497:Ăvila Camacho used part of the accumulated savings to pay off foreign debts, so that Mexico's credit standing substantially improved (increasing investors' confidence in the government). With increased revenues coming from the war effort, the government was now in a position to distribute material benefits from the Revolution more widely; he used funds to subsidize food imports that especially affected urban workers. Workers in Mexico received higher salaries during the war, but there was a lack of consumer goods to purchase, so that workers had both personal savings and pent up demand for goods. A key government institution for development, founded under LĂĄzaro CĂĄrdenas's administration was
494:, but its most significant contribution was in its supply of material to fight the war. It received cash payments for its material contributions, which meant that following the war the Mexican treasury had robust reserves. Although a participant in the war, like the U.S., Mexico was not a site of combat, so that in the post-war era, Mexico did not need to rebuild damaged infrastructure. However, with the resources available following the war, Mexico embarked on big infrastructure projects.
62:
330:
604:. The share of imports subject to licensing requirements rose from 28 percent in 1956 to an average of more than 60 percent during the 1960s and about 70 percent in the 1970s. Industry accounted for 22 percent of total output in 1950, 24 percent in 1960, and 29 percent in 1970. The share of total output arising from agriculture and other primary activities declined during the same period, while services stayed constant.
372:
611:
in agricultural, energy, and transportation infrastructure. Cities grew rapidly during these years, reflecting the shift of employment from agriculture to industry and services. The urban population increased at a high rate after 1940. Growth of the urban labor force exceeded even the growth rate of
508:
Growth was sustained by the government's increasing commitment to primary education for the general population from the late 1920s through the 1940s. The enrollment rates of the country's youth increased threefold during this period; consequently when this generation was employed by the 1940s their
411:
to increase by 8% with inflation staying at only 2.5%. Beginning roughly in the 1940s, the
Mexican government would begin to roll out the economic plan that they would call "the Mexican miracle," which would spark an economic boom beginning in 1954 spanning some 15 years and would last until 1970.
564:
allowing borrowing, an increasingly educated work force, and savings allowing purchase of consumer goods were excellent conditions for the government's program of import substitution industrialization. Finished goods previously purchased abroad could be produced domestically with the purchase of
552:
program which stimulated output by boosting internal demand. The government raised import controls on consumer goods but relaxed them on capital goods (such as machinery for
Mexican production of consumer goods), which it purchased with international reserves accumulated during the war. The
490:"In the long view, some of the permanent alterations in Mexico from World War II were economic." Mexico benefited significantly during World War II, by its participation on the side of the Allies. Mexico supplied labor to the U.S. via the
479:, who initiated a program of industrialization in early 1941 with the Law of Manufacturing Industries. One scholar has called the inaugural date of this law "the birthday of the Institutional Revolution," since it was the inception of
431:
An important factor helping sustained growth in the period 1940â1970 was the reduction of political turmoil, particularly around national elections, with the creation of a single, dominant party. In 1946, the party founded by
509:
economic output was more productive. Mexico also made investments in higher education that created a generation of scientists, social scientists, and engineers, who enabled
Mexican industrial innovation. The founding of the
593:
bringing production to Mexico in 1921 and 1925 respectively. With a growing middle class consumer market for such expensive consumer goods, the industrial base of Mexico expanded to meet the demand.
557:
power, supply drinking water to cities and irrigation water to agriculture, and control flooding. By 1950 Mexico's road network had expanded to 21,000 kilometers, of which some 13,600 were paved.
529:. From a small, private inception, the Tec de Monterrey built a major campus inaugurated by President AlemĂĄn in 1946, and has been a magnet for students from other areas of Latin America.
1001:
518:
994:
517:) in 1936 as a government-funded institution in the northern part of Mexico City, trained a new generation of Mexicans. In northern Mexico, the
1267:
471:, there were significant policies in the social and political spheres that had impacts on future economic policies in Mexico, in particular
987:
525:, was founded by northern industrialists in 1942, with the programs designed by a former faculty member of the IPN and modeled after the
358:
969:. University of Mississippi, Bureau of Business Research 1959. (esp. important, Chapter 12, "Mexican Experience of Balanced Growth."
