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592:, suffered the most damage. In this particular area, 258 buildings completely crumbled, 143 partially collapsed and 181 were seriously damaged. The next seriously affected area was Venustiano Carranza where 83 buildings collapsed, 128 partially collapsed and 2,000 structures were seriously damaged. Damage was localized to the center parts of the city, leaving much of the residential outer rim unscathed, but the damage in the affected area was extensive. Over 720,000 tons of debris was removed during the first six weeks after the event. The Metropolitan Commission for Emergencies of the Federal District reported 2,831 buildings damaged for the entire city: 31% or 880 were completely ruined, 13% were reinhabitable with major repairs and the rest, totaling 1581, were recoverable with minor repairs. This translates to more than 30,000 housing units destroyed and another 68,000 units damaged.
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the government, who was helped and by how much was determined by one's standing vis-à-vis the PRI. Those belonging to the party received preference and those considered opposition received the runaround. President de la Madrid refused to cut foreign debt payments to use the money to help with the recovery effort. The government's response to the earthquake was widely criticized at various levels of
Mexican society, being seen as both authoritarian and incompetent. As most of the collapsed buildings were of recent construction and public works projects, the government was seen at fault due to mismanagement and corruption in these constructions. The government itself realized that it could not handle the crisis alone through already-established institutions and decided to open the process up to "opposition groups".
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refused. Many media outlets expressed support for the popular movements and marches like that of 2 October 1985, demanding that the reconstruction process be more "democratic", meaning the inclusion of non-PRI political organizations into the decision-making process. On 11 October 1985, the
President granted a seven-minute audience to the heads of a dozen popular movements, which turned into a 45-minute meeting where de la Madrid was handed a document outlining what would remain the movements' core demands: expropriation of all condemned buildings, followed by a "popular" and "democratic" reconstruction project which would include the active participation of the community movement. De la Madrid conceded some with the expropriation of 5,500 properties in the four most affected boroughs.
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integrate and smooth relations between his agency and the community groups. On 16 May 1986, Camacho Solís met with the heads of all the major groups. He offered a commitment to build 48,000 housing units in one year if the groups would all sign a "Convenio de concertación democrática para la reconstrucción de vivienda" (Democratic agreement for the reconstruction of housing). Basically, this document required the cooperation of community groups in exchange for solid commitments from the agency. All sides would compromise in order to get something done. The deal generally worked; movements like CUD moderated their stances and agencies like SEDUE and PRHP made progress in rebuilding housing, regardless of political affiliation.
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up aid stations and scavenging supplies. Rescue workers soon arrived to start digging through the rubble. A second quake made rescue work slower, because of fear of further collapse. Most bodies were identified by personal effects, some by dental records and some were so mangled that they wound up being cremated without ever being identified, due to the lack of morgue facilities. 561 bodies were found and 188 were never identified. 266 were hospital workers and 44 were medical residents. The majority who were rescued were found in the first five days. The number of bodies recovered was high during those first days as well but the numbers dramatically increased between days 17 and 31.
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was of long duration. Ground shaking lasted more than five minutes in places along the coast and parts of Mexico City shook for three minutes, with an average shaking time of 3–4 minutes. It is estimated the movement along the fault was about three metres (9.8 ft). The main tremor was foreshadowed by a quake of magnitude 5.2 on 28 May 1985, and was followed by two significant aftershocks: one on 20 September 1985 of magnitude 7.5 lasting thirteen seconds and the third occurring seven months later on 30 April 1986 with magnitude 7.0 lasting ten seconds. However, at least twelve other minor aftershocks were associated with the seismic event.
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content. Above this is a layer of sand and above this is a layer of sand and rock. The western and northwestern parts of the city are outside the old lakeshores and are located on sands from eroding volcanic cones that surround the Valley of Mexico. The southern part of the city rests on hardened basalt lava flows. The old lakebed, with its high water content, is easily moved or compressed. The old lakeshore area also has a fairly high water content, allowing movement, though not as much as the lakebed. The old lava flows have little water content or movement in comparison and are therefore more stable.
