351:
7336:
7229:
7175:
7149:
7064:
6882:
6847:
6842:
6832:
6782:
6772:
6734:
6729:
6663:
6658:
6648:
6633:
6545:
6515:
6490:
6378:
6368:
6265:
6222:
6197:
6187:
6166:
6158:
6052:
5943:
5890:
5870:
5821:
5800:
5758:
5644:
5624:
5571:
5225:
Narayanan S, Hünerbein A, Getie M, Jäckel A, Neubert RH (August 2007).
4927:
4875:
4858:
4629:
2833:
2644:
duBouchet L, Spence MR, Rein MF, Danzig MR, McCormack WM (March 1997).
1815:
1726:
1722:
1681:
1554:
1515:
1472:
1336:
1296:
1288:
1219:
1182:
1178:
1147:
1104:
1086:
1055:
1041:
1014:
1010:
885:
866:
842:
731:
494:
365:
5287:
4990:
3847:
3655:
3503:
3244:
2296:
1676:. 2-Methylimidazole is nitrated to give 2-methyl-4(5)-nitroimidazole (
1111:
resistance is leading to the increased use of other compound classes.
8435:
8400:
8353:
8348:
8324:
8173:
8160:
8156:
7903:
7716:
7706:
7397:
7346:
7295:
7270:
7259:
7185:
7154:
6960:
6892:
6862:
6857:
6837:
6806:
6757:
6715:
6673:
6628:
6530:
6469:
6373:
6350:
6251:
6241:
6062:
6047:
6042:
6027:
5953:
5928:
5924:
5734:
5654:
5567:
5537:
4812:
3266:
1749:
1558:
1284:
955:
920:
908:
874:
449:
390:
66:
8451:
8358:
8060:
7861:
7667:
7664:
6897:
6767:
6752:
6681:
6464:
6438:
6077:
5994:
5895:
5885:
5713:
5659:
4546:
Ebel K, Koehler H, Gamer AO, Jäckh R. "Imidazole and
Derivatives".
3444:
2764:
2747:
2594:
2577:
2443:
2426:
1745:
1575:
1476:
1428:
1280:
1264:
1181:
is treated with metronidazole for eradication, in combination with
1158:
has been shown to be more effective in treating people with severe
1021:, and infections caused by susceptible anaerobic organisms such as
1001:(topical), fungating wounds (topical), intra-abdominal infections,
543:
474:
108:
4615:
3879:
3640:"Metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity developed in liver cirrhosis"
3416:"Metronidazole (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Supplement7, 1987)"
3060:
1379:
Several studies in the human and animal modules have recorded the
754:
630:
8396:
8250:
7748:
7539:
7180:
6696:
6520:
6232:
6072:
5739:
5619:
5542:
5198:
Jones D (September 2004). "Reactive oxygen species and rosacea".
4063:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 28.
3485:
2207:
1805:
1780:
1547:
1497:
1412:
998:
916:
5162:
5070:
4651:
Opal SM, DePalo VA (April 2000). "Anti-inflammatory cytokines".
3948:
Xenobiotica; the Fate of
Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems
2976:
807:
InChI=1S/C6H9N3O3/c1-5-7-4-6(9(11)12)8(5)2-3-10/h4,10H,2-3H2,1H3
30:
6087:
5526:
4126:
3988:
3336:
3098:
2502:
Geoghegan O, Eades C, Moore LS, Gilchrist M (9 February 2017).
1464:
1424:
1260:
904:
574:
7429:
4581:
Actor P, Chow AW, Dutko FJ, McKinlay MA. "Chemotherapeutics".
4153:
4059:. In Schaechter M, Engleberg NC, DiRita VJ, Dermody T (eds.).
3638:
Yamamoto T, Abe K, Anjiki H, Ishii T, Kuyama Y (August 2012).
3379:
1279:
reactions (rash, itch, flushing, fever), headache, dizziness,
5224:
3179:
1573:. The metabolites show antibiotic and antiprotozoal activity
1210:
of metronidazole in the context of radiation therapy against
849:. It is used either alone or with other antibiotics to treat
745:
554:
358:
4777:
2746:
Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB (August 2007).
2501:
2164:
1367:, but is reported to occur at high rates when combined with
647:
4208:
3917:"Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table"
3894:
10.1345/1542-6270(2002)036<0971:lodlrw>2.0.co;2
3257:
2862:
534:
5273:
3719:
2745:
877:. It is an option for a first episode of mild-to-moderate
4973:
Kim JS, Seo BH, Cha DR, Suh HS, Choi YS (December 2022).
3686:
3560:"Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124"
2643:
2274:
1886:
6598:
4693:
2292:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
2087:
3766:
The
American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
3687:
Bariweni MW, Kamenebali I, Denyefa JB (15 April 2024).
3015:"Acneiform facial eruptions: a problem for young women"
932:
4734:
4083:
3637:
2819:
8541:
5512:
4694:
van der Vorst EP, Döring Y, Weber C (November 2015).
2786:
2247:
Drug discovery practices, processes, and perspectives
2137:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
1982:"Metronidazole Vaginal Gel, 0.75%- metronidazole gel"
1496:
class. It inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by forming
1193:
Metronidazole has also been used in women to prevent
4856:
4160:
Lines by Comparative Transcriptomics and Proteomics"
4129:
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement
4054:
3945:
2941:
2906:
2575:
2250:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 27.
2215:"Safety in Lactation: Metronidazole and tinidazole"
1871:
1089:) are the mainstay of treatment for infection with
4580:
3763:
2576:Joesoef MR, Schmid GP, Hillier SL (January 1999).
2389:
5346:"Advances in managing inflammatory bowel disease"
4545:
4457:
3798:
3528:
3012:
2695:"Drug Resistance in the Microaerophilic Parasite
2424:
1415:while taking metronidazole has been suspected in
1326:
1247:as first and second line treatment respectively.
338:80% (by mouth), 60–80% (rectal), 20–25% (vaginal)
8565:
5308:
4419:Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy
3833:
3589:Chen KT, Twu SJ, Chang HJ, Lin RS (March 2003).
2616:
1316:that reverses after cessation of the treatment.
462:
5443:"Metronidazole For Dogs: Safe Dosages And Uses"
5021:
4048:
3588:
3175:
3173:
2791:(Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill LLC.
2160:
2158:
2156:
2098:(39th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press.
437:
4584:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
4549:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
4254:"Metronidazole resistance: a hidden epidemic?"
3908:
3141:
2970:
2495:
1974:
1944:
1335:(NTP) as reasonably anticipated to be a human
8619:World Health Organization essential medicines
8133:
7645:
6924:
6584:
6144:
5785:
5498:
4156:"Characterization of Metronidazole-Resistant
3047:
2944:The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences
2425:Löfmark S, Edlund C, Nord CE (January 2010).
1803:Metronidazole is used to treat infections of
1451:(found in some foods, medicines, and in many
1331:In 2016 metronidazole was listed by the U.S.
1103:Oral metronidazole is a treatment option for
5337:
5267:
5218:
5191:
5156:
5107:
5064:
5015:
4972:
4966:
4905:
4899:
4850:
4806:
4771:
4687:
4644:
4406:
4302:
4077:
4061:Schaechter's Mechanisms of Microbial Disease
3982:
3939:
3873:
3827:
3582:
3479:
3408:
3330:
3305:"Metrogyl Metronidazole Product Information"
3217:
3170:
3092:
3013:Cheung MJ, Taher M, Lauzon GJ (April 2005).