1022:
624:
growth averaged about 7 percent overall and about 3 percent per capita. Consumer price inflation averaged only 3 percent annually.
565:
machinery. One successful industry was textile production. Foreign transnational companies established branches in Mexico, such as
282:
526:
480:
766:
Reclaiming
Revolution in Light of the "Mexican Miracle": Celestino Gasca and the Federacionistas Leales Insurrection of 1961
222:
167:
85:
475:
in 1938, as well as land reform, and nationalization of railways. CĂĄrdenas was succeeded by the politically more moderate
1242:
778:
710:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1176:
972:
Wionczek, Miguel S. "Industrialization, Foreign
Capital, and Technology Transfer: The Mexican Experience, 1930-1985."
751:
441:
148:
510:
297:
464:(1964â70), there were no political opposition challenges to the government's implementation of economic programs.
351:
17:
1131:
578:
120:
319:
307:
95:
628:
remained the country's dominant growth sector, expanding 7 percent annually and attracting considerable
674:
395:) is a term used to refer to the country's inward-looking development strategy that produced sustained
344:
190:
41:
31:
1060:
629:
545:
484:
472:
445:
255:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1075:
1055:
1035:
407:
grew 6.8% each year. It was a stabilizing economic plan which caused an average growth of 6.8% and
270:
135:
433:
1272:
1121:
476:
1045:
621:
113:
61:
457:
1194:
408:
400:
185:
461:
468:
453:
100:
70:
684:
276:
8:
1171:
1161:
1156:
1136:
601:
549:
542:
449:
437:
292:
505:), the national development bank, which funded the expansion of the industrial sector.
590:
582:
553:
government spent it heavily on infrastructure, including major dam projects to produce
200:
1201:
1111:
1095:
1070:
1050:
1040:
1030:
979:
747:
689:
679:
596:
The government fostered the development of consumer goods industries directed toward
404:
265:
212:
50:
1116:
1010:
739:
388:
302:
287:
125:
1080:
935:
608:
597:
491:
417:
396:
206:
581:
had already been established shortly after the end of the military phase of the
1090:
574:
217:
1216:
1014:
743:
658:
625:
561:
554:
334:
612:
industrial employment, with surplus workers taking low-paying service jobs.
1151:
1146:
1141:
1126:
1085:
662:
538:
227:
532:
1166:
639:
866:
Easterlin, R. "Why Isn't the Whole World
Developed?", Appendix Table 1.
765:
1184:
570:
487:, the Law for Development of New and Necessary Industries, was passed.
195:
162:
156:
130:
566:
420:
90:
736:
The World Trade
Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis
638:
grew at an annual rate of nearly 4 percent, trade at 6 percent, and
620:
Mexico's strong economic performance continued into the 1960s, when
245:
967:
Economic Policy
Revolution and Industrialization in Latin America
962:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950.
831:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950.
423:
used is "Desarrollo estabilizador" or "Stabilizing
Development."
953:
The
Economic Development of Mexico during a Quarter of a Century
643:
635:
413:
654:
586:
650:
647:
844:, revised edition. New York: Atheneum Press, 1962, p. 184.
600:
by imposing high protective tariffs and other barriers to
371:
577:
under Mexican laws regulating foreign investment. The
533:
Import-substitution program and infrastructure projects
1009:
519:
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
607:
The government promoted industrial expansion through
918:
Daniel James, "Sears Roebuck's Mexican Revolution,"
448:, Mexico elected its first civilian president since
426:
941:, revised edition. New York: Atheneum Press 1963.
642:at 3 percent. By 1970 Mexico had diversified its
440:'s assassination in 1928 changed its name to the
1214:
661:. Although its imports remained high, most were
444:. With the party's presidential choice in 1946,
805:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1962, p. 231.
733:
483:. Further legislation in 1946 under President
995:
352:
976:, vol. 17, issue 2, April 1986, pp. 283-302.
560:The economic stability of the country, high
27:Term for Mexico's economic growth, 1954â1970
951:Government of Mexico, Nacional Financiera.
