4251:, to negotiate directly with Santa Anna. The negotiations were secret and there are no written records of the meetings, but there was some understanding that came out of the meetings. Polk asked Congress for $ 2 million to be used in negotiating a treaty with Mexico. The U.S. allowed Santa Anna to return to Mexico, lifting the Gulf Coast naval blockade. However, in Mexico, Santa Anna denied all knowledge of meeting with the U.S. representative or any offers or transactions. Rather than being Polk's ally, he pocketed any money given him and began to plan the defense of Mexico. The Americans were dismayed, including General Scott, as this was an unexpected result. "Santa Anna gloated over his enemies' naïveté: 'The United States was deceived in believing that I would be capable of betraying my mother country.'" Santa Anna avoided getting involved in politics, dedicating himself to Mexico's military defense. While politicians attempted to reset the governing framework to a federal republic, Santa Anna left for the front to retake lost northern territory. Although Santa Anna was elected president in 1846, he refused to govern, leaving that to his vice president, while he sought to engage with Taylor's forces. With the restored federal republic, some states refused to support the national military campaign led by Santa Anna, who had fought with them directly in the previous decade. Santa Anna urged Vice President Gómez Farías to act as a dictator to get the men and materiel needed for the war. Gómez Farías forced a loan from the Catholic Church, but the funds were not available in time to support Santa Anna's army.
5360:, the second-largest city in Mexico. The city capitulated without resistance. The Mexican defeat at Cerro Gordo had demoralized Puebla's inhabitants, and they worried about harm to their city and inhabitants. It was standard practice in warfare for victorious soldiers to be let loose to inflict horrors on civilian populations if they resisted; the threat of this was often used as a bargaining tool to secure surrender without a fight. Scott had orders which aimed to prevent his troops from such violence and atrocities. Puebla's ruling elite also sought to prevent violence, as did the Catholic Church, but Puebla's poor and working-class wanted to defend the city. U.S. Army troops who strayed outside at night were often killed. Enough Mexicans were willing to sell supplies to the U.S. Army to make local provisioning possible. During the following months, Scott gathered supplies and reinforcements at Puebla and sent back units whose enlistments had expired. Scott also made strong efforts to keep his troops disciplined and treat the Mexican people under occupation justly, to keep good order and prevent any popular uprising against his army.
6535:
3918:
exclusively of regular troops, under the best of drill and discipline. Every officer, from the highest to the lowest, was educated in his profession, not at West Point necessarily, but in the camp, in garrison, and many of them in wars with
Natives. The rank and file were probably inferior, as material out of which to make an army, to the volunteers that participated in all the later battles of the war; but they were brave men, and then drill and discipline brought out all there was in them. A better army, man for man, probably never faced an enemy than the one commanded by General Taylor in the earliest two engagements of the Mexican war. The volunteers who followed were of better material, but without drill or discipline at the start. They were associated with so many disciplined men and professionally educated officers, that when they went into engagements it was with a confidence they would not have felt otherwise. They became soldiers themselves almost at once. All these conditions we would enjoy again in case of war.
4409:
3898:. Although the U.S. Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war, the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico's. At the beginning of the war, the U.S. Army had eight regiments of infantry (three battalions each), four artillery regiments and three mounted regiments (two dragoons, one of mounted rifles). These regiments were supplemented by 10 new regiments (nine of infantry and one of cavalry) raised for one year of service by the act of Congress from February 11, 1847. A large portion of this fighting force consisted of recent immigrants. According to Tyler V. Johnson, foreign-born men amounted to 47 percent of General Taylor's total forces. In addition to a large contingent of Irish- and German-born soldiers, nearly all European states and principalities were represented. It is estimated that the U.S. Army further included 1,500 men from British North America, including French Canadians.
6549:
high regard compared to the
Mexican Army who left their wounded to be captured by the enemy as they retreated from the area. In June 1846, the situation changed when American reinforcements entered the area and began raiding local farms. Many soldiers on garrison duty began committing crimes against civilians, such as robbery, rape and murder in order to alleviate their boredom. This wave of wanton crime resulted in American soldiers murdering at least 20 civilians during the first month of occupation. Taylor initially showed little concern with the crimes the soldiers were committing and failed to discipline the soldiers responsible for them or devise ways to prevent crimes. This led to public opinion turning against the U.S. troops and resulted in many Mexicans taking up arms and forming guerrilla bands which attacked patrols of U.S soldiers. The attacks continued to get more prevalent, especially after the Battle of Monterrey.
3906:'s campaign was poised to capture Mexico City. Many did not re-enlist, deciding that they would rather return home than place themselves in harm's way of disease, threat of death or injury on the battlefield, or in guerrilla warfare. Their patriotism was doubted by some in the U.S., but they were not counted as deserters. The volunteers were far less disciplined than the regular army, with many committing attacks on the civilian population, sometimes stemming from anti-Catholic and anti-Mexican racial bias. Soldiers' memoirs describe cases of looting and murder of Mexican civilians, mostly by volunteers. One officer's diary records: "We reached Burrita about 5 pm, many of the Louisiana volunteers were there, a lawless drunken rabble. They had driven away the inhabitants, taken possession of their houses, and were emulating each other in making beasts of themselves."
6448:, published in 1885, that "Generally, the officers of the army were indifferent whether the annexation was consummated or not; but not so all of them. For myself, I was bitterly opposed to the measure, and to this day regard the war, which resulted, as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation. It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies, in not considering justice in their desire to acquire additional territory." Grant also expressed the view that the war against Mexico had brought punishment on the United States in the form of the American Civil War. "The Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican war. Nations, like individuals, are punished for their transgressions. We got our punishment in the most sanguinary and expensive war of modern times."
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4318:; Whigs generally wanted to strengthen the economy with industrialization, not expand it with more land. Among the most vocal in opposition to the war in the House of Representatives was former U.S. President Adams of Massachusetts. He had first voiced concerns about expanding into Mexican territory in 1836 when he opposed Texas's annexation following its de facto independence from Mexico. He continued this argument in 1846 for the same reason. War with Mexico would add new slavery territory to the nation. When the question of going to war with Mexico came to a vote on May 13, 1846, Adams spoke a resounding "No!" in the chamber. Only 13 others followed his lead. Despite that opposition, he later voted for war appropriations.
4167:
6441:
Taylor's army, a post he tried to decline since it took him away from the battlefield. However, "The appointment was actually a godsend for Grant, turning him into a complete soldier, adept at every facet of army life, especially logistics... This provided invaluable training for the Civil War when Grant would need to sustain gigantic armies in the field, distant from northern supply depots." Grant saw considerable combat and demonstrated his coolness under fire. In the Battle of
Chapultepec, he and his men hoisted a howitzer into a church belfry that had a commanding view of the San Cosme gate. The action brought him the honorary rank of brevet captain, for "gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapultepec."
6637:
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4230:
but if Mexico should attack our troops, the
Executive could announce, "Whereas, war exists by the acts of, etc.", and prosecute the contest with vigor. Once initiated there were, but few public men who would have the courage to oppose it. ... Mexico showing no willingness to come to the Nueces to drive the invaders from her soil, it became necessary for the "invaders" to approach to within a convenient distance to be struck. Accordingly, preparations were begun for moving the army to the Rio Grande, to a point near Matamoras . It was desirable to occupy a position near the largest centre of population possible to reach, without absolutely invading territory to which we set up no claim whatever.
3708:, the "money spent on arming Mexican troops merely enabled them to fight each other and 'give the illusion' that the country possessed an army for its defense." However, an officer criticized Santa Anna's training of troops, "The cavalry was drilled only in regiments. The artillery hardly ever maneuvered and never fired a blank shot. The general in command was never present on the field of maneuvers, so that he was unable to appreciate the respective qualities of the various bodies under his command ... If any meetings of the principal commanding officers were held to discuss the operations of the campaign, it was not known, nor was it known whether any plan of campaign had been formed."
5945:, and indigenous peoples in the annexed territories, experienced a loss of civil and political rights. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised U.S. citizenship to all former Mexican citizens living in the territories. However, the United States gave ceded states the authority to establish citizenship policy, and within a year, states were passing laws that banned all Mexicans in Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas from U.S. citizenship, except white male Mexicans. Furthermore, non-white Mexicans lost certain citizenship rights, such as the right to practice law, vote or hold certain government positions. Indigenous peoples lost land rights and were exterminated as in the
3778:"The Mexican army of that day was hardly an organization. The private soldier was picked from the lower class of the inhabitants when wanted; his consent was not asked; he was poorly clothed, worse fed, and seldom paid. He was turned adrift when no longer wanted. The officers of the lower grades were but little superior to the men. With all this I have seen as brave stands made by some of these men as I have ever seen made by soldiers. Now Mexico has a standing army larger than the United States. They have a military school modeled after West Point. Their officers are educated and, no doubt, very brave. The Mexican war of 1846–48 would be an impossibility in this generation."
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raiding
American camps in order to survive. Although raiding was much more lucrative than hunting, indigenous population did not have much of a choice. Indigenous soldiers who volunteered to fight with the Mexican Army were often abandoned and compensated unfairly. By raiding, indigenous populations were also able to acquire horses and properly tame them to move efficiently during battles. Captive-taking methods, especially that of the Comanche tribe, were also used to the advantage of the Mexican Army as captives would end up assisting indigenous populations in the raids of American forces.
3910:, a vocal proponent of Manifest Destiny, later recalled "The regulars regarded the volunteers with importance and contempt ... robbed Mexicans of their cattle and corn, stole their fences for firewood, got drunk, and killed several inoffensive inhabitants of the town in the streets." Many of the volunteers were unwanted and considered poor soldiers. The expression "Just like Gaines's army" came to refer to something useless, the phrase having originated when a group of untrained and unwilling Louisiana troops was rejected and sent back by General Taylor at the beginning of the war.
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10578:"Message from the President of the United States with communications from the government of Yucatan, representing the state of suffering to which that country is reduced by an insurrection of the Natives, imploring the protection of the United States, and offering, in case it should be granted, to transfer the dominion and sovereignty of the peninsula to the United States." United States. Congress. Senate. April 29, 1848. Read, referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, and ordered to be printed. 19 pages, 30th Congress, 1st session. Senate. Ex. Doc. No. 40.
5819:. In return, Mexico received $ 15 million ($ 528 million today) – less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities – and the U.S. agreed to assume $ 3.25 million ($ 114 million today) in debts that the Mexican government owed to U.S. citizens. The area of domain acquired was given by the Federal Interagency Committee as 338,680,960 acres. The cost was $ 16,295,149 or approximately five cents per acre. The area amounted to one-third of Mexico's original territory from its 1821 independence.
5749:—the free white race. To incorporate Mexico, would be the first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. I protest against such a union as that! Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... We are anxious to force free government on all; and I see that it has been urged ... that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world, and especially over this continent. It is a great mistake."
6452:
early 1847, he helped take the
Mexican cities of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec. Lee was wounded in Chapultepec. General Scott described Robert E. Lee as "gallant and indefatigable", saying that Lee had displayed the "greatest feat of physical and moral courage performed by any individual in knowledge during the campaign". Grant gained insight into Robert E. Lee, as his memoir states, "I had known him personally, and knew that he was mortal; and it was just as well that I felt this."
6794:, the only faith-based unit in the war, raised several monuments commemorating their contributions to the war. At the time of the war, most Mormons had been forced out of the jurisdiction of the U.S. and had relocated to Utah. The Mormon leadership realized that stressing their contributions to the war and to realizing manifest destiny was a way to be included in the nation's narrative. A monument to the battalion was dedicated in 1927 on the grounds of the Utah State Capitol grounds in 1927 and one erected in Los Angeles in 1950.
4939:
5849:
government). On May 26, 1848, when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty, they further agreed to a three-article protocol (known as the
Protocol of Querétaro) to explain the amendments. The first article claimed that the original Article IX of the treaty, although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana, would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX. The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants under Mexican law. The protocol was signed in the city of Querétaro by A. H. Sevier,
3656:, a secret representative, to Mexico City with an offer to the Mexican government of $ 25 million for the Rio Grande border in Texas and Mexico's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México. U.S. expansionists wanted California to thwart any British interests in the area and to gain a port on the Pacific Ocean. Polk authorized Slidell to forgive the $ 3 million owed to U.S. citizens for damages caused by the Mexican War of Independence and pay another $ 25 to $ 30 million for the two territories.
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3515:, a hero of Mexican independence, moved to gain more control over Texas and its influx of non-Hispanic colonists from the southern U.S. and discourage further immigration by abolishing slavery in Mexico. The Mexican government also decided to reinstate the property tax and increase tariffs on shipped American goods. The settlers and many Mexican businessmen in the region rejected the demands, which led to Mexico closing Texas to additional immigration, which continued from the United States into Texas illegally.
6518:
since veterans had received warrants for up to 160 acres of land for their service; pensions would have put a fiscal strain on the government. The politics were complicated since so many veterans of the
Mexican war fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War. Republican Congressmen accused them of attempting to give federal aid to former Confederates. This led to a thirteen-year Congressional debate over the loyalty of the veterans and their worthiness to receive federal assistance in their declining years.
6756:
4396:. Emerson was succinct, predicting that, "The United States will conquer Mexico, but it will be as a man who swallowed the arsenic which brings him down in turn. Mexico will poison us." Events proved him right, in a fashion, as arguments over the expansion of slavery in the lands seized from Mexico would fuel the drift to civil war just a dozen years later. The New England Workingmen's Association condemned the war, and some Irish and German immigrants defected from the U.S. Army and formed the
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6787:. It holds the remains of 1,563 U.S. soldiers who mainly died in the conflict and were placed in a mass grave. Many more U.S. soldiers died in Mexico, but to transfer bodies there from shallow graves was expensive. A few of those interred died in Mexico City long after the war. The Mexico City military cemetery "signaled a transition in what the United States understood to be its obligations to its war dead", a pressing issue with the dead of the Civil War.
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5229:. Jefferson Davis, then a senator from Mississippi, argued in Congress that the president needed no further powers to intervene in Yucatan since the war with Mexico was underway. Davis's concern was strategic and part of his vision of Manifest Destiny, considering that the Gulf of Mexico "a basin of water belonging to the United States" and that "the cape of Yucatan and the island of Cuba must be ours". These views were later supported by the
4247:
his military experience to reclaim Texas for Mexico. President Farías was driven to desperation. He accepted the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return. Unbeknownst to Farías, Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with U.S. representatives to discuss a sale of all contested territory to the U.S. at a reasonable price, on the condition that he be allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades. Polk sent his own representative to Cuba,
5253:
5320:
canyon around the main road and prepared fortifications. Santa Anna had entrenched with what the U.S. Army believed were 12,000 troops but in fact was around 9,000. He had artillery trained on the road where he expected Scott to appear. However, Scott had sent 2,600 mounted dragoons ahead, and they reached the pass on April 12. The
Mexican artillery prematurely fired on them and therefore revealed their positions, beginning the skirmish.
6356:
factual challenges to claims made by
President Polk. The vote followed party lines, with all Whigs supporting the amendment. Lincoln's attack won lukewarm support from fellow Whigs in Illinois but was harshly counter attacked by Democrats, who rallied pro-war sentiments in Illinois; Lincoln's Spot Resolutions haunted his future campaigns in the heavily Democratic state of Illinois and were cited by his rivals well into his presidency.
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5721:
long-term guerrilla warfare against the U.S. Army. However, it could not expel the invaders, so negotiating a treaty became more necessary. Polk's wish for a short war of conquest against a perceived weak enemy with no will to fight had turned into a long and bloody conflict in Mexico's heartland. Negotiating a treaty was in the best interest of the United States. It was not easy to achieve. Polk lost confidence in his negotiator
6501:. The Senate avoided the issue, and a late attempt to add it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was defeated because Southern Senators had the votes to prevent its addition. The House of Representatives is apportioned by population, and the North's was growing, allowing it to win the majority of the House in the 1846 elections; but the Senate representation is two per state and Southerners had enough votes to block the addition.
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5091:, southwest of Monterrey. Santa Anna blamed the loss of Monterrey and Saltillo on Ampudia and demoted him to command a small artillery battalion. Similarly, Polk blamed Taylor both for suffering heavy losses and failing to imprison Ampudia's entire force. Taylor's army was subsequently stripped of most of its troops in order to support the coming coastal operations by Scott against Veracruz and the Mexican heartland.
6561:. U.S. troops under the command of Capt. Mabry B. "Mustang" Gray responded to the killing of an American soldier outside of Monterrey by Mexicans, by abducting and summarily executing 24 unarmed Mexican civilians. In November 1846, a detachment from the 1st Kentucky regiment murdered a young Mexican boy, ostensibly as a form of sport. Afterwards, Taylor failed to bring charges against any of the soldiers involved.
6572:. The soldiers quickly became drunk after raiding a liquor store and began targeting the townspeople, raping and killing dozens of Mexican civilians while indiscriminately burning their homes. However, these reports of an American rampage were overshadowed by the news of Santa Anna's resignation after the Huamantla attack, leading to no repercussions against Lane or any of the soldiers involved in the atrocities.
5588:(February 25, 1848) further reduced guerrilla raids on the American line of communications. After the two governments concluded a truce to await ratification of the peace treaty, on March 6, 1848, formal hostilities ceased. However, some bands continued in defiance of the Mexican government until the U.S. Army's evacuation in August. Some were suppressed by the Mexican Army or, like Padre Jarauta, executed.
4448:, and was the first foreign war covered primarily by U.S. correspondents. Press coverage in the United States was characterized by support for the war and widespread public interest and demand for coverage of the conflict. Mexican coverage of the war (both written by Mexicans and Americans based in Mexico) was affected by press censorship, first by the Mexican government and later by the American military.
3373:, suggested Mexico might be willing to cede Alta California to the U.S. to settle debts, saying: "As to Texas, I regard it as of very little value compared with California, the richest, the most beautiful, and the healthiest country in the world ... with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific ... France and England both have had their eyes upon it."
4472:
War, made it possible for the distribution of cheap newspapers throughout the country. This was the first time in U.S. history that accounts by journalists instead of opinions of politicians had great influence in shaping people's opinions about and attitudes toward war. Along with written accounts of the war, war artists provided a visual dimension to the war at the time and immediately afterward.
5261:
to begin an invasion to take the Mexican capital, Mexico City. On March 9, 1847, Scott performed the first major amphibious landing in U.S. history in preparation for a siege. A group of 12,000 volunteer and regular soldiers successfully offloaded supplies, weapons, and horses near the walled city using specially designed landing crafts. Included in the invading force were several future generals:
4421:
upon the many outstanding financial claims by American citizens against Mexico and argued that, in view of the country's insolvency, the cession of some large portion of its northern territories was the only indemnity realistically available as compensation. This helped to rally congressional Democrats to his side, ensuring passage of his war measures and bolstering support for the war in the U.S.
6708:. The Monument to the Heroic Cadets was inaugurated in 1952. By then, the relations between the U.S. and Mexico had improved so much that they had been allies in World War II and their postwar economies became increasingly intertwined. Some war trophies taken by the U.S., such as Mexican battle flags, were returned to Mexico with considerable ceremony, but captured U.S. flags remain in Mexico.
4707:
5439:, soon joined by Santa Anna. Scott had left some 2,400 soldiers in Puebla, of whom around 400 were fit. After the fall of Mexico City, Santa Anna hoped to rally Puebla's civilian population against the U.S. soldiers under siege and subject to guerrilla attacks. Before the Mexican army could wipe out the Americans in Puebla, more troops landed in Veracruz under the command of Brigadier General
4488:, a large concourse of citizens gathered in April 1847 to celebrate the victory of Buena Vista. New York celebrated the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista in May 1847. Generals Taylor and Scott became heroes for their people and later became presidential candidates. Polk had pledged to be a one-term president, but his last official act was to attend Taylor's inauguration as president.
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5316:
factor in the war. Santa Anna was from Veracruz, so he was on his home territory, knew the terrain, and had a network of allies. He could draw on local resources to feed his hungry army and gain intelligence on the enemy's movements. From his experience in the northern battles on open terrain, Santa Anna sought to negate the U.S. Army's primary advantage, its use of artillery.
5087:(the Devil Texans). This method proved successful. Eventually, these actions drove and trapped Ampudia's men into the city's central plaza, where howitzer shelling forced Ampudia to negotiate. Taylor agreed to allow the Mexican Army to evacuate and to an eight-week armistice in return for the surrender of the city. Taylor broke the armistice and occupied the city of
6505:
westward expansion of the institution became an increasingly central and heated theme in national debates preceding the American Civil War. By extending the territory of the United States to the Pacific Ocean, the end of the Mexican–American War marked a new step in the huge migrations of Americans to the West, which culminated in transcontinental railroads and the
6721:, which chronicles the Anglo–American settlement of Texas and their rebellion after characterizing themselves as victims of Mexican oppression. It goes on to blame the war on Polk and Santa Anna. "The interpretation concedes U.S. military superiority in arms and commanders while disparaging General Santa Anna's costly mistakes and retreat from the capital city."
6704:(1910–1920), the commemoration was continued and attended by contemporary presidents. After the end of the military phase, the Mexican government renewed the narrative of the boy heroes as the embodiment of sacrifice for the patria. Plans were drawn up for a much larger commemoration of their sacrifice, which was built at the entrance to Mexico City's
5000:, unaware that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed in February 1848 and a truce agreed to on March 6. When the U.S. garrisons were evacuated to Monterey following the treaty ratification, many Mexicans went with them: those who had supported the U.S. cause and had thought Lower California would also be annexed along with Upper California.
5541:
that the U.S. Army command was complicit in the attacks against Mexican civilians. By threatening the civilian populations' homes, property, and families with burning whole villages, looting, and raping women, the U.S. Army separated guerrillas from their base. "Guerrillas cost the Americans dearly, but indirectly cost Mexican civilians more."
3669:, were viewed as traitors. Military opponents of de Herrera, supported by populist newspapers, considered Slidell's presence in Mexico City an insult. When de Herrera considered receiving Slidell to settle the problem of Texas annexation peacefully, he was accused of treason and deposed. After a more nationalistic government under General
5903:
Mexican territory was more than 55%, or 900,000 square miles (2,300,000 km). Although the annexed territory was about the size of Western Europe, it was sparsely populated. The land contained about 14,000 non-indigenous people in Alta California and about 60,000 in Nuevo México, as well as large Native nations, such as the
5108:
while a division of infantry attacked frontally to distract and draw out the U.S. forces along the road leading to Buena Vista. Furious fighting ensued, during which the U.S. troops were nearly routed, but managed to cling to their entrenched position, thanks to the Mississippi Rifles, a volunteer regiment led by
4417:
Mexico. They saw the territories as unsettled, ungoverned, and unprotected frontier lands, whose non-aboriginal population represented a substantial American component. Moreover, the territories were feared by Americans to be under imminent threat of acquisition by America's rival on the continent, the British.
5717:
Although there were complications with negotiating peace on both ends, peace came in Alta California in January 1847 with the Treaty of Cahuenga, with the Californios (Mexican residents of Alta California) capitulating to the American forces. A more comprehensive peace treaty was needed to end the conflict.
3719:). The permanent forces consisted of 12 regiments of infantry (of two battalions each), three brigades of artillery, eight regiments of cavalry, one separate squadron and a brigade of dragoons. The militia amounted to nine infantry and six cavalry regiments. In the northern territories, presidial companies (
3248:
rather by sectional political conflicts. Northerners in the U.S. sought to develop the country's existing resources and expand the industrial sector without expanding the nation's territory. The existing balance of sectional interests would be disrupted by the expansion of slavery into new territory. The
5533:. In Mexico City, U.S. forces became an army of occupation and subject to stealth attacks from the urban population. Conventional warfare gave way to guerrilla warfare by Mexicans defending their homeland. They inflicted significant casualties on the U.S. Army, particularly on soldiers slow to keep up.
6767:
In the U.S. the war was almost forgotten after the cataclysm of the Civil War. However, one of the first monuments was erected on the State House grounds in South Carolina in 1858, celebrating the Palmetto Regiment. As veterans of the Civil War saw the scale of commemorations of that war, Mexican war
6548:
At the beginning of the war, U.S. troops under Taylor's command adhered to the rules of war for the most part, under the watchful eye of Taylor, and almost exclusively engaged with enemy soldiers. This gained them some popularity with Mexican civilians, who held the occupying Americans in a degree of
6359:
While the Whig Emerson rejected war "as a means of achieving America's destiny," toward the end of the war he wrote: "The United States will conquer Mexico, but it will be as the man swallows the arsenic, which brings him down in turn. Mexico will poison us." He later accepted that "most of the great
6355:
amendment to a bill praising Taylor for "a war unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States." This criticism, in which Congressman Abraham Lincoln played an important role with his Spot Resolutions, followed congressional scrutiny of the war's beginnings, including
5617:
The desertion rate in the U.S. Army was 8.3% (9,200 out of 111,000), compared to 12.7% during the War of 1812 and usual peacetime rates of about 14.8% per year. Many men deserted to join another U.S. unit and get a second enlistment bonus. Some deserted because of the miserable conditions in camp. It
5613:
Desertion was a major problem for both armies. In the Mexican Army, desertions depleted forces on the eve of battle. Most soldiers were peasants who had a loyalty to their village and family but not to the generals who had conscripted them. Often hungry and ill, underequipped, only partially trained,
5536:
General Scott sent about a quarter of his strength to secure his line of communications to Veracruz from the Light Corps of General Rea and other Mexican guerrilla forces that had made stealth attacks since May. Mexican guerrillas often tortured and mutilated the bodies of the U.S. troops, as revenge
5385:
With guerrillas harassing his line of communications back to Veracruz, Scott decided not to weaken his army to defend Puebla but, leaving only a garrison at Puebla to protect the sick and injured recovering there, advanced on Mexico City on August 7 with his remaining force. The capital was laid open
5332:
They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it. They have lost six great battles; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon, nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms, made twenty thousand prisoners, have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on
5260:
Rather than reinforce Taylor's army for a continued advance, President Polk sent a second army under General Winfield Scott. Polk had decided that the way to bring the war to an end was to invade the Mexican heartland from the coast. General Scott's army was transported to the port of Veracruz by sea
5205:
Southern Mexico had a large indigenous population and was geographically distant from the capital, over which the central government had weak control. Yucatán in particular had closer ties to Cuba and to the United States than it did to central Mexico. On a number of occasions in the early era of the
5184:
advocated a march on Mexico City and convinced a majority of officers, but Doniphan subverted this plan. Then in late April, Taylor ordered the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers to leave Chihuahua and join him at Saltillo. The American merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe. Along the way,
5099:
On February 22, 1847, having heard of this weakness from the written orders found on an ambushed U.S. scout, Santa Anna seized the initiative and marched Mexico's entire army north to fight Taylor with 20,000 men, hoping to win a smashing victory before Scott could invade from the sea. The two armies
4420:
President Polk reprised these arguments in his Third Annual Message to Congress on December 7, 1847. He scrupulously detailed his administration's position on the origins of the conflict, the measures the U.S. had taken to avoid hostilities, and the justification for declaring war. He also elaborated
4325:
opposed the war and was dismayed by the weakness of the anti-war movement. "The determination of our slave-holding president, and the probability of his success in wringing from the people, men, and money to carry it on, is made evident by the puny opposition arrayed against him. None seem willing to
4106:
began on May 3, 1846. Mexican artillery at Matamoros opened fire on Fort Texas, which replied with its own guns. The bombardment continued for 160 hours and expanded as Mexican forces gradually surrounded the fort. Thirteen U.S. soldiers were injured during the bombardment, and two were killed. Among
4025:
Similarly to the Mexican women were contributed to the war efforts from their homes, women in the U.S. also protested publicly and made patriotic crafts that U.S. soldiers could carry. In addition, female journalists across multiple states took advantage of their literacy to speak up in support or in
3917:
The victories in Mexico were, in every instance, over vastly superior numbers. There were two reasons for this. Both General Scott and General Taylor had such armies as are not often got together. At the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca-de-la-Palma, General Taylor had a small army, but it was composed
3664:
Mexico was neither inclined nor able to negotiate. In 1846 alone, the presidency changed hands four times, the war ministry six times, and the finance ministry sixteen times. Despite that, Mexican public opinion and all political factions agreed that selling the territories to the United States would
3555:
ending the war and recognizing Texian independence. The treaty was not ratified by the Mexican Congress as it had been signed by a captive under duress. Although Mexico refused to recognize Texian independence, Texas consolidated its status as an independent republic and received official recognition
3123:
In Mexico, the war worsened domestic political turmoil. Since the war was fought on home ground, Mexico suffered large losses of life from both the military and civilian population. The nation's financial foundations were undermined, and more than half of its territory was lost. Mexico felt a loss of
6517:
Following the Civil War, veterans of the Mexican war began to organize themselves as veterans regardless of rank and lobbied for their service. Initially they sought to create a soldiers' home for aged and ailing veterans, but then began pushing for pensions in 1874. There was resistance in Congress
6488:
Despite initial objections from the Whigs and from abolitionists, the Mexican war nevertheless united the U.S. in a common cause and was fought almost entirely by volunteers. The United States Army swelled from just over 6,000 to more than 115,000. The majority of 12-month volunteers in Scott's army
6451:
Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate forces through the end of the Civil War, began building his reputation as a military officer in America's war against Mexico. At the start of the Mexican–American War, Captain Lee invaded Mexico with General Wool's engineering department from the North. By
5822:
The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10 and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51–34 and a Senate vote of 33–4, on May 19. News that New Mexico's legislative assembly had passed an act for the organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican
5625:
Hundreds of U.S. deserters went over to the Mexican side. Nearly all were recent immigrants from Europe with weak ties to the U.S. The Mexicans issued broadsides and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of money, land bounties, and officers' commissions. Mexican guerrillas shadowed the U.S.
4759:
Mexico had issued a proclamation that non-naturalized foreigners were no longer permitted to own land in California and were subject to expulsion. With rumors swirling that General Castro was massing an army against them, American settlers in the Sacramento Valley banded together to meet the threat.
4246:
Mexico's defeats at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma set the stage for the return of Santa Anna, who at the outbreak of the war, was in exile in Cuba. He wrote to the government in Mexico City, stating he did not want to return to the presidency, but he would like to come out of exile in Cuba to use
4157:
managed to capture the Mexican artillery, causing the Mexican side to retreat—a retreat that turned into a rout. Fighting on unfamiliar terrain, his troops fleeing in retreat, Arista found it impossible to rally his forces. Mexican casualties were significant, and the Mexicans were forced to abandon
3935:
and decisively won the Electoral College, but with the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the outbreak of war in 1846, Polk's Democrats lost the House of Representatives to the Whig Party, which opposed the war. Unlike Mexico, which had weak formal state institutions, chaotic changes in government, and
3890:
The war was fought by regiments of regulars bolstered by various regiments, battalions, and companies of volunteers from the different states of the Union, as well as Americans and some Mexicans in California and New Mexico. in general, the Regular Army officers looked down on the volunteers, whose
3839:
Santa Anna briefly held the presidency again, from March 21, 1847 – April 2, 1847. His troops were deprived of support that would allow them to continue the fight. The conservatives demanded the removal of Gómez Farías, and this was accomplished by abolishing the office of vice president. Santa
3247:
produced by enslaved African-American labor in the southern states. This demand helped fuel expansion into northern Mexico. Although there were political conflicts in the U.S., they were largely contained by the framework of the constitution and did not result in revolution or rebellion by 1846, but
3106:
Polk envisioned inspired patriotism among some sections of the United States, but the war and treaty drew fierce criticism for the casualties, monetary cost, and heavy-handedness. The question of how to treat the new acquisitions intensified the debate over slavery in the United States. Although the
8246:
William Hugh Robarts, "Mexican War veterans : a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico, from 1846 to 1848; the volunteers are arranged by states, alphabetically", Brentano's (A. S. Witherbee & Co., Proprietors); Washington, D.C.,
7428:
Indian raids multiplied Mexico's problems, in the generation before her war with the United States, to a degree not generally realized today. They upset her agricultural, commercial, mineral, and ranch life over hundreds of thousands of square miles. Consequently, the country's capacity for defense
5902:
Before the secession of Texas, Mexico comprised almost 1,700,000 sq mi (4,400,000 km), but by 1849 it was just under 800,000 square miles (2,100,000 km). Another 30,000 square miles (78,000 km) were sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, so the total reduction of
5860:
Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico, in that the U.S. pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged the region and pay restitution to the victims of raids it could not prevent. However, the Native raids did not cease for several decades after the treaty, although a
5725:
and dismissed him as peace negotiations dragged on. Trist ignored the fact that he no longer had the authorization to act for the United States. When Trist managed to get yet another Mexican government to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Polk was presented with an accomplished fact and decided
5288:
were used to reduce the city walls and harass defenders. The bombardment on March 24, 1847, opened in the walls of Veracruz a thirty-foot gap. The defenders in the city replied with their own artillery, but the extended barrage broke the will of the Mexicans, who faced a numerically superior force,
5209:
The U.S. Navy contributed to the war by controlling the coast and clearing the way for U.S. troops and supplies, especially to Mexico's main port of Veracruz. Even before hostilities began in the disputed northern region, the U.S. Navy created a blockade. Given the shallow waters of that portion of
5107:
Having demanded and been refused the surrender of the U.S. Army, Santa Anna's army attacked the next morning, using a ruse in the battle with the U.S forces. Santa Anna flanked the U.S. positions by sending his cavalry and some of his infantry up the steep terrain that made up one side of the pass,
4229:
The presence of United States troops on the edge of the disputed territory farthest from the Mexican settlements, was not sufficient to provoke hostilities. We were sent to provoke a fight, but it was essential that Mexico should commence it. It was very doubtful whether Congress would declare war;
4211:
The U.S. Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, after a few hours of debate, with southern Democrats in strong support. Sixty-seven Whigs voted against the war on a key slavery amendment, but on the final passage only fourteen Whigs voted no, including John Quincy Adams. Later, a
3807:
During the conflict, presidents held office for a period of months, sometimes just weeks, or even days. Just before the outbreak of the war, liberal General José Joaquín de Herrera was president (December 1844 – December 1845) and willing to engage in talks so long as he did not appear to be caving
7042:
The Mexican War of 1846–1848, largely forgotten today, was the second costliest war in American history in terms of the percentage of soldiers who died. Of the 78, 718 American soldiers who served, 13,283 died, constituting a casualty rate of 16.87 percent. By comparison, the casualty rate was 2.5
6616:. Denying that Mexican claims to Texas had anything to do with the war, they instead wrote that for "the true origin of the war, it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States, favored by our weakness, caused it." The work was noticed and translated to English by Colonel
6504:
The war proved a decisive event for the U.S., marking a significant turning point for the nation as a growing military power. It is also a milestone in the U.S. narrative of Manifest Destiny. The war did not resolve the issue of slavery in the U.S. but rather in many ways inflamed it, as potential
5757:
also objected to annexing all of Mexico. "To incorporate such a disjointed and degraded mass into even a limited participation with our social and political rights, would be fatally destructive to the institutions of our country. There is a moral pestilence to such a people which is contagious – a
5540:
Scott viewed guerrilla attacks as contrary to the "laws of war" and threatened the property of populations that appeared to harbor the guerrillas. Captured guerrillas were to be shot, including helpless prisoners, with the reasoning that the Mexicans did the same. Historian Peter Guardino contends
3901:
Although Polk hoped to avoid a protracted war over Texas, the extended conflict stretched regular army resources, necessitating the recruitment of volunteers with short-term enlistments. Some enlistments were for a year, but others were for 3 or 6 months. The best volunteers signed up for a year's
3400:
urging "to establish an English population in the magnificent Territory of Upper California", saying that "no part of the World offering greater natural advantages for the establishment of an English colony ... by all means desirable ... that California, once ceasing to belong to Mexico,
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and the pay-offs to Native Americans to maintain peace. In the absence of effective governance, Comanche and Apache took to raiding for livestock and looted much of the northern countryside outside of the scattered towns. The raids after 1821 resulted in many deaths, halted most transportation and
3305:
The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled because of its challenging climate and topography. Mostly high desert with scarce rainfall, it supported little sedentary agriculture during the pre-Hispanic and colonial periods. After independence, Mexico became preoccupied with internal struggles
5740:
Having won a decisive victory, the U.S. was divided on what the peace should entail. Now that the U.S. had gone far beyond the territorial gains it initially envisioned by invading central Mexico with its dense population, the question was raised whether to annex the entirety of Mexico. After the
5319:
Santa Anna chose Cerro Gordo as the place to engage the U.S. troops, calculating the terrain would offer the maximum advantage for the Mexican forces. Scott marched westward on April 2, 1847, toward Mexico City with 8,500 initially healthy troops, while Santa Anna set up a defensive position in a
5315:
Santa Anna allowed Scott's army to march inland, counting on yellow fever and other tropical diseases to take their toll before Santa Anna chose a place to engage the enemy. Mexico had used this tactic before, including when Spain attempted to reconquer Mexico in 1829. Disease could be a decisive
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constitute an important primary source for the conflict. With more than a decade's experience reporting urban crime, the "penny press" realized the public's voracious demand for astounding war news. Moreover, Shelley Streetby demonstrates that the print revolution, which preceded the U.S.–Mexican
3851:
With U.S. forces occupying the Mexican capital and much of the heartland, negotiating a peace treaty was an exigent matter, and Peña y Peña left office to do that. Pedro María Anaya returned to the presidency on November 13, 1847 – January 8, 1848. Anaya refused to sign any treaty that ceded
3606:
to Texas, and by October, Taylor commanded 3,500 Americans on the Nueces River, ready to take by force the disputed land. At the same time, President Polk wrote to the American consul in the Mexican territory of Alta California, disclaiming American ambitions in California but offering to support
13620:
William Hugh Robarts, "Mexican War veterans: a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico, from 1846 to 1848; the volunteers are arranged by states, alphabetically", Brentano's (A. S. Witherbee & Co., Proprietors); Washington, D. C.,
6576:
recent immigrants who had arrived in the northeastern U.S. from Ireland. Many defected due to mistreatment by nativist soldiers and senior officers, brutal military discipline, or because they were not allowed to practice their Catholic religion. Thousands of other U.S. soldiers simply deserted.