3006:
2856:
2813:
2739:
2686:
2610:
2569:
2530:
2418:
2153:
1045:species. It is also often used to eradicate
602:
112:
5302:
4728:
4120:
3792:
3757:
3564:International Agency for Research on Cancer
3438:
3373:
3223:
3135:
2900:
2637:
2383:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
1358:
1349:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1271:administration is commonly associated with
1136:Initial antibiotic therapy for less-severe
896:(by mouth), as a cream or gel, and by slow
892:is unavailable. Metronidazole is available
242:
8140:
8126:
7652:
7638:
6931:
6917:
6591:
6577:
6151:
6137:
5792:
5778:
5505:
5491:
5392:
4650:
4609:
2935:
2237:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1458:
1201:
977:Metronidazole is primarily used to treat:
684:
661:
502:
5417:
5242:
5131:
5047:
4998:
4926:
4874:
4711:
4440:
4430:
4334:
4185:
4175:
4039:
3914:
3704:
3663:
3614:
3536:"Flagyl 375 U.S. Prescribing Information"
3511:
3462:
3030:
2780:
2763:
2722:
2661:
2593:
2442:
2287:
2190:
2093:
2066:
522:
4376:
2112:
1526:Oral metronidazole is approximately 80%
1514:
954:Metronidazole has activity against some
945:
5343:
5311:American Journal of Veterinary Research
5022:Yamasaki K, Miyachi Y (December 2022).
4412:
2692:
2536:
2361:"Metronidazole - Drug Usage Statistics"
2268:
2096:Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
2073:Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
1836:
1597:
1538:. It penetrates well into tissues, the
1128:
1107:, however, the increasing incidence of
771:159 to 163 °C (318 to 325 °F)
657:
482:
85:
16:Antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication
8566:
4509:
4351:
4308:
3314:. Alphapharm Pty Limited. 8 May 2013.
3299:
3297:
3101:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2302:
2264:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1658:Debus-Radziszewski imidazole synthesis
1487:
1275:. Infrequent adverse effects include:
1225:
1061:
985:(along with other antibacterials like
675:
293:
8121:
7633:
6912:
6572:
6132:
5773:
5486:
5398:
5376:"METRONIDAZOLE (Veterinary—Systemic)"
5356:from the original on 31 December 2013
5197:
4574:
4497:from the original on 24 November 2021
4483:
4290:from the original on 18 November 2023
4251:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
3921:Indiana University School of Medicine
3644:Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
3570:from the original on 6 September 2019
3318:from the original on 9 September 2016
3053:
2476:
2282:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2243:
2225:from the original on 21 February 2020
2141:from the original on 6 September 2015
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1992:from the original on 6 September 2023
1962:from the original on 6 September 2023
1932:from the original on 6 September 2023
1916:
1914:
623:
582:
562:
306:
103:
71:
4954:from the original on 2 February 2024
4539:
4527:from the original on 8 December 2023
4055:Eisenstein BI, Schaechter M (2007).
3927:from the original on 10 October 2007
3282:from the original on 9 February 2020
3258:National Toxicology Program (2016).
3080:from the original on 22 January 2016
3068:"Flagyl metronidazole tablets label"
2341:from the original on 15 January 2024
2067:Brayfield A, ed. (14 January 2014).
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1849:"Metronidazole Use During Pregnancy"
1620:The drug was initially developed by
1395:
629:
232:
222:
212:
202:
192:
4315:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
3294:
3183:International Journal of Toxicology
2459:
2305:"Trichomoniasis treatment in women"
1922:"Metronidazole injection, solution"
1859:from the original on 1 January 2017
1721:by activated immune cells, such as
1632:reformulation occurred thereafter.
1510:
1218:derived from metronidazole such as
542:
453:
13:
5431:from the original on 24 June 2013.
4471:from the original on 17 April 2021
4384:"2003:Pfizer and Pharmacia Merger"
4026:
3693:Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal
3426:from the original on 4 August 2020
2822:Chemical Biology & Drug Design
2371:from the original on 13 April 2020
2004:
1911:
1553:About 60% of the metronidazole is
1467:inhibitor. CYP2C9 is an enzyme of
1363:Metronidazole alone rarely causes
1250:
1239:either along with or without oral
1139:Clostridioides difficile infection
14:
8630:
5464:
4906:Kazemi S, Hawkes JE (June 2023).
4394:from the original on 26 June 2019
3595:American Journal of Public Health
2703:Current Tropical Medicine Reports
2557:from the original on 25 June 2022
2518:from the original on 7 March 2019
2508:: diagnosis and treatment update"
2219:SPS - Specialist Pharmacy Service
2049:
2037:from the original on 7 April 2014
1798:
1741:that regulates the expression of
1546:and breast milk, as well as into
1188:
1165:
1076:
269:
135:
8551:
4618:Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal
4098:10.2165/00003088-199936050-00004
4004:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02257.x
3778:10.1097/00000433-199612000-00013
2978:Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 5-85".
2878:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00788.x
2663:10.1097/00007435-199703000-00006
2514:. Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
2404:10.2165/00003495-199754050-00003
1700:
1445:central toxic serotonin reaction
1374:
715:
709:
38:
29:
5435:
5368:
4245:
4202:
4147:
3713:
3680:
3631:
3492:International Journal of Cancer
2353:
2323:
1482:
941:
812:Key:VAOCPAMSLUNLGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
7468:piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin
5472:"Metronidazole and Tinidazole"
4223:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.10.004
4057:"DNA and Chromosome Mechanics"
1900:
1453:electronic cigarette e-liquids
1423:with effects that can include
1351:(IARC). A study in those with
1327:Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis
1114:
915:, and headaches. Occasionally
721:
703:
282:
1:
7032:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
5344:Hoskins JD (1 October 2001).
5085:10.1080/14656566.2022.2142907
4700:Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
4309:Quirke V (29 December 2014).
3882:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
3836:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
3394:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)64947-7
3359:10.1016/S1383-5742(02)00007-8
2992:10.1016/s0167-8140(97)00220-x
2650:Sexually Transmitted Diseases
2479:Australian Medicines Handbook
1829:
1668:, followed by treatment with
1635:
1624:in the 1950s and licensed to
1146:) consists of metronidazole,
1098:
950:A tube of metronidazole cream
7430:Fixed-dose (co-formulated)
5177:10.1016/j.intimp.2007.10.018
4828:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110416
4792:10.1016/j.intimp.2010.04.004
3992:Journal of Internal Medicine
3960:10.3109/00498254.2014.990948
3813:10.1016/0006-2952(70)90108-5
3144:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2921:10.1016/0090-8258(83)90017-3
2752:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2693:Leitsch D (September 2015).
2582:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2171:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1821:Food and Drug Administration
1644:
1463:Metronidazole is a moderate
1208:radiation-sensitizing effect
903:Common side effects include
837:, sold under the brand name
7:
5323:10.2460/ajvr.1994.55.07.988
3743:10.1016/j.neuro.2020.03.002
3273:National Toxicology Program
2789:Sherris medical microbiolog
2543:. OUP Oxford. p. 355.