734:Ortiz Mena L.N., Antonio (2005), "Mexico",
1002:
988:
946:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, 1940-1960
803:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, 1940â1960
452:in 1911. With the subsequent elections of
359:
345:
370:
948:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1962.
615:
14:
1215:
646:and become largely self-sufficient in
983:
527:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
481:import substitution industrialization
665:used to expand domestic production.
379:(NAFIN), the state development bank.
776:
738:, Springer US, pp. 2586â2618,
708:
24:
929:
548:(1946â52) instituted a full-scale
25:
1284:
442:Institutional Revolutionary Party
403:in Mexico's economy in which the
1268:PostâWorld War II economic booms
328:
60:
960:Industrial Revolution in Mexico
912:
907:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution
899:
894:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution
886:
873:
868:The Journal of Economic History
860:
829:Industrial Revolution in Mexico
816:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution
436:in the wake of President-elect
427:Conditions for sustained growth
847:
834:
821:
808:
795:
770:
759:
727:
702:
511:Instituto Politécnico Nacional
13:
1:
779:"El desarrollo estabilizador"
711:"El desarrollo estabilizador"
695:
579:automotive industry in Mexico
939:The United States and Mexico
881:The United States and Mexico
855:The United States and Mexico
842:The United States and Mexico
7:
668:
399:. It is considered to be a
10:
1289:
1243:Economic history of Mexico
675:Economic history of Mexico
32:Economic history of Mexico
29:
1238:1970s in economic history
1233:1960s in economic history
1228:1950s in economic history
1223:1940s in economic history
1104:
1021:
777:Morales, Vidal Llerenas.
709:Morales, Vidal Llerenas.
521:, known in Mexico as the
467:During the presidency of
256:Petroleum nationalization
744:10.1007/0-387-22688-5_74
271:Mexican Movement of 1968
91:Viceroyalty of New Spain
537:In the years following
149:Second Federal Republic
974:Development and Change
473:nationalization of oil
392:
380:
223:Occupation of Veracruz
1181:United Arab Emirates
965:Teichert, Pedro C.M.
434:Plutarco ElĂas Calles
409:industrial production
374:
186:Second Mexican Empire
30:Further information:
616:Economic performance
546:Miguel Alemån Valdés
485:Miguel Alemån Valdés
477:Manuel Ăvila Camacho
454:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
446:Miguel Alemån Valdés
308:Coronavirus pandemic
283:1982 economic crisis
136:MexicanâAmerican War
870:Vol. 41 No. 1, 1981
550:import-substitution
499:Nacional Financiera
458:Adolfo LĂłpez Mateos
450:Francisco I. Madero
377:Nacional Financiera
293:Mexican peso crisis
168:French intervention
121:Centralist Republic
96:War of Independence
630:foreign investment
591:Ford Motor Company
583:Mexican Revolution
462:Gustavo DĂaz Ordaz
381:
1210:
1209:
1023:Post-World War II
944:Cline, Howard F.
920:Harper's Magazine
840:Howard F. Cline,
801:Howard F. Cline,
690:Tourism in Mexico
685:La DĂ©cada Perdida
680:Economy of Mexico
609:public investment
369:
368:
335:Mexico portal
277:La DĂ©cada Perdida
266:Mexican Dirty War
250:(1928–1934)
213:Plan of Guadalupe
207:La decena trĂĄgica
191:Restored Republic
86:Spanish-Aztec War
16:(Redirected from
1280:
1011:Economic miracle
1004:
997:
990:
981:
980:
936:Cline, Howard F.
923:
922:(June 1959) 1â6.
916:
910:
903:
897:
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884:
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858:
851:
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774:
768:
763:
757:
756:
731:
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724:
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721:
706:
598:domestic markets
523:Tec de Monterrey
393:Milagro mexicano
361:
354:
347:
333:
332:
331:
303:Mexican drug war
288:Chiapas conflict
251:
126:Texas Revolution
64:
54:
36:
35:
21:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1263:1970s in Mexico
1258:1960s in Mexico
1253:1950s in Mexico
1248:1940s in Mexico
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1100:
1017:
1008:
958:Mosk, Sanford.