6521:
In 1887, the Mexican Veteran Pension Law went into effect, making veterans eligible for a pension for their service. Surviving officers and enlisted men were placed on a pension roll, which included volunteers, militias, and marines who had served at least 60 days and were at least 62 years old.
6440:
For Grant, who went on to lead Union forces in the Civil War and later was elected president, "it also tutored him in the manifold ways wars are shot through with political calculations." Grant had served in Mexico under General Zachary Taylor and was appointed acting assistant quartermaster for
4454:
enthusiastically endorsed the war in 1846 and showed his disdainful attitude toward Mexico and boosterism for Manifest Destiny: "What has miserable, inefficient Mexico—with her superstition, her burlesque upon freedom, her actual tyranny by the few over the many—what has she to do with the great
4207:
Polk said in a message to Congress: "The cup of forbearance had been exhausted even before the recent information from the frontier of the Del Norte. But now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the
4128:
had lower-quality gunpowder that fired at velocities slow enough to make it possible for American soldiers to dodge artillery rounds. The Mexicans replied with cavalry skirmishes and their own artillery. The U.S. flying artillery somewhat demoralized the Mexican side, and seeking terrain more to
3703:
The Mexican Army was a weak and divided force. Only 7 of the 19 states that formed the Mexican federation sent soldiers, armament, and money for the war effort. Many leaders expressed their concern for the country, including Santa Anna who stated that , "The leaders of the army did their best to
3439:
resented this, partly because California had previously been governed by native-born Californios, partly because Micheltorena's policies were unpopular, and also because the soldiers in Micheltorena's army got a reputation for spending much of their time stealing the local Californios' chickens.
3098:
of present-day Texas, California, Nevada, and Utah as well as parts of present-day Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming. The U.S. agreed to pay $ 15 million for the physical damage of the war and assumed $ 3.25 million of debt already owed by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico
6575:
Throughout the course of the war, a number of U.S. troops who had become disillusioned with the war defected to the Mexican Army and joined the Saint Patrick's Battalion to fight for the Mexicans against the U.S. forces. The great majority of those who made up the Saint Patrick's Battalion were
5323:
Instead of taking the main road, Scott's troops trekked through the rough terrain to the north, setting up his artillery on the high ground and quietly flanking the Mexicans. Although by then aware of the positions of U.S. troops, Santa Anna and his troops were unprepared for the onslaught that
5115:
Initial reports of the battle, as well as propaganda from the Santanistas, credited the victory to the Mexicans, much to the joy of the Mexican populace, but rather than attack the next day and finish the battle, Santa Anna retreated, losing men along the way, having heard word of rebellion and
4416:
Besides alleging that the actions of Mexican military forces within the disputed boundary lands north of the Rio Grande constituted an attack on American soil, the war's advocates viewed the territories of New Mexico and California as only nominally Mexican possessions with very tenuous ties to
4353:
of Georgia declared: "This war is nondescript ... We charge the President with usurping the war-making power ... with seizing a country ... which had been for centuries, and was then in the possession of the Mexicans. ... Let us put a check upon this lust of dominion. We had territory
3726:
Indigenous populations in Mexico played a crucial role in the defending their land. By the beginning of the war, indigenous populations were depleted of their natural resources due to an influx of American settlers. As a result, indigenous populations from the Great Plains region had to rely on
3518:
In 1834, Mexican conservatives seized the political initiative, and General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the centralist president of Mexico. The conservative-dominated Congress abandoned the federal system, replacing it with a unitary central government that removed power from the states.
6492:
Anti-slavery elements fought for the exclusion of slavery from any territory absorbed by the U.S. In 1847, the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso, stipulating that none of the territory acquired should be open to slavery. If successful, the Wilmot Proviso would have effectively
5848:
Before ratifying the treaty, the U.S. Senate made two modifications: changing the wording of Article IX (which guaranteed Mexicans living in the purchased territories the right to become U.S. citizens) and striking out Article X (which conceded the legitimacy of land grants made by the Mexican
5233:, of which Davis was allegedly a member. In the end, the U.S. did not intervene in Yucatán, but it had figured in congressional debates about the Mexican–American War. At one point, the government of Yucatán petitioned the U.S. for protection during the Caste War, but the U.S. did not respond.
4810:
and blockade California ports when he was positive that war had begun. Sloat set sail for Monterey, reaching it on July 1. Sloat, upon hearing of the events in Sonoma and Frémont's involvement, erroneously believed Frémont to be acting on orders from Washington and ordered his forces to occupy
4554:
and Miguel Pino forced him to muster a defense. Armijo set up a position in Apache Canyon, a narrow pass about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of the city. However, on August 14, before the American army was even in view, he decided not to fight. An American named James Magoffin claimed he had
4458:
The coverage of the war was an important development in the U.S., with journalists as well as letter-writing soldiers giving the public in the U.S. "their first-ever independent news coverage of warfare from home or abroad." During the war, inventions such as the telegraph created new means of
6377:
Following the signing of the 1848 treaty, Polk sought to send troops to Yucatan, where there was a civil war between secessionists and those supporting the Mexican government. The U.S. Congress refused his request. The Mexican War was supposed to be short and nearly bloodless. It was neither.
5720:
The U.S. forces had gone from being an army of conquest on the periphery for territory it desired to incorporate, to an invading force in central Mexico, potentially making it an army of long-term occupation. Mexico did not necessarily have to sign a peace treaty but could have continued with
5716:
Outnumbered militarily and with many large cities of the Mexican heartland including its capital occupied, Mexico could not defend itself in conventional warfare. Mexico faced many continuing internal divisions between factions so that bringing the war to a formal end was not straightforward.
6479:
In 1861, General Scott advised Abraham Lincoln to ask Lee to command U.S. forces. Lee declined and later recounted "I declined the offer he made me to take command of the army that was brought into the field, stating candidly and as courteously as I could that though opposed to secession and
5104:. Taylor, with 4,600 men, had entrenched at a mountain pass called La Angostura, or "the narrows", several miles south of Buena Vista ranch. Santa Anna, having little logistics to supply his army, suffered desertions all the long march north and arrived with only 15,000 men in a tired state.
3978:
Although soldaderas were able to prove the abilities Mexican women had outside of the private sphere, Mexican women on the home front still contributed to the war effort. After having to face the losses in their country, Mexican women were seen dressed in black and creating somber paintings.
6368:
Veterans of the war were often broken men. "As the sick and wounded from Taylor's and Scott's campaigns made their way back from Mexico to the United States, their condition shocked the folks at home. Husbands, sons, and brothers returned in broken health, some with missing limbs." The 1880
5116:
upheaval in Mexico City. Taylor was left in control of part of northern Mexico, and Santa Anna later faced criticism for his withdrawal. Mexican and American military historians alike agree that the U.S. Army could likely have been defeated if Santa Anna had fought the battle to its finish.
5074:
before, and they marched straight down the open streets, where they were annihilated by Mexican defenders well-hidden in Monterrey's thick adobe homes. They quickly learned, and two days later, they changed their urban warfare tactics. Texan soldiers had fought in a Mexican city before (the
4334:
led a group of dissenters in Washington D.C. He called the war with Mexico "an aggressive, unholy, and unjust war" and voted against supplying soldiers and weapons. He said: "In the murder of Mexicans upon their own soil, or in robbing them of their country, I can take no part either now or
3803:
and liberal federalists vied for power, and at times these two factions inside Mexico's military fought each other rather than the invading U.S. Army. Santa Anna bitterly remarked, "However shameful it may be to admit this, we have brought this disgraceful tragedy upon ourselves through our
3593:
of 1841 attempted to realize the claim to New Mexican territory east of the Rio Grande, but its members were captured by the Mexican Army and imprisoned. Reference to the Rio Grande boundary of Texas was omitted from the U.S. Congress's annexation resolution to help secure passage after the
4479:
By getting constant reports from the battlefield, Americans became emotionally united as a community. News about the war caused extraordinary popular excitement. In the spring of 1846, news about Taylor's victory at Palo Alto brought up a large crowd that met in the cotton textile town of
5112:, who formed them into a defensive V formation. The Mexicans had nearly broken the American lines at several points, but their infantry columns, navigating the narrow pass, suffered heavily from the American horse artillery, which fired point-blank canister shots to break up the attacks.
4342:", demanding that Polk state the exact spot where Thornton had been attacked and American blood was shed, and to clarify whether that location was American soil or if it had been claimed by Spain and Mexico. Lincoln, too, did not actually stop money for men or supplies in the war effort.
5537:
and warning. Americans interpreted these acts not as Mexicans' defense of their country, but as evidence of Mexicans' brutality as racial inferiors. For their part, U.S. soldiers took revenge on Mexicans for the attacks, whether or not they were individually suspected of guerrilla acts.
4124:, a mobile light artillery mounted on horse carriages with the entire crew riding horses into battle. The fast-firing artillery and highly mobile fire support had a devastating effect on the Mexican army. In contrast to the "flying artillery" of the Americans, the Mexican cannons at the
3288:
Neither colonial Mexico nor the newly sovereign Mexican state effectively controlled Mexico's far north and west. Mexico's military and diplomatic capabilities declined after it attained independence from Spain in 1821 and left the northern half of the country vulnerable to attacks by
6316:
In much of the United States, victory and the acquisition of new land brought a surge of patriotism. Victory seemed to fulfill Democrats' belief in their country's Manifest Destiny. Although the Whigs had opposed the war, they made Zachary Taylor their presidential candidate in the
3502:
into Texas. This started the steady trend of migration from the United States into the Texas frontier. Austin's colony was the most successful of several colonies authorized by the Mexican government. The Mexican government intended the new settlers to act as a buffer between the
5840:
two years earlier, though the division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries. Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas before the war and did not cede its claim to territory north of the Rio Grande or
4158:
their artillery and baggage. Fort Brown inflicted additional casualties as the withdrawing troops passed by the fort, and additional Mexican soldiers drowned trying to swim across the Rio Grande. Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and began his series of battles in Mexican territory.
3828:(August 6, 1846 – December 23, 1846) served as president and held elections under the restored federalist system. General Antonio López de Santa Anna won those elections, but as was his practice, he left the administration to his vice president, who was again liberal
4089:
The Mexican forces prepared for war. On April 25, 1846, a 2,000-man Mexican cavalry detachment attacked a 70-man U.S. patrol commanded by Captain Seth Thornton, which had been sent into the contested territory north of the Rio Grande and south of the Nueces River. In the
3931:, but it was a country that was strongly divided along sectional lines, especially in regard to slavery. Enlarging the country, particularly through armed combat against a sovereign nation, deepened those sectional divisions. Polk had narrowly won the popular vote in the
5206:
Mexican Republic, Yucatán seceded from the federation. There were also rivalries between regional elites, with one faction based in Mérida and the other in Campeche. These issues factored into the Mexican–American War, as the U. S. had designs on this part of the coast.
4586:
as New Mexico's first territorial governor. Following Kearny's departure, dissenters in Santa Fe plotted a Christmas uprising. When the plans were discovered by the U.S. authorities, the dissenters postponed the uprising. They attracted numerous Native allies, including
4555:
convinced Armijo and Archuleta to follow this course; an unverified story says he bribed Armijo. When Pino, Chaves, and some of the militiamen insisted on fighting, Armijo ordered the cannon pointed at them. The New Mexican army retreated to Santa Fe, and Armijo fled to
42:
5869:, U.S. Minister to Mexico in 1850, was certain "that miserable 11th article" would lead to the financial ruin of the U.S. if it could not be released from its obligations. The U.S. was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the
3042:
million (equivalent to $ 778 million in 2023), an offer the Mexican government refused. Polk then sent a group of 80 soldiers across the disputed territory to the Rio Grande, ignoring Mexican demands to withdraw. Mexican forces interpreted this as an attack and
4845:
Stockton's army entered Los Angeles unopposed on August 13, whereupon he sent a report to the secretary of state that "California is entirely free from Mexican dominion." Stockton, however, left a tyrannical officer in charge of Los Angeles with a small force. The
3401:
should not fall into the hands of any power but England ... there is some reason to believe that daring and adventurous speculators in the United States have already turned their thoughts in this direction." By the time the letter reached London, though, Sir
5197:, who was with the American army in northern Mexico, said "the whole country from New Mexico to the borders of Durango is almost entirely depopulated. The haciendas and ranchos have been mostly abandoned, and the people chiefly confined to the towns and cities."
5180:. British consul John Potts did not want to allow Doniphan to search Governor Trías's mansion and unsuccessfully asserted it was under British protection. American merchants in Chihuahua wanted the American force to stay in order to protect their business. Major
3368:
During the Spanish colonial era, the Californias (i.e., the Baja California peninsula and Alta California) were sparsely settled. After Mexico became independent, it shut down the missions and reduced its military presence. In 1842, the U.S. minister in Mexico,
6717:(National Museum of Interventions) in a former convent that was the site of the Battle of Churubusco. It chronicles the attempts by the Spanish to reconquer Mexico after its independence as well as the French interventions. The museum has an exhibition on the
3301:
Native Americans. The Comanche, in particular, took advantage of the weakness of the Mexican state to undertake large-scale raids hundreds of miles into the country to acquire livestock for their own use and to supply an expanding market in Texas and the U.S.
9677:
6364:
dedicates an entire chapter of his Pulitzer winning Civil War history to the Mexican–American war, entitled "Mexico Will Poison Us". McPherson argues that the Mexican–American War and its aftermath was a key territorial event in the leadup to the Civil War.
3966:. They did not participate in conventional fighting on battlefields, but some soldaderas joined the battle alongside the men. These women were involved in fighting during the defense of Mexico City and Monterrey. Some women such as Doña Jesús Dosamantes and
5564:
between Jalapa and Veracruz. He had also detailed an anti-guerrilla brigade under Lane to carry the war to the Light Corps and other guerrillas. He ordered that convoys would travel with at least 1,300-man escorts. Victories by Lane over the Light Corps at
3844:(April 2 – May 20, 1847). Santa Anna returned to the presidency on May 20, 1847, when Anaya left to fight the invasion, serving until September 15, 1847. Preferring the battlefield to administration, Santa Anna left office again, leaving the office to
4562:
Kearny and his troops encountered no Mexican forces when they arrived on August 15. Kearny and his force entered Santa Fe and claimed the New Mexico Territory for the United States without a shot fired. Kearny declared himself the military governor of the
6373:
describes the war as "Feculent, reeking Corruption" and "one of the darkest scenes in our history—a war forced upon our and the Mexican people by the high-handed usurpations of Pres't Polk in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement of the slave oligarchy."
5622:; this, however, is unlikely as gold was only discovered in California on January 24, 1848, less than two weeks before the war concluded. By the time word reached the eastern U.S. that gold had been discovered, word also reached it that the war was over.
5782:
representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war. The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, established the U.S.–Mexican border along the Rio Grande, and ceded to the United States the present-day states of
4865:
by Flores' forces in less than an hour. Four Americans died, with 8 severely injured. Stockton arrived with reinforcements at San Pedro, which increased the American forces there to 800. He and Mervine then set up a base of operations at San Diego.
4614:
Romero led a Native American force to Bent's house, where they broke down the door, shot Bent with arrows, and scalped him in front of his family. They moved on, leaving Bent still alive. With his wife Ignacia and children, and the wives of friends
7429:
declined at a time when centralism, clericalism, militarism, and American imperialism were debilitating the nation. The chief offending mountain tribes were Apache, Navajo, and Ute; and the most troublesome plains Natives were Comanche and Kiowa.
5752:
Beyond the racial argument, Calhoun contended that the U.S. could not be both an empire and a republic, and he argued that being an empire would strengthen the central government and be detrimental to individual states. Rhode Island Whig Senator
4673:, the U.S. breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior, inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels. They captured 400 more men after close hand-to-hand fighting. Only seven Americans died in the battle.
5289:
and they surrendered the city after 12 days under siege. U.S. troops suffered 80 casualties, while the Mexicans had around 180 killed and wounded, with hundreds of civilians killed. During the siege, the U.S. soldiers began to fall victim to
3013:
had previously prevented annexation because Texas, formerly a slavery-free territory under Mexican rule, would have been admitted as a slave state, upsetting the balance of power between Northern free states and Southern slave states. In the
6623:
Despite his being denounced and held to account for Mexico's loss in the war, Santa Anna came to power for one last term as president. After he sold the Mesilla Valley in 1853 to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase, he began construction of a
4329:
Polk was generally able to manipulate Whigs into supporting appropriations for the war but only once it had already started and then "clouding the situation with a number of false statements about Mexican actions." Not everyone went along.
5423:(boy heroes) became icons in Mexico's patriotic pantheon. Rather than surrender to the U.S. Army, some military cadets leaped from the castle walls. A cadet named Juan Escutia wrapped himself in the Mexican flag and jumped to his death.
3507:
residents and the Comanches, but the non-Hispanic colonists tended to settle in areas with decent farmland and trade connections with Louisiana rather than farther west where they would have been an effective buffer against the Natives.
3489:
had few inhabitants, with only about 7,000 non-native settlers. The Spanish crown developed a policy of colonization to more effectively control the territory. After independence, the Mexican government implemented the policy, granting
5443:. At Puebla, they sacked the town. Santa Anna was not able to provision his troops, who effectively dissolved as a fighting force to forage for food. Puebla was relieved by Lane on October 12, following his defeat of Santa Anna at the
6596:. The war caused Mexico to enter "a period of self-examination ... as its leaders sought to identify and address the reasons that had led to such a debacle." In the immediate aftermath of the war, a group of Mexican writers including
4991:
to retake the various captured ports resulted in several small clashes and two sieges in which the Pacific Squadron ships provided artillery support. U.S. garrisons remained in control of the ports. Following reinforcement, Lt. Col.
4889:, where 22 of Kearny's men (one of whom later died of wounds), including three officers, were killed in 30 minutes of fighting. The wounded Kearny and his bloodied force pushed on until they had to establish a defensive position on "
3085:
Although Mexico was defeated on the battlefield, negotiating peace was a politically fraught issue. Some Mexican factions refused to consider any recognition of its loss of territory. Although Polk formally relieved his peace envoy,
6556:
sentiment and racism fueled further attacks against Mexican civilians. It was estimated that U.S. troops killed at least 100 civilians, with the majority of them being killed by the 1st Texas Mounted Volunteers commanded by Colonel
3030:(also a Mexican territory), and Texas by any means, with the 1845 annexation of Texas furthering that goal. However, the boundary between Texas and Mexico was disputed, with the Republic of Texas and the U.S. asserting it to be the
4365:
Northern abolitionists attacked the war as an attempt by slave owners to strengthen the grip of slavery and thus ensure their continued influence in the federal government. Prominent artists and writers opposed the war, including
6325:
Has the Mexican War terminated yet, and how? Are we beaten? Do you know of any nation about to besiege South Hadley ? If so, do inform me of it, for I would be glad of a chance to escape, if we are to be stormed. I suppose Miss
4115:
On May 8, 1846, Zachary Taylor and 2,400 troops arrived to relieve the fort. However, General Arista rushed north with a force of 3,400 and intercepted him about 5 miles (8 km) north of the Rio Grande River, near modern-day
3556:
from Britain, France, and the United States, which all advised Mexico not to try to reconquer the new nation. Most Texians wanted to join the United States, but the annexation of Texas was contentious in the U.S. Congress, where
3519:
Leaving politics to those in Mexico City, General Santa Anna led the Mexican army to quash the semi-independence of Texas. He had done that in Coahuila (in 1824, Mexico had merged Texas and Coahuila into the enormous state of
12835:
5119:
Polk mistrusted Taylor, who he felt had shown incompetence in the Battle of Monterrey by agreeing to the armistice. Taylor later used the Battle of Buena Vista as the centerpiece of his successful 1848 presidential campaign.
4900:
on December 14 and Santa Barbara on December 27. On December 28, a 600-man American force under Kearny began a 150-mile march to Los Angeles. Flores then moved his ill-equipped 500-man force to a 50-foot-high bluff above the
3750:
models became increasingly popular as the conflict progressed. Some U.S. troops carried more modern weapons that gave them a significant advantage over their Mexican counterparts, such as the Springfield 1841 rifle of the
3128:
and José María del Castillo Velasco, called a "state of degradation and ruin... the true origin of the war, it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States, favored by our weakness, caused it."
5614:
and under-paid, the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the Americans. Looking for their opportunity, many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village.
5210:
the coast, the U.S. Navy needed ships with a shallow draft rather than large frigates. Since the Mexican Navy was almost non-existent, the U.S. Navy could operate unimpeded in gulf waters. The U.S. fought two battles in
3887:, but the regular army was not sufficiently large to sustain extended conflicts on two fronts. The Oregon dispute with Britain was settled peaceably by treaty, allowing U.S. forces to concentrate on the southern border.
3111:
that explicitly forbade the extension of slavery into conquered Mexican territory was not adopted by Congress, debates about it heightened sectional tensions. Some scholars see the Mexican–American War as leading to the
3311:
communications, and decimated the ranching industry that was a mainstay of the northern economy. As a result, the demoralized civilian population of northern Mexico put up little resistance to the invading U.S. army.
15049:
9031:
Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at
6849:
5039:
resulted in serious losses on both sides. The U.S. light artillery was ineffective against the stone fortifications of the city, as the American forces attacked in frontal assaults. The Mexican forces under General
5823:
concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico. The acquisition was a source of controversy, especially among U.S. politicians who had opposed the war from the start. A leading anti-war U.S. newspaper, the Whig
5189:
enlisted Doniphan's aid against a Native raiding party that had taken children, horses, mules, and money. The Missouri Volunteers finally made their way to Matamoros, from which they returned to Missouri by water.
5324:
followed. In the battle fought on April 18, the Mexican army was routed. The U.S. Army suffered 400 casualties, while the Mexicans suffered over 1,000 casualties with 3,000 taken prisoner. In August 1847, Captain
12280:
10665:
4307:, animated by a popular belief in Manifest Destiny, supported it in the hope of adding slave-owning territory to the South and avoiding being outnumbered by the faster-growing North. O'Sullivan, editor of the
5926:, forbade any further immigration. However, they recognized the value of a few aspects of Mexican law and carried them over into their new legal systems. For example, most of the Southwestern states adopted
5741:
Wilmot Proviso, there was a lessening of fervor for the idea, but the taking of Mexico City had revived enthusiasm. There were fierce objections in Congress to that on racial grounds. South Carolina Senator
3704:
train the rough men who volunteered, but they could do little to inspire them with patriotism for the glorious country they were honored to serve." According to the leading Mexican conservative politician,
3306:
that sometimes verged on civil war, and the worsening situation on the northern frontier was largely neglected. In northern Mexico, the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for garrisoned
8988:
amply endorsed by international law, the practice of civilized powers, and the general opinion of the world. It was a ground, too, that Polk himself, as we have seen, felt entirely satisfied to stand upon
5148:
tribes. In December 1846, after the successful conquest of New Mexico, part of Kearney's Army of the West, the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers, moved into modern-day northwest Mexico. They were led by
3878:
6834:
5337:
The U.S. Army had expected a quick collapse of the Mexican forces. Santa Anna, however, was determined to fight to the end, and Mexican soldiers continued to regroup after battles to fight yet again.
5960:
conferred voting rights only to white male citizens (Article II, Section 1), and the number of senators was proportioned only "according to the number of white inhabitants" (Article IV, Section 29).
4225:(1885) that the main goal of the U.S. Army's advance from Nueces River to the Rio Grande was to provoke the outbreak of war without attacking first, to debilitate any political opposition to the war.
5413:, built on a hill in Mexico City in the colonial era. At this time, this castle was a renowned military school in the capital. After the battle, which ended in a victory for the U.S., the legend of
4311:, coined this phrase in its context, stating that it must be "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."
4623:, the group escaped by digging through the adobe walls of their house into the one next door. When the insurgents discovered the party, they killed Bent but left the women and children unharmed.
15779:
3182:
in 1824. This government was characterized by instability, and it was ill-prepared for a major international conflict when war broke out with the U.S. in 1846. Mexico had successfully resisted
6584:
For Mexico, the war had remained a painful historical event for the country, losing territory and highlighting the domestic political conflicts that were to continue for another 20 years. The
4653:
The U.S. military moved quickly to quash the revolt; Colonel Price led more than 300 U.S. troops from Santa Fe to Taos, together with 65 volunteers, including a few New Mexicans, organized by
15042:
5417:
was born. Although not confirmed by historians, six military cadets between the ages of 13 and 17 stayed in the school instead of evacuating. They decided to stay and fight for Mexico. These
9333:
3585:. The Mexican government disputed this placement on two grounds: first, it rejected the idea of Texas independence; and second, it claimed that the Rio Grande in the treaty was actually the
16499:
13816:
5193:
The civilian population of northern Mexico offered little resistance to the American invasion, possibly because the country had already been devastated by Comanche and Apache Native raids.
3564:
were largely opposed. In 1845, Texas agreed to the offer of annexation by the U.S. Congress and became the 28th state on December 29, 1845, which set the stage for the conflict with Mexico.
10403:
3836:, the Catholic Church and conservatives paid soldiers to rise against the liberal government. Santa Anna had to leave his campaign to return to the capital to sort out the political mess.
4916:
On January 12, Frémont and two of Pico's officers agreed to terms for a surrender. Articles of Capitulation were signed on January 13 by Frémont, Andrés Pico and six others at a ranch at
3852:
land to the U.S., despite the situation on the ground with Americans occupying the capital. Peña y Peña resumed the presidency January 8, 1848 – June 3, 1848, during which time the
16991:
3589:, since the current Rio Grande has always been called "Rio Bravo" in Mexico. The latter claim belied the full name of the river in Mexico, however: "Rio Bravo del Norte." The ill-fated
4078:
President Polk ordered General Taylor and his forces south to the Rio Grande. Taylor ignored Mexican demands to withdraw to the Nueces. He constructed a makeshift fort (later known as
21391:
13983:
13977:
6681:("fatherland") as martyrs in the Battle of Chapultepec was inspiring, but their sacrifice was not commemorated until 1881, when surviving cadets formed an organization to support the
6303:
4818:
On Sloat's orders, Frémont brought 160 volunteers to Monterey, in addition to the California Battalion. On July 15, Sloat transferred his command of the Pacific Squadron to Commodore
1062:
614:
Including civilians killed by violence, military deaths from disease and accidental deaths, the Mexican death toll may have reached 25,000 and the American death toll reached 13,283.
15035:
4826:
to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles. As Frémont landed, Stockton's 360 men arrived in San Pedro. Castro and Pico wrote farewells and fled separately to the Mexican state of
3699:
was a military hero who became president of Mexico on multiple occasions. The Mexican Army's intervention in politics was an ongoing issue during much of the mid-nineteenth century.
3832:(December 23, 1846 – March 21, 1847). In February 1847, conservatives rebelled against the liberal government's attempt to take Church property to fund the war effort. In the
1016:
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percent in World War I and World War II, 0.1 percent in Korea and Vietnam, and 21 percent for the Civil War. Of the casualties, 11,562 died of illness, disease, and accidents.
6534:
4137:
during the night and prepared for the next battle. It provided a natural fortification, but during the retreat, Mexican troops were scattered, making communication difficult.
2608:
641:
5083:" through the city's homes. They needed to punch holes in the side or roofs of the homes and fight hand to hand inside the structures. Mexicans called the Texas soldiers the
4799:, then called Yerba Buena, was occupied by the Bear Flaggers on July 2. On July 5, Frémont's California Battalion was formed by combining his forces with many of the rebels.
5657:
immigrants, who deserted the U.S. Army because of ill-treatment or sympathetic leanings to fellow Mexican Catholics and joined the Mexican army. The battalion also included
4822:, who was more militarily aggressive. He mustered the willing members of the California Battalion into military service with Frémont in command. Stockton ordered Frémont to
4646:, Autobees' half-brother. Both escaped separately on foot during the night. The same day New Mexican insurgents killed seven American traders passing through the village of
13282:
Connors, Thomas G. and Raúl Isaí Muñoz. "Looking for the North American Invasion in Mexico City." American Historical Review, vol. 125, no. 2, April 2020, pp. 498–516.
13178:
The United States and Mexico, 1821–1848: a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States
7563:
The United States and Mexico, 1821–1848: A History of the Relations Between the Two Countries from the Independence of Mexico to the Close of the War with the United States
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to take it to Congress for ratification. Ratification was fraught, since the Democrats had lost the elections of 1846, and Whigs opposed to the war were now in ascendance.
3494:, a banker from Missouri, a large tract of land in Texas. Austin died before he could bring his plan of recruiting American settlers for the land to fruition, but his son,
1067:
11700:
4591:, who also wanted to push the Americans from the territory. On the morning of January 19, 1847, the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos, present-day
11726:
11192:
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American and Mexican women shared the similarities of providing their domestic services on the battlefield. Among the most notable American women on the battlefield was
3637:, explaining he had been looking for a seaside home for his mother. Mexican authorities became alarmed and ordered him to leave. Frémont responded by building a fort on
3581:
after the Battle of San Jacinto, the southern border of Texas was placed at the "Rio Grande del Norte." The Texans claimed this placed the southern border at the modern
10657:
6673:
Once the French were expelled in 1867 and the liberal republic was re-established, Mexico began reckoning with the legacy of the Mexican–American war. The story of the
6522:
Widows of veterans who had not remarried were eligible for their late husband's pension. Excluded was "any person while under the political disabilities imposed by the
16586:
15491:
5953:. Mexico lost part of its northern territories in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming that included few if any Mexicans, and many indigenous groups.
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on October 19, 1847. Within a month, they cleared the gulf of hostile ships, destroying or capturing 30 vessels. Later, their sailors and Marines captured the port of
16681:
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15891:
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and raising the American flag. Larkin sent word that Frémont's actions were counterproductive. Frémont left California in March but returned and took control of the
3322:
increasingly difficult. As a result, at the outbreak of the war, New Mexico was economically dependent on trade with the United States via the eastern branch of the
1869:
1421:
6426:, Sterling Price, and the future Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Both sides had leaders with significant experience in active combat, strategy, and tactics.
5023:
Led by Zachary Taylor, 2,300 U.S. troops crossed the Rio Grande after some initial difficulties in obtaining river transport. His soldiers occupied Matamoros, then
3006:
an independent country, but most of its Anglo-American citizens who had moved from the United States to Texas after 1822 wanted to be annexed by the United States.
5956:
Furthermore, the U.S. government did not grant full citizenship to Native Americans in the Southwest until the 1930s, even though they were Mexican citizens. The
5745:
argued that absorbing Mexico would threaten U.S. institutions and the character of the country. "We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the
4684:
and won, which ended their operations against Mora. New Mexican rebels engaged U.S. forces three more times in the following months. The actions are known as the
3767:
revolvers, of which the U.S. Army had ordered 1,000 in 1846. Most significantly, throughout the war, the superiority of the U.S. artillery often carried the day.
3594:
annexation treaty failed in the Senate. President Polk claimed the Rio Grande boundary, and when Mexico sent forces over the Rio Grande, this provoked a dispute.
17271:
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4390:
also criticized the war. Thoreau, who served jail time for refusing to pay a tax that would support the war effort, turned a lecture into an essay now known as
3216:
resulted in an undefined border between Spanish colonial territories and the U.S. Some of the boundary issues between the U.S. and Spain were resolved with the
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16526:
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While their husbands enlisted, many American women stayed in Mexico to tend to oversee their business, making themselves factory women. However, factory woman
3795:, who served as Santa Anna's vice president and implemented a liberal reform in 1833, was an important political player in the era of the Mexican–American War.
1731:
1588:
5911:, Puebloan, Navajo, Apache and many others. Although some native people relocated farther south in Mexico, the great majority remained in the U.S. territory.
3970:
would be remembered as heroes. On the other hand, some Mexican women were seen as "angels" as they provided aid and comfort to the injured men on both sides.
20984:
17047:
16614:
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Engelson, Lester G. (1939). "Proposals for the Colonization of California by England: In Connection with the Mexican Debt to British Bondholders 1837–1846".
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on November 11, 1847. After upper California was secure, most of the Pacific Squadron proceeded down the California coast, capturing all major cities of the
2159:
5708:, was branded. A bust of John Riley and a plaque on the façade of a building in Plaza San Jacinto, San Angel commemorates the place where they were hanged.
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In Mexico, although Paredes issued a manifesto on May 23, 1846, and a declaration of a defensive war on April 23, both of which are considered by some the
6628:
on a better route, but he was ousted and went into a lengthy exile. In exile he drafted his version of events, which were not published until much later.
4338:
Fellow Whig Lincoln contested Polk's causes for the war. Polk had said that Mexico had "shed American blood upon American soil". Lincoln submitted eight "
3607:
independence from Mexico or voluntary accession to the United States, and warning that the United States would oppose any European attempts to take over.
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11388:"Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement Between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgoa"
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4815:
landed at Yerba Buena and raised the American flag. Later that day in Sonoma, the Bear Flag was lowered, and the American flag was raised in its place.
4768:
and raised it over Sonoma Plaza. Within a week, 70 more volunteers joined the rebels' force, which grew to nearly 300 in early July. This event, led by
4408:
21336:
16959:
16817:
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5406:, the capital was occupied. Scott became military governor of occupied Mexico City. His victories in this campaign made him an American national hero.
3936:
a military that regularly intervened in politics, the U.S. generally kept its political divisions within the bounds of the institutions of governance.
3746:. While at the beginning of the war most American soldiers were still equipped with the very similar Springfield 1816 flintlock muskets, more reliable
3194:
against the centralist government of Mexico showed its political weakness as the government changed hands multiple times. The Mexican military and the
2601:
2128:
1691:
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4733:, worked successfully during the events in that vicinity to avoid bloodshed between Americans and the Mexican military garrison commanded by General
2533:
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5394:. After Churubusco, fighting halted for an armistice and peace negotiations, which broke down on September 6, 1847. With the subsequent battles of
3314:
Furthermore, distance and hostile activity by Native Americans made communications and trade between the heartland of Mexico and provinces such as
3038:. Polk sent a diplomatic mission to Mexico in an attempt to buy the disputed territory, together with California and everything in between for $ 25
2086:
1716:
1665:
12191:
Davies, Wallace E. "The Mexican War Veterans as an Organized Group." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 35, no. 2, 1948, pp. 221–238.
10396:"Maps: Map Showing Col. A.W. Doniphan's Route through the States of New Mexico, Chihuahua and Coahuila.| A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War"
7484:
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Army and captured men who took unauthorized leave or fell out of the ranks. The guerrillas sometimes coerced these men to join the Mexican ranks.
4657:, the business partner of William and Charles Bent. Along the way, the combined forces beat back a force of some 1,500 New Mexicans and Pueblo at
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Regarding the beginning of the war, Ulysses S. Grant, who had opposed the war but served as an army lieutenant in Taylor's army, claims in his
1861:
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10911:
9674:
Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail; or Prairie Travel and Scalp Dances, with a Look at Los Rancheros from Muleback and the Rocky Mountain Camp-fire
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5548:, established 750-man posts along the main route between the port of Veracruz and the capital, at the pass between Mexico City and Puebla at
2594:
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marched out. His forces rescued captured Americans, captured Pineda, and on March 31 defeated and dispersed remaining Mexican forces at the
21381:
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17001:
16598:
16414:
16355:
15938:
15896:
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6776:, which includes the phrase "From the Halls of Montezuma", is an acknowledgment of the war, but there are no major monuments or memorials.
6459:"An Available Candidate: The One Qualification for a Whig President." Political cartoon about the 1848 presidential election, referring to
3389:
1756:
1696:
1581:
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4858:, forced the American garrison to retreat on September 29. They also forced small U.S. garrisons in San Diego and Santa Barbara to flee.
4038:. Female American journalists played a crucial role in representing the voices of women that had been silenced within the public sphere.
3166:
between the royal army and insurgents for independence, with no foreign intervention. The conflict ruined the silver-mining districts of
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Polk received word of the Thornton Affair, which, added to the Mexican government's rejection of Slidell, Polk believed, constituted a
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In 1829, because of the large influx of American immigrants, the non-Hispanic outnumbered native Spanish speakers in Texas. President
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at West Point and had fought as junior officers in Mexico. This list includes military men fighting for the Union: Ulysses S. Grant,
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3820:(July 28, 1846 – August 4, 1846). The conservative Bravo was overthrown by federalist liberals who re-established the federal
3015:
2040:
2026:
1890:
1841:
1794:
1789:
1736:
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Van Wagenen, Michael Scott. "US–Mexican War Veterans and the Congressional Pension Fight." Military History of the West 40 (2010).
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4909:. That same day, Frémont's force arrived at San Fernando. The next day, January 9, the Stockton-Kearny forces fought and won the
4626:
The next day a large armed force of approximately 500 New Mexicans and Pueblo attacked and laid siege to Simeon Turley's mill in
3435:. Micheltorena was sent up from lower Mexico, along with an army, that had largely been recruited from Mexico's worst jails. The
3392:
declined to participate but said Britain had no objection to U.S. territorial acquisition there. The British minister in Mexico,
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2118:
1721:
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10272:
4216:, challenged Polk's assertion that American blood had been shed on American soil, calling it "a bold falsification of history."
3345:. As settlers poured in from the U.S., the Mexican government discouraged further migration with its 1829 abolition of slavery.
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Lacroix, Patrick (2020). "Canadian-Born Soldiers in the Mexican–American War (1846–48): An Opportunity for Migration Studies".