1323:. This group arose from youths who spontaneously volunteered to risk their lives crawling into collapsed buildings to look for survivors. Despite having no equipment, training or knowledge of rescue tactics, these youths were instrumental in saving a number of lives, including the babies rescued from the collapse of the Juárez Hospital. Shortly thereafter, these youths decided to formally band together in February 1986. These "topos" have developed into highly trained specialists in times of disaster, with branches in other parts of Mexico. They are now expertly trained and even have
1272:(PRI). Much of the PRI's authoritarian nature was tolerated because the country had seen four decades of economic expansion of six percent or better. When this disappeared, the PRI's power base began to shrink. Its reputation was damaged further when the government seemed to be deliberately downplaying the number of earthquake victims. President de la Madrid made relatively few public appearances afterwards and during those he did, he received strong heckling, in contrast to the near-reverence that past presidents enjoyed at such events.
510:. Some regulations were passed in that year and more in 1976 after another, stronger earthquake shook the city. However, none of these regulations had an event like 1985's in mind when passed. Most of the seriously damaged buildings were built between 1957 and 1976, when the city was starting to build upwards, in the six-to-fifteen floor range. In second place were buildings from before 1957, possibly because they were weakened by the earlier earthquakes. Structures built between 1976 and 1985 suffered the least damage.
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motions. One interesting characteristic was that many buildings had their upper floors collapse, leaving the lower floors relatively undamaged. In many damaged buildings, just one floor had collapsed. In some cases the damage was caused by the top of a lower, adjacent building banging against the walls and the supporting columns of its neighbor. Eventually, the columns gave way. In other cases, the first few floors of buildings were designed as parking garages, open lobbies or large shopping areas. These
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1093:. However, the most commonly cited figures are around 10,000. While high as an absolute number, it compares to other earthquakes of similar strength in Asia and other parts of Latin America where death tolls have run between 66,000 and 242,000 for earthquakes of magnitude 7.8 or above. Part of the explanation for that was the hour in which the earthquake struck, approximately 7:20 am, when people were awake but not in the many schools and office buildings that were severely damaged.
719:, doubled over at the third floor and fell south onto a fourteen-story building. The fall left a huge piece of concrete blocking the road that leads to the Zócalo. People at the scene stated that there was simply no time to run and escape the building's fall. The other three 20-story buildings were closed because of damage, as well as the Metro entrance next door. The building was occupied by family courts and offices of the public defender. The area is now a market.
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low-frequency waves of an earthquake are amplified by the mud of the lakebed, which in turn, is amplified by the building itself. This causes these buildings to shake more violently than the earthquake proper as the earthquake progresses. Many of the older colonial buildings have survived hundreds of years on the lakebed simply because they are not tall enough to be affected by the resonance effect.
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Ignacio M. Altamirano, Jesús Terán, Ponciano
Arriaga, Niños Héroes and 20 de Noviembre suffered severe damage such as deeply cracked foundations. In the days after the quake, military and police cordoned off ten buildings to keep people out, leading a number of them to sleep on the streets. Twelve buildings in the complex were so badly damaged that they were demolished in the next six months.
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People became trapped in stairwells, elevators and their apartments without any way to contact the outside world. At the collapsed building, lines of 50–100 people passed rubble by hand and buckets, trying to reach victims. During these rescue efforts, a nearby building, called Oaxaca, began to creak noisily, causing everyone to run and abandon the site temporarily, but it did not collapse.
525:. However, the codes were not designed for seismic activity of the intensity experienced in 1985. The event was one of the most intense ever recorded, and macroseismic waves arrived in the Valley of Mexico with unusually high energy content. Prior to the event, estimates about ground movement on the lakebed were generally accepted and a number of buildings were built on these estimates.
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General
Hospital of Mexico. In total, the city lost more than 4,000 public hospital beds in the earthquake, severely disrupting these institutions' ability to handle the crisis. In addition, five of the largest private hospitals had to be evacuated. More than 900 patients, physicians, nurses and paramedical workers died in the initial shock.