1708:
1341:statistically insignificant
1333:National Toxicology Program
983:pelvic inflammatory disease
851:pelvic inflammatory disease
10:
8635:
8604:Nitroimidazole antibiotics
5553:Sodium monofluorophosphate
4749:10.1177/030098589703400113
4713:10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.306359
2512:The Pharmaceutical Journal
1773:inflammatory bowel disease
1656:) may be prepared via the
1615:
1601:
1404:
1400:
693:Chemical and physical data
8609:Drugs developed by Pfizer
8599:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
8574:Drugs developed by AbbVie
8502:
8479:
8389:
8367:
8333:
8277:
8268:
8239:
8190:
8181:
8172:
8078:
8013:
7982:
7911:
7902:
7875:
7806:
7769:
7697:
7688:
7679:
7590:
7566:
7538:
7512:
7476:
7420:
7365:
7325:
7312:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
7304:
7281:
7237:
7228:
7194:
7168:
7115:
7104:
7095:
7086:
7077:
7040:
7022:
6997:
6981:
6970:
6959:
6825:
6781:
6743:
6714:
6695:
6672:
6615:
6508:
6483:
6455:
6437:
6349:
6340:
6322:
6294:
6250:
6231:
6178:
6096:
6018:
5975:
5966:
5863:
5829:
5820:
5727:
5693:
5566:
5525:
4177:10.3389/fmicb.2022.834008
4164:Frontiers in Microbiology
4086:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
4040:Haberfeld H, ed. (2020).
3195:10.1080/10915810701583010
3113:10.1017/s0022215100143968
3019:Canadian Family Physician
2980:Radiotherapy and Oncology
2956:10.1017/s0317167100015870
2715:10.1007/s40475-015-0051-1
2303:Schmid G (28 July 2003).
2276:World Health Organization
2094:Brayfield A, ed. (2017).
1345:World Health Organization
1232:Canadian Family Physician
1085:drugs (metronidazole and
900:(injection into a vein).
820:
795:
775:
765:
743:
730:
697:
692:
673:
641:
613:
593:
573:
553:
533:
513:
493:
473:
448:
428:
404:
399:
395:Urine (77%), faeces (14%)
389:
376:
364:
352:
342:
332:
324:
259:
254:
179:
149:
123:
93:
79:
61:
51:
46:
37:
28:
5605:Cetylpyridinium chloride
5401:Veterinary Drug Handbook
5206:(3 Suppl): 17–20, 32–4.
5133:10.14712/fb2019065050265
5073:Expert Opin Pharmacother
4665:10.1378/chest.117.4.1162
4593:10.1002/14356007.a06_173
4558:10.1002/14356007.a13_661
4432:10.18553/jmcp.2019.18366
3801:Biochemical Pharmacology
3541:. Pfizer. Archived from
3156:10.1093/clinids/19.2.346
2540:Drugs in Palliative Care
1587:babies up to 100 hours.
1492:Metronidazole is of the
1421:disulfiram-like reaction
1365:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
1359:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
1144:pseudomembranous colitis
991:pseudomembranous colitis
880:Clostridioides difficile
847:antiprotozoal medication
8155: – agents against
7827:Pentavalent antimonials
7699:African trypanosomiasis
7463:artesunate/pyronaridine
7440:artemether/lumefantrine
6552:Lactobacillus fermentum
5403:(6th ed.). Wiley.
5040:10.1111/1346-8138.16596
4587:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
4552:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
4413:Dickson S (July 2019).
4273:10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.221
3382:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3271:(Fourteenth ed.).
3226:Minerva Anestesiologica
1715:reactive oxygen species
1692:to give metronidazole (
1561:to the main metabolite
1459:Other drug interactions
1202:Hypoxic radiosensitizer
938:million prescriptions.
8308:Diiodohydroxyquinoline
7451:artesunate/amodiaquine
6261:Diiodohydroxyquinoline
4491:"Metronidazole Brands"
4261:British Dental Journal
4252:Smith A (March 2018).
3706:10.55940/medphar202474
3312:TGA eBusiness Services
2619:Altern Ther Health Med
2075:. Pharmaceutical Press
1952:"Metronidazole tablet"
1735:nuclear factor-kappa B
1523:
1390:inflammatory cytokines
1309:central nervous system
1257:adverse drug reactions
1122:Dracunculus medinensis
951:
861:. It is effective for
420:-imidazol-1-yl)ethanol
8584:Disulfiram-like drugs
7835:Sodium stibogluconate
7831:Meglumine antimoniate
7485:artesunate/mefloquine
7457:artesunate/mefloquine
5244:10.1211/jpp.59.8.0010
4467:. Medical Dialogues.
4327:10.1353/bhm.2014.0075
3915:Flockhart DA (2007).
3607:10.2105/ajph.93.3.489
3566:(IARC). 8 July 2019.
3268:Report on Carcinogens
2506:Clostridium difficile
2477:Rossi S, ed. (2013).
2331:"The Top 300 of 2021"
1608:Antibiotic resistance
1530:via the gut and peak
1522:, the main metabolite
1518:
1305:peripheral neuropathy
1174:Entamoeba histolytica
1092:Trichomonas vaginalis
970:classes) but not the
949:
416:2-(2-Methyl-5-nitro-1
8579:Antiprotozoal agents
8153:antiprotozoal agents
7745:naphthalenesulfonate
7497:quinine/tetracycline
7169:4-Methanolquinolines
6944:antiprotozoal agents
6826:Other antibacterials
5740:Acetylsalicylic acid
5585:Benzoxonium chloride
4158:Giardia intestinalis
2909:Gynecologic Oncology
2588:(Suppl 1): S57–S65.
1819:infection. The U.S.
1739:transcription factor
1680:), which is in turn
1598:Bacterial resistance
1581:biological half-life
1563:hydroxymetronidazole
1520:Hydroxymetronidazole
1407:Disulfiram-like drug
1303:, increased risk of
995:aspiration pneumonia
898:intravenous infusion
841:among others, is an
371:Hydroxymetronidazole
7494:quinine/doxycycline
7491:quinine/clindamycin
7479:(not co-formulated)
5985:Silver sulfadiazine
5165:Int Immunopharmacol
4816:Int Immunopharmacol
4780:Int Immunopharmacol
3735:2020NeuTx..79....1C
3351:2002MRRMR.511..133B
2437:(Suppl 1): S16–23.
2183:10.1093/cid/cix1085
1958:. 30 January 2023.
1928:. 16 January 2023.
1569:derivative, and by
1540:cerebrospinal fluid
1488:Mechanism of action
1441:shortness of breath
1237:perioral dermatitis
1226:Perioral dermatitis
1062:Bacterial vaginosis
1048:Helicobacter pylori
1013:, oral infections,
1007:periodontal disease
979:bacterial vaginosis
859:bacterial vaginosis
302:(Prescription only)
278:(Prescription only)
25:
8529:Never to phase III
8270:Luminal amebicides
8105:Never to phase III
7617:Never to phase III
7477:Other combinations
7357:dihydroartemisinin
7139:hydroxychloroquine
5276:Mol Oral Microbiol
5120:Folia Biol (Praha)
4928:10.5070/D329361439
4876:10.1111/jocd.15923
4630:10.1007/BF00764821
2834:10.1111/cbdd.13699
2537:Dickman A (2012).