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veterans sought remembrance for their service. In 1885, a tableau of the U.S. Army's entry into Mexico City was painted in the
6352:
4676:
A separate force of U.S. troops under captains Israel R. Hendley and Jesse I. Morin campaigned against the rebels in Mora. The
3244:
3232:. The U.S. sought to purchase territory from Mexico, starting in 1825, in order to settle some of these issues. U.S. President
1784:
1623:
1608:
11696:
5431:
In late September 1847, Santa Anna made one last attempt to defeat the U.S. Army, by cutting them off from the coast. General
21164:
19852:
18577:
18297:
17990:
17878:
17748:
17652:
17561:
17485:
17030:
16996:
16011:
16001:
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15854:
15849:
15713:
15678:
15521:
15501:
15117:
14864:
13959:
13460:
12745:
12610:
12557:
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11593:
11467:
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9711:
9624:
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9292:
7465:
7137:
7112:
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6568:
and 12 others were killed in a skirmish, Joseph Lane ordered his men to avenge the dead Texas Rangers by sacking the town of
6185:
4627:
4362:, which would prohibit slavery in new territory acquired from Mexico. Wilmot's proposal passed the House but not the Senate.
3988:
3950:
3813:
3799:
There were significant political divisions in Mexico which seriously impeded the war effort. Inside Mexico, the conservative
3618:
dividing the territory, angering Northern Democrats who felt he was prioritizing Southern expansion over Northern expansion.
2572:
2200:
2164:
2105:
2013:
1763:
1645:
1602:
1410:
1200:
398:
13760:
13690:
12170:
12131:
11822:
11625:
9538:
7249:
5700:
Most of the battalion were killed in the Battle of Churubusco; about 100 were captured by the U.S., and roughly half of the
4018:
was willing enough to become a spy for U.S. forces in order to protect her home and business in the absence of her husband.
3816:(December 1845 – July 1846), who left the presidency to fight the invading U.S. Army and was replaced by his vice president
3239:
Historian Peter Guardino states that in the war "the greatest advantage the United States had was its prosperity." With the
21361:
19908:
18186:
18083:
18020:
18010:
17893:
17684:
17647:
17576:
17408:
17373:
16924:
16654:
16387:
16158:
16109:
16082:
16006:
15965:
14264:
14229:
13965:
12092:
6784:
6589:
5988:
3183:
2807:
2752:
2670:
1114:
17:
13656:
13095:
10456:
3337:. However, rather than settling in the dangerous central and western parts of the province, Anglos preferred to settle in
3228:
and establishment of U.S. claims above the 42nd parallel, while Spain sought to limit U.S. expansion into what is now the
21051:
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20879:
18142:
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14125:
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Captain William Mervine landed 350 sailors and Marines at San Pedro on October 7. They were ambushed and repulsed at the
4634:, an employee at the mill, saw the men coming. He rode to Santa Fe for help from the occupying U.S. forces. Eight to ten
3629:
that he was merely buying supplies on the way to Oregon, he instead went to the populated area of California and visited
2560:
2047:
1802:
1182:
5027:(where the soldiery suffered the first of many problems with disease) and then proceeded south and besieged the city of
4459:
communication that updated people with the latest news from the reporters on the scene. The most important of these was
3174:. Mexico began as a sovereign nation with its future financial stability from its main export destroyed. Mexico briefly
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19923:
19644:
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18115:
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17873:
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17403:
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16576:
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16424:
15953:
15708:
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13937:
13900:
13384:
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8841:
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8736:
8689:
8642:
8595:
8548:
8501:
8454:
8052:
6819:
6370:
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has been suggested that others used the army to get free transportation to California, where they deserted to join the
4497:
2555:
2112:
1880:
1741:
1613:
1109:
1026:
3625:
and a group of armed men appeared in Alta California. After telling both the Mexican governor and the American Consul
21266:
20298:
19892:
19793:
18157:
18137:
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17946:
17868:
17845:
17805:
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17536:
17511:
17418:
17398:
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16666:
16392:
15774:
15373:
15308:
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9123:
8970:
8923:
8374:
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7700:
7285:
7243:
7027:
6677:
became the narrative that helped Mexicans to come to terms with the war. Boy cadets sacrificing themselves for their
6538:
Burial site of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Clay, Jr., taken by an unknown photographer during the Mexican–American war,
6174:
6016:
5500:
5278:
4300:
3561:
2969:
2733:
1779:
1769:
1170:
556:
521:
509:
489:
477:
465:
453:
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429:
417:
405:
393:
379:
233:
14078:
14073:
14013:
14008:
6934:
6636:
5557:
3198:, both privileged institutions with conservative political views, were stronger politically than the Mexican state.
21291:
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20255:
18162:
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16548:
16077:
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15383:
15002:
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14396:
14176:
13989:
13725:
6854:
6839:
6682:
6149:
4349:
of Ohio gave a long speech indicting the presidential war in 1847. In the Senate on February 11, 1847, Whig leader
4058:"The Great Western", depicted as the Heroine of Fort Brown. At her death, she was buried with full military honors.
3249:
2882:
2073:
1848:
1487:
15027:
14068:
14057:
13604:
13588:
13572:
13556:
11967:
6612:
compiled a self-serving assessment of the reasons for the war and Mexico's defeat, edited by Mexican army officer
21396:
20308:
19548:
18266:
18196:
17985:
17926:
17835:
17726:
17701:
17198:
17188:
16753:
16671:
16609:
16593:
16439:
16434:
16198:
16178:
16168:
16163:
15092:
14919:
14514:
14453:
6955:
The war was a decisive victory for the US, which secured the northern half of Mexico as a result of the conflict.
6743:
4220:
2936:
2266:
2008:
1959:
820:
14030:
13752:
10618:
6597:
4893:". However, General Pico kept the hill under siege for four days until a 215-man American relief force arrived.
4756:
when it received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent; the party then returned to California.
4604:
3960:
Since Mexico fought the war on its home territory, a traditional support system for troops were women, known as
3415:, the last governor of Alta California, advocated that California achieve independence from Mexico and become a
20970:
20962:
19801:
18179:
17853:
17800:
17716:
17706:
17674:
17603:
17591:
17546:
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17193:
17113:
17103:
16889:
16746:
16449:
16407:
16350:
16124:
16035:
15378:
14663:
14391:
13953:
13504:
Chronicles of the Gringos: The U.S. Army in the Mexican War, 1846–1848, Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Combatants
13121:
13080:
Mayers, David; Fernández Bravo, Sergio A., "La Guerra Con Mexico Y Los Disidentes Estadunidenses, 1846–1848" .
12844:
12693:
Dawson, Joseph G. "Leaders for Manifest Destiny: American Volunteer Colonels Serving in the U.S.-Mexican War."
11722:
10376:
5482:
4902:
4166:
3117:
1749:
1618:
815:
14052:
10869:
Executive Document, No. 60, House of Representatives, first Session of the thirtieth Congress, pp. 1028, 1032.
5581:
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3578:
2985:
941:
385:
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19975:
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17642:
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17551:
17441:
17413:
17057:
16429:
16322:
15560:
15526:
15433:
14726:
14631:
14386:
14234:
13657:
The Mexican–American War, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries
9183:
6780:
6407:
6180:
5284:
Veracruz was defended by Mexican General Juan Morales with 3,400 men. Mortars and naval guns under Commodore
4279:, when he opposed the Mexican–American War. The photo was taken by one of Lincoln's law students around 1846.
4276:
4208:
American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at war."
3845:
3665:
tarnish the national honor. Mexicans who opposed direct conflict with the United States, including President
3630:
2705:
2451:
2068:
2053:
1983:
1973:
1944:
1934:
926:
410:
11608:
Menchaca, Martha (2001). "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Racialization of the Mexican Population".
9592:
3829:
3792:
3099:
relinquished its claims on Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States.
946:
19887:
19857:
19723:
19591:
19281:
18226:
18219:
18152:
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17351:
17311:
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16792:
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16533:
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16372:
16183:
16047:
15876:
15784:
15592:
15202:
14934:
14832:
14736:
14716:
14536:
14519:
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13941:
13734:
12406:
11019:
6215:
5639:
5230:
4397:
4392:
4146:
3666:
3010:
2058:
2032:
2018:
1988:
1978:
1929:
1855:
1388:
1148:
687:
458:
59:
18766:
13310:(University of Texas Press; 2010) 306 pages. Covers works by Anglo, Mexican, and Mexican-American writers.
13229:
11673:
11354:
6498:
5704:
were tried and were hanged as deserters following their capture at Churubusco in August 1847. The leader,
4780:
21351:
21306:
21133:
21090:
20931:
19748:
19743:
19692:
19687:
18942:
18695:
18147:
18098:
17913:
17815:
17738:
17620:
17516:
17341:
17326:
17264:
16899:
16854:
16661:
16543:
16397:
15318:
14641:
14541:
14468:
14202:
14156:
6760:
6096:
5771:
4969:
4248:
3853:
3670:
3481:: The present-day outlines of the individual U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836–1845.
3163:
3120:
gained experience in the war in Mexico and later played prominent leadership roles during the Civil War.
3091:
2904:
2892:
2680:
2482:
2376:
1949:
1939:
139:
13320:
7480:
6656:
3319:
3051:
3047:
on April 25, 1846, a move which Polk used to convince the Congress of the United States to declare war.
21331:
21326:
21321:
20905:
19872:
19664:
19503:
18259:
18051:
17921:
17753:
17733:
17721:
17531:
17521:
17203:
17108:
16721:
16711:
16238:
16233:
16223:
16218:
15740:
15408:
15403:
15398:
15273:
15238:
14944:
14765:
14656:
14646:
14319:
14274:
14111:
12455:
6468:
6076:
6041:
5957:
4862:
4812:
4272:
3932:
3774:, a veteran of the Mexican war, attributed Mexico's defeat to the poor quality of their army, writing:
3557:
2929:
2775:
2626:
2078:
2063:
1923:
716:
10880:
5549:
4760:
On June 14, 1846, 34 American settlers seized control of the undefended Mexican government outpost of
20846:
19938:
19483:
19413:
19135:
17630:
16936:
16741:
16736:
16298:
15752:
15268:
14849:
14568:
14551:
14473:
14406:
13774:
13009:
12970:
12595:
10882:
U.S. Army Campaigns of the Mexican War: The Occupation of Mexico, May 1846 – July 1848 (CMH Pub 73-3)
10425:
8149:
8114:
8079:
6155:
6139:
5561:
5181:
4981:
4906:
4806:, commander of the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, near Mazatlan, Mexico, had received orders to seize
4412:
Volunteers leaving for the Mexican War, Exeter, New Hampshire, daguerreotype by E. Punderson, ca.1846
3638:
3590:
3409:
policy, had come to power and rejected the proposal as expensive and a potential source of conflict.
3195:
3071:
2840:
2487:
2416:
2381:
1954:
1443:
731:
12631:
A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent
12246:
11931:
11648:
7968:
6620:, a veteran of the Mexican–American War, and published in the United States in 1850 as a curiosity.
6429:
5778:
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican
4877:
in late November 1846. Stockton sent a 35-man patrol from San Diego to meet them. On December 7,100
21271:
20505:
20250:
20240:
19677:
19654:
17743:
17123:
17093:
17088:
17078:
16844:
16800:
16641:
16402:
16188:
16052:
15866:
15541:
15313:
15182:
14751:
14746:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14380:
14371:
13894:
10907:
6625:
6605:
6340:
6203:
6116:
6091:
6031:
5915:
5522:
5395:
5350:
5225:
In 1847, the Maya revolted against the Mexican elites of the peninsula in a caste war known as the
5219:
4997:
4638:
were left at the mill for defense. After a day-long battle, only two of the mountain men survived,
2855:
2456:
2361:
2321:
1916:
983:
951:
862:
753:
19672:
12811:
Trailing Clouds of Glory: Zachary Taylor's Mexican War Campaign and His Emerging Civil War Leaders
12454:
Connors, Thomas G. and Raúl Isaí Muñoz, "Looking for the North American Invasion in Mexico City."
10660:[A day like today, but in 1847, Invading Northamerican forces take the Port of Veracruz].
10539:
Gilbert M. Joseph, "The United States, Feuding Elites, and Rural Revolt in Yucatán, 1836–1915" in
6994:
5904:
4885:(brother of the governor), tipped off and lying in wait, fought Kearny's army of about 150 at the
4264:
21311:
21296:
21281:
21143:
21103:
21071:
20596:
20586:
20515:
20144:
19877:
19847:
19733:
19718:
19601:
19596:
19538:
19498:
19165:
17237:
16973:
16731:
15698:
14822:
14683:
14411:
14219:
13753:
Smithsonian teaching aids for "Establishing Borders: The Expansion of the United States, 1846–48"
12591:
9485:
Ron Tyler. "A Great American Book: The War between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated" in
9410:
9018:
6081:
5574:
5471:
5215:
4952:
4685:
4670:
4532:
4283:
3787:
3381:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2386:
1119:
978:
968:
897:
788:
783:
14279:
13691:
Letters of Winfield Scott including official reports from the front sent to the Secretary of War
13194:
13089:
12954:
12677:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
12038:
12032:
11263:
10541:
Rural Revolt in Mexico: U.S. Intervention and the Domain of Subaltern Politics, expanded edition
9703:
5226:
4869:
Meanwhile, Kearny and his force of about 115 men, who had performed a grueling march across the
3913:
In his 1885 memoirs, Ulysses Grant assesses the U.S. armed forces facing Mexico more favorably.
3841:
470:
21244:
21128:
20924:
20659:
20581:
20482:
20410:
20230:
20225:
20164:
20091:
19943:
19862:
19831:
19586:
18932:
18816:
18515:
18465:
18235:
17689:
17039:
16849:
16829:
16631:
16486:
16281:
16228:
16213:
16057:
15745:
15298:
15278:
15212:
15172:
14887:
14792:
14698:
14688:
14546:
14526:
14224:
14149:
13740:
13419:
12804:
Wars within War: Mexican Guerrillas, Domestic Elites and the United States of America 1846–1848
12318:
7999:
The U.S.–Mexican War. Companion to the Public Television Series, The U.S.–Mexican War, 1846–48.
6565:
6411:
6244:
6237:
6036:
5854:
5825:
5735:
5529:
Following the capture of the capital, the Mexican government moved to the temporary capital at
5436:
5380:
5153:, continuing what ended up being a year-long 5,500 mile campaign. It was described as rivaling
4933:
4851:
4788:
4701:
4460:
4015:
3428:
3357:
3179:
2698:
2646:
2523:
2502:
2336:
2251:
2195:
1267:
973:
963:
916:
902:
877:
872:
694:
55:
13794:
11611:
Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans
11457:
11303:
10658:"Un día como hoy, pero de 1847, fuerzas invasoras norteamericanas toman el puerto de Veracruz"
10487:
9672:
8355:
A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican–American War
7275:
5645:
The most famous group of deserters from the U. S. Army, was the Saint Patrick's Battalion or (
5570:
4988:
4833:
3967:
3191:
20973:
20856:
20636:
20606:
20558:
20415:
20260:
20154:
20136:
19918:
19778:
19728:
19697:
19634:
19576:
19311:
19175:
18952:
18846:
18380:
18325:
17888:
17571:
16686:
16243:
16208:
16203:
16146:
16129:
15859:
15516:
15288:
15132:
14959:
14812:
14802:
14678:
14626:
14556:
14509:
14448:
14269:
13185:
Rodríguez Díaz, María Del Rosario. "Mexico's Vision of Manifest Destiny During the 1847 War"
11856:
11521:
11417:
8400:
7561:
7455:
7104:
6769:
6649:
6593:
6391:
6344:
6270:
6225:
6144:
6106:
5410:
5399:
5373:
5345:
5302:
5150:
5101:
5013:
4905:. On January 8, 1847, the Stockton-Kearny army defeated the Californio force in the two-hour
4886:
4710:
4681:
4662:
4551:
4481:
4083:
3907:
3760:
3544:
3444:
3385:
3240:
2770:
2371:
2366:
2241:
1967:
1531:
1476:
1454:
1084:
892:
867:
847:
810:
778:
773:
726:
71:
67:
13685:
13200:
11044:
10942:
10934:
10790:
10784:
10722:
10596:
5544:
Scott strengthened the garrison of Puebla and by November had added a 1,200-man garrison at
5513:
5047:
3894:
On the West Coast, the U.S. Navy fielded a battalion of sailors, in an attempt to recapture
3825:
3447:
in Cahuenga Pass near Los Angeles. As a result of the actions of pioneer California rancher
1160:
21208:
21190:
20833:
20694:
20631:
20621:
20591:
20573:
20457:
20121:
20045:
19882:
19753:
19639:
19616:
19256:
19150:
18791:
18240:
17368:
17242:
17133:
16511:
15943:
15923:
15871:
15821:
15762:
15693:
15358:
15207:
15127:
15087:
14971:
14807:
14782:
14777:
14668:
14573:
14207:
14192:
14105:
14018:
13861:
13700:
13643:
13414:
A Fighter from Way Back: The Mexican War Diary of Lt. Daniel Harvey Hill, 4th Artillery USA
13362:
Volunteers: The Mexican War Journals of Private Richard Coulter and Sargeant Thomas Barclay
11230:
11224:
6835:
Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States#Mexican–American War 1846–1848
6824:
6811:
6209:
6162:
6066:
6026:
5923:
5705:
5619:
5601:
5391:
5169:
5128:
Northwestern Mexico was essentially tribal Native territory, but on November 21, 1846, the
4855:
4730:
4677:
4564:
4539:
4512:
4507:
4455:
mission of peopling the new world with a noble race? Be it ours, to achieve that mission!"
4367:
4335:
hereafter. The guilt of these crimes must rest on others. I will not participate in them."
3833:
3821:
3642:
3448:
3416:
3353:
3261:
3175:
2685:
2655:
2582:
2461:
2426:
2331:
2306:
2003:
1993:
1300:
1289:
1234:
1047:
857:
837:
832:
768:
758:
706:
63:
14329:
13788:
9467:
Streetby, Shellby (2001). "American Sensations: Empire, Amnesia, and the US–Mexican War".
3361:
3217:
3159:
2861:
8:
20841:
20742:
20737:
20699:
20689:
20626:
20616:
20611:
20553:
20535:
20530:
20492:
20472:
20452:
20402:
20387:
20341:
20235:
20202:
20184:
20096:
19995:
19928:
19821:
19763:
19713:
19195:
18988:
18806:
17780:
17696:
17506:
17222:
16907:
16538:
15735:
15368:
15187:
15077:
14924:
14914:
14797:
14703:
14583:
14531:
14354:
14334:
13925:
13851:
13431:
Surrounded by Dangers of All Kinds: The Mexican War Letter of Lieutenant Theodore Laidley
13372:
11757:
11187:
11141:
10761:
9245:
9082:
8956:
6494:
6395:
6021:
6011:
5946:
5931:
5754:
5444:
5387:
5129:
5052:
5036:
5024:
5009:
4958:
4620:
4387:
4383:
4150:
4125:
4103:
3928:
3548:
3532:
3432:
3090:, of his post as negotiator, Trist ignored the order and successfully concluded the 1848
2981:
2977:
2877:
2446:
2396:
2351:
2341:
2326:
2316:
2301:
2281:
2256:
2246:
2236:
1998:
1823:
1813:
1223:
1042:
882:
852:
805:
748:
721:
682:
677:
361:
19383:
13403:
12230:
11387:
11321:
9355:
7320:
The Other Side: or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States
4725:
Word of Congress' declaration of war reached California by August 1846. American consul
4658:
4094:, the Mexican cavalry routed the patrol, killing 11 American soldiers and capturing 52.
3243:
across the Atlantic increasing the demand for cotton for textile factories, there was a
3050:
Beyond the disputed area of Texas, U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of
921:
763:
21346:
20727:
20684:
20679:
20646:
20601:
20520:
20462:
20372:
20207:
20149:
20111:
19811:
19806:
19649:
19566:
19508:
19271:
19100:
19045:
18811:
18585:
18480:
17020:
17008:
16726:
16716:
16693:
16676:
16072:
15816:
15811:
15683:
15303:
15263:
15152:
15147:
15122:
14954:
14929:
14492:
14478:
14294:
14024:
13855:
13470:
13368:
13156:
13034:
12995:
12869:
12379:
12192:
9642:
9402:
9305:
The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History
8847:
8812:
8777:
8742:
8695:
8648:
8601:
8554:
8507:
8460:
8314:
7640:
7542:
7534:
7419:
7394:
Ralph A. Smith (1963). "Indians in American–Mexican Relations Before the War of 1846".
7193:
6748:
6737:
6701:
6419:
6399:
6387:
6361:
6071:
5974:
5950:
5927:
5162:
4947:
4921:
4819:
4761:
4749:
4371:
4322:
4304:
4288:
4117:
3752:
3711:
At the beginning of the war, Mexican forces were divided between the permanent forces (
3370:
3265:
3229:
3213:
3113:
3063:
2973:
2785:
2466:
2441:
2346:
2286:
2261:
2231:
2221:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1344:
1322:
701:
294:
18786:
13769:
13540:
12480:
Connors and Muñoz, "Look for the North American Invasion in Mexico City," pp. 511–512.
7082:
The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social and Military History
4002:. She was often seen delivering food, carrying wounded soldiers, and in close combat.
3622:
20866:
20790:
20732:
20545:
20500:
20477:
20442:
20434:
20377:
20359:
20270:
20101:
20083:
20053:
19970:
19330:
19251:
19236:
19231:
19021:
18856:
18836:
18345:
18282:
17763:
16919:
16271:
15769:
15688:
15673:
15253:
15082:
14995:
14879:
14859:
14844:
14741:
14673:
14614:
14588:
14401:
14376:
14366:
14184:
13619:
13502:
13456:
13390:
13380:
13190:
13148:
13085:
13071:
13026:
12987:
12950:
12861:
12753:
A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-War
12741:
12719:
12680:
12606:
12583:
12553:
12516:
12410:
12399:
12371:
12286:
12160:
12121:
12082:
12042:
11998:
11979:
11812:
11785:
11615:
11589:
11564:
11549:"California Gold – Migrating to California: Overland, around the Horn and via Panama"
11495:
11463:
11296:
11234:
11073:
Connors and Muñoz, "Looking for the North American Invasion in Mexico City", p. 503ñ.
11023:
10946:
10794:
10726:
10493:
10372:
10312:
10276:
9707:
9696:
9620:
9568:
9489:. No. 80, "Carl Nebel: Nineteenth-Century Itinerant Painter", August 2006, pp. 77–80.
9406:
9308:
9288:
9119:
8966:
8929:
8919:
8837:
8802:
8767:
8732:
8685:
8638:
8591:
8544:
8497:
8450:
8370:
8318:
8244:
8048:
7969:"The End of the Mexican American War: The Signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"
7857:
7820:
7736:
7696:
7632:
7546:
7526:
7461:
7411:
7325:
7318:
7281:
7239:
7185:
7133:
7108:
7060:
7033:
7023:
6773:
6733:
6609:
6472:
6415:
5914:
The U.S. settlers surging into the newly conquered Southwest replaced Mexican law (a
5908:
5866:
5638:
The mass hanging of Irish Catholic soldiers who joined the Mexican side, forming the
5606:
5419:
5247:
4910:
4838:
4807:
4795:
On June 25, Frémont's party arrived to assist in an expected military confrontation.
4745:
4718:
4643:
4639:
4556:
4520:
4379:
3808:
to the U.S., but he was accused by many Mexican factions of selling out his country (
3499:
3495:
3478:
3464:
3221:
2997:
2850:
2797:
2635:
2578:
2401:
2356:
2296:
2271:
2226:
2169:
1188:
887:
842:
736:
619:
18520:
13099:
Manifest Ambition: James K. Polk and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War
12923:
Mexico Views Manifest Destiny, 1821–1846: An Essay on the Origins of the Mexican War
11670:"Constitution of the State of California 1849* | California Secretary of State"
5076:
4938:
4578:
Kearny then took the remainder of his army west to Alta California; he left Colonel
21113:
20767:
20747:
20714:
20704:
20651:
20447:
20217:
20192:
20106:
20058:
19985:
19980:
19933:
19816:
19773:
19738:
19488:
19398:
19226:
19200:
19080:
18967:
18962:
18922:
18851:
18796:
18743:
18715:
18630:
17679:
17526:
17232:
17052:
16062:
15903:
15886:
15881:
15720:
15393:
15293:
15162:
15142:
15057:
14897:
14651:
14344:
14339:
14239:
14035:
14000:
13867:
13784:
13745:
13710:
13651:
13138:
13130:
13018:
12979:
12853:
12576:
12361:
11957:
11586:
Population and Housing Unit Counts. 1990 Census of Population and Housing. CPH-2-1.
11291:
10935:
10715:
9394:
8306:
7905:
The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont: The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court-Martial
7816:
7624:
7518:
7403:
7177:
7168:
Stenberg, Richard R. (1935). "The Failure of Polk's Mexican War Intrigue of 1845".
7100:
6890:
6791:
6705:
6601:
6434:
6403:
6264:
6121:
6086:
6051:
6046:
5895:
5870:
5837:
5649:), composed primarily of several hundred immigrant soldiers, the majority Catholic
5553:
5285:
5274:
5270:
5041:
4964:
4753:
4726:
4647:
4631:
4592:
4535:. Kearny's orders were to secure the territories Nuevo México and Alta California.
4524:
4339:
4132:
3731:
3691:
3646:
3626:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3468:
3460:
3406:
3393:
3207:
3059:
2993:
2887:
2872:
2710:
2431:
2311:
2276:
2174:
2097:
2092:
1574:
1399:
1094:
1057:
994:
931:
498:
494:
434:
330:
270:
6693:
6613:
6360:
results of history are brought about by discreditable means." Civil War historian
5766:
5062:
4984:
and capturing or destroying nearly all Mexican vessels in the Gulf of California.
4571:. American officers drew up a temporary legal system for the territory called the
3817:
3125:
2980:, which Mexico still considered its territory because it refused to recognize the
514:
446:
21123:
21031:
20795:
20722:
20525:
20467:
20392:
20367:
20318:
20278:
20116:
20073:
19965:
19682:
19455:
19408:
19306:
19291:
19205:
19155:
18993:
18882:
18700:
18615:
18435:
18400:
17388:
17164:
17062:
16834:
16134:
16067:
15836:
15757:
15703:
15323:
15107:
15097:
15011:
14966:
14949:
14939:
14902:
14837:
14787:
14324:
13845:
13839:
13764:
13757:
13729:
13686:
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and related resources at the U.S. Library of Congress
13673:
13638:
13239:
13176:
12892:
12780:
12652:
12641:
12154:
12115:
12076:
11863:
11806:
11656:
11609:
10817:[5 facts about the Boy Heroes that you didn't know... Myth or Reality?].
10770:
9681:
9530:
9190:
8960:
8038:
7488:
7233:
7216:
The Mexican-American War and Its Relevance to 21st Century Military Professionals
7017:
6336:
6168:
5891:
5850:
5833:
5779:
5742:
5694:
5678:
5109:
4993:
4897:
4775:
4654:
4547:
4331:
4268:
4213:
4121:
4091:
4055:
3999:
3902:
service in the summer of 1846, with their enlistments expiring just when General
3743:
3552:
3315:
3095:
3055:
3044:
2845:
2791:
2492:
2436:
2391:
2291:
1366:
1089:
936:
711:
672:
282:
161:
13348:
The Papers of John C. Calhoun. Vol. 24: December 7, 1846 – December 5, 1847
11750:
5829:, sardonically concluded that "We take nothing by conquest ... Thank God."
4238:
start of the war, the Mexican Congress officially declared war on July 7, 1846.
3883:
Polk had pledged to seek expanded territory in Oregon and Texas, as part of his
3705:
3252:, to which President Polk belonged, in particular strongly supported expansion.
3236:
made a sustained effort to acquire northern Mexican territory, with no success.
21230:
20823:
20815:
20800:
20785:
20780:
20068:
19955:
19533:
19493:
19438:
19388:
19363:
19338:
19296:
19266:
18826:
18470:
17858:
17758:
17141:
16276:
16266:
16261:
16256:
15928:
15791:
15725:
15167:
15157:
15102:
14636:
14458:
14041:
13668:
12566:
9398:
9118:] (in Spanish) (6th ed.). Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa. p. 358.
6480:
deprecating war, I could take no part in the invasion of the southern states."
6464:
6460:
6061:
5746:
5722:
5690:
5662:
5177:
5173:
4874:
4870:
4769:
4689:
4579:
4359:
4068:
4031:
3903:
3634:
3611:
3603:
3329:
The Mexican government's policy of allowing the settlement of U.S. citizens in
3323:
3233:
3155:
3142:
3108:
3087:
3075:
3023:
2802:
2179:
1256:
1099:
1079:
793:
665:
422:
366:
354:
342:
47:
13678:
13301:
Missionaries of Republicanism: A Religious History of the Mexican–American War
12366:
12349:
12034:
Warriors Seven: Seven American Commanders, Seven Wars, and the Irony of Battle
11268:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1958. p. 7.
8851:
8831:
8816:
8796:
8781:
8761:
8746:
8726:
8699:
8679:
8652:
8632:
8605:
8585:
8558:
8538:
8511:
8491:
8464:
8444:
8150:"Beyond a Border Conflict: Indigenous Involvement in the Mexican-American War"
8115:"Beyond a Border Conflict: Indigenous Involvement in the Mexican–American War"
8080:"Beyond a Border Conflict: Indigenous Involvement in the Mexican-American War"
6850:
List of United States military and volunteer units in the Mexican–American War
6755:
5432:
5079:
in December 1835) and advised Taylor's generals that the Americans needed to "
4882:
4734:
4714:
482:
21260:
21138:
21108:
20947:
20775:
20752:
20674:
20510:
20349:
20174:
20126:
20022:
19768:
19478:
19428:
19358:
19241:
19185:
19070:
19029:
19003:
18998:
18983:
18957:
18927:
18907:
18861:
18841:
18831:
18776:
18771:
18705:
18685:
18670:
18540:
18530:
18475:
18445:
18420:
18375:
18335:
16839:
16139:
15948:
15583:
15536:
15016:
14869:
14563:
13275:
Benjamin, Thomas. "Recent Historiography of the Origins of the Mexican War,"
13152:
13030:
12991:
12865:
12545:
12375:
10457:"War in the West: Doniphan's March – Center for Greater Southwestern Studies"
9457:, edited by Larence Delbert Cress. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1999.
9307:(volume I), Spencer Tucker (editor). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2013: 372.
8490:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Soldaderas: Mexican Women and the Battlefield".
8443:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Soldaderas: Mexican Women and the Battlefield".
8284:
Devotion to the Adopted Country: U.S. Immigrant Volunteers in the Mexican War
7636:
7530:
7415:
7189:
7037:
7022:(Random House trade paperback ed.). New York: Random House. p. 96.
6729:
6661:
6617:
6553:
6423:
6321:, praising his military performance while muting their criticism of the war.
6231:
5993:
5942:
5674:
5666:
5357:
5262:
5145:
5071:
5070:
American soldiers, including many West Point graduates, had never engaged in
4917:
4803:
4796:
4600:
4543:
4350:
4346:
4303:. Most Whigs in the North and South opposed it; most Democrats supported it.
3771:
3756:
3615:
3486:
3443:
Former Governor Alvarado organized a revolt in 1845, which culminated in the
3440:
Women were not considered safe from the depredations of Micheltorena's army.
3330:
3067:
3019:
2919:
546:
349:
337:
325:
318:
313:
301:
289:
277:
265:
257:
251:
219:
13416:. NCC Hughes and TD Johnson, eds. Kent OH: Kent State University Press 2003.
13315:
Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.–Mexican War
12832:
Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican War, 1846–1848
12469:
Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.–Mexican War
10567:
No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere Since 1776
9535:
Early American Wars: A Guide to Early American Units and Battles before 1865
9429:
No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere since 1776
8933:
8678:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico".
8631:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico".
8584:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico".
8537:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico".
5328:, of Scott's 3rd Infantry, reflected on the resistance of the Mexican army:
5032:
3124:
national prestige, leaving it in what a group of Mexican writers, including
21196:
20874:
20757:
20563:
20382:
20063:
20002:
19990:
19543:
19528:
19523:
19518:
19368:
19316:
19301:
19261:
19190:
19170:
19160:
19145:
19116:
19104:
19095:
19050:
19040:
18821:
18781:
18756:
18751:
18720:
18690:
18665:
18650:
18625:
18600:
18595:
18590:
18440:
17146:
17118:
16173:
15348:
14907:
14708:
14304:
13775:
Invisible Men: Blacks and the U.S. Army in the Mexican War by Robert E. May
13524:. Vol. 6. Hanover, New Hampshire: The University Press of New England.
11888:
7329:
6736:
Monument, State House grounds, Columbia, S.C. Wrought iron 1858. Sculptor:
6697:
6558:
5919:
5686:
5650:
5290:
5266:
5194:
5080:
4635:
4583:
4451:
4355:
4296:
4154:
4035:
3653:
3586:
3491:
3225:
3054:
along the upper Rio Grande. U.S. forces also moved against the province of
3035:
2812:
526:
306:
13323:. "La Historiografia Sobre la Guerra entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos,"
12231:"Mexican War Veterans, A Complete Roster" Washington D.C.: Brentano's 1887
9272:
Storm over Texas: The Annexation Controversy and the Road to the Civil War
6689:
was erected at the base of Chapultepec hill on which the castle is built.
6526:", that is, veterans who had fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War.
5530:
4129:
their advantage, the Mexicans retreated to the far side of a dry riverbed
3473:
21202:
20805:
20664:
20159:
20007:
19606:
19513:
19473:
19433:
19343:
19276:
19112:
19108:
19090:
19085:
19075:
19065:
19060:
19055:
19035:
19017:
19013:
19008:
18947:
18937:
18912:
18897:
18892:
18877:
18761:
18640:
18620:
18610:
18490:
18370:
18320:
17423:
16954:
16291:
16193:
15933:
15796:
15552:
15363:
15338:
15328:
15258:
14892:
14047:
13872:
13377:
Monterrey Is Ours!: The Mexican War Letters of Lieutenant Dana, 1845–1847
13254:
Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History
11317:
10297:
Rip Ford's Texas Memoirs, Stephen Oates, University of Texas Press, 1963.
8913:
8310:
7440:
DeLay, Brian (Feb 2007), "Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War",
6506:
6330:
would furnish us all with daggers and order us to fight for our lives ...
5585:
5518:
5440:
5325:
5137:
4784:
4741:
4666:
4596:
4572:
4519:
After the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, United States Army General
4445:
4315:
4202:
4027:
3895:
3764:
3540:
3536:
3436:
3402:
3342:
3334:
3147:
3079:
2989:
1052:
119:
13722:
13447:. ed. Thomas Cutrer. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2009.
13143:
12882:
Two Armies on the Rio Grande: The First Campaign of the U.S. Mexican War
11961:
11110:
Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
7644:
5886:
5596:
5386:
in a series of battles around the right flank of the city defenses, the
5368:
5307:
4977:
4051:
3879:
List of U.S. Army, Navy, and volunteer units in the Mexican–American War
3412:
3186:
its former colony in the 1820s and resisted the French in the so-called
21223:
21066:
21061:
20326:
20283:
20012:
19960:
19913:
19826:
19611:
19581:
19571:
19443:
19423:
19378:
19140:
19025:
18902:
18535:
16286:
16092:
15918:
15913:
15831:
15353:
15192:
15177:
14289:
14284:
14259:
14244:
13160:
13038:
12999:
12940:
12873:
12580:
A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico
12383:
12196:
11016:
Shamrock and Sword, The Saint Patrick's Battalion in the US–Mexican War
10662:
Gobierno de Mexico, Servicio de Informacion Agroalimentaria y Pesqueria
7664:
John Marsh, Pioneer: The Life Story of a Trail-Blazer on Six Frontiers,
7538:
7423:
7197:
7130:
A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico
6585:
5842:
5832:
The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the
5796:
5784:
5485: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5133:
5056:
4841:
was the last battle fought between the Americans and Californio forces.
4616:
4473:
4441:
4429:
4079:
3962:
3739:
3582:
3377:
3338:
3187:
3171:
3031:
3027:
2780:
2747:
2741:
2715:
1509:
1355:
1124:
1074:
115:
111:
13499:
13308:
The Literatures of the U.S.–Mexican War: Narrative, Time, and Identity
13294:
To the Halls of Montezuma: The Mexican War in the American Imagination
12511:
Crawford, Mark; Heidler, Jeanne; Heidler, David Stephen, eds. (1999).
11857:
Mexican–American War description from the Republican Campaign Textbook
10556:. 1974. Republished by University of Nebraska Press 1992, pp. 108–109.
7324:. Translated by Albert C. Ramsey. New York: John Wiley. pp. 1–2.
6644:
6564:
The most infamous incident occurred on October 9, 1847, after Captain
6471:
nomination in the aftermath of the Mexican–American War. Published by
4811:
Monterey on July 7 and raise the U.S. flag. On July 9, 70 sailors and
4669:, where they took refuge in the thick-walled adobe church. During the
4299:
rivalry, the war was a partisan issue and an essential element in the
3763:. In the later stages of the war, the U.S. Mounted Rifles were issued
20669:
20420:
20331:
20169:
19788:
19626:
19403:
19373:
19348:
19246:
19210:
18917:
18801:
18710:
18680:
18675:
18655:
18495:
18460:
17775:
17768:
15248:
15137:
14197:
13212:
Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalists and the Politics of War, 1845–1848
13007:
Graebner, Norman A. (1980). "The Mexican War: A Study in Causation".
12930:
Tornel and Santa Anna: The Writer and the Caudillo, Mexico, 1795–1853
11588:, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, pp. 26–27,
10815:"5 datos que no conocías sobre los Niños Héroes... ¿Mito o Realidad?"
10369:
Doniphan's Epic March: The 1st Missouri Volunteers in the Mexican War
7628:
7506:
6569:
6455:
6327:
5682:
5658:
5252:
5028:
4913:. On January 10, the U.S. Army entered Los Angeles to no resistance.