932:
930:Further reading
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728:
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717:
707:
703:
698:
671:
618:
535:
492:Bracero Program
469:LĂĄzaro CĂĄrdenas
460:(1958â64), and
429:
405:Mexican economy
397:economic growth
385:Mexican miracle
365:
329:
327:
313:
312:
261:Mexican miracle
249:
241:
233:
232:
181:
173:
172:
151:
141:
140:
116:
106:
105:
81:
73:
52:
45:
34:
28:
23:
22:
18:Mexican Miracle
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1276:
1275:
1273:Economic booms
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956:
955:. Mexico 1959.
949:
942:
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911:
898:
885:
872:
859:
846:
833:
827:Sanford Mosk,
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769:
758:
752:
726:
700:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
670:
667:
659:consumer goods
617:
614:
575:Sears (Mexico)
534:
531:
438:Ălvaro ObregĂłn
428:
425:
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218:Tampico Affair
215:
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196:The Porfiriato
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114:First Republic
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1195:Massachusetts
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1037:
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1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:tiger economy
1012:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
985:
982:
975:
971:
968:
964:
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869:
863:
856:
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843:
837:
830:
824:
817:
811:
804:
798:
784:
783:El Economista
780:
773:
767:
762:
755:
753:9780387226859
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
716:
715:El Economista
712:
705:
701:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
666:
664:
663:capital goods
660:
656:
652:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
631:
627:
626:Manufacturing
623:
613:
610:
605:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
562:credit rating
558:
556:
555:hydroelectric
551:
547:
544:
540:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
506:
504:
501:(abbreviated
500:
495:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
424:
422:
421:economic term
419:
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406:
402:
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394:
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378:
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119:
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110:
109:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
80:The New Spain
77:
76:
72:
71:Pre-Columbian
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
43:
38:
37:
33:
19:
1096:West Germany
1065:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
919:
914:
909:, pp. 63â66.
906:
901:
896:, pp. 68â81.
893:
888:
880:
875:
867:
862:
854:
849:
841:
836:
828:
823:
815:
810:
802:
797:
786:. Retrieved
782:
772:
761:
735:
729:
718:. Retrieved
714:
704:
634:
619:
606:
595:
559:
539:World War II
536:
522:
514:
507:
502:
498:
496:
489:
466:
430:
384:
382:
376:
318:
298:PRI downfall
275:
260:
246:
228:Cristero War
205:
155:
101:First Empire
1162:Philippines
1105:Later years
1076:South Korea
657:, and most
644:export base
640:agriculture
456:(1952â58),
51:History of
1217:Categories
788:2019-05-31
720:2019-05-31
696:References
571:Pepsi-Cola
401:golden age
201:Revolution
163:Reform War
157:La Reforma
131:Pastry War
1152:Lithuania
1137:Indonesia
1071:Singapore
1051:Hong Kong
883:, p. 301.
857:, p. 286.
818:, p. 232.
567:Coca-Cola
543:President
180:1864â1928
1172:Thailand
1167:Slovakia
1157:Malaysia
669:See also
375:Logo of
320:Timeline
247:Maximato
42:a series
40:Part of
1202:Vietnam
1142:Ireland
1127:Estonia
1036:Belgium
1031:Austria
905:Cline,
892:Cline,
879:Cline,
853:Cline,
814:Cline,
602:imports
585:, with
418:Spanish
389:Spanish
1177:Turkey
1147:Latvia
1112:Brazil
1091:Taiwan
1086:Sweden
1066:Mexico
1046:Greece
1041:France
750:
636:Mining
573:, and
416:, the
414:Mexico
240:Modern
53:Mexico
44:on the
1185:Dubai
1132:India
1122:China
1117:Chile
1081:Spain
1061:Japan
1056:Italy
655:steel
651:crops
587:Buick
503:Nafin
1013:and
748:ISBN
648:food
589:and
383:The
740:doi
632:.
622:GDP
515:IPN
412:In
1219::
781:.
746:,
713:.
653:,
569:,
541:,
391::
1003:e
996:t
989:v
791:.
742::
723:.
513:(
387:(
360:e
353:t
346:v
20:)
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