2031:Medscape Reference
1754:adhesion molecules
1729:. Metronidazole's
1524:
1321:serotonin syndrome
1291:, dark urine, and
1036:Peptostreptococcus
960:anaerobic bacteria
952:
21:
8594:French inventions
8539:
8538:
8475:
8474:
8385:
8384:
8335:Dichloroacetamide
8264:
8263:
8183:Tissue amebicides
8115:
8114:
8074:
8073:
7898:
7897:
7852:phosphorylcholine
7802:
7801:
7627:
7626:
7562:
7561:
7534:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7416:
7415:
7321:
7320:
7224:
7223:
7073:
7072:
6999:Cryptosporidiosis
6906:
6905:
6621:Lipoglycopeptides
6566:
6565:
6504:
6503:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6121:
5968:Chemotherapeutics
5962:
5961:
5845:Chlortetracycline
5805:chemotherapeutics
5767:
5766:
5685:Tibezonium iodide
5630:Hydrogen peroxide
5595:Chlortetracycline
5558:Stannous fluoride
5410:978-0-8138-2056-9
5399:Plumb DC (2008).
5288:10.1111/omi.12459
5231:J Pharm Pharmacol
5079:(16): 1845–1854.
5034:(12): 1221–1227.
4991:10.5021/ad.22.093
4915:Dermatol Online J
4869:(10): 2650–2662.
4863:J Cosmet Dermatol
4070:978-0-7817-5342-5
3848:10.1345/aph.19118
3807:(10): 2805–2808.
3656:10.4021/jocmr893w
3548:on 7 August 2008.
3504:10.1002/ijc.24545
3339:Mutation Research
2798:978-1-259-85981-6
2550:978-0-19-163610-3
2488:978-0-9805790-9-3
2257:978-1-118-35446-9
2244:Corey EJ (2013).
2105:978-0-85711-309-2
1650:2-Methylimidazole
1396:Drug interactions
832:
831:
787:OCCn1c(C)ncc1(=O)
756:Interactive image
643:CompTox Dashboard
310:
297:
285:
273:
139:
106:
8626:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8547:
8279:Hydroxyquinoline
8275:
8274:
8188:
8187:
8179:
8178:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8119:
8118:
7909:
7908:
7695:
7694:
7686:
7685:
7654:
7647:
7640:
7631:
7630:
7427:
7426:
7235:
7234:
7113:
7112:
7102:
7101:
7093:
7092:
7084:
7083:
6995:
6994:
6979:
6978:
6968:
6967:
6950:antiparasitics (
6933:
6926:
6919:
6910:
6909:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6570:
6569:
6496:Methylrosaniline
6347:
6346:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6130:
6129:
6104:Ingenol mebutate
5973:
5972:
5827:
5826:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5771:
5770:
5675:Sodium perborate
5610:Domiphen bromide
5507:
5500:
5493:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5350:DVM Newsmagazine
5341:
5335:
5334:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5246:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5135:
5126:(5–6): 265–274.
5111:
5105:
5104:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5051:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5002:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4930:
4912:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4878:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4715:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4258:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4179:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4037:
4024:
4023:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3498:(9): 2173–2178.
3483:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3457:(7): 1461–1468.
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3422:. 3 March 1998.
3412:
3406:
3405:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3309:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3264:
3255:
3242:
3241:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2665:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2474:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2311:on 1 August 2015
2307:. Archived from
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2110:
2109:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2064:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2023:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1988:. 17 June 2023.
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1918:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1883:nctr-crs.fda.gov
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1845:
1743:pro-inflammatory
1731:immunomodulatory
1704:
1604:Antibiotic abuse
1511:Pharmacokinetics
1505:aerobic bacteria
1449:propylene glycol
1277:hypersensitivity
1273:thrombophlebitis
1083:5-nitroimidazole
972:aerobic bacteria
937:
913:loss of appetite
909:a metallic taste
828:
827:
758:
738:
723:
717:
711:
705:
688:
677:
666:
665:
651:
649:
633:
627:
606:
586:
566:
546:
526:
506:
486:
466:
456:
455:
441:
381:
315:
308:
305:
295:
292:
284:
281:
271:
268:
246:
236:
226:
216:
206:
196:
137:
134:
116:
105:
102:
89:
75:
42:
33:
26:
24:
20:
8634:
8633:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8623:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8552:
8550:
8542:
8540:
8535:
8534:
8519:Clinical trials
8498:
8471:
8390:Other/ungrouped
8381:
8363:
8329:
8318:
8260:
8235:
8168:
8146:
8116:
8111:
8110:
8095:Clinical trials
8070:
8035:
8015:Dientamoebiasis
8009:
7978:
7894:
7871:
7798:
7765:
7752:
7690:Trypanosomiasis
7675:
7658:
7628:
7623:
7622:
7607:Clinical trials
7586:
7569:
7558:
7541:
7526:
7500:
7478:
7472:
7422:
7412:
7361:
7328:
7317:
7300:
7277:
7239:DHFR inhibitors
7220:
7190:
7164:
7117:Aminoquinolines
7107:
7097:
7069:
7036:
7018:
6986:
6973:
6962:
6955:
6937:
6907:
6902:
6821:
6777:
6739:
6710:
6691:
6668:
6619:
6611:
6597:
6567:
6562:
6541:Povidone-iodine
6500:
6479:
6451:
6433:
6336:
6318:
6290:
6246:
6227:
6203:Oxytetracycline
6193:Chloramphenicol
6174:
6163:anti-infectives
6157:
6127:
6118:
6092:
6058:Podophyllotoxin
6014:
5958:
5882:Aminoglycosides
5875:Chloramphenicol
5859:
5850:Oxytetracycline
5833:and derivatives
5816:
5798:
5768:
5763:
5723:
5700:Glucocorticoids
5697:
5695:Corticosteroids
5689:
5562:
5548:Sodium fluoride
5521:
5511:
5470:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5425:"Metronidazole"
5423:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5342:
5338:
5307:
5303:
5272:
5268:
5223:
5219:
5196:
5192:
5161:
5157:
5112:
5108:
5069:
5065:
5020:
5016:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4910:
4904:
4900:
4855:
4851:
4811:
4807:
4776:
4772:
4733:
4729:
4692:
4688:
4649:
4645:
4624:(10): 861–863.