4890:
4823:
4765:
4588:
3891:
training was poor and whose behavior was undisciplined. (see below)
3167:
2675:
18251:
13134:
13022:
12983:
12900:
Mr. Polk's Army: The American Military Experience in the Mexican War
12857:
12709:
War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the Mexican-American War
11932:"Ulysses S Grant Quotes on the Military Academy and the Mexican War"
11614:. University of Texas Press. pp. 216, 217, 218, 220, 223, 227.
10543:, Daniel Nugent, ed. Durham: Duke University Press 1998 pp. 173–206.
8833:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8798:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8763:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8728:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8725:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Women, Reform, and the US Home Front".
8681:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8634:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8587:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8540:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8446:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
7933:
ed by Wayne Cutler; Texas A&M University Press. 1986. pp. 66–67.
7522:
7407:
7181:
5460:
4942:
Reenactors in U.S. (left) and Mexican (right) uniforms of the period
4740:
Frémont, leading a U.S. Army topographical expedition to survey the
4680:
ended in a New Mexican victory. The Americans attacked again in the
4440:
The Mexican–American War was the first U.S. war that was covered by
167:
Mexico cedes to the U.S. present-day California, Texas, New Mexico,
51:
21026:
19393:
19286:
19180:
18887:
18730:
18725:
18635:
18505:
18500:
18450:
18410:
18395:
18365:
18340:
18330:
15958:
15908:
15531:
15418:
15388:
15112:
14827:
14309:
9684:, pp. 214–215; reprint, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1955.
7929:
Miguel E. Soto, "The Monarchist Conspiracy and the Mexican War" in
6686:
6489:
decided that a year's fighting was enough and returned to the U.S.
6381:
5812:
5804:
5670:
5634:
5158:
5154:
5088:
4854:, acting on their own and without federal help from Mexico, in the
4650:. At most, 15 Americans were killed in both actions on January 20.
4314:
Northern antislavery elements feared the expansion of the Southern
3864:
3307:
3290:
3002:
2830:
184:
180:
14141:
6685:. One of the cadets taken prisoner designed the monument, a small
3454:
20851:
19948:
18645:
18605:
18560:
18555:
18525:
18485:
18415:
18385:
18360:
18315:
18310:
14099:
13047:
A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln and the 1846 Invasion of Mexico
11191:. Vol. 30, no. 1. Blair & Rives. pp. 242–244.
10589:"General Winfield Scott and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848)"
9565:
The Little Lion of the Southwest: a life of Manuel Antonio Chaves
5938:
5862:
5816:
5800:
5654:
5566:
5211:
4973:
4485:
4082:/Fort Texas) on the banks of the Rio Grande opposite the city of
3747:
3524:
192:
176:
58:, U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the
20916:
13394:
13343:, ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook. (1996). 598 pp
12962:
Empire on the Pacific: A Study in American Continental Expansion
12669:
Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest
12533:, (1998), 584; an encyclopedia with 600 articles by 200 scholars
11459:
War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S.–Mexican War
11145:. Vol. 30, no. 1. Blair & Rives. pp. 96–100.
8388:
U.S. Leadership in Wartime: Clashes, Controversy, and Compromise
7457:
War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S.–Mexican War
7235:
Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest
20197:
18660:
18545:
18455:
18430:
18425:
18350:
18305:
15058:
Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States
14172:
14062:
13824:
13445:
The Mexican War Diary and Correspondence of George B. McClellan
13350:
ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook, (1998). 727 pp.
13247:
Texas and the Mexican War: A Chronicle of Winning the Southwest
13106:
The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War
10885:, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 30–38,
9501:
History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time
8918:(Bison books ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
6692:
Annual commemorations at the cenotaph were attended by General
6588:
between liberals and conservatives in 1857 was followed by the
5788:
5545:
5409:
The Battle of Chapultepec in September 1847 was a siege on the
5186:
5141:
4878:
4827:
4528:
4107:
the dead was Jacob Brown, after whom the fort was later named.
3735:
3673:
came to power, it publicly reaffirmed Mexico's claim to Texas.
3504:
3422:
3298:
3294:
188:
172:
13508:. Albuquerque, New Mexico: The University of New Mexico Press.
13453:
The Diary of James K. Polk During his Presidency, 1845 to 1849
12700:
DeLay, Brian. "Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War,"
10569:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2010, p. 70.
10357:
Groom, Winston "Kearny's March" Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p. 143.
9431:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2010, p. 65.
7666:
pp. 258–262, The Chautauqua Press, Chautauqua, New York, 1931.
6497:, since it would have prohibited slavery in an area below the
5865:
epidemic in 1849 greatly reduced the numbers of the Comanche.
3621:
In the winter of 1845–46, the federally commissioned explorer
3577:
By the Treaties of Velasco made after Texans captured General
20017:
19418:
18550:
18510:
18405:
18355:
13485:
The View From Chapultepec: Mexican Writers on the Mexican War
11770:
Groom, Winston "Kearny's March" Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p. 275
7844:. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009
7658:
7656:
7654:
6696:, who saw the opportunity to build his relationship with the
5808:
4706:
3275:
145:
107:
21081:
13711:
Maps showing course of Mexican–American War at omniatlas.com
13119:
Reeves, Jesse S. (1905). "The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo".
13054:
A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States
12617:
A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States
9720:
8795:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Women Editors Report the War".
8760:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Women Editors Report the War".
6529:
6406:. Military men who joined the Southern secessionists of the
6351:
A month before the end of the war, Polk was criticized in a
5333:
their Capital which must be ours,—yet they refuse to treat !
4120:. The U.S. Army employed "flying artillery", their term for
3380:'s administration suggested a tripartite pact to settle the
3270:
18390:
14095:
United States involvement in regime change in Latin America
13364:, ed. Allan Peskin. Kent: Kent State University Press 1991.
13219:
Mr. Polk's War: American Opposition and Dissent, 1846–1848.
10489:
Alexander William Doniphan: portrait of a Missouri moderate
8830:
Belolavek, John M. (2017). "Women Editors Report the War".
7875:
7873:
7719:
pp. 66–69, The Parthenon Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 1962.
6973:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6935:"Mexican–American War | History, Causes & Results"
5792:
3360:
in 1824 with the boundary line with the U.S. from the 1818
168:
13169:
War with Mexico! America's Reporters Cover the Battlefront
13113:
Origins of the War with Mexico: The Polk-Stockton Intrigue
12968:
Graebner, Norman A. (1978). "Lessons of the Mexican War".
10221:
10095:
9888:
9792:
8493:
Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
7735:
pp ". 66–68, Word Dancer Press, Clovis, California, 1999.
7651:
6763:(1950), showing raising the U.S. flag in Los Angeles, 1847
5044:
repulsed Taylor's best infantry division at Fort Teneria.
4924:, which marked the end of armed resistance in California.
3840:
Anna returned to the field, replaced in the presidency by
3610:
To end another war scare with the United Kingdom over the
3078:, invaded the Mexican heartland and captured the capital,
85:
April 25, 1846 – February 2, 1848
41:
21392:
United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries
13632:
12078:
The Movement for the Acquisition of All Mexico, 1846–1848
12074:
10252:
10250:
10248:
9929:
9927:
9589:"New Mexico Historic Markers: Canoncito at Apache Canyon"
7711:
7709:
7460:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. xvii.
5363:
5236:
3341:
with its rich farmland contiguous with the southern U.S.
3022:
was elected on a platform of expanding U.S. territory to
13495:. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
12247:"From the Halls of Montezuma – LRC Blog LewRockwell.com"
9356:"James K. Polk: Third Annual Message – December 7, 1847"
8234:, vol. 4, p. 10. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
8023:
Mexican soldier Manuel Balontín, quoted in Christensen,
7973:
Memoria Política de México (Political History of Mexico)
7885:
7870:
6960:
4896:
Frémont and the 428-man California Battalion arrived in
3812:) for considering it. He was overthrown by Conservative
3333:
was aimed at expanding control into Comanche lands, the
3190:
of 1838 but the secessionists' success in Texas and the
98:(1 year, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day)
13741:
Manifest Destiny and the U.S.–Mexican War: Then and Now
12755:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2002.
9383:"Newspaper Suppression During the Mexican War, 1846–48"
9287:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2020: 108.
8357:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2002.
4920:(modern-day North Hollywood). This became known as the
4491:
13268:
12510:
12159:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 216–219.
10245:
10233:
10209:
10197:
10176:
10164:
10143:
10131:
10119:
10107:
10083:
10071:
10059:
10047:
10035:
10023:
10011:
9999:
9987:
9975:
9963:
9951:
9939:
9924:
9912:
9900:
9876:
9852:
9840:
9828:
9816:
9804:
9780:
9768:
9756:
9744:
9444:, Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press 1999, p. 8.
8250:. Washington, D.C. : Brentano's. March 10, 2001.
7727:
7725:
7706:
7687:
7685:
7594:
7582:
6524:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
4972:, then captured and burned the small Mexican fleet at
4783:
was a decisive victory of American forces against the
4582:
in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico. He appointed
3531:
in 1836. After Santa Anna defeated the Texians in the
3427:
In 1842, Mexico forcibly replaced California Governor
649:
21427:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
13696:
Franklin Pierce's Journal on the March from Vera Cruz
13438:
Origins of the Mexican War: A Documentary Source Book
12716:
A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico
12603:
The Dead March: A History of the Mexican–American War
11272:
10309:
A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico
9864:
9732:
9109:
8286:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 11.
7813:
A People's History of the United States, 1492–Present
7559:
7336:
7227:
7225:
5132:
was signed, ending a large-scale insurrection by the
4764:
to forestall Castro's plans. One settler created the
3868:
U.S. Army full dress and campaign uniforms, 1835–1851
13758:
A History by the Descendants of Mexican War Veterans
13500:
George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, ed. (1968).
13451:
Polk, James, K. (2017) . Quaiff, Milo Milton (ed.).
13205:
Triumph and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People
12842:
Smith, Justin H. (1918). "American Rule in Mexico".
12806:. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press 2005.
12436:
10763:
Diseño Web y Desarrollo de Aplicaciones por Webtopia
10717:
So Far from God: The U.S. War With Mexico, 1846–1848
6801:
5100:
met and fought the largest battle of the war at the
3982:
1024:
27:
Armed conflict between the US and Mexico (1846–1848)
13907:
United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution
13780:
Google Map of The Mexican–American War of 1846–1848
12471:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012.
12241:
12239:
11330:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 169.
11322:"Chapter 8: We take nothing by conquest, Thank God"
11042:
10789:. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. pp.
10390:
10388:
9614:
9503:. Vol. 1. Chicago: A. T. Andreas. p. 154.
7722:
7682:
7273:
5609:. Hand tinted lithograph, 1847. Digitally restored.
5577:(November 24, 1847) weakened General Rea's forces.
3944:
3927:The U.S. had been an independent country since the
13674:Robert E. Lee Mexican War Maps in the VMI Archives
13501:
13317:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 2012.
12738:Response of Kentucky to the Mexican War, 1846–1848
12398:
11749:
11723:"House Journal, 30th Session (1848), pp. 183–184/"
11496:"Gadsden Purchase Treaty : December 30, 1853"
11295:
10714:
9698:Bear Flag Rising: The Conquest of California, 1846
9695:
9641:
9142:p. 255. The negotiations are discussed pp. 253–254
8232:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
7317:
7222:
7057:The Alamo Story: From History to Current Conflicts
6386:Many of the military leaders on both sides of the
3859:
21149:List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk
13520:Webster, Daniel (1984). Charles M. Wiltse (ed.).
13493:The Mexican War Journal of Captain Franklin Smith
12401:Why We Fought: America's Wars in Film and History
12120:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 211.
11112:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1998, p. 34
10267:
10265:
8965:. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan. p. 150.
7918:Origins of Instability in Early Republican Mexico
7833:
7238:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 149.
7209:
7207:
5525:, the seat of the Mexican government. Carl Nebel.
5241:
4717:against a superior American force led by General
4546:wanted to avoid battle, but on August 9, Colonel
4424:
3255:
2976:from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1845 American
21258:
16987:Native American recognition in the United States
13530:An Immigrant Soldier in the Mexican American War
13491:Smith, Franklin (1991). Joseph E. Chance (ed.).
13285:Faulk, Odie B., and Stout, Joseph A., Jr., eds.
12544:
12236:
11569:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
10529:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 232.
10485:
10385:
7862:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
7163:
7161:
6711:In 1981, the Mexican government established the
6382:Effect on the American military in the Civil War
6378:Congress did not support more foreign conflict.
5447:on October 9. The battle was Santa Anna's last.
4476:'s visual depictions of the war are well known.
4354:enough, Heaven knew." Democratic Representative
4254:
4161:
4149:on May 9, 1846, the two sides engaged in fierce
3348:
12813:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 2010.
12797:A Gallant Little Army: The Mexico City Campaign
12274:
12272:
11394:. University of Dayton (academic.udayton.edu).
10647:, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2011, p. 282.
10619:"Old Fuss and Feathers: General Winfield Scott"
9639:
9326:"The Fraudulent Mexican-American War (1846–48)"
9285:Puritan Spirits in the Abolitionist Imagination
8902:. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2011, p. 237.
7751:
7749:
6747:"American Army Entering the City of Mexico" by
6483:
5770:Mexican territorial claims relinquished in the
4140:
3455:Texas revolution, republic, and U.S. annexation
3034:and Mexico claiming it to be the more-northern
12605:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (2017).
12319:"The Occupation of Mexico, May 1846–July 1848"
10262:
9004:. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2006.
8073:
8071:
7393:
7204:
6640:Obelisk to the Niños Héroes, Mexico City, 1881
5963:
5761:
5560:on the road between Jalapa and Puebla, and at
4295:In the United States, increasingly divided by
4241:
3094:. It ended the war, and Mexico recognized the
3009:In the United States, sectional politics over
20932:
18267:
17384:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
15568:
15043:
14157:
13810:
13539:. Internet Sourcebook Project. Archived from
13487:, University of Arizona Press (Tucson, 1989).
13327:(02528894), 1999, Vol. 23 Issue 2, pp 475–485
13068:Selected Poems and Letters of Emily Dickinson
12902:. College Station" Texas A&M Press (1997)
12156:The American West: A New Interpretive History
12153:Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, John Mack (2000).
12117:The American West: A New Interpretive History
11551:. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012
11449:
11422:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848
10335:: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville (1958).
9562:
9387:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
9259:Slave Power and Southern Domination 1780–1860
9002:Out Of Many: A History of the American People
8959:(1919). "The Preliminaries of the Conflict".
8836:. University of Virginia Press. p. 141.
8801:. University of Virginia Press. p. 139.
8766:. University of Virginia Press. p. 138.
8684:. University of Virginia Press. p. 124.
8637:. University of Virginia Press. p. 125.
8590:. University of Virginia Press. p. 109.
8543:. University of Virginia Press. p. 114.
7954:
7952:
7311:
7309:
7231:
7158:
6648:Memorial to the Mexican cadets killed in the
6297:
5711:
5426:
4737:, the senior military officer in California.
4463:, a Northerner who wrote for the New Orleans
4287:Ex-slave and prominent anti-slavery advocate
2937:
2602:
1010:
635:
144:Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over
20985:Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
13706:Animated History of the Mexican–American War
13662:
13639:Library of Congress Guide to the Mexican War
13532:. College Station: Texas A&M Press 1995.
13522:The Papers of Daniel Webster, Correspondence
13475:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
13426:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1999.
13341:The Papers of John C. Calhoun. Vol. 23: 1846
13181:. Vol. 2. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
13171:. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press 2010.
12884:(College Station: Texas A&M Press) 2015.
12799:. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press 2007.
12790:Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory
12782:The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775–1953
12282:The Occupation of Mexico, May 1846–July 1848
12269:
12152:
12114:Hine, Robert V; Faragher, John Mack (2000).
12113:
11997:. New York: W. Morrow & Co. p. 84.
10757:
10755:
9687:
9317:
9195:United States Magazine and Democratic Review
8867:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8731:. University of Virginia Press. p. 52.
8496:. University of Virginia Press. p. 67.
8449:. University of Virginia Press. p. 61.
7768:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 1403–1404.
7746:
7019:American Ulysses: a life of Ulysses S. Grant
5450:
3423:California battle and change in governorship
3137:
14694:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
13826:United States intervention in Latin America
13516:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1970
13436:McAfee, Ward and J. Cordell Robinson, eds.
12907:
12785:(1966), U.S. Army; 755 pp. pp. 125–158
11455:
11382:
11380:
9558:
9556:
8331:Robarts, "Mexican War veterans", pp. 39–79.
8068:
7810:
7777:Douglas W. Richmond, "Vicente Guerrero" in
7453:
6845:List of battles of the Mexican–American War
5055:September 20–24, 1846, after a painting by
4531:, in June 1846 with about 1,700 men in his
3770:In his 1885 memoirs, former U.S. President
21417:United States involvement in regime change
20939:
20925:
18274:
18260:
15582:
15575:
15561:
15507:History of the Central Intelligence Agency
15492:Length of U.S. participation in major wars
15050:
15036:
14164:
14150:
14112:Nicaragua's case against the United States
13817:
13803:
13514:The Mexican War Diary of Thomas D. Tennery
13303:. New York: Oxford University Press 2014.
13279:, Summer 1979, Vol. 54 Issue 3, pp 169–181
12674:
12433:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1511.
12030:
11697:"Congressional Globe, 30th Session (1848)"
10712:
9042:
9040:
8794:
8759:
8724:
8677:
8630:
8583:
8536:
8489:
8442:
8272:Robarts, "Mexican War veterans", pp. 1–24.
8176:
8172:– via The Research Repository @ WVU.
8154:West Virginia University Historical Review
8137:– via The Research Repository @ WVU.
8119:West Virginia University Historical Review
8102:– via The Research Repository @ WVU.
8084:West Virginia University Historical Review
7949:
7764:Jesús F. de la Teja, "Texas Secession" in
7695:pp. 68–72, Berkley Books, New York, 1982.
7316:Alcaraz, Ramón; et al., eds. (1850).
7306:
7151:
7149:
6977:
6932:
6304:
6290:
4326:take their stand for peace at all risks."
4102:A few days after the Thornton Affair, the
4046:
3487:Spain's colonial province of Texas (Tejas)
2944:
2930:
2609:
2595:
1017:
1003:
642:
628:
21337:History of the Southwestern United States
21170:President James K. Polk Home & Museum
16997:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
13433:. Denton: University of North Texas 1997.
13355:The U.S.–Mexican War: A Binational Reader
13296:. New York: Oxford University Press 1985.
13287:The Mexican War: Changing Interpretations
13214:. Fort Worth: Texas Christian Press 1996.
13142:
12939:(2007) 527 pp; the major scholarly study
12731:So Far From God: The U.S. War with Mexico
12671:. Louisiana State University Press, 1985.
12365:
11804:
11229:. New York : Facts On File. p.
10752:
10275:. Battle of Monterrey.com. Archived from
9662:. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, p. 243.
9015:"Message of President Polk, May 11, 1846"
8858:
8829:
8402:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Complete
8299:International Journal of Canadian Studies
8036:
7781:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 617.
7553:
7447:
7387:
7213:
7127:
7054:
6830:Republic of Texas–United States relations
6783:created in 1851, still maintained by the
6530:Incidents, civilian deaths, and massacres
5501:Learn how and when to remove this message
4927:
4748:in December 1845. Frémont's party was at
4212:freshman Whig Congressman from Illinois,
3848:(September 16 – November 13, 1847).
2960:, also known in the United States as the
118:; Northern, Central, and Eastern Mexico;
21057:1844 United States presidential election
21047:James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign
21042:1840 United States presidential election
13680:The Mexican War and the Media, 1845–1848
13669:A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War
13408:. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.
13226:James K. Polk: Continentalist, 1843–1846
13006:
12967:
12945:Gleijeses, Piero. "A Brush with Mexico"
12711:. New Haven: Yale University Press 2009.
11808:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
11607:
11377:
10994:
10992:
10782:
9665:
9608:
9553:
9525:
9523:
9466:
9440:Lawrence Delbert Cress, "Introduction",
7997:quoted in Carol and Thomas Christensen,
7733:From Mud-Flat Cove to Gold to Statehood,
7612:
7269:
7267:
7218:. United States Marine Corps. p. 9.
7167:
7095:Landis, Michael Todd (October 2, 2014).
6933:Cataliotti, Joseph (November 21, 2023).
6754:
6742:
6728:
6719:Intervención norteamericana de 1846–1848
6655:
6643:
6635:
6533:
6454:
6428:
5885:
5765:
5633:
5595:
5512:
5367:
5344:
5306:
5251:
5094:
5061:
5046:
4937:
4832:
4774:
4772:, became known as the Bear Flag Revolt.
4705:
4506:
4428:
4407:
4282:
4263:
4259:
4165:
4050:
3922:
3863:
3856:was signed, bringing the war to an end.
3786:
3690:
3472:
3352:
3269:
3141:
3016:1844 United States presidential election
224:
17048:List of counties and county equivalents
13519:
12774:Zachary Taylor: Soldier of the Republic
12442:
12396:
12354:The Hispanic American Historical Review
12347:
11992:
11963:Personal Memoirs of General U. S. Grant
11779:
11327:A People's History of the United States
11134:
10625:from the original on September 23, 2020
10306:
9644:New Mexico: A History of Four Centuries
9498:
9323:
9236:, J.P. Jewett and Company, 1853, p. 17.
9103:
9037:
8296:
8281:
8182:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, p. 65.
7806:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7616:California Historical Society Quarterly
7396:The Hispanic American Historical Review
7342:
7315:
7146:
6905:. In Mexico, it may also be called the
6343:in the fall of 1847, shortly after the
5580:Later a raid against the guerrillas of
5521:in 1847. The U.S. flag flying over the
4194: After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3993:
3723:) protected the scattered settlements.
3681:
3451:, Micheltorena's forces were defeated.
1142:This article is part of a series on the
14:
21259:
13633:Guides, bibliographies and collections
13230:vol 1 and 2 are online at ACLS e-books
13118:
12762:(2007) 527 pp; a major scholarly study
12429:Santoni, Pedro. "U.S.–Mexican War" in
12329:from the original on February 11, 2021
12278:
11747:
11649:War's End: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
11628:from the original on November 29, 2023
11584:"Table 16. Population: 1790 to 1990",
11462:. Yale University Press. p. 302.
11365:from the original on September 1, 2017
11180:
11013:
10965:
10878:
10706:
10524:
10366:
10256:
10239:
10227:
10215:
10203:
10182:
10170:
10149:
10137:
10125:
10113:
10101:
10089:
10077:
10065:
10053:
10041:
10029:
10017:
10005:
9993:
9981:
9969:
9957:
9945:
9933:
9918:
9906:
9894:
9882:
9870:
9858:
9846:
9834:
9822:
9810:
9798:
9786:
9774:
9762:
9750:
9738:
9726:
9693:
9380:
9167:
9158:
9084:Personal Memoirs U. S. Grant, Complete
8430:Occupied America A History of Chicanos
8164:from the original on December 20, 2023
8147:
8129:from the original on December 20, 2023
8112:
8077:
8001:San Francisco: Bay Books 1998, p. 138.
7504:
7105:10.7591/cornell/9780801453267.001.0001
7094:
7079:
6512:
6369:"Republican Campaign Textbook" by the
6353:United States House of Representatives
5881:
5729:
5364:Advance on Mexico City and its capture
5237:Scott's invasion of Mexico's heartland
5176:. On March 1, 1847, Doniphan occupied
5123:
5018:
5003:
4713:, a Californio victory led by General
4695:
4502:
4403:
4110:
4097:
4005:
3782:
3676:
3547:. In exchange for his life Santa Anna
3154:Mexico obtained independence from the
21432:Military history of the United States
21342:History of United States expansionism
21165:President James K. Polk Historic Site
20920:
20037:
19853:Bibliography of the American frontier
18281:
18255:
15556:
15031:
14145:
14131:Latin America–United States relations
13798:
13490:
13401:
13256:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935.
13238:2 vol (1919). Pulitzer Prize winner.
13174:
13108:. University of Missouri Press, 1973.
12891:2 vol (1919). Pulitzer Prize winner.
12841:
12718:, University of Oklahoma Press, 2010
11956:
11895:. New York: Penguin Press 2017, p. 49
11703:from the original on January 17, 2016
11290:
11278:
11222:
10989:
10914:from the original on February 4, 2015
10467:from the original on October 18, 2019
10436:from the original on October 10, 2019
9633:
9520:
9362:from the original on January 20, 2013
8955:
8911:
8427:
7903:Mary Lee Spence, and Donald Jackson,
7891:
7879:
7755:Santoni, "U.S.–Mexican War", p. 1511.
7600:
7588:
7264:
7015:
6903:Intervención estadounidense en México
6895:Intervención estadounidense en México
6467:, the two leading contenders for the
6276:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
5930:marital property systems, as well as
4607:, a Taos pueblo Native also known as
3955:
3872:
3074:. The U.S. Army, under Major General
998:
623:
19909:Cuisine of the Western United States
15487:Timeline of U.S. military operations
13984:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
13978:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
13450:
13367:
13261:Santa Anna: Espectro de una sociedad
13221:University of Wisconsin Press, 1973.
12573:(1942), well written popular history
12537:
12458:vol. 125, no. 2, April 2020, p. 502.
11970:from the original on August 29, 2020
11546:
11334:from the original on January 3, 2018
11316:
11043:Christopher Minster (July 3, 2019).
10998:
10932:
10807:
9336:from the original on August 31, 2018
8912:Bauer, K. Jack (Karl Jack) (1993) .
8148:Bowers, Riley (September 20, 2021).
8113:Bowers, Riley (September 20, 2021).
8078:Bowers, Riley (September 20, 2021).
7815:(1st Perennial ed.). New York:
7797:
7097:Northern Men with Southern Loyalties
6785:American Battle Monuments Commission
6714:Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones
6579:
5483:adding citations to reliable sources
5454:
5296:
4492:U.S. invasions on Mexico's periphery
3973:
3659:
3201:
2966:United States intervention in Mexico
1115:United States occupation of Veracruz
21382:Pre-statehood history of New Mexico
21372:Pre-statehood history of California
21052:1844 Democratic National Convention
21037:1840 Democratic National Convention
14171:
14126:Foreign policy of the United States
13455:. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
13269:Historiography, memory and religion
13066:Linscott, Robert N., Editor. 1959.
12695:American Nineteenth Century History
12257:from the original on August 6, 2020
12075:John Douglas Pitts Fuller (1969) .
12037:. New York: Savas Beatie. pp.
11825:from the original on March 11, 2024
11729:from the original on April 14, 2016
11352:
8010:Alamán paraphrased in Christensen,
7570:from the original on April 30, 2016
7481:"The Borderlands on the Eve of War"
6945:from the original on April 22, 2024
5693:, many of whom were members of the
5356:On May 1, 1847, Scott pushed on to
4688:, the Battle of Las Vegas, and the
4595:, which later gave it the name the
4182: United States territory, 1848
3384:and provide for the cession of the
3364:that Spain negotiated with the U.S.
3116:. Many officers who had trained at
24:
21175:List of memorials to James K. Polk
19645:Confederate Gulch and Diamond City
13938:Separation of Panama from Colombia
13723:PBS site of US–Mexican war program
13332:
13115:. University of Texas Press, 1967.
12504:
11938:from the original on March 7, 2015
11699:. Memory.loc.gov. pp. 93–95.
11528:from the original on July 15, 2007
11398:from the original on June 13, 2011
11055:from the original on July 18, 2019
10825:from the original on July 18, 2019
10821:(in Spanish). September 13, 2018.
10721:. New York: Random House. p.
10668:from the original on March 9, 2020
10454:
10406:from the original on June 19, 2020
9619:. University of New Mexico Press.
9427:, 1846, quoted in Loveman, Brian.
9324:Sjursen, Danny (August 18, 2018).
9091:from the original on March 3, 2016
9000:Faragher, John Mack, et al., eds.
8409:from the original on March 3, 2016
8254:from the original on June 29, 2011
8044:, Illustrated by Bill Younghusband
8037:Chartrand, Rene (March 25, 2004).
7566:. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 45.
7507:"The Decline of Slavery in Mexico"
7505:Valdés, Dennis N. (October 1987).
7294:from the original on June 29, 2016
7059:. Plano: Republic of Texas Press.
6371:Republican Congressional Committee
6186:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
6042:End of slavery in British colonies
5340:
5200:
4073:
1552: Modern Era
25:
21448:
20946:
19893:Timeline of the American Old West
16393:Director of National Intelligence
15244:American–Algerian War (1785–1795)
14315:Institutional Revolutionary Party
13627:
12957:debates in Washington before war.
12299:from the original on May 14, 2024
12173:from the original on May 16, 2016
12134:from the original on May 16, 2016
12095:from the original on May 27, 2013
11502:from the original on May 19, 2015
11476:from the original on May 14, 2024
11195:from the original on July 8, 2023
11181:Clarke, John (January 25, 1848).
11149:from the original on July 8, 2023
11135:Calhoun, John (January 4, 1848).
10889:from the original on June 9, 2017
10426:"Private Robinson on Pawnee Rock"
9702:. New York: Forge Books. p.
9541:from the original on May 28, 2010
8706:from the original on May 13, 2024
8659:from the original on May 13, 2024
8612:from the original on May 13, 2024
8565:from the original on May 13, 2024
8518:from the original on May 13, 2024
8471:from the original on May 13, 2024
8094:from the original on May 13, 2024
8042:Santa Anna's Mexican Army 1821–48
7979:from the original on May 26, 2015
7717:Dr. John Marsh, Wilderness Scout,
7252:from the original on May 14, 2016
6175:The Impending Crisis of the South
6017:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
4630:, several miles outside of Taos.
4569:established a civilian government
4301:origins of the American Civil War
4291:opposed the Mexican–American War.
4062:
4026:opposition of the war, including
3989:Women in the Mexican–American War
3983:Contributions from American Women
3951:Women in the Mexican–American War
3597:
3529:declared independence from Mexico
21412:Wars involving the United States
21367:Pre-statehood history of Arizona
21240:
21239:
21080:
20901:
20900:
16549:Government Accountability Office
13379:. University Press of Kentucky.
12552:. University of Nebraska Press.
12483:
12474:
12461:
12448:
12423:
12390:
12341:
12311:
12224:
12215:
12202:
12185:
12146:
12107:
12068:
12055:
12024:
12011:
11986:
11950:
11924:
11911:
11898:
11882:
11869:
11850:
11837:
11798:
11773:
11764:
11741:
11715:
11689:
11680:
11662:
11640:
11601:
11577:
11540:
11514:
11488:
11440:
11428:from the original on May 5, 2017
11410:
11346:
11310:
11302:. New York: Avon Books. p.
11284:
11256:
11247:
11216:
11207:
11174:
11161:
11128:
11115:
11102:
11089:
11076:
11067:
11036:
11007:
11001:A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair
10959:
10926:
10900:
10872:
10863:
10850:
10837:
10776:
10739:
10693:
10680:
10650:
10637:
10611:
10581:
10572:
10559:
10546:
10533:
10518:
10506:from the original on May 8, 2016
10492:. University of Missouri Press.
10479:
10448:
10418:
10360:
10351:
10338:
10325:
10311:. University of Oklahoma Press.
10300:
10291:
10188:
10155:
9652:
9581:
9507:
9492:
9479:
9460:
9447:
9434:
9417:
9374:
9348:
9297:
9277:
9264:
9251:
9239:
9226:
9213:
9200:
9176:
8230:Tenenbaum, Barbara. "Mexico" in
6899:Intervención americana en México
6855:List of wars between democracies
6840:Texan raids on New Mexico (1843)
6804:
6751:, 1885. Architect of the Capitol
6724:
6390:of 1861–1865 had trained at the
6339:, writing to her older brother,
5629:
5459:
3945:Contributions from Mexican women
3939:
3602:In July 1845, Polk sent General
3245:large external market for cotton
2913:
2645:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2529:
2528:
1159:
555:
545:
520:
508:
488:
476:
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
404:
392:
378:
360:
348:
336:
324:
312:
300:
288:
276:
264:
250:
226:
212:
66:outside of Mexico City, Marines
40:
21377:Pre-statehood history of Nevada
19549:First transcontinental railroad
13424:Dispatches from the Mexican War
13405:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant
13369:Dana, Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh
13249:. Yale University Press (1921).
13228:(1966), the standard biography
13175:Rives, George Lockhart (1913).
12513:Encyclopedia of the Mexican War
12499:
11498:. Lillian Goldman Law Library.
11424:. Lillian Goldman Law Library.
10713:Eisenhower, John S. D. (1989).
9648:. University of Oklahoma Press.
9617:Turmoil in New Mexico 1846–1848
9455:Dispatches from the Mexican War
9442:Dispatches from the Mexican War
9145:
9132:
9110:Ángel Miranda Basurto (2002) .
9075:
9062:
9049:
9007:
8994:
8949:
8940:
8905:
8892:
8883:
8874:
8823:
8788:
8753:
8718:
8671:
8624:
8577:
8530:
8483:
8436:
8421:
8393:
8380:
8360:
8347:
8334:
8325:
8290:
8275:
8266:
8237:
8224:
8211:
8198:
8185:
8141:
8106:
8030:
8017:
8004:
7991:
7961:
7936:
7923:
7910:
7897:
7784:
7771:
7758:
7669:
7606:
7498:
7474:
7434:
7374:
7361:
7348:
7121:
6911:Guerra de Estados Unidos–México
5958:California Constitution of 1849
5836:in the U.S., as opposed to the
5470:needs additional citations for
5168:On Christmas day, they won the
4469:Dispatches from the Mexican War
3860:Challenges in the United States
3686:
3572:
21422:Invasions by the United States
21357:Mexico–United States relations
20963:President of the United States
18192:Separation of church and state
16408:National Reconnaissance Office
16351:President of the United States
15522:List of anti-war organizations
13701:Mexican–American War Time line
13607:. United States Senate Journal
13591:. United States Senate Journal
13245:Stephenson, Nathaniel Wright.
13122:The American Historical Review
12845:The American Historical Review
12827:. Quartet Books (London, 1975)
12740:. (Edwin Mellen Press, 2004),
12592:Corresponding Author Interview
12350:"Deserters in the Mexican War"
12285:. Government Printing Office.
11748:Donald, David Herbert (1995).
11646:Griswold el Castillo, Richard
10371:. University Press of Kansas.
9567:. Chicago: The Swallow Press.
9182:See O'Sullivan's 1845 article
9099:– via Project Gutenberg.
7560:George Lockhart Rives (1913).
7442:The American Historical Review
7088:
7073:
7048:
7009:
6983:
6926:
6884:
6867:
6820:Mexico–United States relations
5894:, shown in red, and the later
5242:Landings and siege of Veracruz
4665:. The insurgents retreated to
4498:Mexican–American War campaigns
4425:U.S. journalism during the war
4370:, whose works on the subject "
4170:Overview map of the war. Key:
3645:following the outbreak of the
3256:Instability in northern Mexico
13:
1:
21437:19th-century military history
21387:Pre-statehood history of Utah
21099:Inauguration of James K. Polk
15434:War against the Islamic State
14235:Centralist Republic of Mexico
13737:– Complete Info on the battle
13645:The Handbook of Texas Online:
13575:. United States House Journal
13559:. United States House Journal
13537:"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"
12491:Remembering the Forgotten War
12210:Remembering the Forgotten War
11780:Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1860).
11522:"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"
11298:Don't Know Much About History
10307:Dishman, Christopher (2010).
9537:. MyCivilWar.com. 2005–2008.
7907:. U of Illinois Press, 1973.
7679:p. 46, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.
7084:. Santa Barbara. p. 564.
7016:White, Ronald Cedric (2017).
6920:
6779:Mexico City is the site of a
6539:
5758:leprosy that will destroy ."
5591:
4277:U.S. House of Representatives
4255:Reaction in the United States
4188: Mexican territory, 1848
4162:Declarations of war, May 1846
3715:) and the active militiamen (
3405:'s Tory government, with its
3349:Foreign designs on California
3279:
3184:Spanish attempts to reconquer
3132:
2988:after he was captured by the
1063:Walker's expedition to Mexico
19724:Battle of the Little Bighorn
16554:Government Publishing Office
16022:Technological and industrial
14664:Institutional stock exchange
14300:Second American intervention
13735:Battle of Monterrey Web Site
13605:"29th Congress, 1st session"
13589:"28th Congress, 2nd session"
13573:"29th Congress, 1st session"
13557:"28th Congress, 2nd session"
13277:New Mexico Historical Review
12407:University Press of Kentucky
11805:McPherson, James M. (1988).
11686:Linscott, 1959, pp. 218–219.
11020:University of Oklahoma Press
11014:Miller, Robert Ryal (1989).
10908:"Memoria Política de México"
9615:Keleher, William A. (1952).
9381:Reilly, Tom (June 1, 1977).
7274:Justin Harvey Smith (1919).
7099:. Cornell University Press.
6772:by Filippo Constaggini. The
6660:Commemorative plaque to the
6484:Social and political context
6475:in 1848, digitally restored.
6444:Grant later recalled in his
6150:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
6112:Secession of Southern states
5876:
5605:by J. Cameron, published by
5573:(November 23, 1847), and at
5231:Knights of the Golden Circle
4511:Gen. Kearny's annexation of
4147:Battle of Resaca de la Palma
4141:Battle of Resaca de la Palma
3652:In November 1845, Polk sent
2027:Hispanic and Latino American
60:Battle of Resaca de la Palma
7:
21362:Presidency of James K. Polk
21134:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
19749:First Battle of Adobe Walls
19693:Long Branch Saloon gunfight
19688:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
18026:Women's reproductive health
16992:Federally recognized tribes
16855:Public utilities commission
16759:Public Health Service Corps
16662:Code of Federal Regulations
16544:Congressional Budget Office
16398:Central Intelligence Agency
16304:Water supply and sanitation
15731:Declaration of Independence
14865:Water supply and sanitation
14230:Spanish reconquest attempts
14079:1989 Paraguayan coup d'état
14074:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
14014:1954 Paraguayan coup d'état
14009:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
12679:(4th ed.). McFarland.
12660:
12649:The War with Mexico, Vol 2.
12638:The War with Mexico, Vol 1.
12348:Wallace, Edward S. (1935).
12279:Carney, Stephen A. (2005).
12081:. New York: Da Capo Press.
12031:Sneiderman, Barney (2006).
11811:. OUP USA. pp. 49–77.
11392:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10879:Carney, Stephen A. (2005),
8880:Brooks (1849), pp. 91, 117.
7214:Clevenger, Michael (2017).
7080:Tucker, Spencer C. (2013).
6907:War of United States–Mexico
6797:
6761:Fort Moore Pioneer Memorial
6759:Mormon Battalion monument,
6509:later in the same century.
6145:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
5989:End of Atlantic slave trade
5964:Effect on the United States
5772:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
5762:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
4789:U.S. conquest of California
4249:Alexander Slidell MacKenzie
4242:General Santa Anna's return
3854:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3804:interminable in-fighting."
3730:The Mexican army was using
3697:Antonio López de Santa Anna
3671:Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga
3224:wanted clear possession of
3092:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3058:and then turned south. The
2986:Antonio López de Santa Anna
386:Antonio López de Santa Anna
140:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
68:storming Chapultepec castle
10:
21453:
19504:Great Western Cattle Trail
17204:Red states and blue states
17109:City commission government
17104:Council–manager government
15424:War in North-West Pakistan
15274:Second Sumatran expedition
15239:American Revolutionary War
14265:Second French intervention
14213:Control of Central America
14069:1976 Argentine coup d'état
14058:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
13402:Grant, Ulysses S. (1885).
13187:Journal of Popular Culture
13070:. Anchor Books, New York.
13061:Mexico: Biography of Power
12916:Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858
12767:The U.S. and Mexico at War
12702:American Historical Review
12624:The Mexican War, 1846–1848
12550:The Mexican War: 1846–1848
12531:The U.S. and Mexico at War
12456:American Historical Review
12397:Rollins, Peter C. (2008).
11995:Robert E. Lee; a Biography
11655:February 13, 2010, at the
10937:The Mexican War, 1846–1848
10554:The Mexican war, 1846–1848
10367:Dawson, Joseph G. (1999).
10333:The Civil War: A Narrative
10194:Bauer (1992), pp. 190–191.
9671:Garrard, Lewis H. (1850).
9399:10.1177/107769907705400205
9189:November 25, 2005, at the
9070:The Mexican War, 1846–1848
8915:The Mexican War, 1846–1848
8282:Johnson, Tyler V. (2012).
7693:Men to Match My Mountains,
7280:. Macmillan. p. 464.
7277:The war with Mexico vol. 1
6683:Military Academy of Mexico
6592:in 1861, which set up the
6590:Second French Intervention
6232:Recapture of Anthony Burns
6102:1860 presidential election
6077:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
5733:
5712:End of war, terms of peace
5427:Santa Anna's last campaign
5404:storming of the city gates
5378:
5300:
5279:Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
5245:
5007:
4931:
4863:Battle of Dominguez Rancho
4699:
4686:Battle of Red River Canyon
4495:
4378:were immediately popular.
4066:
4041:
3986:
3948:
3933:1844 presidential election
3876:
3567:
3458:
3259:
3205:
3176:experimented with monarchy
21402:Wars fought in California
21317:1848 in the United States
21302:1847 in the United States
21287:1846 in the United States
21218:
21183:
21157:
21089:
21078:
21019:
20954:
20896:
20865:
20832:
20814:
20766:
20713:
20645:
20572:
20544:
20491:
20433:
20401:
20358:
20340:
20317:
20269:
20216:
20183:
20135:
20082:
20044:
20033:
19901:
19840:
19787:
19706:
19663:
19625:
19592:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
19557:
19464:
19414:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous
19329:
19219:
19136:Frederick Russell Burnham
19126:
18976:
18870:
18739:
18576:
18569:
18296:
18289:
18213:
18039:
17912:
17844:
17497:
17493:
17484:
17432:
17297:
17288:
17184:
17155:
17132:
17071:
17038:
17029:
16972:
16960:Comparison of governments
16935:
16898:
16875:
16791:
16771:
16702:
16640:
16562:
16485:
16343:
16334:
16330:
16321:
16043:
16034:
15979:
15939:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
15780:drafting and ratification
15753:Articles of Confederation
15666:
15600:
15591:
15469:
15269:First Sumatran expedition
15231:
15070:
15063:
14989:
14878:
14773:
14764:
14622:
14613:
14500:
14491:
14464:Tropical cyclone rainfall
14362:
14353:
14183:
14121:
14087:
14048:1971 Bolivian coup d'état
14031:1964 Bolivian coup d'état
13999:
13954:Second Occupation of Cuba
13916:
13881:
13832:
13763:January 20, 2013, at the
13728:November 2, 2019, at the
13663:Media and primary sources
13353:Conway, Christopher, ed.
13321:Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida
13306:Rodriguez, Jaime Javier.
13010:Pacific Historical Review
12971:Pacific Historical Review
12596:Pritzker Military Library
12367:10.1215/00182168-15.3.374
11359:US–Mexican War, 1846–1848
11169:Beneath the United States
11123:A Country of Vast Designs
11045:"Biography of John Riley"
10783:Kirkwood, Burton (2000).
10565:quoted in Brian Loveman,
10486:Roger D. Launius (1997).
9605:Includes a link to a map.
9469:American Literary History
7958:Brooks (1849), pp. 61–62.
7931:Essays on the Mexican War
7444:, Vol. 112, No. 2, p. 35.
7356:Beneath the United States
7170:Pacific Historical Review
6668:
6631:
6181:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
6156:American Slavery As It Is
5937:Many Mexicans, including
5640:Saint Patrick's Battalion
5451:Occupation of Mexico City
5172:, outside the modern-day
4987:A Mexican campaign under
4982:Baja California Territory
4907:Battle of Rio San Gabriel
4781:Battle of Río San Gabriel
4398:Saint Patrick's Battalion
3591:Texan Santa Fe Expedition
3535:, he was defeated by the
3220:of 1818. U.S. negotiator
3196:Catholic Church in Mexico
3138:Mexico after independence
3072:Baja California Territory
2841:Petroleum nationalization
1038:
661:
613:
565:
538:
240:
205:
148:(among other territories)
77:
70:under a large U.S. flag,
39:
34:
18933:"Mysterious Dave" Mather
17979:Prescription drug prices
17099:Mayor–council government
17089:Coterminous municipality
17079:Consolidated city-county
16845:Agriculture commissioner
16495:House of Representatives
16403:National Security Agency
16053:Contiguous United States
15223:2021 U.S. Capitol attack
15183:Battle of Blair Mountain
14505:Administrative divisions
14053:1973 Chilean coup d'état
13942:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
13932:First Occupation of Cuba
13716:
12908:Political and diplomatic
12898:Winders, Richard Price.
12809:Lewis, Felice Flannery.
12199:. Accessed May 19, 2020.
11993:Winston, Robert (1934).
11524:. www.ourdocuments.gov.
10773:, Retrieved May 8, 2014.
9694:Walker, Dale L. (1999).
9640:Beck, Warren A. (1962).
9531:"The Battle of Santa Fe"
9453:George Wilkins Kendall,
9303:Pierpaoli, Paul G., Jr.
9164:Jay (1853), pp. 165–166.
7916:Donald Fithian Stevens,
7487:August 31, 2017, at the
7055:Edmondson, J.R. (2000).
6860:
6626:transcontinental railway
6410:included Robert E. Lee,
6204:Trial of Reuben Crandall
6117:Peace Conference of 1861
6092:Caning of Charles Sumner
5517:U.S. Army occupation of
5351:Battle of Molino del Rey
4998:Skirmish of Todos Santos
4850:under the leadership of
4176: Disputed territory
3846:Manuel de la Peña y Peña
3543:and was captured at the
3212:The United States' 1803
3052:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
3045:repelled the U.S. forces
2856:Mexican Movement of 1968
2676:Viceroyalty of New Spain
1530:
1508:
1486:
1475:
1453:
1442:
1420:
1409:
1398:
1387:
1365:
1354:
1343:
1321:
1299:
1288:
1266:
1255:
1233:
1222:
800:Northern Mexican Theater
584:11,550 dead from disease
52:Plaza de la Constitución
21292:1847 in Alta California
21277:1846 in Alta California
21144:Rivers and Harbors Bill
21104:Oregon boundary dispute
21072:Tennessee State Capitol
19734:Battle of Washita River
19719:Battle of Glorieta Pass
19597:Lost Ship of the Desert
19539:Southern Emigrant Trail
19499:Great Platte River Road
19166:George Armstrong Custer
18958:William "Bill" Tilghman
18471:Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)
18064:Criticism of government
17409:Social welfare programs
17002:State-recognized tribes
15987:Outline of U.S. history
15699:Continental Association
15482:Wars involving the U.S.
15319:Philippine–American War
15203:1960s ghetto rebellions
14920:Handcrafts and folk art
14689:National stock exchange
14427:Protected natural areas
14255:Second Mexican Republic
14220:Supreme Executive Power
13960:Occupation of Nicaragua
13948:Occupations of Honduras
13420:Kendall, George Wilkins
13313:Van Wagenen, Michael.
13207:, Norton 1992, textbook
13049:. New York: Knopf 2012.
12941:excerpt and text search
12675:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
12626:(2003). A short survey.
12529:Frazier, Donald S. ed.
12515:. Bloomsbury Academic.
12467:Van Wagenen, Michael.
11223:Mills, Bronwyn (2003).
11183:"The Ten-Regiment Bill"
11003:. pp. 25, 103–107.
9658:Morgan, Robert (2011).
9499:Andreas, A. T. (1884).
9358:. Presidency.ucsb.edu.
9232:Giddings, Joshua Reed.
9206:quoted in Christensen,
9116:The Evolution of Mexico
8428:Acuña, Rodolfo (2015).
7132:. Vintage. p. 33.
7128:Greenberg, Amy (2012).
6493:cancelled out the 1820
6097:Lincoln–Douglas debates
5569:(October 18, 1847), at
5256:Bombardment of Veracruz
4690:Battle of Cienega Creek
4659:Santa Cruz de la Cañada
4047:Outbreak of hostilities
3667:José Joaquín de Herrera
3382:Oregon boundary dispute
3150:, the Comanche homeland
3146:The 1832 boundaries of
2964:, and in Mexico as the
2734:Second Federal Republic
2048:Middle Eastern American
1870:Technology and industry
21397:Wars fought in Arizona
21129:All of Mexico Movement
19944:Rocky Mountain oysters
18126:Environmental movement
17969:Health insurance costs
17864:Educational attainment
17389:Federal Reserve System
17347:Science and technology
16850:Insurance commissioner
16388:Intelligence Community
16083:minor outlying islands
15846:Civil rights movement
15527:Conscientious objector
15429:First Libyan Civil War
15299:Second Fiji expedition
15279:Ivory Coast expedition
15213:1992 Los Angeles riots
15173:Colorado Coalfield War
15065:Listed chronologically
14732:States by unemployment
14722:Science and technology
14225:First Mexican Republic
13966:Occupation of Veracruz
13234:Smith, Justin Harvey.
13052:Henderson, Timothy J.
12887:Smith, Justin Harvey.
12733:, Random House (1989).
12714:Dishman, Christopher,
12704:112, no. 1 (Feb. 2007)
12647:Smith, Justin Harvey.
12636:Smith, Justin Harvey.
12615:Henderson, Timothy J.
12431:Encyclopedia of Mexico
10933:Meed, Douglas (2003).
10161:Brooks (1849), p. 257.
9563:Simmons, Marc (1973).
9112:La Evolución de México
8889:Brooks (1849), p. 121.
8871:Brooks (1849), p. 122.
8432:. Pearson. p. 50.
7779:Encyclopedia of Mexico
7766:Encyclopedia of Mexico
7232:K. Jack Bauer (1993).
6764:
6752:
6740:
6665:
6653:
6641:
6566:Samuel Hamilton Walker
6545:
6476:
6437:
6412:Albert Sidney Johnston
6349:
6245:Virginia v. John Brown
6238:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6140:Nat Turner's Rebellion
5899:
5826:National Intelligencer
5775:
5736:All of Mexico Movement
5642:
5610:
5526:
5381:Battle for Mexico City
5376:
5353:
5335:
5312:
5257:
5067:
5059:
4943:
4934:Pacific Coast Campaign
4928:Pacific Coast campaign
4842:
4792:
4722:
4702:Conquest of California
4516:
4467:, and whose collected
4461:George Wilkins Kendall
4437:
4413:
4292:
4280:
4232:
4197:
4059:
3920:
3869:
3796:
3780:
3742:), left over from the
3700:
3482:
3429:Juan Bautista Alvarado
3365:
3285:
3151:
2984:, signed by President
2808:Occupation of Veracruz
2160:Admission to the Union
910:Pacific Coast Campaign
241:Commanders and leaders
20974:Governor of Tennessee
19779:Wounded Knee Massacre
19729:Battle of San Jacinto
19698:Variety Hall shootout
19673:Battle of Coffeyville
19655:Pike's Peak Gold Rush
19635:Black Hills Gold Rush
19312:Thomas William Sweeny
19176:Samuel P. Heintzelman
18953:John Horton Slaughter
18847:Richens Lacey Wootton
18381:Five Civilized Tribes
17952:Immigrant health care
17467:Transportation safety
17462:Transportation policy
17452:Public transportation
16522:President pro tempore
16378:Executive departments
16147:National Park Service
15802:Territorial evolution
15497:Territorial evolution
15477:Conflicts in the U.S.
15399:Intervention in Haiti
15289:First Fiji expedition
14960:Our Lady of Guadalupe
14454:Territorial evolution
14270:Second Mexican Empire
13652:Mexican War Resources
13412:Hill, Daniel Harvey.
12949:2005 29(2): 223–254.
12914:Beveridge, Albert J.
12697:(2006) 7(2): 253-279.
12571:Year of Decision 1846
12233:accessed May 18, 2020
11213:Smith (1919), p. 241.
10941:. Routledge. p.
10786:The History of Mexico
10593:aboutnorthgeorgia.com
9729:, pp. 91–92, 96.
9680:June 3, 2016, at the
9595:on September 27, 2007
9413:on December 15, 2018.
9257:Richards, Leonard L.
9234:Speeches in Congress
8946:Smith (1919), p. 279.
7811:Howard Zinn (1995) .
6770:U.S. Capitol Building
6758:
6746:
6732:
6659:
6650:Battle of Chapultepec
6647:
6639:
6594:Second Mexican Empire
6537:
6499:parallel 36°30′ north
6458:
6432:
6392:U.S. Military Academy
6345:Battle of Chapultepec
6335:The sixteen-year-old
6323:
6271:Battle of Fort Sumter
6226:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
6107:Crittenden Compromise
5889:
5769:
5637:
5599:
5516:
5411:castle of Chapultepec
5374:Battle of Chapultepec
5371:
5348:
5330:
5310:
5303:Battle of Cerro Gordo
5255:
5151:Alexander W. Doniphan
5102:Battle of Buena Vista
5095:Battle of Buena Vista
5066:Battle of Buena Vista
5065:
5050:
5014:Battle of Buena Vista
4941:
4887:Battle of San Pasqual
4836:
4778:
4711:Battle of San Pasqual
4709:
4682:Second Battle of Mora
4603:, a New Mexican, and
4550:and militia officers
4523:moved southwest from
4510:
4482:Lowell, Massachusetts
4432:
4411:
4400:to fight for Mexico.
4286:
4271:in his late 30s as a
4267:
4260:Opposition to the war
4227:
4169:
4084:Matamoros, Tamaulipas
4054:
3915:
3867:
3830:Valentín Gómez Farías
3793:Valentín Gómez Farías
3790:
3776:
3694:
3551:with Texas President
3545:Battle of San Jacinto
3539:commanded by General
3500:300 American families
3476:
3445:Battle of Providencia
3386:port of San Francisco
3356:
3331:its province of Tejas
3273:
3241:Industrial Revolution
3145:
3104:territorial expansion
3082:, in September 1847.
2968:, was an invasion of
2771:Second Mexican Empire
2151:Territorial evolution
1444:Post-World War II Era
1085:San Elizario Salt War
1028:Mexican–American wars
947:2nd San Jose del Cabo
942:1st San Jose del Cabo
821:Santa Cruz de Rosales
566:Casualties and losses
72:Battle of Cerro Gordo
21407:Wars fought in Texas
21267:Mexican–American War
21209:William Hawkins Polk
21191:Sarah Childress Polk
21119:Mexican–American War
20834:Washington Territory
20574:New Mexico Territory
19939:Pacific Northwestern
19858:Cowboys and cowgirls
19640:California Gold Rush
19617:Seven Cities of Gold
19602:Montezuma's treasure
19409:One-room schoolhouse
19257:George E. Goodfellow
19151:Texas Jack Omohundro
18994:"Curly Bill" Brocius
18792:Liver-Eating Johnson
18767:Tomás Vélez Cachupín
18321:Assiniboine (Nakota)
18121:Environmental issues
17786:Political ideologies
17685:Indigenous languages
16885:List of legislatures
16682:separation of powers
16383:Independent agencies
16309:World Heritage Sites
15944:September 11 attacks
15867:Spanish–American War
15807:Mexican–American War
15763:Confederation period
15694:Continental Congress
15359:Bay of Pigs Invasion
15314:Spanish–American War
15284:Mexican–American War
15208:Kent State shootings
15198:Puerto Rican revolts
15128:American Indian Wars
14977:World Heritage Sites
14392:Environmental issues
14250:Mexican–American War
14208:First Mexican Empire
14106:Cuban Missile Crisis
14019:Bay of Pigs Invasion
13895:Spanish–American War
13889:Mexican–American War
13862:Good Neighbor policy
13789:"The Fall of Mexico"
13770:Mexican–American War
13236:The War with Mexico.
12960:Graebner, Norman A.
12937:Santa Anna of Mexico
12889:The War with Mexico.
12830:McCaffrey, James M.
12795:Johnson, Timothy D.
12788:Johnson, Timothy D.
12760:Santa Anna of Mexico
12063:The U.S.–Mexican War
11862:May 4, 2016, at the
11845:The U.S.–Mexican War
11676:on January 29, 2015.
11456:Brian DeLay (2008).
11446:Hamalainen, 293–341.
11167:quoted in Schoultz,
11137:"Conquest of Mexico"
11022:. pp. 188–192.
10769:May 8, 2014, at the
10599:on February 18, 2020
10346:The U.S.–Mexican War
9425:Brooklyn Daily Eagle
9208:The U.S.–Mexican War
9153:Santa Anna of Mexico
9140:Santa Anna of Mexico
9046:Bauer (1992), p. 68.
8957:Smith, Justin Harvey
8311:10.3138/ijcs.57.x.27
8206:Santa Anna of Mexico
8025:The U.S.–Mexican War
8012:The U.S.–Mexican War
7792:Santa Anna of Mexico
7493:The U.S.–Mexican War
7454:Brian DeLay (2008).
7155:Smith (1919), p. xi.
6997:on February 28, 2014
6825:Reconquista (Mexico)
6812:United States portal
6418:, James Longstreet,
6402:, George Meade, and
6210:Commonwealth v. Aves
6067:Nashville Convention
6057:Mexican–American War
6027:Nullification crisis
5924:Law of April 6, 1830
5602:Battle of Churubusco
5479:improve this article
5392:Battle of Churubusco
5227:Caste War of Yucatán
5170:Battle of El Brazito
4856:Siege of Los Angeles
4678:First Battle of Mora
4565:New Mexico Territory
4513:New Mexico Territory
4434:War News from Mexico
4374:" and the satirical
4368:James Russell Lowell
3842:Pedro María de Anaya
3834:Revolt of the Polkos
3822:Constitution of 1824
3682:Challenges in Mexico
3643:California Battalion
3417:British protectorate
3262:Comanche-Mexico Wars
2958:Mexican–American War
2893:Coronavirus pandemic
2868:1982 economic crisis
2721:Mexican–American War
2074:Palestinian American
1290:Era of Good Feelings
1235:Confederation period
1172:Timeline and periods
1048:Mexican-American War
827:Mexico City Campaign
654:Mexican–American War
46:Clockwise from top:
35:Mexican–American War
18:Mexican American War
21005:U.S. Representative
20993:U.S. Representative
19822:Pleasant Valley War
19764:Sand Creek massacre
19714:Battle of the Alamo
19587:Long Tom's treasure
19282:Octaviano Larrazolo
19196:Ranald S. Mackenzie
19146:"Buffalo Bill" Cody
18857:"Old Bill" Williams
18807:William John Murphy
17964:Health care finance
17457:Rail transportation
17223:Imperial presidency
16945:State constitutions
16890:List of legislators
16840:Auditor/Comptroller
16813:Lieutenant governor
16539:Library of Congress
16430:Diplomatic Security
16073:Indian reservations
15736:American Revolution
15374:Invasion of Grenada
15369:Dominican Civil War
14632:Automotive industry
14520:Chamber of Deputies
14203:War of Independence
13972:Occupation of Haiti
13926:Paraguay expedition
13852:Roosevelt Corollary
13543:on January 17, 2013
13443:McClellan, George.
13429:Laidley, Theodore.
13292:Johannsen, Robert.
13252:Weinberg Albert K.
13224:Sellers Charles G.
13201:Ruiz, Ramon Eduardo
13189:2001 35(2): 41–50.
13063:, (1997), textbook.
12823:Martinez, Orlando.
12769:, Macmillan (1998).
12765:Frazier, Donald S.
12598:on December 7, 2012
12017:quoted in Chernow,
11917:quoted in Chernow,
11877:The U.S.–Mexico War
11782:The Conduct of Life
11355:"Boundary Disputes"
11353:Frazier, Donald S.
11253:Jay (1853), p. 117.
11188:Congressional Globe
11142:Congressional Globe
10999:Foos, Paul (2002).
10966:McAllister, Brian.
10527:The Comanche Empire
10525:Hamalainen, Pekka.
10230:, pp. 240–241.
10104:, pp. 215–219.
9897:, pp. 143–144.
9801:, pp. 123–125.
9515:The U.S.–Mexico War
9261:. 2000 pp. 152–153.
9173:Jay (1853), p. 165.
8962:The War with Mexico
8390:, Volume 1, p. 249.
7894:, pp. 172–173.
7882:, pp. 165–168.
7842:"Republic of Texas"
6991:"Official DOD data"
6873:Variations include
6664:, Mexico City, 1959
6606:José María Iglesias
6513:Veterans of the war
6495:Missouri Compromise
6396:George B. McClellan
6082:Kansas–Nebraska Act
6022:Missouri Compromise
6012:Northwest Ordinance
5977:
5947:California genocide
5882:Altered territories
5845:until this treaty.
5730:All-Mexico Movement
5571:Izúcar de Matamoros
5445:Battle of Huamantla
5388:Battle of Contreras
5185:the townspeople of
5130:Bear Springs Treaty
5124:Northwestern Mexico
5053:Battle of Monterrey
5037:Battle of Monterrey
5019:Battle of Monterrey
5010:Battle of Monterrey
5004:Northeastern Mexico
4989:Manuel Pineda Muñoz
4696:California campaign
4599:. They were led by
4503:New Mexico campaign
4404:Support for the war
4388:Ralph Waldo Emerson
4384:Henry David Thoreau
4151:hand-to-hand combat
4126:Battle of Palo Alto
4111:Battle of Palo Alto
4104:siege of Fort Texas
4098:Siege of Fort Texas
3968:María Josefa Zozaya
3929:American Revolution
3923:Political divisions
3783:Political divisions
3677:Preparation for war
3533:Battle of the Alamo
3433:Manuel Micheltorena
3396:, wrote in 1841 to
3070:coast in the lower
2982:Treaties of Velasco
2978:annexation of Texas
2878:Mexican peso crisis
2753:French intervention
2706:Centralist Republic
2681:War of Independence
2009:Lithuanian American
1960:Vietnamese American
1224:American Revolution
1043:Capture of Monterey
743:New Mexico Campaign
695:California Campaign
56:Fall of Mexico City
21352:Mexican California
21307:1848 in California
20647:Oklahoma Territory
19832:Sutton–Taylor feud
19812:Lincoln County War
19807:Johnson County War
19707:Military conflicts
19650:Klondike Gold Rush
19451:Westward expansion
19272:Zephaniah Kingsley
19046:John Wesley Hardin
18943:George Scarborough
18923:"Wild Bill" Hickok
18812:John Wesley Powell
18074:affirmative action
18047:Capital punishment
18006:Poverty and health
18001:Physician shortage
17974:Health care prices
17904:Standard of living
17587:standard of living
17394:Financial position
17021:Hawaiian home land
17009:Indian reservation
16982:Tribal sovereignty
16825:Secretary of state
16694:United States Code
16610:Territorial courts
16582:Associate Justices
16467:Inspector generals
15954:War in Afghanistan
15817:Reconstruction era
15684:Stamp Act Congress
15414:War in Afghanistan
15384:Invasion of Panama
15379:Lebanese Civil War
15304:Formosa Expedition
15264:Second Barbary War
15218:2020 racial unrest
15153:Johnson County War
15148:Lincoln County War
15123:American Civil War
15118:Harpers Ferry raid
15093:Turner's Rebellion
14833:Indigenous peoples
14737:Telecommunications
14596:State legislatures
14537:Federal government
14417:Metropolitan areas
14295:Mexican Revolution
14025:Operation Mongoose
13990:Invasion of Panama
13901:Mexican Border War
13856:Big Stick ideology
13373:Ferrell, Robert H.
13360:Coulter, Richard.
13299:Pinheiro, John C.
13217:Schroeder John H.
13104:Pletcher David M.
13084:2004 (59): 32–70.
12947:Diplomatic History
12918:. Volume: 1. 1928.
12880:Murphy, Douglas.
12825:The Great Landgrab
12802:Levinson, Irving.
12772:Hamilton, Holman,
12729:Eisenhower, John.
12409:. pp. 91–92.
11934:. Fadedgiant.net.
11725:. Memory.loc.gov.
11547:Franzius, Andrea.
9138:quoted in Fowler,
6765:
6753:
6749:Filippo Costaggini
6741:
6738:Christopher Werner
6702:Mexican Revolution
6700:. Even during the
6666:
6654:
6642:
6552:During this time,
6546:
6477:
6438:
6433:Second lieutenant
6420:Joseph E. Johnston
6400:William T. Sherman
6388:American Civil War
6362:James M. McPherson
6072:Compromise of 1850
5975:American Civil War
5968:
5928:community property
5900:
5776:
5643:
5611:
5527:
5377:
5354:
5313:
5258:
5163:Greco-Persian Wars
5085:Diabólicos Tejanos
5068:
5060:
5035:. The hard-fought
4948:Gulf of California
4944:
4922:Treaty of Cahuenga
4843:
4820:Robert F. Stockton
4793:
4750:Upper Klamath Lake
4723:
4517:
4438:
4414:
4393:Civil Disobedience
4372:The Present Crisis
4323:Frederick Douglass
4305:Southern Democrats
4293:
4289:Frederick Douglass
4281:
4198:
4118:Brownsville, Texas
4060:
3994:On the battlefield
3956:On the battlefield
3908:John L. O'Sullivan
3873:United States Army
3870:
3826:José Mariano Salas
3797:
3753:Mississippi Rifles
3701:
3614:, Polk signed the
3483:
3371:Waddy Thompson Jr.
3366:
3286:
3274:Comanches of West
3266:Apache-Mexico Wars
3230:American Southwest
3214:Louisiana Purchase
3164:decade of conflict
3152:
3114:American Civil War
2974:United States Army
2129:Transgender people
1692:Capital punishment
1345:Reconstruction Era
1120:Mexican Expedition
1105:Mexican Revolution
688:Resaca de la Palma
295:Robert F. Stockton
195:, for $ 15 million
21332:Conflicts in 1848
21327:Conflicts in 1847
21322:Conflicts in 1846
21254:
21253:
20914:
20913:
20892:
20891:
20888:
20887:
20867:Wyoming Territory
20435:Montana Territory
20271:Florida Territory
20084:Arizona Territory
19971:Western lifestyle
19802:Earp-Clanton feud
19744:Chimayó Rebellion
19678:Battle of Lincoln
19484:Butterfield Trail
19434:Vigilante justice
19325:
19324:
19252:John Joel Glanton
19237:Jonathan R. Davis
19232:William H. Boring
18837:Trinidad Swilling
18426:Lenape (Delaware)
18351:Chippewa (Ojibwe)
18283:American frontier
18249:
18248:
18209:
18208:
18205:
18204:
18175:National security
17884:Income inequality
17764:Statue of Liberty
17567:income inequality
17480:
17479:
17472:Trucking industry
17284:
17283:
17280:
17279:
17211:Foreign relations
17199:Electoral College
17180:
17179:
16968:
16967:
16920:District attorney
16767:
16766:
16594:Courts of appeals
16317:
16316:
16030:
16029:
15971:COVID-19 pandemic
15924:Feminist Movement
15770:American frontier
15689:Thirteen Colonies
15550:
15549:
15512:Casualties of war
15344:Russian Civil War
15309:Korean Expedition
15254:First Barbary War
15133:Brooks–Baxter War
15088:Fries's Rebellion
15083:Whiskey Rebellion
15025:
15024:
14985:
14984:
14760:
14759:
14609:
14608:
14579:Political parties
14542:Foreign relations
14487:
14486:
14275:Restored Republic
14193:Pre-Columbian era
14139:
14138:
13512:Tennery, Thomas.
13483:Robinson, Cecil,
13462:978-1-5033-7428-7
13346:Calhoun, John C.
13339:Calhoun, John C.
13096:Pinheiro, John C.
13059:Krauze, Enrique.
12818:Captain Sam Grant
12779:Huston, James A.
12746:978-0-7734-6495-7
12736:Eubank, Damon R.
12611:978-0-674-97234-6
12601:Guardino, Peter.
12577:Greenberg, Amy S.
12559:978-0-8032-6107-5
12538:General histories
12522:978-1-57607-059-8
11980:Project Gutenberg
11958:Grant, Ulysses S.
11818:978-0-19-503863-7
11791:978-1-4191-5736-3
11621:978-0-292-75253-5
11595:978-99946-41-25-3
11469:978-0-300-15042-1
11292:Davis, Kenneth C.
11240:978-0-8160-4932-5
11029:978-0-8061-2964-8
10819:Vanguardia.com.mx
10732:978-0-8061-3279-2
10645:Lions of the West
10499:978-0-8262-1132-3
10430:the memory palace
10318:978-0-8061-4140-4
9713:978-0-3128-6685-3
9660:Lions of the West
9626:978-0-8263-0631-9
9574:978-0-8040-0633-0
9313:978-1-85109-853-8
9293:978-0-226-69402-3
9283:Gradert, Kenyon.
8900:Lions of the West
8386:Tucker, Spencer.
8191:Guardino, Peter.
7715:Winkley, John W.
7662:Lyman, George D.
7603:, pp. 48–49.
7591:, pp. 45–46.
7467:978-0-300-15042-1
7139:978-0-307-47599-2
7114:978-0-8014-5326-7
7066:978-1-55622-678-6
6774:Marine Corps Hymn
6734:Palmetto Regiment
6610:Francisco Urquidi
6580:Effects on Mexico
6473:Nathaniel Currier
6416:Stonewall Jackson
6314:
6313:
6163:Uncle Tom's Cabin
5970:Events leading to
5922:), which, in the
5898:, shown in yellow
5607:Nathaniel Currier
5511:
5510:
5503:
5297:Advance on Puebla
5248:Siege of Veracruz
4911:Battle of La Mesa
4903:San Gabriel River
4852:José María Flores
4839:Battle of La Mesa
4808:San Francisco Bay
4746:Sacramento Valley
4719:Stephen W. Kearny
4644:Thomas Tate Tobin
4640:John David Albert
4611:(Little Thomas).
4567:on August 18 and
4521:Stephen W. Kearny
4515:, August 15, 1846
4380:Transcendentalist
4376:The Biglow Papers
4309:Democratic Review
4006:On the home front
3974:On the home front
3660:Mexico's response
3527:to arms and they
3523:). Austin called
3496:Stephen F. Austin
3479:Republic of Texas
3465:Republic of Texas
3362:Adams-Onís Treaty
3222:John Quincy Adams
3218:Adams-Onís Treaty
3202:U.S. expansionism
3160:Treaty of Córdoba
2998:Republic of Texas
2954:
2953:
2920:Mexico portal
2862:La Década Perdida
2851:Mexican Dirty War
2835:(1928–1934)
2798:Plan of Guadalupe
2792:La decena trágica
2776:Restored Republic
2671:Spanish-Aztec War
2619:
2618:
2541:
2540:
2170:American frontier
2069:Lebanese American
2054:Egyptian American
1984:Estonian American
1974:Albanian American
1968:European American
1945:Japanese American
1935:Filipino American
1559:
1558:
1532:Post-Cold War Era
1189:Pre-Columbian Era
1151:
1135:
1134:
992:
991:
618:
617:
201:
200:
16:(Redirected from
21444:
21243:
21242:
21231:Zachary Taylor →
21114:Texas annexation
21084:
21012:
21000:
20988:
20977:
20966:
20941:
20934:
20927:
20918:
20917:
20904:
20903:
20715:Oregon Territory
20652:Indian Territory
20218:Dakota Territory
20042:
20041:
20035:
20034:
19934:New Mexico chile
19817:Mason County War
19774:Texas Revolution
19739:Bear Flag Revolt
19489:California Trail
19399:Manifest destiny
19331:Frontier culture
19227:John Jacob Astor
19201:Charley Reynolds
19101:Younger Brothers
19081:Joaquin Murrieta
18968:Harry C. Wheeler
18963:James Timberlake
18852:Henry Wickenburg
18797:Meriwether Lewis
18716:Touch the Clouds
18578:Native Americans
18574:
18573:
18276:
18269:
18262:
18253:
18252:
18229:
18222:
18109:African American
17991:Health insurance
17879:Household income
17749:National symbols
17680:American English
17653:Federal holidays
17562:household income
17495:
17494:
17491:
17490:
17295:
17294:
17233:Anti-Americanism
17157:Special district
17084:Independent city
17053:County executive
17036:
17035:
16830:Attorney general
16789:
16788:
16778:Federal District
16361:Executive Office
16341:
16340:
16332:
16331:
16328:
16327:
16088:populated places
16068:federal enclaves
16063:federal district
16041:
16040:
15904:American Century
15887:Great Depression
15882:Roaring Twenties
15842:Women's suffrage
15721:Halifax Resolves
15714:Founding Fathers
15709:military history
15674:Pre-colonial era
15598:
15597:
15577:
15570:
15563:
15554:
15553:
15502:Military history
15461:Yemeni civil war
15394:Somali Civil War
15294:Second Opium War
15163:Homestead strike
15078:Shays' Rebellion
15052:
15045:
15038:
15029:
15028:
15005:
14998:
14945:National symbols
14771:
14770:
14712:
14657:Renewable energy
14647:Economic history
14620:
14619:
14498:
14497:
14360:
14359:
14340:Chiapas conflict
14240:Texas Revolution
14166:
14159:
14152:
14143:
14142:
14036:Operation Condor
13868:Dollar diplomacy
13819:
13812:
13805:
13796:
13795:
13616:
13614:
13612:
13600:
13598:
13596:
13584:
13582:
13580:
13568:
13566:
13564:
13552:
13550:
13548:
13528:Zeh, Frederick.
13525:
13509:
13507:
13496:
13480:
13474:
13466:
13409:
13398:
13259:Yanez, Agustin.
13240:full text online
13210:Santoni, Pedro.
13182:
13164:
13146:
13111:Price, Glenn W.
13045:Greenberg, Amy.
13042:
13003:
12893:full text online
12877:
12690:
12653:full text online
12642:full text online
12629:Merry Robert W.
12567:De Voto, Bernard
12563:
12546:Bauer, Karl Jack
12526:
12494:
12487:
12481:
12478:
12472:
12465:
12459:
12452:
12446:
12440:
12434:
12427:
12421:
12420:
12404:
12394:
12388:
12387:
12369:
12345:
12339:
12338:
12336:
12334:
12323:history.army.mil
12315:
12309:
12308:
12306:
12304:
12276:
12267:
12266:
12264:
12262:
12243:
12234:
12228:
12222:
12219:
12213:
12206:
12200:
12189:
12183:
12182:
12180:
12178:
12150:
12144:
12143:
12141:
12139:
12111:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12100:
12072:
12066:
12059:
12053:
12052:
12028:
12022:
12015:
12009:
12008:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11977:
11975:
11954:
11948:
11947:
11945:
11943:
11928:
11922:
11915:
11909:
11902:
11896:
11886:
11880:
11873:
11867:
11854:
11848:
11841:
11835:
11834:
11832:
11830:
11802:
11796:
11795:
11777:
11771:
11768:
11762:
11761:
11755:
11745:
11739:
11738:
11736:
11734:
11719:
11713:
11712:
11710:
11708:
11693:
11687:
11684:
11678:
11677:
11672:. Archived from
11666:
11660:
11644:
11638:
11637:
11635:
11633:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11581:
11575:
11574:
11568:
11560:
11558:
11556:
11544:
11538:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11518:
11512:
11511:
11509:
11507:
11492:
11486:
11485:
11483:
11481:
11453:
11447:
11444:
11438:
11437:
11435:
11433:
11414:
11408:
11407:
11405:
11403:
11384:
11375:
11374:
11372:
11370:
11350:
11344:
11343:
11341:
11339:
11314:
11308:
11307:
11301:
11288:
11282:
11276:
11270:
11269:
11265:Our Public Lands
11260:
11254:
11251:
11245:
11244:
11226:U.S.–Mexican War
11220:
11214:
11211:
11205:
11204:
11202:
11200:
11178:
11172:
11165:
11159:
11158:
11156:
11154:
11132:
11126:
11119:
11113:
11108:Schoultz, Lars.