4614:
4610:
4603:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4207:
4203:
4152:
4148:
4125:
4121:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4053:
4049:
4038:
4027:
3987:
3983:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3913:
3909:
3878:
3874:
3832:
3828:
3797:
3793:
3762:
3758:
3723:Neurotoxicology
3718:
3714:
3685:
3681:
3636:
3632:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3484:
3480:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3378:
3374:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3262:
3260:"Metronidazole"
3256:
3245:
3222:
3218:
3178:
3171:
3140:
3136:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3048:
3011:
3007:
2975:
2971:
2940:
2936:
2905:
2901:
2861:
2857:
2818:
2814:
2799:
2785:
2781:
2744:
2740:
2697:Giardia lamblia
2691:
2687:
2642:
2638:
2615:
2611:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2475:
2460:
2431:Clin Infect Dis
2423:
2419:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2301:
2297:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2163:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2135:"Metronidazole"
2133:
2132:
2113:
2106:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2069:"Metronidazole"
2065:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2025:
2024:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1832:
1801:
1711:
1690:2-chloroethanol
1662:ethylenediamine
1647:
1638:
1618:
1610:
1600:
1571:glucuronidation
1567:carboxylic acid
1536:plasma proteins
1513:
1490:
1485:
1469:cytochrome P450
1461:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1377:
1361:
1353:Crohn's disease
1329:
1253:
1251:Adverse effects
1228:
1216:nitroimidazoles
1204:
1191:
1170:
1134:
1119:In the case of
1117:
1101:
1079:
1064:
944:
935:
823:
821:
816:
813:
808:
803:
802:
791:
788:
783:
782:
761:
736:
726:
720:
714:
708:
669:
645:
637:
609:
589:
569:
549:
529:
509:
489:
469:
452:
444:
424:
421:
412:
411:
379:
344:Protein binding
334:Bioavailability
326:Pharmacokinetic
320:
313:
250:
152:
145:
126:
119:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8632:
8622:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8561:
8560:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8530:
8527:
8516:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8496:
8491:
8485:
8483:
8477:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8459:
8449:
8439:
8429:
8422:phenanthroline
8419:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8393:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8373:
8371:
8369:Aminoglycoside
8365:
8364:
8362:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8340:
8338:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8320:
8319:
8311:
8304:
8301:Broxyquinoline
8298:
8292:
8289:Chlorquinaldol
8284:
8282:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8255:Dehydroemetine
8243:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8197:
8195:
8192:Nitroimidazole
8185:
8176:
8170:
8169:
8149:Antiparasitics
8145:
8144:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8103:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8068:
8058:
8048:
8037:
8036:
8029:
8023:nitroimidazole
8019:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
7992:nitroimidazole
7988:
7986:
7984:Trichomoniasis
7980:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7965:
7964:
7954:
7943:
7942:
7932:
7921:nitroimidazole
7917:
7915:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7889:Amphotericin B
7881:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7859:
7849:
7824:
7823:
7820:Amphotericin B
7812:
7810:
7804:
7803:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7786:
7779:nitroimidazole
7775:
7773:
7771:Chagas disease
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7756:nitroimidazole
7753:
7742:
7732:
7714:
7703:
7701:
7692:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7661:Antiparasitics
7657:
7656:
7649:
7642:
7634:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7604:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7578:Blastocystosis
7574:
7572:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7546:
7544:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7518:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7434:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7369:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7333:
7331:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7308:
7306:
7305:Co-formulation
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7266:chlorproguanil
7255:
7254:
7249:
7243:
7241:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7121:
7119:
7110:
7099:
7090:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7028:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7003:
7001:
6992:
6976:
6965:
6957:
6956:
6948:Chromalveolata
6940:Antiparasitics
6936:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6913:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6812:Nitrofurantoin
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6749:
6747:
6745:Pleuromutilins
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6721:
6719:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6702:
6700:
6699:antibacterials
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6678:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6625:
6623:
6613:
6612:
6600:Antibacterials
6596:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6573:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6475:Amphotericin B
6472:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6328:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6300:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6281:Broxyquinoline
6278:
6273:
6271:Chlorquinaldol
6268:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6238:
6236:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6156:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6002:
6000:Sulfamethizole
5997:
5992:
5987:
5981:
5979:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5932:
5931:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5878:
5877:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5840:Demeclocycline
5836:
5834:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5809:dermatological
5797:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5714:Hydrocortisone
5711:
5705:
5703:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5580:Amphotericin B
5576:
5574:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5523:
5522:
5516:preparations (
5514:Stomatological
5510:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5466:
5465:External links
5463:
5460:
5459:
5434:
5416:
5409:
5391:
5367:
5336:
5317:(7): 988–990.
5301:
5282:(4): 240–259.
5266:
5237:(8): 1125–30.
5217:
5190:
5155:
5106:
5063:
5014:
4985:(6): 451–460.
4965:
4898:
4849:
4805:
4770:
4727:
4686:
4659:(4): 1162–72.
4643:
4608:
4602:978-3527306732
4601:
4573:
4567:978-3527306732
4566:
4538:
4508:
4482:
4456:
4425:(7): 780–792.
4405:
4375:
4350:
4321:(4): 654–696.
4301:
4267:(6): 403–404.
4244:
4201:
4146:
4119:
4092:(5): 353–373.
4076:
4069:
4047:
4025:
3998:(4): 359–366.
3981:
3954:(5): 413–419.
3938:
3907:
3888:(6): 971–974.
3872:
3842:(2): 255–257.
3826:
3791:
3772:(4): 343–346.
3756:
3712:
3679:
3650:(4): 295–298.
3630:
3601:(3): 489–492.
3581:
3551:
3527:
3478:
3437:
3407:
3388:(2): 147–153.
3372:
3345:(2): 133–144.
3329:
3293:
3243:
3216:
3189:(5): 423–432.
3169:
3150:(2): 346–348.
3134:
3107:(4): 355–357.
3091:
3059:
3046:
3025:(4): 527–533.
3005:
2969:
2950:(6): 768–776.
2934:
2899:
2855:
2828:(2): 731–744.
2812:
2797:
2779:
2765:10.1086/519265
2758:(3): 302–307.
2738:
2709:(3): 128–135.
2685:
2656:(3): 156–160.
2636:
2625:(1): 186–191.
2609:
2595:10.1086/514725
2568:
2549:
2529:
2494:
2487:
2458:
2444:10.1086/647939
2417:
2398:(5): 679–708.