11106:
11100:
11093:
11087:
11080:
11074:
11071:
11065:
11064:
11062:
11060:
11040:
11034:
11033:
11011:
11005:
11004:
10996:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10982:
10963:
10957:
10956:
10940:
10930:
10924:
10923:
10921:
10919:
10904:
10898:
10897:
10896:
10894:
10876:
10870:
10867:
10861:
10854:
10848:
10841:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10830:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10780:
10774:
10759:
10750:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10720:
10710:
10704:
10697:
10691:
10684:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10673:
10654:
10648:
10643:Morgan, Robert,
10641:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10604:
10595:. Archived from
10585:
10579:
10576:
10570:
10563:
10557:
10550:
10544:
10537:
10531:
10530:
10522:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10511:
10483:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10472:
10452:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10432:. May 20, 2019.
10422:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10411:
10392:
10383:
10382:
10364:
10358:
10355:
10349:
10342:
10336:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10304:
10298:
10295:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10269:
10260:
10254:
10243:
10237:
10231:
10225:
10219:
10213:
10207:
10201:
10195:
10192:
10186:
10180:
10174:
10168:
10162:
10159:
10153:
10147:
10141:
10135:
10129:
10123:
10117:
10111:
10105:
10099:
10093:
10087:
10081:
10075:
10069:
10063:
10057:
10051:
10045:
10039:
10033:
10027:
10021:
10015:
10009:
10003:
9997:
9991:
9985:
9979:
9973:
9967:
9961:
9955:
9949:
9943:
9937:
9931:
9922:
9916:
9910:
9904:
9898:
9892:
9886:
9880:
9874:
9868:
9862:
9856:
9850:
9844:
9838:
9832:
9826:
9820:
9814:
9808:
9802:
9796:
9790:
9784:
9778:
9772:
9766:
9760:
9754:
9748:
9742:
9736:
9730:
9724:
9718:
9717:
9701:
9691:
9685:
9669:
9663:
9656:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9637:
9631:
9630:
9612:
9606:
9604:
9602:
9600:
9591:. Archived from
9585:
9579:
9578:
9560:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9546:
9527:
9518:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9496:
9490:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9464:
9458:
9451:
9445:
9438:
9432:
9421:
9415:
9414:
9409:. Archived from
9378:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9321:
9315:
9301:
9295:
9281:
9275:
9270:Silbey, Joel H.
9268:
9262:
9255:
9249:
9243:
9237:
9230:
9224:
9217:
9211:
9204:
9198:
9180:
9174:
9171:
9165:
9162:
9156:
9149:
9143:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9107:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9079:
9073:
9066:
9060:
9053:
9047:
9044:
9035:
9034:
9028:
9026:
9021:on July 25, 2008
9017:. Archived from
9011:
9005:
8998:
8992:
8991:
8981:
8979:
8953:
8947:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8909:
8903:
8898:Morgan, Robert.
8896:
8890:
8887:
8881:
8878:
8872:
8869:
8856:
8855:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8675:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8425:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8397:
8391:
8384:
8378:
8368:U.S.–Mexican War
8366:Mills, Bronwyn.
8364:
8358:
8351:
8345:
8338:
8332:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8294:
8288:
8287:
8279:
8273:
8270:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8259:
8241:
8235:
8228:
8222:
8215:
8209:
8202:
8196:
8189:
8183:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8110:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8075:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8040:René Chartrand,
8034:
8028:
8021:
8015:
8008:
8002:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7965:
7959:
7956:
7947:
7940:
7934:
7927:
7921:
7914:
7908:
7901:
7895:
7889:
7883:
7877:
7868:
7867:
7861:
7853:
7851:
7849:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7817:Harper Perennial
7808:
7795:
7788:
7782:
7775:
7769:
7762:
7756:
7753:
7744:
7729:
7720:
7713:
7704:
7689:
7680:
7675:Groom, Winston.
7673:
7667:
7660:
7649:
7648:
7629:10.2307/25139106
7610:
7604:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7502:
7496:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7451:
7445:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7391:
7385:
7378:
7372:
7365:
7359:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7323:
7313:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7271:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7229:
7220:
7219:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7165:
7156:
7153:
7144:
7143:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6993:. Archived from
6987:
6981:
6975:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6950:
6930:
6914:
6888:
6882:
6875:U.S.–Mexican War
6871:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6792:Mormon Battalion
6706:Chapultepec Park
6602:Guillermo Prieto
6544:
6541:
6435:Ulysses S. Grant
6404:Ambrose Burnside
6347:
6319:election of 1848
6306:
6299:
6292:
6265:Star of the West
6122:Corwin Amendment
6087:Ostend Manifesto
6052:Texas annexation
6047:Texas Revolution
5978:
5967:
5916:civil law system
5896:Gadsden Purchase
5871:Gadsden Purchase
5838:Texas Annexation
5506:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5486:
5463:
5455:
5415:Los Niños Héroes
5311:Scott's campaign
5286:Matthew C. Perry
5275:James Longstreet
5271:Ulysses S. Grant
5157:'s march across
5042:Pedro de Ampudia
4754:Oregon Territory
4727:Thomas O. Larkin
4632:Charles Autobees
4593:Taos, New Mexico
4533:Army of the West
4525:Fort Leavenworth
4444:, primarily the
4340:Spot Resolutions
4222:Personal Memoirs
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
3885:campaign in 1844
3759:revolver of the
3647:Bear Flag Revolt
3627:Thomas O. Larkin
3521:Coahuila y Tejas
3513:Vicente Guerrero
3469:Texas annexation
3461:Texas Revolution
3394:Richard Pakenham
3284:
3281:
3278:in war regalia,
3250:Democratic Party
3208:Manifest destiny
3162:in 1821 after a
3102:The victory and
3060:Pacific Squadron
3041:
2994:Texas Revolution
2992:during the 1836
2946:
2939:
2932:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2888:Mexican drug war
2873:Chiapas conflict
2836:
2711:Texas Revolution
2649:
2639:
2621:
2620:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2532:
2531:
2175:Manifest destiny
2165:Historic regions
2147:
2146:
2087:Native Americans
2059:Iranian American
2033:Mexican American
2019:Serbian American
2004:Italian American
1989:Finnish American
1979:English American
1930:Chinese American
1917:African American
1717:Direct democracy
1707:The Constitution
1666:Higher education
1575:American Century
1477:Civil Rights Era
1455:Civil Rights Era
1411:Great Depression
1400:Roaring Twenties
1268:Jeffersonian Era
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1100:Nogales Uprising
1095:Garza Revolution
1071:
1058:Cortina Troubles
1033:
1029:
1019:
1012:
1005:
996:
995:
816:Sacramento River
789:Red River Canyon
717:Dominguez Rancho
656:
644:
637:
630:
621:
620:
560:
559:
550:
549:
525:
524:
513:
512:
503:
495:Gabriel Valencia
493:
492:
481:
480:
469:
468:
457:
456:
445:
444:
435:Pedro de Ampudia
433:
432:
421:
420:
409:
408:
397:
396:
383:
382:
365:
364:
353:
352:
341:
340:
331:William L. Marcy
329:
328:
317:
316:
305:
304:
293:
292:
281:
280:
271:George M. Dallas
269:
268:
255:
254:
236:
232:
230:
229:
218:
216:
215:
133:American victory
96:
94:
90:
79:
78:
44:
32:
31:
21:
21452:
21451:
21447:
21446:
21445:
21443:
21442:
21441:
21272:1840s conflicts
21257:
21256:
21255:
21250:
21214:
21179:
21153:
21124:Thornton Affair
21085:
21076:
21032:Specie Circular
21015:
21003:
20991:
20980:
20969:
20958:
20950:
20945:
20915:
20910:
20884:
20861:
20828:
20810:
20762:
20709:
20649:
20641:
20568:
20540:
20487:
20429:
20397:
20354:
20336:
20319:Idaho Territory
20313:
20265:
20212:
20179:
20131:
20078:
20029:
19924:Native American
19897:
19848:Arizona Rangers
19836:
19791:
19783:
19702:
19683:Frisco shootout
19659:
19621:
19567:Dead man's hand
19553:
19466:
19460:
19456:Wild West shows
19364:Cattle rustling
19321:
19307:Sedona Schnebly
19292:Sylvester Mowry
19215:
19206:Philip Sheridan
19156:James C. Cooney
19128:
19122:
19014:Dalton Brothers
18972:
18883:Charlie Bassett
18866:
18787:John C. Frémont
18741:
18735:
18701:Snapping Turtle
18565:
18516:Southern Paiute
18481:Pend d'Oreilles
18466:Northern Paiute
18292:
18285:
18280:
18250:
18245:
18232:
18225:
18218:
18201:
18187:Opioid epidemic
18104:Native American
18084:intersex rights
18035:
18031:Life expectancy
18021:Medical deserts
18011:Race and health
17908:
17894:Personal income
17840:
17744:National anthem
17577:personal income
17542:Economic issues
17476:
17428:
17276:
17176:
17165:School district
17151:
17134:Minor divisions
17128:
17067:
17025:
16964:
16950:Statutory codes
16931:
16894:
16871:
16781:
16776:
16763:
16698:
16655:civil liberties
16636:
16627:Other tribunals
16606:District courts
16558:
16517:current members
16500:current members
16481:
16415:Law enforcement
16313:
16026:
15975:
15966:Great Recession
15837:Progressive Era
15827:Native genocide
15758:Perpetual Union
15746:Treaty of Paris
15704:United Colonies
15662:
15587:
15581:
15551:
15546:
15465:
15324:Boxer Rebellion
15227:
15108:Bleeding Kansas
15066:
15059:
15056:
15026:
15021:
15008:
15001:
14994:
14981:
14874:
14850:Public holidays
14823:Nationality law
14818:Life expectancy
14756:
14710:
14605:
14569:Law enforcement
14483:
14474:Water resources
14349:
14325:Mexican miracle
14179:
14170:
14140:
14135:
14117:
14083:
13995:
13919:and occupations
13918:
13912:
13877:
13846:Platt Amendment
13840:Monroe Doctrine
13828:
13823:
13787:wrote the song
13765:Wayback Machine
13747:The Mexican War
13730:Wayback Machine
13719:
13665:
13635:
13630:
13625:
13610:
13608:
13603:
13594:
13592:
13587:
13578:
13576:
13571:
13562:
13560:
13555:
13546:
13544:
13535:
13468:
13467:
13463:
13440:. 2 vols. 1982.
13387:
13335:
13333:Primary sources
13330:
13271:
13266:
13135:10.2307/1834723
13023:10.2307/3638563
12984:10.2307/3637470
12921:Brack, Gene M.
12910:
12905:
12858:10.2307/1836568
12687:
12667:Bauer K. Jack.
12663:
12658:
12622:Meed, Douglas.
12560:
12540:
12523:
12507:
12505:Reference works
12502:
12497:
12488:
12484:
12479:
12475:
12466:
12462:
12453:
12449:
12441:
12437:
12428:
12424:
12417:
12395:
12391:
12346:
12342:
12332:
12330:
12317:
12316:
12312:
12302:
12300:
12293:
12277:
12270:
12260:
12258:
12251:LewRockwell.com
12245:
12244:
12237:
12229:
12225:
12220:
12216:
12207:
12203:
12190:
12186:
12176:
12174:
12167:
12151:
12147:
12137:
12135:
12128:
12112:
12108:
12098:
12096:
12089:
12073:
12069:
12060:
12056:
12049:
12029:
12025:
12016:
12012:
12005:
11991:
11987:
11973:
11971:
11955:
11951:
11941:
11939:
11930:
11929:
11925:
11916:
11912:
11903:
11899:
11887:
11883:
11874:
11870:
11864:Wayback Machine
11855:
11851:
11842:
11838:
11828:
11826:
11819:
11803:
11799:
11792:
11784:. p. 110.
11778:
11774:
11769:
11765:
11746:
11742:
11732:
11730:
11721:
11720:
11716:
11706:
11704:
11695:
11694:
11690:
11685:
11681:
11668:
11667:
11663:
11657:Wayback Machine
11645:
11641:
11631:
11629:
11622:
11606:
11602:
11596:
11583:
11582:
11578:
11562:
11561:
11554:
11552:
11545:
11541:
11531:
11529:
11520:
11519:
11515:
11505:
11503:
11494:
11493:
11489:
11479:
11477:
11470:
11454:
11450:
11445:
11441:
11431:
11429:
11416:
11415:
11411:
11401:
11399:
11386:
11385:
11378:
11368:
11366:
11351:
11347:
11337:
11335:
11315:
11311:
11289:
11285:
11277:
11273:
11262:
11261:
11257:
11252:
11248:
11241:
11221:
11217:
11212:
11208:
11198:
11196:
11179:
11175:
11166:
11162:
11152:
11150:
11133:
11129:
11120:
11116:
11107:
11103:
11094:
11090:
11081:
11077:
11072:
11068:
11058:
11056:
11041:
11037:
11030:
11012:
11008:
10997:
10990:
10980:
10978:
10972:(1988), p. 193"
10964:
10960:
10953:
10931:
10927:
10917:
10915:
10906:
10905:
10901:
10892:
10890:
10877:
10873:
10868:
10864:
10855:
10851:
10842:
10838:
10828:
10826:
10813:
10812:
10808:
10801:
10781:
10777:
10771:Wayback Machine
10760:
10753:
10744:
10740:
10733:
10711:
10707:
10698:
10694:
10685:
10681:
10671:
10669:
10656:
10655:
10651:
10642:
10638:
10628:
10626:
10617:
10616:
10612:
10602:
10600:
10587:
10586:
10582:
10577:
10573:
10564:
10560:
10552:K. Jack Bauer,
10551:
10547:
10538:
10534:
10523:
10519:
10509:
10507:
10500:
10484:
10480:
10470:
10468:
10453:
10449:
10439:
10437:
10424:
10423:
10419:
10409:
10407:
10400:library.uta.edu
10394:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10365:
10361:
10356:
10352:
10343:
10339:
10331:Foote, Shelby.
10330:
10326:
10319:
10305:
10301:
10296:
10292:
10282:
10280:
10279:on July 7, 2011
10273:"Urban Warfare"
10271:
10270:
10263:
10255:
10246:
10238:
10234:
10226:
10222:
10214:
10210:
10202:
10198:
10193:
10189:
10181:
10177:
10169:
10165:
10160:
10156:
10148:
10144:
10136:
10132:
10124:
10120:
10112:
10108:
10100:
10096:
10088:
10084:
10076:
10072:
10064:
10060:
10052:
10048:
10040:
10036:
10028:
10024:
10016:
10012:
10004:
10000:
9992:
9988:
9980:
9976:
9968:
9964:
9956:
9952:
9944:
9940:
9932:
9925:
9917:
9913:
9905:
9901:
9893:
9889:
9881:
9877:
9869:
9865:
9857:
9853:
9845:
9841:
9833:
9829:
9821:
9817:
9809:
9805:
9797:
9793:
9785:
9781:
9773:
9769:
9761:
9757:
9749:
9745:
9737:
9733:
9725:
9721:
9714:
9692:
9688:
9682:Wayback Machine
9670:
9666:
9657:
9653:
9638:
9634:
9627:
9613:
9609:
9598:
9596:
9587:
9586:
9582:
9575:
9561:
9554:
9544:
9542:
9529:
9528:
9521:
9512:
9508:
9497:
9493:
9487:Artes de México
9484:
9480:
9465:
9461:
9452:
9448:
9439:
9435:
9422:
9418:
9379:
9375:
9365:
9363:
9354:
9353:
9349:
9339:
9337:
9322:
9318:
9302:
9298:
9282:
9278:
9269:
9265:
9256:
9252:
9244:
9240:
9231:
9227:
9218:
9214:
9205:
9201:
9191:Wayback Machine
9181:
9177:
9172:
9168:
9163:
9159:
9150:
9146:
9137:
9133:
9126:
9108:
9104:
9094:
9092:
9081:
9080:
9076:
9067:
9063:
9054:
9050:
9045:
9038:
9024:
9022:
9013:
9012:
9008:
8999:
8995:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8954:
8950:
8945:
8941:
8926:
8910:
8906:
8897:
8893:
8888:
8884:
8879:
8875:
8870:
8859:
8844:
8828:
8824:
8809:
8793:
8789:
8774:
8758:
8754:
8739:
8723:
8719:
8709:
8707:
8692:
8676:
8672:
8662:
8660:
8645:
8629:
8625:
8615:
8613:
8598:
8582:
8578:
8568:
8566:
8551:
8535:
8531:
8521:
8519:
8504:
8488:
8484:
8474:
8472:
8457:
8441:
8437:
8426:
8422:
8412:
8410:
8399:
8398:
8394:
8385:
8381:
8365:
8361:
8352:
8348:
8339:
8335:
8330:
8326:
8295:
8291:
8280:
8276:
8271:
8267:
8257:
8255:
8243:
8242:
8238:
8229:
8225:
8219:The Mexican War
8216:
8212:
8203:
8199:
8190:
8186:
8181:
8177:
8167:
8165:
8146:
8142:
8132:
8130:
8111:
8107:
8097:
8095:
8076:
8069:
8059:
8057:
8055:
8035:
8031:
8022:
8018:
8009:
8005:
7996:
7992:
7982:
7980:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7957:
7950:
7941:
7937:
7928:
7924:
7915:
7911:
7902:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7878:
7871:
7855:
7854:
7847:
7845:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7819:. p. 675.
7809:
7798:
7789:
7785:
7776:
7772:
7763:
7759:
7754:
7747:
7731:Stone, Irving.
7730:
7723:
7714:
7707:
7691:Stone, Irving.
7690:
7683:
7677:Kearny's March,
7674:
7670:
7661:
7652:
7611:
7607:
7599:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7573:
7571:
7558:
7554:
7523:10.2307/1007289
7503:
7499:
7489:Wayback Machine
7479:
7475:
7468:
7452:
7448:
7439:
7435:
7408:10.2307/2510435
7392:
7388:
7379:
7375:
7366:
7362:
7353:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7314:
7307:
7297:
7295:
7288:
7272:
7265:
7255:
7253:
7246:
7230:
7223:
7212:
7205:
7182:10.2307/3633243
7166:
7159:
7154:
7147:
7140:
7126:
7122:
7115:
7093:
7089:
7078:
7074:
7067:
7053:
7049:
7030:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6978:Clodfelter 2017
6976:
6961:
6948:
6946:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6918:
6917:
6889:
6885:
6879:U.S.–Mexico War
6872:
6868:
6863:
6810:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6727:
6671:
6634:
6598:Ignacio Ramírez
6582:
6542:
6532:
6515:
6486:
6384:
6348:
6337:Emily Dickinson
6334:
6310:
6281:
6280:
6259:
6251:
6250:
6199:
6191:
6190:
6169:Bleeding Kansas
6135:
6127:
6126:
6007:
5999:
5998:
5984:
5972:
5966:
5949:or forced into
5892:Mexican Cession
5884:
5879:
5855:Luis de la Rosa
5851:Nathan Clifford
5834:Mexican Cession
5807:, and parts of
5780:plenipotentiary
5764:
5743:John C. Calhoun
5738:
5732:
5714:
5695:Catholic Church
5632:
5594:
5562:Puente Nacional
5523:National Palace
5507:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5476:
5464:
5453:
5437:Siege of Puebla
5429:
5383:
5366:
5343:
5341:Pause at Puebla
5305:
5299:
5250:
5244:
5239:
5203:
5201:Southern Mexico
5126:
5110:Jefferson Davis
5097:
5021:
5016:
5008:Main articles:
5006:
4994:Henry S. Burton
4936:
4930:
4898:San Luis Obispo
4729:, stationed in
4704:
4698:
4655:Ceran St. Vrain
4548:Diego Archuleta
4505:
4500:
4494:
4427:
4406:
4358:introduced the
4332:Joshua Giddings
4269:Abraham Lincoln
4262:
4257:
4244:
4214:Abraham Lincoln
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4143:
4122:horse artillery
4113:
4100:
4092:Thornton Affair
4076:
4074:Thornton Affair
4071:
4065:
4056:Sarah A. Bowman
4049:
4044:
4024:
4013:
4008:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3976:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3942:
3925:
3881:
3875:
3862:
3814:Mariano Paredes
3785:
3744:Napoleonic Wars
3689:
3684:
3679:
3662:
3623:John C. Frémont
3600:
3575:
3570:
3549:signed a treaty
3498:, brought over
3471:
3459:Main articles:
3457:
3425:
3398:Lord Palmerston
3376:U.S. President
3351:
3316:Alta California
3282:
3268:
3258:
3210:
3204:
3140:
3135:
3056:Alta California
3039:
2950:
2914:
2912:
2898:
2897:
2846:Mexican miracle
2834:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2666:
2658:
2637:
2630:
2615:
2543:
2542:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2041:Jewish American
2014:Polish American
1994:German American
1950:Korean American
1940:Indian American
1911:
1903:
1902:
1757:Merchant Marine
1727:Law enforcement
1595:Racial violence
1569:
1561:
1560:
1367:Progressive Era
1175:
1171:
1152:
1150:History of the
1136:
1131:
1090:Crawford affair
1065:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1023:
993:
988:
732:Rio San Gabriel
673:Thornton Affair
657:
653:
650:
648:
609:
596:
590:
574:
554:
544:
534:
532:
519:
507:
499:
487:
475:
463:
459:José de Herrera
451:
439:
427:
415:
403:
399:Mariano Paredes
391:
377:
371:
359:
347:
335:
323:
311:
299:
287:
283:George Bancroft
275:
263:
249:
227:
225:
213:
211:
179:, and parts of
162:Mexican Cession
156:
136:
122:
97:
92:
88:
86:
62:, U.S. victory
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21450:
21440:
21439:
21434:
21429:
21424:
21419:
21414:
21409:
21404:
21399:
21394:
21389:
21384:
21379:
21374:
21369:
21364:
21359:
21354:
21349:
21344:
21339:
21334:
21329:
21324:
21319:
21314:
21312:1848 in Mexico
21309:
21304:
21299:
21297:1847 in Mexico
21294:
21289:
21284:
21282:1846 in Mexico
21279:
21274:
21269:
21252:
21251:
21249:
21248:
21235:
21234:
21227:
21219:
21216:
21215:
21213:
21212:
21206:
21200:
21194:
21187:
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21167:
21161:
21159:
21155:
21154:
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21141:
21136:
21131:
21126:
21121:
21116:
21111:
21106:
21101:
21095:
21093:
21087:
21086:
21079:
21077:
21075:
21074:
21069:
21064:
21059:
21054:
21049:
21044:
21039:
21034:
21029:
21023:
21021:
21017:
21016:
21014:
21013:
21001:
20989:
20978:
20967:
20955:
20952:
20951:
20944:
20943:
20936:
20929:
20921:
20912:
20911:
20909:
20908:
20897:
20894:
20893:
20890:
20889:
20886:
20885:
20883:
20882:
20877:
20871:
20869:
20863:
20862:
20860:
20859:
20854:
20849:
20844:
20838:
20836:
20830:
20829:
20827:
20826:
20824:Salt Lake City
20820:
20818:
20816:Utah Territory
20812:
20811:
20809:
20808:
20803:
20798:
20793:
20788:
20783:
20778:
20772:
20770:
20764:
20763:
20761:
20760:
20755:
20750:
20745:
20740:
20735:
20730:
20725:
20719:
20717:
20711:
20710:
20708:
20707:
20702:
20697:
20692:
20687:
20682:
20677:
20672:
20667:
20662:
20656:
20654:
20643:
20642:
20640:
20639:
20634:
20629:
20624:
20619:
20614:
20609:
20604:
20599:
20594:
20589:
20584:
20578:
20576:
20570:
20569:
20567:
20566:
20561:
20556:
20550:
20548:
20542:
20541:
20539:
20538:
20533:
20528:
20523:
20518:
20513:
20508:
20503:
20497:
20495:
20489:
20488:
20486:
20485:
20480:
20475:
20470:
20465:
20460:
20455:
20450:
20445:
20439:
20437:
20431:
20430:
20428:
20427:
20424:
20423:
20418:
20413:
20407:
20405:
20399:
20398:
20396:
20395:
20390:
20385:
20380:
20375:
20370:
20364:
20362:
20356:
20355:
20353:
20352:
20346:
20344:
20338:
20337:
20335:
20334:
20329:
20323:
20321:
20315:
20314:
20312:
20311:
20306:
20301:
20296:
20294:Prospect Bluff
20291:
20286:
20281:
20275:
20273:
20267:
20266:
20264:
20263:
20258:
20253:
20248:
20243:
20238:
20233:
20228:
20222:
20220:
20214:
20213:
20211:
20210:
20205:
20200:
20195:
20189:
20187:
20181:
20180:
20178:
20177:
20172:
20167:
20162:
20157:
20152:
20147:
20141:
20139:
20133:
20132:
20130:
20129:
20124:
20119:
20114:
20109:
20104:
20099:
20094:
20088:
20086:
20080:
20079:
20077:
20076:
20071:
20066:
20061:
20056:
20050:
20048:
20039:
20031:
20030:
20028:
20027:
20026:
20025:
20020:
20015:
20010:
20000:
19999:
19998:
19993:
19988:
19983:
19973:
19968:
19963:
19958:
19956:Gothic Western
19953:
19952:
19951:
19946:
19941:
19936:
19931:
19926:
19921:
19916:
19905:
19903:
19899:
19898:
19896:
19895:
19890:
19885:
19880:
19875:
19870:
19865:
19860:
19855:
19850:
19844:
19842:
19838:
19837:
19835:
19834:
19829:
19824:
19819:
19814:
19809:
19804:
19798:
19796:
19785:
19784:
19782:
19781:
19776:
19771:
19766:
19761:
19756:
19751:
19746:
19741:
19736:
19731:
19726:
19721:
19716:
19710:
19708:
19704:
19703:
19701:
19700:
19695:
19690:
19685:
19680:
19675:
19669:
19667:
19661:
19660:
19658:
19657:
19652:
19647:
19642:
19637:
19631:
19629:
19623:
19622:
19620:
19619:
19614:
19609:
19604:
19599:
19594:
19589:
19584:
19579:
19574:
19569:
19563:
19561:
19555:
19554:
19552:
19551:
19546:
19541:
19536:
19534:Santa Fe Trail
19531:
19526:
19521:
19516:
19511:
19506:
19501:
19496:
19494:Chisholm Trail
19491:
19486:
19481:
19476:
19470:
19468:
19462:
19461:
19459:
19458:
19453:
19448:
19447:
19446:
19439:Western saloon
19436:
19431:
19426:
19421:
19416:
19411:
19406:
19401:
19396:
19391:
19386:
19381:
19376:
19371:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19351:
19346:
19341:
19339:American bison
19335:
19333:
19327:
19326:
19323:
19322:
19320:
19319:
19314:
19309:
19304:
19299:
19297:Emperor Norton
19294:
19289:
19284:
19279:
19274:
19269:
19267:Andrew Jackson
19264:
19259:
19254:
19249:
19244:
19239:
19234:
19229:
19223:
19221:
19217:
19216:
19214:
19213:
19208:
19203:
19198:
19193:
19188:
19183:
19178:
19173:
19168:
19163:
19158:
19153:
19148:
19143:
19138:
19132:
19130:
19124:
19123:
19121:
19120:
19098:
19093:
19088:
19083:
19078:
19073:
19068:
19063:
19058:
19053:
19048:
19043:
19038:
19033:
19011:
19006:
19001:
18996:
18991:
18986:
18980:
18978:
18974:
18973:
18971:
18970:
18965:
18960:
18955:
18950:
18945:
18940:
18935:
18930:
18925:
18920:
18915:
18910:
18905:
18900:
18895:
18890:
18885:
18880:
18874:
18872:
18868:
18867:
18865:
18864:
18859:
18854:
18849:
18844:
18839:
18834:
18829:
18827:Jedediah Smith
18824:
18819:
18814:
18809:
18804:
18799:
18794:
18789:
18784:
18779:
18774:
18769:
18764:
18759:
18754:
18748:
18746:
18737:
18736:
18734:
18733:
18728:
18723:
18718:
18713:
18708:
18703:
18698:
18693:
18688:
18683:
18678:
18673:
18668:
18663:
18658:
18653:
18648:
18643:
18638:
18633:
18628:
18623:
18618:
18613:
18608:
18603:
18598:
18593:
18588:
18582:
18580:
18571:
18570:Notable people
18567:
18566:
18564:
18563:
18561:Yuma (Quechan)
18558:
18553:
18548:
18543:
18538:
18533:
18528:
18523:
18521:Tohono Oʼodham
18518:
18513:
18508:
18503:
18498:
18493:
18488:
18483:
18478:
18473:
18468:
18463:
18458:
18453:
18448:
18443:
18438:
18433:
18428:
18423:
18418:
18413:
18408:
18403:
18398:
18393:
18388:
18383:
18378:
18373:
18368:
18363:
18358:
18353:
18348:
18343:
18338:
18333:
18328:
18323:
18318:
18313:
18308:
18302:
18300:
18298:Native Nations
18294:
18293:
18290:
18287:
18286:
18279:
18278:
18271:
18264:
18256:
18247:
18246:
18244:
18243:
18238:
18231:
18230:
18223:
18215:
18214:
18211:
18210:
18207:
18206:
18203:
18202:
18200:
18199:
18194:
18189:
18184:
18183:
18182:
18172:
18171:
18170:
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18143:Mass shootings
18140:
18135:
18134:
18133:
18131:Climate change
18128:
18118:
18113:
18112:
18111:
18106:
18101:
18096:
18091:
18086:
18081:
18076:
18069:Discrimination
18066:
18061:
18060:
18059:
18049:
18043:
18041:
18037:
18036:
18034:
18033:
18028:
18023:
18018:
18013:
18008:
18003:
17998:
17993:
17988:
17983:
17982:
17981:
17976:
17971:
17961:
17960:
17959:
17954:
17949:
17944:
17939:
17934:
17924:
17918:
17916:
17910:
17909:
17907:
17906:
17901:
17896:
17891:
17886:
17881:
17876:
17871:
17866:
17861:
17859:American Dream
17856:
17850:
17848:
17842:
17841:
17839:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17826:Transportation
17823:
17818:
17813:
17808:
17803:
17798:
17793:
17788:
17783:
17778:
17773:
17772:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17759:Mount Rushmore
17756:
17746:
17741:
17736:
17731:
17730:
17729:
17724:
17719:
17714:
17709:
17699:
17694:
17693:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17672:
17667:
17662:
17657:
17656:
17655:
17645:
17640:
17639:
17638:
17628:
17623:
17618:
17617:
17616:
17611:
17601:
17600:
17599:
17594:
17589:
17584:
17579:
17574:
17569:
17564:
17559:
17554:
17549:
17539:
17534:
17529:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17503:
17501:
17488:
17482:
17481:
17478:
17477:
17475:
17474:
17469:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17444:
17438:
17436:
17430:
17429:
17427:
17426:
17421:
17416:
17411:
17406:
17401:
17396:
17391:
17386:
17381:
17379:Federal budget
17376:
17371:
17366:
17365:
17364:
17359:
17354:
17349:
17344:
17339:
17334:
17329:
17324:
17319:
17317:Communications
17314:
17309:
17298:
17292:
17286:
17285:
17282:
17281:
17278:
17277:
17275:
17274:
17269:
17268:
17267:
17262:
17257:
17247:
17246:
17245:
17240:
17238:exceptionalism
17235:
17225:
17220:
17219:
17218:
17216:foreign policy
17208:
17207:
17206:
17201:
17191:
17185:
17182:
17181:
17178:
17177:
17175:
17174:
17173:
17172:
17161:
17159:
17153:
17152:
17150:
17149:
17144:
17138:
17136:
17130:
17129:
17127:
17126:
17121:
17116:
17111:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17075:
17073:
17069:
17068:
17066:
17065:
17060:
17055:
17050:
17044:
17042:
17033:
17027:
17026:
17024:
17023:
17018:
17017:
17016:
17006:
17005:
17004:
16999:
16994:
16984:
16978:
16976:
16970:
16969:
16966:
16965:
16963:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16947:
16941:
16939:
16933:
16932:
16930:
16929:
16928:
16927:
16917:
16916:
16915:
16913:Chief justices
16908:Supreme courts
16904:
16902:
16896:
16895:
16893:
16892:
16887:
16881:
16879:
16873:
16872:
16870:
16869:
16868:
16867:
16857:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16821:
16820:
16810:
16809:
16808:
16797:
16795:
16786:
16769:
16768:
16765:
16764:
16762:
16761:
16756:
16751:
16750:
16749:
16747:National Guard
16744:
16739:
16734:
16729:
16724:
16719:
16708:
16706:
16700:
16699:
16697:
16696:
16691:
16690:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16674:
16664:
16659:
16658:
16657:
16650:Bill of Rights
16646:
16644:
16638:
16637:
16635:
16634:
16629:
16624:
16623:
16622:
16620:list of judges
16617:
16615:list of courts
16603:
16602:
16601:
16599:list of judges
16591:
16590:
16589:
16584:
16579:
16568:
16566:
16560:
16559:
16557:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16541:
16536:
16534:Capitol Police
16531:
16530:
16529:
16524:
16519:
16509:
16508:
16507:
16502:
16491:
16489:
16483:
16482:
16480:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16463:
16462:
16457:
16455:Secret Service
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16412:
16411:
16410:
16405:
16400:
16395:
16385:
16380:
16375:
16370:
16368:Vice President
16365:
16364:
16363:
16358:
16347:
16345:
16338:
16325:
16319:
16318:
16315:
16314:
16312:
16311:
16306:
16301:
16296:
16295:
16294:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16248:
16247:
16246:
16241:
16236:
16231:
16226:
16221:
16216:
16211:
16206:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16181:
16176:
16171:
16166:
16156:
16155:
16154:
16152:National Parks
16144:
16143:
16142:
16137:
16132:
16127:
16122:
16112:
16107:
16105:Extreme points
16102:
16097:
16096:
16095:
16090:
16085:
16080:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16060:
16055:
16044:
16038:
16032:
16031:
16028:
16027:
16025:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16004:
15999:
15994:
15989:
15983:
15981:
15977:
15976:
15974:
15973:
15968:
15963:
15962:
15961:
15956:
15946:
15941:
15936:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15901:
15900:
15899:
15889:
15884:
15879:
15874:
15869:
15864:
15863:
15862:
15857:
15852:
15844:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15814:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15794:
15792:Federalist Era
15789:
15788:
15787:
15785:Bill of Rights
15782:
15772:
15767:
15766:
15765:
15760:
15750:
15749:
15748:
15743:
15733:
15728:
15726:Lee Resolution
15723:
15718:
15717:
15716:
15711:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15686:
15676:
15670:
15668:
15664:
15663:
15661:
15660:
15655:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15604:
15602:
15595:
15589:
15588:
15586: articles
15580:
15579:
15572:
15565:
15557:
15548:
15547:
15545:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15517:Peace movement
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15473:
15471:
15467:
15466:
15464:
15463:
15458:
15457:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15441:
15431:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15391:
15386:
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15215:
15210:
15205:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15168:Pullman Strike
15165:
15160:
15158:Coal Creek War
15155:
15150:
15145:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15125:
15120:
15115:
15110:
15105:
15103:Dorr Rebellion
15100:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15074:
15072:
15068:
15067:
15064:
15061:
15060:
15055:
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15047:
15040:
15032:
15023:
15022:
15020:
15019:
15014:
15007:
15006:
14999:
14991:
14990:
14987:
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14974:
14969:
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14867:
14862:
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14847:
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14805:
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14795:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14774:
14768:
14762:
14761:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14754:
14752:Water scarcity
14749:
14747:Transportation
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14714:
14706:
14704:Pension system
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14660:
14659:
14649:
14644:
14639:
14634:
14629:
14623:
14617:
14611:
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14607:
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14593:
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14576:
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14489:
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14485:
14484:
14482:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14445:
14444:
14442:Municipalities
14434:
14429:
14424:
14419:
14414:
14409:
14404:
14399:
14397:Extreme points
14394:
14389:
14384:
14381:Climate change
14374:
14369:
14363:
14357:
14351:
14350:
14348:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14227:
14222:
14217:
14216:
14215:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14189:
14187:
14181:
14180:
14169:
14168:
14161:
14154:
14146:
14137:
14136:
14134:
14133:
14128:
14122:
14119:
14118:
14116:
14115:
14109:
14103:
14097:
14091:
14089:
14085:
14084:
14082:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14066:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14042:Project FUBELT
14039:
14033:
14028:
14022:
14016:
14011:
14005:
14003:
14001:Covert actions
13997:
13996:
13994:
13993:
13987:
13981:
13975:
13969:
13963:
13957:
13951:
13945:
13935:
13929:
13922:
13920:
13914:
13913:
13911:
13910:
13904:
13898:
13892:
13885:
13883:
13879:
13878:
13876:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13859:
13849:
13843:
13836:
13834:
13830:
13829:
13822:
13821:
13814:
13807:
13799:
13793:
13792:
13785:John H. Hewitt
13782:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13755:
13750:
13743:
13738:
13732:
13718:
13715:
13714:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13676:
13671:
13664:
13661:
13660:
13659:
13654:
13649:
13641:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13628:External links
13626:
13624:
13623:
13617:
13601:
13585:
13569:
13553:
13533:
13526:
13517:
13510:
13497:
13488:
13481:
13461:
13448:
13441:
13434:
13427:
13417:
13410:
13399:
13386:978-0813117034
13385:
13365:
13358:
13351:
13344:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13328:
13318:
13311:
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13283:
13280:
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13270:
13267:
13265:
13264:
13257:
13250:
13243:
13232:
13222:
13215:
13208:
13198:
13183:
13172:
13165:
13129:(2): 309–324.
13116:
13109:
13102:
13093:
13078:
13064:
13057:
13056:(2007), survey
13050:
13043:
13017:(3): 405–426.
13004:
12978:(3): 325–342.
12965:
12958:
12943:
12935:Fowler, Will.
12933:
12928:Fowler, Will.
12926:
12919:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12903:
12896:
12885:
12878:
12852:(2): 287–302.
12839:
12828:
12821:
12816:Lewis, Lloyd.
12814:
12807:
12800:
12793:
12786:
12777:
12770:
12763:
12758:Fowler, Will.
12756:
12749:
12734:
12727:
12712:
12707:DeLay, Brian.
12705:
12698:
12691:
12686:978-0786474707
12685:
12672:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12656:
12645:
12640:(2 vol 1919),
12634:
12627:
12620:
12613:
12599:
12574:
12564:
12558:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12535:
12534:
12527:
12521:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12495:
12493:, pp. 123–124.
12482:
12473:
12460:
12447:
12443:Alcaraz (1850)
12435:
12422:
12416:978-0813191911
12415:
12389:
12360:(3): 374–383.
12340:
12310:
12291:
12268:
12235:
12223:
12214:
12201:
12184:
12166:978-0300078350
12165:
12145:
12127:978-0300078350
12126:
12106:
12087:
12067:
12054:
12048:978-1932714289
12047:
12023:
12010:
12003:
11985:
11949:
11923:
11910:
11897:
11881:
11875:Christiansen,
11868:
11849:
11836:
11817:
11797:
11790:
11772:
11763:
11740:
11714:
11688:
11679:
11661:
11639:
11620:
11600:
11594:
11576:
11539:
11513:
11487:
11468:
11448:
11439:
11409:
11376:
11345:
11309:
11283:
11281:, p. 649.
11271:
11255:
11246:
11239:
11215:
11206:
11173:
11160:
11127:
11114:
11101:
11097:The Dead March
11088:
11075:
11066:
11035:
11028:
11006:
10988:
10968:"see Coffman,
10958:
10951:
10925:
10899:
10871:
10862:
10860:, pp. 294–298.
10858:The Dead March
10849:
10845:The Dead March
10836:
10806:
10799:
10775:
10751:
10747:The Dead March
10738:
10731:
10705:
10701:The Dead March
10692:
10688:The Dead March
10679:
10664:(in Spanish).
10649:
10636:
10610:
10580:
10571:
10558:
10545:
10532:
10517:
10498:
10478:
10461:www.arcgis.com
10447:
10417:
10384:
10377:
10359:
10350:
10344:Christiansen,
10337:
10324:
10317:
10299:
10290:
10261:
10259:, p. 246.
10244:
10242:, p. 242.
10232:
10220:
10218:, p. 239.
10208:
10206:, p. 238.
10196:
10187:
10185:, p. 237.
10175:
10173:, p. 233.
10163:
10154:
10152:, p. 235.
10142:
10140:, p. 234.
10130:
10128:, p. 224.
10118:
10116:, p. 221.
10106:
10094:
10092:, p. 204.
10082:
10080:, p. 209.
10070:
10068:, p. 203.
10058:
10056:, p. 201.
10046:
10044:, p. 200.
10034:
10032:, p. 199.
10022:
10020:, p. 198.
10010:
10008:, p. 197.
9998:
9996:, p. 196.
9986:
9984:, p. 159.
9974:
9972:, p. 158.
9962:
9960:, p. 157.
9950:
9948:, p. 156.
9938:
9936:, p. 154.
9923:
9921:, p. 149.
9911:
9909:, p. 148.
9899:
9887:
9885:, p. 142.
9875:
9863:
9861:, p. 140.
9851:
9849:, p. 138.
9839:
9837:, p. 134.
9827:
9825:, p. 139.
9815:
9813:, p. 129.
9803:
9791:
9789:, p. 110.
9779:
9777:, p. 101.
9767:
9765:, p. 107.
9755:
9753:, p. 103.
9743:
9731:
9719:
9712:
9686:
9664:
9651:
9632:
9625:
9607:
9580:
9573:
9552:
9519:
9513:Christiansen,
9506:
9491:
9478:
9459:
9446:
9433:
9416:
9393:(2): 262–349.
9373:
9347:
9316:
9296:
9276:
9274:. 2005 130–131
9263:
9250:
9238:
9225:
9221:The Dead March
9212:
9199:
9175:
9166:
9157:
9144:
9131:
9124:
9102:
9074:
9061:
9057:The Dead March
9048:
9036:
9006:
8993:
8971:
8948:
8939:
8924:
8904:
8891:
8882:
8873:
8857:
8852:j.ctt1qv5pjr.9
8843:978-0813939902
8842:
8822:
8817:j.ctt1qv5pjr.9
8808:978-0813939902
8807:
8787:
8782:j.ctt1qv5pjr.9
8773:978-0813939902
8772:
8752:
8747:j.ctt1qv5pjr.5
8738:978-0813939902
8737:
8717:
8700:j.ctt1qv5pjr.8
8691:978-0813939902
8690:
8670:
8653:j.ctt1qv5pjr.8
8644:978-0813939902
8643:
8623:
8606:j.ctt1qv5pjr.8
8597:978-0813939902
8596:
8576:
8559:j.ctt1qv5pjr.8
8550:978-0813939902
8549:
8529:
8512:j.ctt1qv5pjr.6
8503:978-0813939902
8502:
8482:
8465:j.ctt1qv5pjr.6
8456:978-0813939902
8455:
8435:
8420:
8392:
8379:
8359:
8346:
8344:, pp. 209–210.
8342:The Dead March
8333:
8324:
8289:
8274:
8265:
8236:
8223:
8210:
8204:Fowler, Will.
8197:
8193:The Dead March
8184:
8175:
8140:
8105:
8067:
8054:978-1841766676
8053:
8047:. Bloomsbury.
8029:
8016:
8003:
7990:
7975:(in Spanish).
7960:
7948:
7944:The Dead March
7935:
7922:
7920:(1991), p. 11.
7909:
7896:
7884:
7869:
7832:
7825:
7796:
7794:, pp. 176–177.
7783:
7770:
7757:
7745:
7721:
7705:
7681:
7668:
7650:
7623:(2): 136–148.
7605:
7593:
7581:
7552:
7517:(2): 167–194.
7497:
7473:
7466:
7446:
7433:
7386:
7382:The Dead March
7373:
7369:The Dead March
7360:
7347:
7343:Alcaraz (1850)
7335:
7305:
7286:
7263:
7244:
7221:
7203:
7157:
7145:
7138:
7120:
7113:
7087:
7072:
7065:
7047:
7028:
7008:
6982:
6980:, p. 249.
6959:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6883:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6857:
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6827:
6822:
6816:
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6723:
6670:
6667:
6633:
6630:
6581:
6578:
6531:
6528:
6514:
6511:
6485:
6482:
6465:Winfield Scott
6461:Zachary Taylor
6383:
6380:
6332:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6286:
6283:
6282:
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6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6062:Wilmot Proviso
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6037:Tariff of 1828
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5965:
5962:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5867:Robert Letcher
5815:, Kansas, and
5763:
5760:
5747:Caucasian race
5734:Main article:
5731:
5728:
5723:Nicholas Trist
5713:
5710:
5691:Mexican people
5631:
5628:
5593:
5590:
5509:
5508:
5491:September 2024
5467:
5465:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5428:
5425:
5396:Molino del Rey
5379:Main article:
5365:
5362:
5342:
5339:
5301:Main article:
5298:
5295:
5246:Main article:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5202:
5199:
5182:William Gilpin
5178:Chihuahua City
5174:El Paso, Texas
5125:
5122:
5096:
5093:
5077:Siege of Béxar
5020:
5017:
5005:
5002:
4932:Main article:
4929:
4926:
4881:under General
4875:Colorado River
4873:, crossed the
4871:Sonoran Desert
4770:William B. Ide
4700:Main article:
4697:
4694:
4671:ensuing battle
4580:Sterling Price
4504:
4501:
4493:
4490:
4426:
4423:
4405:
4402:
4360:Wilmot Proviso
4275:member of the
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4243:
4240:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4160:
4142:
4139:
4112:
4109:
4099:
4096:
4075:
4072:
4069:Texas Campaign
4067:Main article:
4064:
4063:Texas campaign
4061:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4032:Jane Swisshelm
4007:
4004:
3995:
3992:
3987:Main article:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3957:
3954:
3949:Main article:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3924:
3921:
3904:Winfield Scott
3877:Main article:
3874:
3871:
3861:
3858:
3784:
3781:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3661:
3658:
3635:Salinas Valley
3612:Oregon Country
3604:Zachary Taylor
3599:
3598:Polk's Actions
3596:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3456:
3453:
3424:
3421:
3407:Little England
3350:
3347:
3324:Santa Fe Trail
3257:
3254:
3234:Andrew Jackson
3206:Main article:
3203:
3200:
3156:Spanish Empire
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3109:Wilmot Proviso
3088:Nicholas Trist
3076:Winfield Scott
3066:blockaded the
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2899:
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2865:
2858:
2853:
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2843:
2838:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Tampico Affair
2800:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:The Porfiriato
2778:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2699:First Republic
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
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2614:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2564:
2563:
2561:Historiography
2558:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
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2449:
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2434:
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2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
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2379:
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2354:
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2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
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2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2206:The West Coast
2203:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2180:Indian removal
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2109:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:Saudi American
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Iraqi American
2061:
2056:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Irish American
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1924:Asian American
1920:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1862:Sexual slavery
1852:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:Postal service
1729:
1724:
1722:Foreign policy
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:Jacksonian Era
1296:
1295:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:Federalist Era
1252:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1080:Las Cuevas War
1077:
1072:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1007:
999:
990:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
959:
958:Mosquito Fleet
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
927:Punta Sombrero
924:
919:
913:
912:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
863:Molino del Rey
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
828:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
802:
801:
797:
796:
791:
786:
784:Pueblo de Taos
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
745:
744:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
698:
697:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
669:
668:
666:Texas Campaign
662:
659:
658:
652:Battles of the
647:
646:
639:
632:
624:
616:
615:
611:
610:
608:
607:
606:10,000 missing
604:
603:20,000 wounded
601:
597:
591:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
575:
568:
567:
563:
562:
552:
541:
540:
536:
535:
530:
529:
517:
505:
485:
473:
471:Pedro de Anaya
461:
449:
437:
425:
423:Mariano Arista
413:
401:
389:
374:
372:
370:
369:
367:William B. Ide
357:
355:Zachary Taylor
345:
343:Winfield Scott
333:
321:
309:
297:
285:
273:
261:
246:
243:
242:
238:
237:
222:
208:
207:
203:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
158:
152:
151:
150:
149:
142:
135:
134:
130:
128:
124:
123:
106:
104:
100:
99:
83:
75:
74:
48:Winfield Scott
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21449:
21438:
21435:
21433:
21430:
21428:
21425:
21423:
21420:
21418:
21415:
21413:
21410:
21408:
21405:
21403:
21400:
21398:
21395:
21393:
21390:
21388:
21385:
21383:
21380:
21378:
21375:
21373:
21370:
21368:
21365:
21363:
21360:
21358:
21355:
21353:
21350:
21348:
21345:
21343:
21340:
21338:
21335:
21333:
21330:
21328:
21325:
21323:
21320:
21318:
21315:
21313:
21310:
21308:
21305:
21303:
21300:
21298:
21295:
21293:
21290:
21288:
21285:
21283:
21280:
21278:
21275:
21273:
21270:
21268:
21265:
21264:
21262:
21247:
21246:
21237:
21236:
21233:
21232:
21228:
21226:
21225:
21221:
21220:
21217:
21210:
21207:
21204:
21201:
21199:(grandfather)
21198:
21195:
21192:
21189:
21188:
21186:
21182:
21176:
21173:
21171:
21168:
21166:
21163:
21162:
21160:
21156:
21150:
21147:
21145:
21142:
21140:
21139:Walker tariff
21137:
21135:
21132:
21130:
21127:
21125:
21122:
21120:
21117:
21115:
21112:
21110:
21109:Oregon Treaty
21107:
21105:
21102:
21100:
21097:
21096:
21094:
21092:
21088:
21083:
21073:
21070:
21068:
21065:
21063:
21060:
21058:
21055:
21053:
21050:
21048:
21045:
21043:
21040:
21038:
21035:
21033:
21030:
21028:
21025:
21024:
21022:
21018:
21010:
21006:
21002:
20998:
20994:
20990:
20986:
20983:
20979:
20975:
20972:
20968:
20964:
20961:
20957:
20956:
20953:
20949:
20948:James K. Polk
20942:
20937:
20935:
20930:
20928:
20923:
20922:
20919:
20907:
20899:
20898:
20895:
20881:
20878:
20876:
20873:
20872:
20870:
20868:
20864:
20858:
20855:
20853:
20850:
20848:
20847:Port Townsend
20845:
20843:
20840:
20839:
20837:
20835:
20831:
20825:
20822:
20821:
20819:
20817:
20813:
20807:
20804:
20802:
20799:
20797:
20794:
20792:
20789:
20787:
20784:
20782:
20779:
20777:
20774:
20773:
20771:
20769:
20765:
20759:
20756:
20754:
20751:
20749:
20746:
20744:
20741:
20739:
20736:
20734:
20731:
20729:
20726:
20724:
20721:
20720:
20718:
20716:
20712:
20706:
20703:
20701:
20698:
20696:
20693:
20691:
20688:
20686:
20683:
20681:
20678:
20676:
20675:Oklahoma City
20673:
20671:
20668:
20666:
20663:
20661:
20658:
20657:
20655:
20653:
20648:
20644:
20638:
20635:
20633:
20630:
20628:
20625:
20623:
20620:
20618:
20615:
20613:
20610:
20608:
20605:
20603:
20600:
20598:
20595:
20593:
20590:
20588:
20585:
20583:
20580:
20579:
20577:
20575:
20571:
20565:
20562:
20560:
20559:Virginia City
20557:
20555:
20552:
20551:
20549:
20547:
20543:
20537:
20534:
20532:
20529:
20527:
20524:
20522:
20519:
20517:
20516:Nebraska City
20514:
20512:
20511:Fort Robinson
20509:
20507:
20506:Fort Atkinson
20504:
20502:
20499:
20498:
20496:
20494:
20490:
20484:
20483:Virginia City
20481:
20479:
20476:
20474:
20471:
20469:
20466:
20464:
20461:
20459:
20456:
20454:
20451:
20449:
20446:
20444:
20441:
20440:
20438:
20436:
20432:
20426:
20425:
20422:
20419:
20417:
20414:
20412:
20409:
20408:
20406:
20404:
20400:
20394:
20391:
20389:
20386:
20384:
20381:
20379:
20376:
20374:
20371:
20369:
20366:
20365:
20363:
20361:
20357:
20351:
20350:Fort Dearborn
20348:
20347:
20345:
20343:
20339:
20333:
20330:
20328:
20325:
20324:
20322:
20320:
20316:
20310:
20307:
20305:
20302:
20300:
20299:St. Augustine
20297:
20295:
20292:
20290:
20287:
20285:
20282:
20280:
20277:
20276:
20274:
20272:
20268:
20262:
20259:
20257:
20256:Standing Rock
20254:
20252:
20249:
20247:
20244:
20242:
20239:
20237:
20234:
20232:
20229:
20227:
20224:
20223:
20221:
20219:
20215:
20209:
20206:
20204:
20201:
20199:
20196:
20194:
20191:
20190:
20188:
20186:
20182:
20176:
20175:San Francisco
20173:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20161:
20158:
20156:
20153:
20151:
20148:
20146:
20143:
20142:
20140:
20138:
20134:
20128:
20125:
20123:
20120:
20118:
20115:
20113:
20110:
20108:
20105:
20103:
20100:
20098:
20095:
20093:
20092:Canyon Diablo
20090:
20089:
20087:
20085:
20081:
20075:
20072:
20070:
20067:
20065:
20062:
20060:
20057:
20055:
20052:
20051:
20049:
20047:
20043:
20040:
20036:
20032:
20024:
20023:Snap fastener
20021:
20019:
20016:
20014:
20011:
20009:
20006:
20005:
20004:
20001:
19997:
19996:Texas country
19994:
19992:
19989:
19987:
19984:
19982:
19979:
19978:
19977:
19976:Western music
19974:
19972:
19969:
19967:
19966:Western genre
19964:
19962:
19959:
19957:
19954:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19942:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19925:
19922:
19920:
19917:
19915:
19912:
19911:
19910:
19907:
19906:
19904:
19900:
19894:
19891:
19889:
19886:
19884:
19881:
19879:
19876:
19874:
19871:
19869:
19866:
19864:
19861:
19859:
19856:
19854:
19851:
19849:
19846:
19845:
19843:
19839:
19833:
19830:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19803:
19800:
19799:
19797:
19795:
19790:
19786:
19780:
19777:
19775:
19772:
19770:
19769:Seminole Wars
19767:
19765:
19762:
19760:
19757:
19755:
19752:
19750:
19747:
19745:
19742:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19732:
19730:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19720:
19717:
19715:
19712:
19711:
19709:
19705:
19699:
19696:
19694:
19691:
19689:
19686:
19684:
19681:
19679:
19676:
19674:
19671:
19670:
19668:
19666:
19662:
19656:
19653:
19651:
19648:
19646:
19643:
19641:
19638:
19636:
19633:
19632:
19630:
19628:
19624:
19618:
19615:
19613:
19610:
19608:
19605:
19603:
19600:
19598:
19595:
19593:
19590:
19588:
19585:
19583:
19580:
19578:
19575:
19573:
19570:
19568:
19565:
19564:
19562:
19560:
19556:
19550:
19547:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19532:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19510:
19507:
19505:
19502:
19500:
19497:
19495:
19492:
19490:
19487:
19485:
19482:
19480:
19479:Bozeman Trail
19477:
19475:
19472:
19471:
19469:
19463:
19457:
19454:
19452:
19449:
19445:
19442:
19441:
19440:
19437:
19435:
19432:
19430:
19429:Train robbery
19427:
19425:
19422:
19420:
19417:
19415:
19412:
19410:
19407:
19405:
19402:
19400:
19397:
19395:
19392:
19390:
19387:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19359:Cowboy poetry
19357:
19355:
19352:
19350:
19347:
19345:
19342:
19340:
19337:
19336:
19334:
19332:
19328:
19318:
19315:
19313:
19310:
19308:
19305:
19303:
19300:
19298:
19295:
19293:
19290:
19288:
19285:
19283:
19280:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19270:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19255:
19253:
19250:
19248:
19245:
19243:
19242:George Flavel
19240:
19238:
19235:
19233:
19230:
19228:
19225:
19224:
19222:
19218:
19212:
19209:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
19187:
19186:Calamity Jane
19184:
19182:
19179:
19177:
19174:
19172:
19169:
19167:
19164:
19162:
19159:
19157:
19154:
19152:
19149:
19147:
19144:
19142:
19139:
19137:
19134:
19133:
19131:
19125:
19118:
19114:
19110:
19106:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19072:
19071:Frank McLaury
19069:
19067:
19064:
19062:
19059:
19057:
19054:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19039:
19037:
19034:
19031:
19027:
19023:
19019:
19015:
19012:
19010:
19007:
19005:
19004:Billy Clanton
19002:
19000:
18999:Butch Cassidy
18997:
18995:
18992:
18990:
18987:
18985:
18984:Billy the Kid
18982:
18981:
18979:
18975:
18969:
18966:
18964:
18961:
18959:
18956:
18954:
18951:
18949:
18946:
18944:
18941:
18939:
18936:
18934:
18931:
18929:
18928:Bat Masterson
18926:
18924:
18921:
18919:
18916:
18914:
18911:
18909:
18908:Henry Garfias
18906:
18904:
18901:
18899:
18896:
18894:
18891:
18889:
18886:
18884:
18881:
18879:
18876:
18875:
18873:
18869:
18863:
18862:Brigham Young
18860:
18858:
18855:
18853:
18850:
18848:
18845:
18843:
18842:Ora Rush Weed
18840:
18838:
18835:
18833:
18832:Jack Swilling
18830:
18828:
18825:
18823:
18820:
18818:
18815:
18813:
18810:
18808:
18805:
18803:
18800:
18798:
18795:
18793:
18790:
18788:
18785:
18783:
18780:
18778:
18777:Davy Crockett
18775:
18773:
18772:William Clark
18770:
18768:
18765:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18750:
18749:
18747:
18745:
18738:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18707:
18706:Standing Bear
18704:
18702:
18699:
18697:
18694:
18692:
18689:
18687:
18684:
18682:
18679:
18677:
18674:
18672:
18671:Quanah Parker
18669:
18667:
18664:
18662:
18659:
18657:
18654:
18652:
18649:
18647:
18644:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18627:
18624:
18622:
18619:
18617:
18614:
18612:
18609:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18594:
18592:
18589:
18587:
18584:
18583:
18581:
18579:
18575:
18572:
18568:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18547:
18544:
18542:
18539:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18529:
18527:
18524:
18522:
18519:
18517:
18514:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18499:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18487:
18484:
18482:
18479:
18477:
18474:
18472:
18469:
18467:
18464:
18462:
18459:
18457:
18454:
18452:
18449:
18447:
18444:
18442:
18439:
18437:
18434:
18432:
18429:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18409:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18399:
18397:
18394:
18392:
18389:
18387:
18384:
18382:
18379:
18377:
18374:
18372:
18369:
18367:
18364:
18362:
18359:
18357:
18354:
18352:
18349:
18347:
18344:
18342:
18339:
18337:
18334:
18332:
18329:
18327:
18324:
18322:
18319:
18317:
18314:
18312:
18309:
18307:
18304:
18303:
18301:
18299:
18295:
18288:
18284:
18277:
18272:
18270:
18265:
18263:
18258:
18257:
18254:
18242:
18239:
18237:
18234:
18233:
18228:
18224:
18221:
18217:
18216:
18212:
18198:
18195:
18193:
18190:
18188:
18185:
18181:
18178:
18177:
18176:
18173:
18169:
18166:
18165:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18146:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18136:
18132:
18129:
18127:
18124:
18123:
18122:
18119:
18117:
18116:Energy policy
18114:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18102:
18100:
18097:
18095:
18092:
18090:
18087:
18085:
18082:
18080:
18077:
18075:
18072:
18071:
18070:
18067:
18065:
18062:
18058:
18057:incarceration
18055:
18054:
18053:
18050:
18048:
18045:
18044:
18042:
18038:
18032:
18029:
18027:
18024:
18022:
18019:
18017:
18014:
18012:
18009:
18007:
18004:
18002:
17999:
17997:
17994:
17992:
17989:
17987:
17984:
17980:
17977:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17966:
17965:
17962:
17958:
17955:
17953:
17950:
17948:
17945:
17943:
17942:Prenatal care
17940:
17938:
17937:Birth control
17935:
17933:
17930:
17929:
17928:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17919:
17917:
17915:
17911:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17880:
17877:
17875:
17874:Homeownership
17872:
17870:
17867:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17852:
17851:
17849:
17847:
17843:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17787:
17784:
17782:
17779:
17777:
17774:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17751:
17750:
17747:
17745:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17735:
17732:
17728:
17725:
17723:
17720:
17718:
17715:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17704:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17683:
17681:
17678:
17677:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17661:
17658:
17654:
17651:
17650:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17637:
17634:
17633:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
17606:
17605:
17602:
17598:
17597:working class
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17557:homeownership
17555:
17553:
17550:
17548:
17545:
17544:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17508:
17505:
17504:
17502:
17500:
17496:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17483:
17473:
17470:
17468:
17465:
17463:
17460:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17439:
17437:
17435:
17431:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17397:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17387:
17385:
17382:
17380:
17377:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17363:
17360:
17358:
17355:
17353:
17350:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17337:Manufacturing
17335:
17333:
17330:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17320:
17318:
17315:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17304:
17303:
17300:
17299:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17287:
17273:
17270:
17266:
17265:Third parties
17263:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17252:
17251:
17248:
17244:
17241:
17239:
17236:
17234:
17231:
17230:
17229:
17226:
17224:
17221:
17217:
17214:
17213:
17212:
17209:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17196:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17186:
17183:
17171:
17168:
17167:
17166:
17163:
17162:
17160:
17158:
17154:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17140:
17139:
17137:
17135:
17131:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17076:
17074:
17070:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17045:
17043:
17041:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17028:
17022:
17019:
17015:
17012:
17011:
17010:
17007:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16990:
16989:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16979:
16977:
16975:
16971:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16942:
16940:
16938:
16934:
16926:
16923:
16922:
16921:
16918:
16914:
16911:
16910:
16909:
16906:
16905:
16903:
16901:
16897:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16882:
16880:
16878:
16874:
16866:
16863:
16862:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16819:
16816:
16815:
16814:
16811:
16807:
16804:
16803:
16802:
16799:
16798:
16796:
16794:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16779:
16774:
16770:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16748:
16745:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16735:
16733:
16730:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16720:
16718:
16715:
16714:
16713:
16710:
16709:
16707:
16705:
16701:
16695:
16692:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16669:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16656:
16653:
16652:
16651:
16648:
16647:
16645:
16643:
16639:
16633:
16632:U.S. attorney
16630:
16628:
16625:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16612:
16611:
16607:
16604:
16600:
16597:
16596:
16595:
16592:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16577:Chief Justice
16575:
16574:
16573:
16572:Supreme Court
16570:
16569:
16567:
16565:
16561:
16555:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16535:
16532:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16520:
16518:
16515:
16514:
16513:
16510:
16506:
16503:
16501:
16498:
16497:
16496:
16493:
16492:
16490:
16488:
16484:
16478:
16477:Public policy
16475:
16473:
16472:Civil service
16470:
16468:
16465:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16417:
16416:
16413:
16409:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16390:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16353:
16352:
16349:
16348:
16346:
16342:
16339:
16337:
16333:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16320:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16302:
16300:
16297:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
16258:
16255:
16254:
16253:
16249:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16225:
16222:
16220:
16217:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16175:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16165:
16162:
16161:
16160:
16157:
16153:
16150:
16149:
16148:
16145:
16141:
16140:Sierra Nevada
16138:
16136:
16133:
16131:
16128:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16117:
16116:
16113:
16111:
16108:
16106:
16103:
16101:
16098:
16094:
16091:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16079:
16078:insular zones
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16050:
16049:
16046:
16045:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16033:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15984:
15982:
15978:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15960:
15957:
15955:
15952:
15951:
15950:
15949:War on Terror
15947:
15945:
15942:
15940:
15937:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15929:LGBT Movement
15927:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15915:
15912:
15910:
15907:
15905:
15902:
15898:
15895:
15894:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15861:
15858:
15856:
15853:
15851:
15848:
15847:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15777:
15776:
15773:
15771:
15768:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15755:
15754:
15751:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15738:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15681:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15671:
15669:
15665:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15605:
15603:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15590:
15585:
15584:United States
15578:
15573:
15571:
15566:
15564:
15559:
15558:
15555:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15537:War on terror
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15474:
15472:
15468:
15462:
15459:
15455:
15452:
15450:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15440:
15437:
15436:
15435:
15432:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15342:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15332:
15330:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15320:
15317:
15315:
15312:
15310:
15307:
15305:
15302:
15300:
15297:
15295:
15292:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15280:
15277:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15236:
15234:
15230:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15111:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15075:
15073:
15069:
15062:
15053:
15048:
15046:
15041:
15039:
15034:
15033:
15030:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15009:
15004:
15000:
14997:
14993:
14992:
14988:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14961:
14958:
14957:
14956:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14909:
14906:
14905:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14885:
14883:
14881:
14877:
14871:
14868:
14866:
14863:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14855:States by HDI
14853:
14851:
14848:
14846:
14843:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14830:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14775:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14763:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14727:States by GDP
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14684:Manufacturing
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14658:
14655:
14654:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14635:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14624:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14612:
14602:
14601:Supreme Court
14599:
14597:
14594:
14590:
14587:
14586:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14549:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14512:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14502:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14490:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14443:
14440:
14439:
14438:
14435:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14382:
14378:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14364:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14352:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14214:
14211:
14210:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14190:
14188:
14186:
14182:
14178:
14174:
14167:
14162:
14160:
14155:
14153:
14148:
14147:
14144:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14123:
14120:
14113:
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13998:
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13949:
13946:
13943:
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13936:
13933:
13930:
13927:
13924:
13923:
13921:
13917:Overt actions
13915:
13908:
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13902:
13899:
13896:
13893:
13890:
13887:
13886:
13884:
13880:
13874:
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13206:
13202:
13199:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13184:
13180:
13179:
13173:
13170:
13167:Reilly, Tom.
13166:
13162:
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13154:
13150:
13145:
13140:
13136:
13132:
13128:
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13123:
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12771:
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12757:
12754:
12750:
12747:
12743:
12739:
12735:
12732:
12728:
12725:
12724:0-8061-4140-9
12721:
12717:
12713:
12710:
12706:
12703:
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12682:
12678:
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12612:
12608:
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12588:9780307592699
12585:
12581:
12578:
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12568:
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12561:
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12551:
12547:
12543:
12542:
12532:
12528:
12524:
12518:
12514:
12509:
12508:
12492:
12489:Van Wagenen,
12486:
12477:
12470:
12464:
12457:
12451:
12444:
12439:
12432:
12426:
12418:
12412:
12408:
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12385:
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12363:
12359:
12355:
12351:
12344:
12328:
12324:
12320:
12314:
12298:
12294:
12292:9780160873454
12288:
12284:
12283:
12275:
12273:
12256:
12252:
12248:
12242:
12240:
12232:
12227:
12218:
12211:
12208:Van Wagenen,
12205:
12198:
12194:
12188:
12172:
12168:
12162:
12158:
12157:
12149:
12133:
12129:
12123:
12119:
12118:
12110:
12094:
12090:
12088:9780306714610
12084:
12080:
12079:
12071:
12064:
12061:Christensen,
12058:
12050:
12044:
12040:
12036:
12035:
12027:
12020:
12014:
12006:
12004:9780313384370
12000:
11996:
11989:
11981:
11969:
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11959:
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11927:
11920:
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11907:
11901:
11894:
11890:
11885:
11878:
11872:
11865:
11861:
11858:
11853:
11846:
11843:Christensen,
11840:
11824:
11820:
11814:
11810:
11809:
11801:
11793:
11787:
11783:
11776:
11767:
11759:
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11744:
11728:
11724:
11718:
11702:
11698:
11692:
11683:
11675:
11671:
11665:
11658:
11654:
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11650:
11643:
11627:
11623:
11617:
11613:
11612:
11604:
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11591:
11587:
11580:
11572:
11566:
11550:
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11527:
11523:
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11501:
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11491:
11475:
11471:
11465:
11461:
11460:
11452:
11443:
11427:
11423:
11419:
11413:
11397:
11393:
11389:
11383:
11381:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11349:
11333:
11329:
11328:
11323:
11319:
11313:
11305:
11300:
11299:
11293:
11287:
11280:
11275:
11267:
11266:
11259:
11250:
11242:
11236:
11232:
11228:
11227:
11219:
11210:
11194:
11190:
11189:
11184:
11177:
11170:
11164:
11148:
11144:
11143:
11138:
11131:
11125:, pp. 414–415
11124:
11118:
11111:
11105:
11098:
11092:
11085:
11084:No Higher Law
11079:
11070:
11054:
11050:
11046:
11039:
11031:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11010:
11002:
10995:
10993:
10977:
10973:
10971:
10962:
10954:
10952:9780415968409
10948:
10944:
10939:
10938:
10929:
10913:
10909:
10903:
10888:
10884:
10883:
10875:
10866:
10859:
10853:
10847:, pp. 290–291
10846:
10840:
10824:
10820:
10816:
10810:
10802:
10800:9780313303517
10796:
10792:
10788:
10787:
10779:
10772:
10768:
10765:
10764:
10758:
10756:
10749:, pp. 201–202
10748:
10742:
10734:
10728:
10724:
10719:
10718:
10709:
10702:
10696:
10690:, pp. 193–194
10689:
10683:
10667:
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10659:
10653:
10646:
10640:
10624:
10620:
10614:
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10575:
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10542:
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10528:
10521:
10505:
10501:
10495:
10491:
10490:
10482:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10455:Haynes, Sam.
10451:
10435:
10431:
10427:
10421:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10391:
10389:
10380:
10374:
10370:
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10341:
10334:
10328:
10320:
10314:
10310:
10303:
10294:
10278:
10274:
10268:
10266:
10258:
10257:Walker (1999)
10253:
10251:
10249:
10241:
10240:Walker (1999)
10236:
10229:
10228:Walker (1999)
10224:
10217:
10216:Walker (1999)
10212:
10205:
10204:Walker (1999)
10200:
10191:
10184:
10183:Walker (1999)
10179:
10172:
10171:Walker (1999)
10167:
10158:
10151:
10150:Walker (1999)
10146:
10139:
10138:Walker (1999)
10134:
10127:
10126:Walker (1999)
10122:
10115:
10114:Walker (1999)
10110:
10103:
10102:Walker (1999)
10098:
10091:
10090:Walker (1999)
10086:
10079:
10078:Walker (1999)
10074:
10067:
10066:Walker (1999)
10062:
10055:
10054:Walker (1999)
10050:
10043:
10042:Walker (1999)
10038:
10031:
10030:Walker (1999)
10026:
10019:
10018:Walker (1999)
10014:
10007:
10006:Walker (1999)
10002:
9995:
9994:Walker (1999)
9990:
9983:
9982:Walker (1999)
9978:
9971:
9970:Walker (1999)
9966:
9959:
9958:Walker (1999)
9954:
9947:
9946:Walker (1999)
9942:
9935:
9934:Walker (1999)
9930:
9928:
9920:
9919:Walker (1999)
9915:
9908:
9907:Walker (1999)
9903:
9896:
9895:Walker (1999)
9891:
9884:
9883:Walker (1999)
9879:
9873:, p. 98.
9872:
9871:Walker (1999)
9867:
9860:
9859:Walker (1999)
9855:
9848:
9847:Walker (1999)
9843:
9836:
9835:Walker (1999)
9831:
9824:
9823:Walker (1999)
9819:
9812:
9811:Walker (1999)
9807:
9800:
9799:Walker (1999)
9795:
9788:
9787:Walker (1999)
9783:
9776:
9775:Walker (1999)
9771:
9764:
9763:Walker (1999)
9759:
9752:
9751:Walker (1999)
9747:
9741:, p. 72.
9740:
9739:Walker (1999)
9735:
9728:
9727:Walker (1999)
9723:
9715:
9709:
9705:
9700:
9699:
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9148:
9141:
9135:
9127:
9125:970-07-3678-4
9121:
9117:
9113:
9106:
9090:
9087:. June 2004.
9086:
9085:
9078:
9071:
9065:
9058:
9052:
9043:
9041:
9033:
9020:
9016:
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8972:9781508654759
8968:
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8925:0-8032-6107-1
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7822:
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7741:1-884995-17-9
7738:
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7702:
7701:0-425-10544-X
7698:
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7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7390:
7383:
7377:
7370:
7364:
7357:
7351:
7345:, p. 15.
7344:
7339:
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7327:
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7312:
7310:
7293:
7289:
7287:9781508654759
7283:
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7245:9780807118511
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6725:United States
6722:
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6715:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6694:Porfirio Díaz
6690:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6663:
6662:San Patricios
6658:
6651:
6646:
6638:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6619:
6618:Albert Ramsey
6615:
6614:Ramón Alcaraz
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6562:
6560:
6555:
6554:anti-Catholic
6550:
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6424:Braxton Bragg
6421:
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6409:
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6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6331:
6329:
6322:
6320:
6307:
6302:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5995:
5994:Panic of 1857
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5971:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5943:Afro-Mexicans
5940:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5918:based on the
5917:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5781:
5773:
5768:
5759:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:San Patricios
5698:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5647:San Patricios
5641:
5636:
5630:San Patricios
5627:
5623:
5621:
5615:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5582:Padre Jarauta
5578:
5576:
5575:Galaxara Pass
5572:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5505:
5502:
5494:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5468:This section
5466:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5361:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5309:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5263:Robert E. Lee
5254:
5249:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5103:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5072:urban warfare
5064:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5015:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4946:Entering the
4940:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4918:Cahuenga Pass
4914:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4804:John D. Sloat
4800:
4798:
4797:San Francisco
4790:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4601:Pablo Montoya
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4552:Manuel Chaves
4549:
4545:
4544:Manuel Armijo
4541:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4351:Robert Toombs
4348:
4347:Thomas Corwin
4345:Whig Senator
4343:
4341:
4336:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4252:
4250:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4168:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4108:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4070:
4057:
4053:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3990:
3980:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3952:
3940:Role of women
3937:
3934:
3930:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3866:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3818:Nicolás Bravo
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:Ulysses Grant
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:Texas Rangers
3758:
3757:Colt Paterson
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3738:(such as the
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3698:
3693:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3616:Oregon Treaty
3613:
3608:
3605:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3565:
3563:
3562:Abolitionists
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3390:Lord Aberdeen
3388:from Mexico.