2382:
2352:
2322:
2295:
2267:
2256:
2236:
2206:
2152:
2111:
2104:
2086:
2048:
2003:
1973:
1943:
1910:
1899:
1870:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1800:
1799:Veterinary use
1797:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1686:ethylene oxide
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1617:
1614:
1599:
1596:
1544:amniotic fluid
1512:
1509:
1494:nitroimidazole
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1460:
1457:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1376:
1373:
1360:
1357:
1328:
1325:
1252:
1249:
1227:
1224:
1212:hypoxic tumors
1203:
1200:
1190:
1189:Preterm births
1187:
1169:
1167:E. histolytica
1164:
1133:
1127:
1116:
1113:
1109:nitroimidazole
1100:
1097:
1078:
1077:Trichomoniasis
1075:
1063:
1060:
1019:trichomoniasis
943:
940:
871:trichomoniasis
863:dracunculiasis
830:
829:
818:
817:
815:
814:
811:
809:
806:
798:
797:
796:
793:
792:
790:
789:
786:
778:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
763:
762:
760:
759:
751:
749:
741:
740:
734:
728:
727:
724:
718:
712:
706:
701:
695:
694:
690:
689:
679:
671:
670:
668:
667:
654:
652:
639:
638:
636:
635:
619:
617:
611:
610:
608:
607:
599:
597:
591:
590:
588:
587:
579:
577:
571:
570:
568:
567:
559:
557:
551:
550:
548:
547:
539:
537:
531:
530:
528:
527:
519:
517:
511:
510:
508:
507:
499:
497:
491:
490:
488:
487:
479:
477:
471:
470:
468:
467:
459:
457:
446:
445:
443:
442:
434:
432:
426:
425:
423:
422:
415:
407:
406:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
374:
373:
368:
362:
361:
356:
350:
349:
346:
340:
339:
336:
330:
329:
322:
321:
319:
318:
303:
290:
279:
265:
263:
257:
256:
252:
251:
249:
248:
185:
183:
177:
176:
155:
153:administration
147:
146:
144:
143:
141:
131:
129:
121:
120:
118:
117:
99:
97:
91:
90:
83:
77:
76:
69:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8631:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8559:
8549:
8548:
8545:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8495:
8494:Chlorhexidine
8492:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8478:
8467:
8463:
8462:sesquiterpene
8460:
8457:
8456:Tenonitrozole
8453:
8450:
8447:
8443:
8440:
8437:
8433:
8432:aminoacridine
8430:
8427:
8423:
8420:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8388:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8370:
8366:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8293:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8267:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8238:
8232:
8231:Propenidazole
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8201:Metronidazole
8199:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8143:
8138:
8136:
8131:
8129:
8124:
8123:
8120:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8027:Metronidazole
8024:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8016:
8012:
8005:
8001:
8000:Metronidazole
7997:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7985:
7981:
7974:
7970:
7969:aminoacridine
7967:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7935:benzimidazole
7933:
7930:
7926:
7925:Metronidazole
7922:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7867:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7808:Leishmaniasis
7805:
7794:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7681:Discicristata
7678:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7655:
7650:
7648:
7643:
7641:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7589:
7583:
7582:metronidazole
7579:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7565:
7555:
7551:
7550:Balantidiasis
7548:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7537:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7488:artesunate/SP
7487:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7428:
7425:
7419:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7327:Sesquiterpene
7324:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7247:pyrimethamine
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7103:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7050:pyrimethamine
7048:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7042:Toxoplasmosis
7039:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6989:Coccidiostats
6984:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6958:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6934:
6929:
6927:
6922:
6920:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6888:Spectinomycin
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6868:Mandelic acid
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6818:
6817:Nitrofurazone
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6725:Metronidazole
6723:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6617:Glycopeptides
6614:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6594:
6589:
6587:
6582:
6580:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6559:
6558:Copper usnate
6556:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6409:Propenidazole
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6399:Fenticonazole
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6359:Metronidazole
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6332:Sulfatolamide
6330:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6314:Ascorbic acid
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6296:Organic acids
6293:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:Gynecological
6154:
6149:
6147:
6142:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:Metronidazole
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6010:Sulfamerazine
6008:
6006:
6005:Sulfanilamide
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5990:Sulfathiazole
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:Virginiamycin
5915:
5914:Streptogramin
5912:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5719:Triamcinolone
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5709:Dexamethasone
5707:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Metronidazole
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5590:Chlorhexidine
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5477:
5476:Merck manuals
5473:
5469:
5468:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5430:
5427:. Drugs.com.
5426:
5420:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5377:
5371:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5171:(2): 341–50.
5170:
5166:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4786:(7): 744–50.
4785:
4781:
4774:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4706:(11): e52–6.
4705:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4542:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4470:
4466:
4465:"Metrogyl ER"
4460:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4150:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4042:Austria-Codex
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:(2): 135–46.
2985:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2915:(1): 117–28.
2914:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:(7): e1–e48.
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1853:www.drugs.com
1850:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1794:
1793:periodontitis
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:periodontitis
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:Rhône-Poulenc
1613:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:of the skin,
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1393:
1391:
1388:isoforms and
1387:
1382:
1381:neurotoxicity
1375:Neurotoxicity
1372:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1195:preterm birth
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:Fusobacterium
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
968:Gram-positive
965:
964:Gram-negative
961:
957:
948:
939:
933:
928:
926:
925:breastfeeding
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:Metronidazole
826:
819:
810:
805:
804:
801:
794:
785:
784:
781:
774:
770:
768:
767:Melting point
764:
757:
753:
752:
750:
747:
742:
735:
733:
729:
702:
700:
696:
691:
687:
683:
680:
678:
676:ECHA InfoCard
672:
664:
660:
659:DTXSID2020892
656:
655:
653:
644:
640:
632:
631:RCSB PDB
626:
621:
620:
618:
616:
612:
605:
601:
600:
598:
596:
592:
585:
581:
580:
578:
576:
572:
565:
561:
560:
558:
556:
552:
545:
541:
540:
538:
536:
532:
525:
521:
520:
518:
516:
512:
505:
501:
500:
498:
496:
492:
485:
481:
480:
478:
476:
472:
465:
461:
460:
458:
451:
447:
440:
436:
435:
433:
431:
427:
419:
414:
413:
410:
403:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
382:
375:
372:
369:
367:
363:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
316:
304:
301:
291:
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280:
277:
267:
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264:
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258:
253:
245:
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235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
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187:
186:
184:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
154:
148:
142:
133:
132:
130:
128:
122:
115:
114:Metronidazole
110:
101:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
47:Clinical data
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
23:Metronidazole
19:
8481:Acanthamoeba
8446:Trimetrexate
8416:Glycobiarsol
8296:Tilbroquinol
8247:isoquinoline
8200:
8051:tetracycline
8041:oxyquinoline
8026:
7999:
7961:Furazolidone
7951:Nitazoxanide
7924:
7825:
7783:Benznidazole
7760:Fexinidazole
7729:Tryparsamide
7711:Eflornithine
7663:directed at
7581:
7554:tetracycline
7447:/piperaquine
7403:pyronaridine
7383:tetracycline
7283:Sulfonamides
7258:
7216:halofantrine
7207:+ artemether
7202:lumefantrine
7079:Aconoidasida
7055:sulfadiazine
7024:Isosporiasis
7013:nitazoxanide
7006:
6797:Nifuroxazide
6792:Furazolidone
6724:
6706:Fusidic acid
6550:
6536:Furazolidone
6526:Policresulen
6429:Flutrimazole
6414:Butoconazole
6394:Ketoconazole
6364:Clotrimazole
6358:
6324:Sulfonamides
6286:Oxyquinoline
6114:Tirbanibulin
6108:
6068:Tromantadine
5977:Sulfonamides
5939:Fusidic acid
5935:
5907:Nadifloxacin
5855:Tetracycline
5831:Tetracycline
5680:Tetracycline
5665:Oxyquinoline
5639:
5600:Clotrimazole
5475:
5450:. Retrieved
5446:
5437:
5419:
5400:
5394:
5382:. Retrieved
5370:
5358:. Retrieved
5349:
5339:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5031:
5027:
5017:
4982:
4979:Ann Dermatol
4978:
4968:
4956:. Retrieved
4918:
4914:
4901:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4743:(1): 61–73.
4740:
4736:
4730:
4703:
4699:
4696:"Chemokines"
4689:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4582:
4576:
4547:
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4520:
4511:
4499:. Retrieved
4485:
4473:. Retrieved
4459:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4396:. Retrieved
4387:
4378:
4366:. Retrieved
4362:
4353:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4264:
4260:
4247:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4149:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4060:
4050:
4041:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3929:. Retrieved
3910:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3867:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3699:(1): 22–34.
3696:
3692:
3682:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3574:12 September
3572:. Retrieved
3554:
3543:the original
3530:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3430:12 September
3428:. Retrieved
3419:
3410:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3320:. Retrieved
3311:
3284:. Retrieved
3267:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3186:
3182:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3062:
3055:Side Effects
3049:
3022:
3018:
3008:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2872:(1): 65–74.
2869:
2865:
2858:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2788:
2782:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2539:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2511:
2505:
2497:
2478:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2364:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2334:
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2309:the original
2298:
2289:10665/325771
2279:
2270:
2246:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
2174:
2170:
2143:. Retrieved
2095:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2072:
2039:. Retrieved
2030:
1994:. Retrieved
1985:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1955:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1925:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1882:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1852:
1825:
1811:fenbendazole
1804:
1802:
1790:
1770:
1748:, including
1719:nitric oxide
1712:
1693:
1677:
1674:Raney nickel
1653:
1648:
1639:
1630:evergreening
1619:
1611:
1589:
1574:
1552:
1532:blood plasma
1528:bioavailable
1525:
1491:
1483:Pharmacology
1462:
1417:case reports
1410:
1386:nitric oxide
1378:
1362:
1330:
1318:
1314:hearing loss
1293:paraesthesia
1254:
1245:erythromycin
1241:tetracycline
1230:
1229:
1205:
1192:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1160:C. difficile
1159:
1137:
1135:
1130:C. difficile
1129:
1120:
1118:
1102:
1090:
1080:
1072:
1065:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1022:
1003:lung abscess
976:
953:
942:Medical uses
929:
902:
879:
855:endocarditis
838:
834:
833:
822:
595:NIAID ChemDB
417:
378:Elimination
261:Legal status
255:Legal status
95:License data
18:
8589:Fishkeeping
8515:from market
8489:Propamidine
8442:quinazoline
8426:Phanquinone
8411:Difetarsone
8377:Paromomycin
8337:derivatives
8281:derivatives
8226:Azanidazole
8221:Secnidazole
8194:derivatives
8091:from market
8065:Paromomycin
8055:Doxycycline
8032:Secnidazole
7996:Carnidazole
7939:Albendazole
7866:Paromomycin
7856:Miltefosine
7846:Pentamidine
7842:benzamidine
7739:Pentamidine
7735:benzamidine
7725:Melarsoprol
7603:from market
7522:clindamycin
7408:piperaquine
7393:clindamycin
7388:doxycycline
7377:+ proguanil
7342:artemisinin
7291:sulfadoxine
7252:cycloguanil
7230:Antifolates
7160:tafenoquine
7134:chloroquine
7129:amodiaquine
7096:Individual
7060:clindamycin
7008:thiazolides
6983:Conoidasida
6878:Nitroxoline
6873:Methenamine
6853:Furaltadone
6802:Nifurtoinol
6785:derivatives
6763:Retapamulin
6718:derivatives
6687:Polymyxin B
6654:Teicoplanin
6644:Oritavancin
6639:Dalbavancin
6447:Terconazole
6424:Oxiconazole
6419:Omoconazole
6404:Azanidazole
6389:Tioconazole
6384:Isoconazole
6342:Antifungals
6309:Acetic acid
6304:Lactic acid
6276:Dequalinium
6254:derivatives
6218:Clindamycin
6213:Mepartricin
6208:Carfecillin
6180:Antibiotics
6167:antiseptics
6083:Ibacitabine
6038:Idoxuridine
6033:Penciclovir
5949:Tyrothricin
5822:Antibiotics
5801:Antibiotics
5755:Epinephrine
5750:Benzydamine
5745:Becaplermin
5670:Polynoxylin
5650:Minocycline
5635:Mepartricin
5615:Doxycycline
5572:antiseptics
5530:prophylaxis
5360:28 December
4501:24 November
3232:(11): 679.
2229:22 February
1816:clostridial
1795:treatment.
1737:(NF-κB), a
1727:neutrophils
1723:macrophages
1666:acetic acid
1626:G.D. Searle
1592:suppository
1555:metabolized
1437:tachycardia
1419:to cause a
1369:mebendazole
1301:neutropenia
1269:Intravenous
1152:fidaxomicin
1115:Dracunculus
1068:clindamycin
1032:Clostridium
1024:Bacteroides
987:ceftriaxone
890:fidaxomicin
739: g·mol
682:100.006.489
400:Identifiers
366:Metabolites
170:intravenous
81:MedlinePlus
53:Trade names
8568:Categories
8466:Fumagillin
8406:Carbarsone
8344:Diloxanide
8315:Clioquinol
8216:Nimorazole
8211:Ornidazole
8206:Tinidazole
8045:Iodoquinol
8004:Tinidazole
7973:Quinacrine
7957:nitrofuran
7947:thiazolide
7929:Tinidazole
7913:Giardiasis
7793:Nifurtimox
7789:nitrofuran
7514:Babesiosis
7445:arterolane
7373:atovaquone
7352:artesunate
7337:artemether
7260:biguanides
7176:mefloquine
7150:primaquine
7108:inhibitors
7065:atovaquone
6883:Novobiocin
6848:Fosfomycin
6843:Daptomycin
6833:Bacitracin
6783:Nitrofuran
6773:Valnemulin
6735:Tinidazole
6730:Ornidazole
6674:Polymyxins
6664:Vancomycin
6659:Telavancin
6649:Ristocetin
6634:Corbomycin
6602:: others (
6546:Protiofate
6516:Clodantoin
6491:Ciclopirox
6379:Ornidazole
6369:Miconazole
6351:Imidazoles
6266:Clioquinol
6223:Pentamycin
6198:Hachimycin
6188:Candicidin
6053:Resiquimod
6020:Antivirals
5944:Bacitracin
5903:Quinolones
5891:Gentamicin
5871:Amphenicol
5759:Adrenalone
5645:Miconazole
5625:Hexetidine
5028:J Dermatol
4958:2 February
4822:: 110416.
4737:Vet Pathol
4531:8 December
4294:2 February
4170:: 834008.
3286:9 February
2807:1004770160
2522:22 January
2375:14 January
2345:14 January
1892:22 October
1830:References
1750:chemokines
1717:(ROS) and
1660:, or from
1641:Noritate.
1636:Brand name
1602:See also:
1550:cavities.
1473:lomitapide
1411:Consuming
1405:See also:
1337:carcinogen
1297:leucopenia
1289:stomatitis
1220:nimorazole
1183:diloxanide
1148:vancomycin
1105:giardiasis
1099:Giardiasis
1087:tinidazole
1056:hydrolysis
1042:Prevotella
1015:giardiasis
1011:amoebiasis
956:protozoans
886:vancomycin
867:giardiasis
843:antibiotic
744:3D model (
732:Molar mass
615:PDB ligand
564:CHEBI:6909
524:140QMO216E
495:ChemSpider
430:CAS Number
409:IUPAC name
354:Metabolism
8525:Phase III
8513:Withdrawn
8436:Mepacrine
8401:Arsthinol
8354:Etofamide
8349:Clefamide
8325:Chiniofon
8323:related:
8174:Entamoeba
8161:amebicide
8157:amoebozoa
8101:Phase III
8089:Withdrawn
8061:neomycin
7904:Trichozoa
7717:arsenical
7707:ornithine
7668:parasites
7613:Phase III
7601:Withdrawn
7398:mepacrine
7347:artemotil
7296:sulfalene
7271:proguanil
7186:quinidine
7155:pamaquine
6893:Tedizolid
6863:Linezolid
6858:Lefamulin
6838:Clofoctol
6807:Nifurzide
6758:Lefamulin
6716:Imidazole
6629:Avoparcin
6531:Nifuratel
6470:Natamycin
6439:Triazoles
6374:Econazole
6252:Quinoline
6242:Acetarsol
6235:compounds
6063:Docosanol
6048:Imiquimod
6043:Edoxudine
6028:Aciclovir
5954:Mupirocin
5929:Rifaximin
5925:Rifamycin
5735:Amlexanox
5655:Natamycin
5568:Infection
5538:Dectaflur
5150:218491876
5101:253301872
4945:263745257
4893:260701677
4844:259126738
4493:. Medex.