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:, but became
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3130:
3127:
3126:Ramón Alcaraz
3121:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:James K. Polk
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:The New Spain
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:Pre-Columbian
2653:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:List of years
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2524:Urban history
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Thai American
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:Party Systems
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:Voting rights
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:Civil War Era
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:United States
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
1000:
997:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
911:
908:
907:
904:
901:
899:
898:Galaxara Pass
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
826:
825:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
799:
798:
795:
794:Cienega Creek
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
741:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
696:
693:
692:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
667:
664:
663:
660:
655:
645:
640:
638:
633:
631:
626:
625:
622:
612:
605:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:Total: 35,000
592:
586:
583:
581:4,152 wounded
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:Total: 18,130
570:
569:
564:
558:
553:
548:
543:
542:
537:
533:
528:
523:
518:
516:
515:José de Urrea
511:
506:
504:
502:
496:
491:
486:
484:
479:
474:
472:
467:
462:
460:
455:
450:
448:
447:Nicolás Bravo
443:
438:
436:
431:
426:
424:
419:
414:
412:
407:
402:
400:
395:
390:
388:
387:
381:
376:
375:
373:
368:
363:
358:
356:
351:
346:
344:
339:
334:
332:
327:
322:
320:
319:John Y. Mason
315:
310:
308:
303:
298:
296:
291:
286:
284:
279:
274:
272:
267:
262:
260:
259:
258:James K. Polk
253:
248:
247:
245:
244:
239:
235:
223:
221:
220:United States
210:
209:
204:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:
164:
163:
159:
154:
153:
147:
143:
141:
138:
137:
132:
131:
129:
126:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
101:
84:
81:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
64:at Churubusco
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
21238:
21229:
21224:← John Tyler
21222:
21197:Ezekiel Polk
21158:Public image
21118:
20880:Fort Laramie
20875:Fort Bridger
20660:Broken Arrow
20411:Independence
20008:Cowboy boots
20003:Western wear
19883:Mountain men
19758:
19544:Tanner Trail
19529:Pony Express
19524:Oregon Trail
19519:Mormon Trail
19389:Homesteading
19354:Cattle drive
19317:Peter Lebeck
19302:Annie Oakley
19262:Doc Holliday
19191:Luther Kelly
19171:Alexis Godey
19161:George Crook
19096:Sundance Kid
19051:Johnny Ringo
19041:Bill Downing
18822:Levi Ruggles
18782:Donner Party
18757:John Bozeman
18752:Daniel Boone
18691:Sitting Bull
18666:Plenty Coups
18601:Chief Joseph
18596:Bloody Knife
18591:Black Kettle
18291:1776 to 1912
18158:Human rights
18138:Gun politics
18089:Islamophobia
18079:antisemitism
17947:Hospice care
17889:Middle class
17869:Homelessness
17846:Social class
17806:Social class
17670:Human rights
17660:Homelessness
17572:middle class
17537:Demographics
17512:Architecture
17419:Unemployment
17399:Labor unions
17147:Town meeting
17124:City council
17119:City manager
16860:State police
16722:Marine Corps
16712:Armed Forces
16687:civil rights
16667:Constitution
16239:Southwestern
16234:Southeastern
16224:Northwestern
16219:Northeastern
16184:Mid-Atlantic
16174:Great Plains
15892:World War II
15806:
15775:Constitution
15679:Colonial era
15658:2008–present
15349:World War II
15283:
15143:Hamburg riot
14888:Architecture
14793:Demographics
14637:Central bank
14547:Human rights
14527:Constitution
14345:War on drugs
14320:World War II
14305:Cristero War
14249:
14198:Colonial era
13888:
13746:
13679:
13644:
13611:November 26,
13609:. Retrieved
13595:November 26,
13593:. Retrieved
13579:November 26,
13577:. Retrieved
13563:November 26,
13561:. Retrieved
13547:November 26,
13545:. Retrieved
13541:the original
13529:
13521:
13513:
13503:
13492:
13484:
13452:
13444:
13437:
13430:
13423:
13413:
13404:
13376:
13361:
13354:
13347:
13340:
13324:
13314:
13307:
13300:
13293:
13286:
13276:
13260:
13253:
13246:
13235:
13225:
13218:
13211:
13204:
13186:
13177:
13168:
13144:10217/189496
13126:
13120:
13112:
13105:
13098:
13081:
13067:
13060:
13053:
13046:
13014:
13008:
12975:
12969:
12961:
12946:
12936:
12929:
12922:
12915:
12899:
12888:
12881:
12849:
12843:
12831:
12824:
12817:
12810:
12803:
12796:
12789:
12781:
12773:
12766:
12759:
12752:
12751:Foos, Paul.
12737:
12730:
12715:
12708:
12701:
12694:
12676:
12668:
12648:
12637:
12630:
12623:
12616:
12602:
12579:
12570:
12549:
12530:
12512:
12500:Bibliography
12490:
12485:
12476:
12468:
12463:
12450:
12438:
12430:
12425:
12400:
12392:
12357:
12353:
12343:
12333:February 10,
12331:. Retrieved
12322:
12313:
12303:November 11,
12301:. Retrieved
12281:
12261:February 10,
12259:. Retrieved
12250:
12226:
12217:
12209:
12204:
12187:
12175:. Retrieved
12155:
12148:
12136:. Retrieved
12116:
12109:
12097:. Retrieved
12077:
12070:
12062:
12057:
12033:
12026:
12018:
12013:
11994:
11988:
11978:– via
11972:. Retrieved
11962:
11952:
11940:. Retrieved
11926:
11918:
11913:
11905:
11900:
11892:
11889:Chernow, Ron
11884:
11876:
11871:
11852:
11844:
11839:
11829:February 23,
11827:. Retrieved
11807:
11800:
11781:
11775:
11766:
11751:
11743:
11731:. Retrieved
11717:
11705:. Retrieved
11691:
11682:
11674:the original
11664:
11647:
11642:
11632:November 22,
11630:. Retrieved
11610:
11603:
11585:
11579:
11553:. Retrieved
11542:
11530:. Retrieved
11516:
11504:. Retrieved
11490:
11478:. Retrieved
11458:
11451:
11442:
11430:. Retrieved
11421:
11418:"Article IX"
11412:
11400:. Retrieved
11391:
11369:September 4,
11367:. Retrieved
11358:
11348:
11336:. Retrieved
11326:
11318:Zinn, Howard
11312:
11297:
11286:
11274:
11264:
11258:
11249:
11225:
11218:
11209:
11197:. Retrieved
11186:
11176:
11168:
11163:
11151:. Retrieved
11140:
11130:
11122:
11117:
11109:
11104:
11096:
11091:
11083:
11078:
11069:
11057:. Retrieved
11048:
11038:
11015:
11009:
11000:
10979:. Retrieved
10975:
10969:
10961:
10936:
10928:
10916:. Retrieved
10902:
10891:, retrieved
10881:
10874:
10865:
10857:
10852:
10844:
10839:
10827:. Retrieved
10818:
10809:
10785:
10778:
10762:
10746:
10741:
10716:
10708:
10700:
10695:
10687:
10682:
10670:. Retrieved
10661:
10652:
10644:
10639:
10629:September 2,
10627:. Retrieved
10613:
10601:. Retrieved
10597:the original
10592:
10583:
10574:
10566:
10561:
10553:
10548:
10540:
10535:
10526:
10520:
10508:. Retrieved
10488:
10481:
10471:November 10,
10469:. Retrieved
10460:
10450:
10440:November 10,
10438:. Retrieved
10429:
10420:
10410:November 10,
10408:. Retrieved
10399:
10368:
10362:
10353:
10345:
10340:
10332:
10327:
10308:
10302:
10293:
10281:. Retrieved
10277:the original
10235:
10223:
10211:
10199:
10190:
10178:
10166:
10157:
10145:
10133:
10121:
10109:
10097:
10085:
10073:
10061:
10049:
10037:
10025:
10013:
10001:
9989:
9977:
9965:
9953:
9941:
9914:
9902:
9890:
9878:
9866:
9854:
9842:
9830:
9818:
9806:
9794:
9782:
9770:
9758:
9746:
9734:
9722:
9697:
9689:
9673:
9667:
9659:
9654:
9643:
9635:
9616:
9610:
9597:. Retrieved
9593:the original
9583:
9564:
9543:. Retrieved
9534:
9514:
9509:
9500:
9494:
9486:
9481:
9472:
9468:
9462:
9454:
9449:
9441:
9436:
9428:
9424:
9419:
9411:the original
9390:
9386:
9376:
9364:. Retrieved
9350:
9338:. Retrieved
9329:
9319:
9304:
9299:
9284:
9279:
9271:
9266:
9258:
9253:
9241:
9233:
9228:
9220:
9215:
9207:
9202:
9194:
9184:"Annexation"
9178:
9169:
9160:
9152:
9147:
9139:
9134:
9115:
9111:
9105:
9095:February 25,
9093:. Retrieved
9083:
9077:
9069:
9064:
9056:
9051:
9030:
9023:. Retrieved
9019:the original
9009:
9001:
8996:
8985:
8983:
8976:. Retrieved
8961:
8951:
8942:
8914:
8907:
8899:
8894:
8885:
8876:
8832:
8825:
8797:
8790:
8762:
8755:
8727:
8720:
8710:November 29,
8708:. Retrieved
8680:
8673:
8663:November 29,
8661:. Retrieved
8633:
8626:
8616:November 29,
8614:. Retrieved
8586:
8579:
8569:November 29,
8567:. Retrieved
8539:
8532:
8522:November 29,
8520:. Retrieved
8492:
8485:
8475:November 29,
8473:. Retrieved
8445:
8438:
8429:
8423:
8413:February 25,
8411:. Retrieved
8401:
8395:
8387:
8382:
8367:
8362:
8354:
8353:Foos, Paul.
8349:
8341:
8336:
8327:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8283:
8277:
8268:
8256:. Retrieved
8245:
8239:
8231:
8226:
8218:
8213:
8205:
8200:
8192:
8187:
8178:
8168:November 29,
8166:. Retrieved
8157:
8153:
8143:
8133:November 29,
8131:. Retrieved
8122:
8118:
8108:
8098:November 29,
8096:. Retrieved
8087:
8083:
8058:. Retrieved
8043:
8039:
8032:
8024:
8019:
8011:
8006:
7998:
7993:
7981:. Retrieved
7972:
7963:
7943:
7938:
7930:
7925:
7917:
7912:
7904:
7899:
7887:
7846:. Retrieved
7835:
7812:
7791:
7786:
7778:
7773:
7765:
7760:
7732:
7716:
7692:
7676:
7671:
7663:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7596:
7584:
7572:. Retrieved
7562:
7555:
7514:
7511:The Americas
7510:
7500:
7492:
7476:
7456:
7449:
7441:
7436:
7427:
7402:(1): 34–64.
7399:
7395:
7389:
7381:
7376:
7368:
7363:
7355:
7350:
7338:
7319:
7296:. Retrieved
7276:
7254:. Retrieved
7234:
7215:
7176:(1): 39–68.
7173:
7169:
7129:
7123:
7096:
7090:
7081:
7075:
7056:
7050:
7041:
7018:
7011:
6999:. Retrieved
6995:the original
6985:
6954:
6947:. Retrieved
6938:
6928:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6789:
6778:
6766:
6718:
6712:
6710:
6698:Federal Army
6691:
6678:
6675:Niños Héroes
6674:
6672:
6622:
6583:
6574:
6563:
6559:John C. Hays
6551:
6547:
6520:
6516:
6503:
6491:
6487:
6478:
6450:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6385:
6376:
6367:
6358:
6350:
6324:
6315:
6263:
6243:
6236:
6224:
6217:
6208:
6173:
6161:
6154:
6056:
5955:
5951:reservations
5936:
5920:law of Spain
5913:
5901:
5859:
5847:
5831:
5824:
5821:
5777:
5751:
5739:
5719:
5715:
5701:
5699:
5646:
5644:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5600:
5579:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5497:
5488:
5477:Please help
5472:verification
5469:
5430:
5420:Niños Héroes
5418:
5414:
5408:
5384:
5355:
5336:
5331:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5291:yellow fever
5283:
5267:George Meade
5259:
5224:
5216:October 1846
5208:
5204:
5195:Josiah Gregg
5192:
5167:
5127:
5118:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5084:
5069:
5022:
4986:
4963:
4957:
4953:Independence
4951:
4945:
4915:
4895:
4868:
4860:
4847:
4844:
4817:
4801:
4794:
4758:
4739:
4724:
4675:
4652:
4636:mountain men
4628:Arroyo Hondo
4625:
4621:Thomas Boggs
4613:
4608:
4605:Tomás Romero
4584:Charles Bent
4577:
4561:
4537:
4518:
4478:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4452:Walt Whitman
4450:
4439:
4433:
4419:
4415:
4391:
4375:
4364:
4356:David Wilmot
4344:
4337:
4328:
4320:
4313:
4308:
4294:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4210:
4201:
4199:
4155:U.S. Cavalry
4144:
4130:
4114:
4101:
4088:
4077:
4036:Jane Cazneau
4021:
4020:
4010:
4009:
4000:Sarah Bowman
3997:
3977:
3961:
3959:
3926:
3916:
3912:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3850:
3838:
3809:
3806:
3801:centralistas
3800:
3798:
3777:
3769:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3706:Lucas Alamán
3702:
3687:Mexican Army
3663:
3654:John Slidell
3651:
3639:Gavilan Peak
3620:
3609:
3601:
3587:Nueces River
3576:
3573:Nueces Strip
3553:David Burnet
3517:
3510:
3492:Moses Austin
3484:
3442:
3426:
3411:
3375:
3367:
3343:slave states
3328:
3313:
3304:
3287:
3238:
3226:East Florida
3211:
3153:
3122:
3101:
3084:
3049:
3036:Nueces River
3008:
3001:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2903:
2883:PRI downfall
2860:
2831:
2813:Cristero War
2790:
2740:
2720:
2686:First Empire
2111:
2104:
2085:
2046:
2039:
2025:
1966:
1922:
1915:
1868:
1854:
1849:Social class
1847:
1840:
1801:
1775:Marine Corps
1762:
1755:
1748:
1712:Debt ceiling
1697:Civil rights
1679:
1672:
1658:
1644:
1630:
1601:
1589:Civil unrest
1587:
1582:Antisemitism
1580:
1573:
1555:2008–present
1543:2008–present
1541:
1519:
1497:
1464:
1431:
1422:World War II
1376:
1332:
1310:
1277:
1244:
1211:
1201:Colonial Era
1199:
1187:
1181:
1141:
952:Todos Santos
843:2nd Veracruz
833:1st Veracruz
600:5,000 killed
593:
578:1,733 killed
571:
531:
527:Juan Almonte
500:
384:
307:John E. Wool
256:
206:Belligerents
160:
29:
21203:Samuel Polk
21011:(1825–1833)
20999:(1833–1839)
20987:(1835–1839)
20976:(1839–1841)
20965:(1845–1849)
20806:San Antonio
20743:Oregon City
20738:McMinnville
20665:Fort Gibson
20597:Fort Sumner
20587:Albuquerque
20554:Carson City
20458:Fort Benton
20416:Kansas City
20388:Leavenworth
20309:Tallahassee
20160:Los Angeles
20145:Bakersfield
20122:Window Rock
19929:New Mexican
19919:Californian
19868:Ghost towns
19759:Mexican War
19754:Indian Wars
19627:Gold rushes
19607:Paul Bunyan
19514:Meek Cutoff
19474:Barlow Road
19344:Barbed wire
19277:Seth Kinman
19091:Soapy Smith
19086:Belle Starr
19076:Tom McLaury
19066:Tom Ketchum
19061:Frank James
19056:Jesse James
19036:Bill Doolin
19009:Ike Clanton
18948:John Selman
18938:Bass Reeves
18913:Pat Garrett
18898:Virgil Earp
18893:Morgan Earp
18878:Elfego Baca
18817:Juan Rivera
18762:Jim Bridger
18641:Ganundalegi
18626:Crazy Snake
18621:Crazy Horse
18163:Immigration
18094:LGBT rights
17996:Food safety
17831:Video games
17424:Wall Street
17404:Public debt
17307:Agriculture
17243:nationalism
16955:Uniform act
16877:Legislative
16784:Territorial
16742:Coast Guard
16737:Space Force
16487:Legislative
16282:Red (South)
16272:Mississippi
16194:New England
16130:Appalachian
16100:Earthquakes
15997:Discoveries
15992:Demographic
15934:Vietnam War
15877:World War I
15872:Imperialism
15822:Indian Wars
15797:War of 1812
15404:Bosnian War
15364:Vietnam War
15339:World War I
15329:Banana Wars
15259:War of 1812
14813:Immigration
14679:Land reform
14627:Agriculture
14449:Territories
14387:Earthquakes
14335:Peso crisis
14330:Lost Decade
14102:(1979–1990)
14038:(1968–1989)
13986:(1965–1966)
13980:(1916–1924)
13974:(1915–1934)
13962:(1912–1933)
13956:(1906–1909)
13950:(1903–1925)
13934:(1899–1902)
13909:(1916–1919)
13903:(1910–1919)
13891:(1846–1848)
13873:Banana Wars
13848:(1901–1904)
13647:Mexican War
11760:, 128, 133.
11756:. pp.
11402:October 25,
10918:February 3,
10510:October 17,
9545:January 14,
9423:Editorial,
9155:pp. 259–261
8986:casus belli
8984:Here lay a
8221:, pp. 16–17
7574:October 17,
7384:, pp. 18–22
7358:, pp. 19–20
7298:October 17,
7256:October 17,
6543: 1847
6507:Indian wars
6408:Confederacy
5755:John Clarke
5586:Zacualtipan
5519:Mexico City
5441:Joseph Lane
5433:Joaquín Rea
5400:Chapultepec
5326:Kirby Smith
5161:during the
4883:Andrés Pico
4848:Californios
4787:during the
4785:Californios
4742:Great Basin
4735:José Castro
4715:Andrés Pico
4667:Taos Pueblo
4663:Embudo Pass
4597:Taos Revolt
4573:Kearny Code
4542:, Governor
4446:penny press
4316:Slave Power
4203:casus belli
4145:During the
4028:Anne Royall
4022:In the U.S.
3896:Los Angeles
3810:vendepatria
3765:Colt Walker
3721:presidiales
3713:permanentes
3649:in Sonoma.
3541:Sam Houston
3537:Texian Army
3437:Californios
3403:Robert Peel
3335:Comancheria
3283: 1830
3148:Comancheria
3080:Mexico City
3018:, Democrat
2990:Texian Army
2962:Mexican War
2636:History of
2475:Territories
2196:New England
1876:Agriculture
1795:Coast Guard
1790:Space Force
1638:Immigration
1488:Vietnam War
1389:World War I
1183:Prehistoric
1066: [
1053:Taos Revolt
1032:(1845–1920)
984:2nd Tabasco
979:1st Tabasco
903:Zacualtipan
873:Mexico City
868:Chapultepec
848:Cerro Gordo
811:Buena Vista
774:Embudo Pass
727:San Pasqual
707:Los Angeles
587:695 missing
483:Joaquín Rea
411:Manuel Peña
155:Territorial
120:Mexico City
21261:Categories
21091:Presidency
21067:Polk Place
21062:Dark horse
20791:Fort Worth
20728:The Dalles
20695:Tishomingo
20582:Alamogordo
20473:Livingston
20453:Deer Lodge
20373:Dodge City
20327:Fort Boise
20284:Negro Fort
20251:Rapid City
20246:Pine Ridge
20241:Fort Yates
20165:Sacramento
20137:California
20097:Fort Grant
20013:Cowboy hat
19981:New Mexico
19961:Weird West
19914:Chuckwagon
19827:Sheep Wars
19789:Range wars
19612:Pecos Bill
19582:Johnny Kaw
19577:John Henry
19572:Dime novel
19467:and trails
19444:Tack piano
19424:Stagecoach
19379:Ghost town
19141:Kit Carson
19129:and scouts
18989:Black Bart
18903:Wyatt Earp
18631:Dasoda-hae
18616:Crazy Bear
18586:Black Hawk
18197:Xenophobia
17986:Disability
17927:Healthcare
17836:Visual art
17781:Philosophy
17727:television
17717:newspapers
17707:journalism
17697:Literature
17609:attainment
17260:Republican
17255:Democratic
17228:Ideologies
17189:Corruption
16754:NOAA Corps
16677:preemption
16672:federalism
16287:Rio Grande
16189:Midwestern
16169:West Coast
16164:East Coast
16007:Inventions
15919:Space Race
15914:Korean War
15897:home front
15832:Gilded Age
15542:War crimes
15409:Kosovo War
15354:Korean War
15334:Border War
15193:Bonus Army
15188:Tulsa riot
15178:Red Summer
15098:Mormon War
14972:Television
14930:Literature
14808:Healthcare
14783:Censorship
14778:Corruption
14711:(currency)
14669:Irrigation
14290:Porfiriato
14285:Yaqui Wars
14260:La Reforma
14245:Pastry War
11974:October 3,
11659:PBS, 2006.
11338:January 3,
11279:Rives 1913
11095:Guardino,
11049:Thought.Co
11018:. Norman:
10893:August 23,
10856:Guardino,
10843:Guardino,
10791:97, 98, 99
10745:Guardino,
10699:Guardino,
10686:Guardino,
10603:January 3,
10378:0700609563
9340:August 31,
9219:Guardino,
9055:Guardino,
8340:Guardino,
7942:Guardino,
7892:Rives 1913
7880:Rives 1913
7601:Rives 1913
7589:Rives 1913
7380:Guardino,
7367:Guardino,
7354:Schoultz,
6921:References
6586:Reform War
6469:Whig Party
5843:Gila River
5797:New Mexico
5795:, most of
5785:California
5706:John Riley
5592:Desertions
5435:began the
5402:, and the
5081:mouse hole
5057:Carl Nebel
5033:Nuevo León
4802:Commodore
4744:, entered
4617:Kit Carson
4496:See also:
4474:Carl Nebel
4442:mass media
4080:Fort Brown
3963:soldaderas
3740:Brown Bess
3631:Santa Cruz
3583:Rio Grande
3449:John Marsh
3378:John Tyler
3339:East Texas
3320:New Mexico
3260:See also:
3188:Pastry War
3180:a republic
3172:Guanajuato
3133:Background
3118:West Point
3032:Rio Grande
3028:California
2786:Revolution
2748:Reform War
2742:La Reforma
2716:Pastry War
1750:Journalism
1702:Corruption
1681:Government
1632:Demography
1619:Newspapers
1510:Reagan Era
1356:Gilded Age
1194:until 1607
1125:Bandit War
1110:Border War
1075:Reform War
974:3rd Tuxpan
969:2nd Tuxpan
964:1st Tuxpan
937:2nd La Paz
932:1st La Paz
858:Churubusco
759:El Brazito
678:Fort Texas
116:California
112:New Mexico
93:1848-02-02
89:1846-04-25
54:after the
21347:Invasions
21211:(brother)
20857:Vancouver
20733:La Grande
20700:Tuskahoma
20690:Tahlequah
20670:Fort Sill
20637:Tucumcari
20607:Las Vegas
20536:Whiteclay
20531:Valentine
20463:Fort Peck
20421:St. Louis
20378:Ellsworth
20332:Fort Hall
20304:St. Marks
20289:Pensacola
20203:Telluride
20170:San Diego
20155:Jamestown
20112:Tombstone
20054:Anchorage
19902:Influence
19873:Gunfights
19665:Gunfights
19509:Lolo Pass
19465:Transport
19404:Moonshine
19394:Land rush
19384:Gunfights
19374:Fast draw
19349:Boot Hill
19247:C. S. Fly
19211:Al Sieber
18918:Jack Helm
18802:Joe Mayer
18740:Explorers
18711:Ten Bears
18696:Smallwood
18681:Sacagawea
18676:Red Cloud
18656:Manuelito
18651:Kiliahote
18501:Seminoles
18461:Nez Perce
18326:Blackfoot
18180:Terrorism
17957:Rationing
17854:Affluence
17801:Sexuality
17769:Uncle Sam
17675:Languages
17604:Education
17547:affluence
17507:Americana
17434:Transport
17332:Insurance
17322:Companies
17302:By sector
17194:Elections
16835:Treasurer
16793:Executive
16732:Air Force
16704:Uniformed
16527:President
16344:Executive
16115:Mountains
16048:Territory
16036:Geography
15860:1954–1968
15855:1896–1954
15850:1865–1896
15812:Civil War
15653:1991–2008
15648:1980–1991
15643:1964–1980
15638:1945–1964
15633:1917–1945
15628:1865–1917
15623:1849–1865
15618:1815–1849
15613:1789–1815
15608:1776–1789
15601:By period
15249:Quasi-War
15138:Range War
14935:Monuments
14925:Languages
14798:Education
14717:Petroleum
14674:Labor law
14642:Companies
14584:President
14532:Elections
14422:Mountains
14355:Geography
14280:Caste War
13471:cite book
13325:Histórica
13195:0022-3840
13153:1937-5239
13090:0186-0348
13082:Secuencia
13031:1533-8584
12992:1533-8584
12964:. (1955).
12955:0145-2096
12866:1937-5239
12776:, (1941).
12376:0018-2168
12065:, p. 187.
11904:Chernow,
11847:, p. 190.
11480:March 10,
11082:Loveman,
10348:, p. 161.
9599:April 15,
9517:, p. 220.
9407:143779590
9246:Beveridge
9072:, p. 370.
8319:225452642
8305:: 27–46.
8160:(1): 39.
8125:(1): 37.
8090:(1): 36.
8027:, p. 137.
7983:April 22,
7637:0008-1175
7547:147163139
7531:0003-1615
7416:0018-2168
7190:0030-8684
7038:988947112
6949:April 22,
6939:study.com
6570:Huamantla
6006:Political
5932:water law
5877:Aftermath
5873:of 1853.
5683:Spaniards
5659:Canadians
5620:gold rush
5531:Querétaro
5220:June 1847
5029:Monterrey
4891:Mule Hill
4824:San Diego
4766:Bear Flag
4589:Puebloans
4557:Chihuahua
4321:Ex-slave
4297:sectional
4016:Ann Chase
4011:In Mexico
3579:Santa Ana
3485:In 1800,
3308:presidios
3168:Zacatecas
3158:with the
3064:U.S. Navy
2765:1864–1928
2201:The South
1785:Air Force
1660:Education
1536:1991–2008
1521:1991–2008
1514:1981–1991
1499:1980–1991
1492:1964–1975
1481:1954–1968
1466:1964–1980
1459:1954–1968
1448:1945–1964
1433:1945–1964
1426:1941–1945
1415:1929–1941
1404:1918–1929
1393:1917–1918
1378:1917–1945
1371:1896–1917
1360:1877–1896
1349:1865–1877
1334:1865–1917
1327:1849–1865
1312:1849–1865
1305:1825–1849
1294:1817–1825
1279:1815–1849
1272:1801–1817
1261:1788–1801
1246:1789–1815
1239:1783–1788
1228:1765–1783
1213:1776–1789
1206:1607–1765
893:Matamoros
883:Huamantla
853:Contreras
806:Monterrey
722:Natividad
683:Palo Alto
50:entering
21245:Category
21205:(father)
21027:Bank War
20906:Category
20796:Gonzales
20748:Portland
20685:Pawhuska
20680:Okmulgee
20632:Santa Fe
20622:Mogollon
20592:Cimarron
20521:Ogallala
20493:Nebraska
20478:Missoula
20443:Billings
20403:Missouri
20342:Illinois
20231:Deadwood
20226:Bismarck
20208:Trinidad
20185:Colorado
20102:Prescott
20059:Iditarod
19986:Red Dirt
19559:Folklore
19369:Cow town
19287:Nat Love
19181:Tom Horn
19127:Soldiers
18888:Roy Bean
18744:pioneers
18731:Washakie
18726:Victorio
18636:Geronimo
18611:Degataga
18506:Shoshone
18451:Muscogee
18436:Maricopa
18411:Kumeyaay
18401:Kickapoo
18396:Hualapai
18366:Comanche
18341:Cheyenne
18331:Cahuilla
18236:Category
17932:Abortion
17796:Religion
17754:Columbia
17712:internet
17648:Holidays
17643:Folklore
17614:literacy
17552:eviction
17442:Aviation
17414:Taxation
17369:Currency
17362:by state
17272:Scandals
17142:Township
16900:Judicial
16801:Governor
16564:Judicial
16450:Marshals
16323:Politics
16277:Missouri
16267:Columbia
16262:Colorado
16257:Arkansas
16250:Longest
16229:Southern
16214:Northern
16058:counties
16012:Military
16002:Economic
15980:By topic
15959:Iraq War
15909:Cold War
15667:By event
15532:Cold War
15449:Cameroon
15419:Iraq War
15389:Gulf War
15113:Utah War
15071:Domestic
15012:Category
14955:Religion
14915:Folklore
14574:Military
14552:Intersex
14510:Congress
14493:Politics
14479:Wildlife
14469:Volcanos
14310:Maximato
14177:articles
13761:Archived
13726:Archived
13395:89029351
13371:(1990).
12661:Military
12651:(1919).
12582:(2012).
12548:(1992).
12327:Archived
12297:Archived
12255:Archived
12171:Archived
12132:Archived
12093:Archived
12021:, p. 58.
11968:Archived
11960:(1885).
11936:Archived
11921:, p. 55.
11879:, p. 220
11860:Archived
11823:Archived
11727:Archived
11701:Archived
11653:Archived
11626:Archived
11565:cite web
11532:June 27,
11526:Archived
11500:Archived
11474:Archived
11426:Archived
11396:Archived
11363:Archived
11332:Archived
11320:(2003).
11294:(1995).
11193:Archived
11147:Archived
11099:, p. 305
11059:July 18,
11053:Archived
10970:Old Army
10912:Archived
10887:archived
10829:July 18,
10823:Archived
10767:Archived
10703:, p. 200
10672:July 18,
10666:Archived
10623:Archived
10504:Archived
10465:Archived
10434:Archived
10404:Archived
9678:Archived
9539:Archived
9360:Archived
9334:Archived
9330:Truthdig
9223:, p. 22.
9210:, p. 74.
9187:Archived
9151:Fowler,
9089:Archived
9059:, p. 206
9025:July 20,
8934:25746154
8704:Archived
8657:Archived
8610:Archived
8563:Archived
8516:Archived
8469:Archived
8407:Archived
8405:. 2004.
8252:Archived
8162:Archived
8127:Archived
8092:Archived
8014:, p. 61.
7977:Archived
7858:cite web
7790:Fowler,
7645:25139106
7568:Archived
7485:Archived
7292:Archived
7250:Archived
7001:March 8,
6943:Archived
6798:See also
6781:cemetery
6687:cenotaph
6333:—
6258:Military
6198:Judicial
6032:Gag rule
5983:Economic
5939:mestizos
5813:Oklahoma
5805:Colorado
5774:in white
5671:Italians
5558:San Juan
5550:Rio Frio
5159:Anatolia
5155:Xenophon
5089:Saltillo
4978:Mazatlán
4959:Congress
4731:Monterey
4609:Tomasito
4540:Santa Fe
4465:Picayune
4382:writers
4236:de facto
3791:Liberal
3755:and the
3734:British
3695:General
3633:and the
3413:Pío Pico
3291:Comanche
3003:de facto
2905:Timeline
2832:Maximato
2627:a series
2625:Part of
2573:Category
2124:Lesbians
2098:Comanche
2093:Cherokee
1891:Medicine
1842:Religion
1764:Military
1737:Taxation
1687:Abortion
1603:Cultural
779:2nd Mora
769:1st Mora
749:Santa Fe
702:Monterey
539:Strength
185:Oklahoma
181:Colorado
103:Location
91: –
20852:Seattle
20842:Everett
20801:Lubbock
20786:El Paso
20781:Abilene
20723:Astoria
20627:Roswell
20617:Mesilla
20612:Lincoln
20501:Chadron
20448:Bozeman
20393:Wichita
20368:Abilene
20261:Yankton
20107:Phoenix
20074:Skagway
19949:Tex-Mex
19888:Outlaws
18977:Outlaws
18686:Seattle
18646:Irataba
18606:Cochise
18556:Yavapai
18526:Tonkawa
18486:Pequots
18416:Kutenai
18386:Hidatsa
18361:Cocopah
18346:Chinook
18316:Arikara
18311:Arapaho
18220:Outline
18168:illegal
18153:Smoking
18016:Obesity
17899:Poverty
17821:Theater
17811:Society
17665:Housing
17626:Fashion
17582:poverty
17527:Cuisine
17499:Culture
17486:Society
17447:Driving
17374:Exports
17352:Tourism
17312:Banking
17290:Economy
17250:Parties
17094:Charter
17058:Sheriff
16505:Speaker
16373:Cabinet
16336:Federal
16244:Western
16209:Eastern
16204:Central
16199:Pacific
16159:Regions
16110:Islands
15593:History
15470:Related
15232:Foreign
14996:Outline
14903:Cuisine
14880:Culture
14870:Welfare
14860:Smoking
14845:Poverty
14766:Society
14742:Tourism
14615:Economy
14589:Cabinet
14407:Islands
14402:Forests
14377:Climate
14367:Borders
14185:History
14100:Contras
13791:in 1847
13375:(ed.).
13263:(1996).
13161:1834723
13101:(2007).
13039:3638563
13000:3637470
12932:(2000).
12925:(1975).
12874:1836568
12834:(1994)
12820:(1950).
12594:at the
12384:2506347
12212:, p. 64
12197:1898407
12177:July 3,
12138:June 1,
12099:May 28,
11942:May 28,
11752:Lincoln
11733:May 28,
11707:May 28,
11555:July 6,
11506:May 11,
11432:May 11,
11361:. PBS.
11199:July 8,
11171:, p. 14
11153:July 8,
11121:Merry,
11086:, p. 87
10981:May 28,
10283:May 28,
9475:(1): 2.
9366:May 28,
9068:Bauer,
8978:May 16,
8258:May 28,
8217:Bauer,
8060:May 28,
7848:July 5,
7539:1007289
7424:2510435
7330:1540860
7198:3633243
6891:Spanish
6446:Memoirs
6218:Amistad
5863:cholera
5817:Wyoming
5801:Arizona
5663:English
5567:Atlixco
5398:and of
5218:and in
5212:Tabasco
5025:Camargo
4974:Guaymas
4968:seized
4879:lancers
4813:Marines
4752:in the
4661:and at
4486:Chicago
4042:History
3748:caplock
3736:muskets
3732:surplus
3717:activos
3568:Prelude
3525:Texians
3192:Yucatán
3096:cession
3068:Pacific
3062:of the
3011:slavery
2972:by the
2551:Outline
2188:Regions
2119:Gay men
1896:Railway
1856:Slavery
1652:Banking
1646:Economy
917:Guaymas
888:Atlixco
737:La Mesa
501:†
193:Wyoming
177:Arizona
157:changes
87: (
21193:(wife)
21184:Family
20776:Austin
20705:Wewoka
20602:Gallup
20546:Nevada
20468:Helena
20360:Kansas
20279:Angola
20198:Denver
20193:Creede
20150:Fresno
20117:Tucson
20069:Seward
20046:Alaska
20038:Places
19991:Tejano
19878:Lawmen
19220:Others
19030:Emmett
18871:Lawmen
18661:Massai
18546:Yakama
18541:Washoe
18531:Umpqua
18496:Pueblo
18476:Pawnee
18456:Navajo
18446:Mohave
18431:Mandan
18421:Lakota
18376:Dakota
18336:Cayuse
18306:Apache
18241:Portal
18148:Hunger
18099:racism
18040:Issues
17914:Health
17816:Sports
17776:People
17621:Family
17592:wealth
17517:Cinema
17342:Mining
17327:Energy
17072:Cities
17040:County
16974:Tribal
16512:Senate
16356:powers
16252:rivers
16125:ranges
16093:states
16017:Postal
15017:Portal
14967:Sports
14898:Cinema
14828:People
14652:Energy
14515:Senate
14437:States
14432:Rivers
14372:Cities
14175:
14173:Mexico
14114:(1986)
14108:(1962)
14065:(1975)
14063:Limazo
14044:(1970)
14027:(1961)
14021:(1961)
13992:(1989)
13968:(1914)
13944:(1903)
13928:(1858)
13897:(1898)
13864:(1933)
13858:(1904)
13842:(1823)
13833:Policy
13459:
13393:
13383:
13357:(2010)
13289:(1974)
13193:
13159:
13151:
13088:
13074:
13037:
13029:
12998:
12990:
12953:
12872:
12864:
12836:online
12792:(1998)
12744:
12722:
12683:
12633:(2009)
12619:(2008)
12609:
12586:
12556:
12519:
12413:
12382:
12374:
12289:
12195:
12163:
12124:
12085:
12045:
12001:
11815:
11788:
11618:
11592:
11466:
11237:
11026:
10976:Amazon
10949:
10797:
10729:
10496:
10375:
10315:
9710:
9623:
9571:
9405:
9311:
9291:
9248:1:417.
9122:
8969:
8932:
8922:
8850:
8840:
8815:
8805:
8780:
8770:
8745:
8735:
8698:
8688:
8651:
8641:
8604:
8594:
8557:
8547:
8510:
8500:
8463:
8453:
8373:
8317:
8208:p. 265
8195:, p. 5
8051:
7946:, p. 5
7823:
7739:
7699:
7643:
7635:
7545:
7537:
7529:
7495:. PBS.
7464:
7422:
7414:
7371:, p. 6
7328:
7284:
7242:
7196:
7188:
7136:
7111:
7063:
7036:
7026:
6877:, the
6679:patria
6669:Mexico
6652:, 1952
6632:Legacy
6608:, and
6341:Austin
6220:affair
6134:Social
5905:Papago
5853:, and
5791:, and
5789:Nevada
5689:, and
5667:French
5655:German
5554:Perote
5546:Jalapa
5358:Puebla
5277:, and
5187:Parras
5146:Navajo
5144:, and
5142:Moquis
4970:La Paz
4962:, and
4828:Sonora
4762:Sonoma
4529:Kansas
4436:(1848)
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4153:. The
4133:resaca
4034:, and
3505:Tejano
3467:, and
3358:Mexico
3299:Navajo
3297:, and
3295:Apache
3040:
3024:Oregon
2996:. The
2970:Mexico
2825:Modern
2638:Mexico
2629:on the
2583:Portal
2534:Cities
2516:Cities
2214:States
2143:Places
1910:Groups
1886:Lumber
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