4217:: 40–53.
4135:: 45–60.
3931:4 January
2850:218475533
2561:29 August
2033:. WebMD.
1863:1 January
1758:TNF-alpha
1746:cytokines
1682:alkylated
1645:Synthesis
1585:premature
1559:oxidation
1285:glossitis
1179:amebiasis
1177:invasive
1162:colitis.
1142:colitis (
958:and most
921:pregnancy
875:amebiasis
584:ChEMBL137
391:Excretion
380:half-life
151:Routes of
125:Pregnancy
73:Monograph
67:Drugs.com
8558:Medicine
8452:thiazole
8359:Teclozan
8151: –
7862:neomycin
7665:excavata
7568:Stramen-
7329:lactones
7106:Hemozoin
6898:Xibornol
6768:Tiamulin
6753:Azamulin
6682:Colistin
6465:Nystatin
6457:Polyenes
6078:Lysozyme
5995:Mafenide
5896:Amikacin
5886:Neomycin
5660:Neomycin
5429:Archived
5354:Archived
5296:38613247
5261:19772010
5253:17725855
5212:15499754
5185:18182250
5142:32362310
5093:36330970
5058:36177741
5049:10092295
5009:36478427
4949:Archived
4937:37591279
4885:37550898
4836:37295025
4800:20399284
4765:46474241
4722:26490276
4673:10767254
4638:38187002
4525:Archived
4495:Archived
4469:Archived
4451:30799664
4442:10398228
4392:Archived
4345:25557515
4285:Archived
4281:29545544
4239:52983319
4231:30316817
4211:Anaerobe
4196:35222342
4114:37891515
4106:10384859
4020:45449460
4012:20698928
3976:26910995
3968:25470432
3925:Archived
3902:12022894
3864:21151432
3856:10676835
3751:32151614
3729:: 1–10.
3674:22870180
3625:12604501
3568:Archived
3522:19585498
3424:Archived
3367:12052431
3316:Archived
3277:Archived
3238:18971895
3211:41230661
3203:17963129
3129:45989669
3121:10474673
3084:5 August
3075:Archived
3041:15856972
2964:24257215
2894:11366650
2886:16398774
2842:32356312
2774:17599306
2733:26258002
2631:37773671
2604:10028110
2555:Archived
2516:Archived
2453:20067388
2369:Archived
2365:ClinCalc
2339:Archived
2335:ClinCalc
2315:1 August
2278:(2019).
2262:Archived
2223:Archived
2201:29462280
2139:Archived
2035:Archived
1990:Archived
1986:DailyMed
1960:Archived
1956:DailyMed
1930:Archived
1926:DailyMed
1857:Archived
1709:Research
1576:in vitro
1501:radicals
1477:warfarin
1433:flushing
1429:vomiting
1281:vomiting
1265:diarrhea
1243:or oral
1156:by mouth
917:seizures
825:(verify)
475:DrugBank
439:443-48-1
239:QP51CA01
181:ATC code
158:By mouth
140: B2
127:category
109:DailyMed
8397:arsenic
8313:I, Cl (
8251:Emetine
7885:polyene
7816:polyene
7749:Suramin
7423:nations
7181:quinine
7088:Malaria
6972:Apicom-
6697:Steroid
6521:Inosine
6233:Arsenic
6073:Inosine
5620:Eugenol
5543:Olaflur
5331:7978640
5000:9763916
4757:9150551
4681:2267250
4475:1 March
4398:18 June
4368:18 June
4336:4335572
4187:8866875
4141:6588489
3821:4320226
3786:8947362
3731:Bibcode
3665:3409628
3616:1447769
3513:2759691
3473:9762949
3420:INCHEM2
3402:3339906
3347:Bibcode
3322:3 April
3275:(NTP).
3164:7986915
3032:1472951
3000:9510041
2929:6884824
2724:4523694
2680:6617019
2672:9132982
2412:9360057
2192:6018983
2145:31 July
2079:3 April
2041:3 April
1806:Giardia
1781:rosacea
1672:, then
1616:History
1548:abscess
1498:nitroso
1479:, etc.
1413:alcohol
1401:Alcohol
1255:Common
1132:colitis
999:rosacea
882:colitis
737:171.156
699:Formula
484:DB00916
450:PubChem
385:8 hours
317:Rx-only
314:WARNING
286::
241: (
231: (
229:P01AB01
221: (
219:J01XD01
211: (
209:G01AF01
201: (
199:D06BX01
197:)
191: (
189:A01AB17
174:vaginal
162:topical
111::
87:a689011
8614:Sanofi
8544:Portal
8508:WHO-EM
8084:WHO-EM
7721:Atoxyl
7596:WHO-EM
7540:Cilio-
7459:(ASMQ)
7453:(ASAQ)
7421:Combi-
7098:agents
6961:Alveo-
6088:Lysine
5936:other:
5864:Others
5527:Caries
5452:4 July
5447:Forbes
5407:
5384:4 July
5329:
5294:
5259:
5251:
5210:
5183:
5148:
5140:
5099:
5091:
5056:
5046:
5007:
4997:
4943:
4935:
4891:
4883:
4842:
4834:
4798:
4763:
4755:
4720:
4679:
4671:
4636:
4599:
4564:
4521:RxList
4449:
4439:
4388:Pfizer
4363:Leagle
4343:
4333:
4279:
4237:
4229:
4194:
4184:
4139:
4112:
4104:
4067:
4018:
4010:
3974:
3966:
3900:
3862:
3854:
3819:
3784:
3749:
3672:
3662:
3623:
3613:
3520:
3510:
3471:
3451:Cancer
3400:
3365:
3236:
3209:
3201:
3162:
3127:
3119:
3039:
3029:
2998:
2962:
2927:
2892:
2884:
2848:
2840:
2805:
2795:
2772:
2731:
2721:
2678:
2670:
2629:
2602:
2547:
2485:
2451:
2410:
2254:
2199:
2189:
2102:
1996:5 July
1966:5 July
1936:5 July
1779:, and
1764:, and
1752:, and
1565:and a
1542:, the
1465:CYP2C9
1439:, and
1425:nausea
1347:(WHO)
1307:, and
1261:nausea
1039:, and
962:(both
936:
905:nausea
894:orally
873:, and
857:, and
839:Flagyl
780:SMILES
604:007953
575:ChEMBL
544:D00409
311:
298:
288:℞-only
274:
166:rectal
107:
57:Flagyl
8240:Other
7570:opile
7542:phora
7366:Other
7195:Other
6974:plexa
6608:D06AX
6509:Other
6484:Other
6097:Other
5811:use (
5728:Other
5379:(PDF)
5257:S2CID
5200:Cutis
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