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excavation equipment descended into the city to help with rescue efforts. First Lady Nancy Reagan toured Mexico City with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, John Gavin, observing the resulting damage of the earthquake. Few countries sent rescue delegations to support these efforts. One of the prominent groups was the delegation of the
310:, more than 350 kilometres (220 mi) away, but the city suffered major damage due to its large magnitude and the ancient lake bed on which Mexico City sits. The event caused between three and five billion USD in damage as 412 buildings collapsed and another 3,124 were seriously damaged in the city.
982:) was considered the most important hospital complex in Latin America with over 2,300 beds and the largest medical library in the country. It had to be evacuated because all of its 25 buildings suffered severe damage. Most of the beds that it lost were dedicated to tertiary, high-technology care. The
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The collapse of this factory exposed the deplorable conditions to which many of these women were subjected. The building that collapsed, as well as many others, were found to be decrepit. It came to be known that many of the women had to work extended hours with little or no compensation, and few, if
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Those who were rescued first were taken to another building for treatment, as the ambulances were trapped inside the collapsed tower. The hospital did not have an emergency plan but nonetheless, surviving hospital workers and neighbors quickly improvised, under the management of the hospital, setting
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To this day, the death toll has been in dispute. About 5,000 bodies were recovered from the debris and represent the total of legally certified deaths but does not include those who were missing and never recovered. Reports have numbered the dead anywhere from 5,000 to 30,000 (claimed by a number of
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continued to operate normally. All of the closed stations were in the historic center area, with the exception of the stations of Line 2 south of Pino Suárez. These stations were located above ground. The reason these stations were closed was not due to damage to the Metro proper, but rather because
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staff died, including producer
Ernesto Villanueva and engineer David Mendoza Córcega, who had just parked at the Televisa building, but had no time to escape from his car. The falling debris also killed street vendors who worked just outside the studio building. Reconstruction of the studio building
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and Juan Dosal. As the movement began, it is reported that Llamas grabbed the underside of the desk, and whispering quickly to her colleagues that she hoped no one could see how scared she was. The last image broadcast from the studio was that of
Lourdes Guerrero stating "... it's still shaking
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The "Torre de
Hospitalización" was built in 1970 with the main building being twelve stories tall. It had two wings, one facing north and the other south, with an inpatient capacity of 536 beds. At the top was a helipad. It was also surrounded by a number of other buildings belonging to the hospital
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Perez-Campos, X.; Singh, S. K.; Arroyo, D.; Cruz-Atienza, V. M.; Ordaz, M.; Hjorleifsdottir, V.; Iglesias, A. (December 2017). "The deadly
Morelos-Puebla, Mexico Intraslab Earthquake of 19 September 2017 (Mw7.1): Was the Earthquake Unexpected and Were the Ground Motions and Damage Pattern in Mexico
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The
Mexican government, thinking that it could handle the situation after the earthquake by themselves, initially refused any foreign aid. As an aftershock struck on 20 September, the Mexican government then announced that it would be willing to accept help. Heavy machinery, medical supplies, and
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declared it would not request aid; it specifically rejected help from the United States. It was also widely reported in the days after the earthquake that the military assisted factory owners in retrieving their machinery rather than in removing the bodies of dead factory workers. At many levels of
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It was located at the corner of
Balderas and Avenida Juárez in the historic center and completely collapsed within moments of the quake. Shortly after its collapse, it began to burn due to a gas leak, which made it extremely difficult to rescue survivors. Nothing survived of the hotel. The space is
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In this school the classes normally started at 7 o'clock in the morning, so the students were already in class. Some data indicate that around 120 people died and some disappeared in this building. Literally this building was split in two, the part that overlooked Humboldt Street stood and the part
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However, the most memorable story to come from this event was the rescue of nearly all the newborn babies that were in the nursery at the time. These babies were pulled out of the wreckage mostly unscathed but lost their mothers. The infants were found seven days after the initial event and came to
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Heavy machinery was unable to get to the site until five days after the earthquake. Numbers of dead did not include unidentified body parts found. Most of the injured had contusion injuries and many suffered from dehydration, with the severity of the dehydration increasing with those rescued later.
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were particularly flexible and tended to collapse after prolonged shaking. Some types of foundations, particularly those involving piles driven into clay and held in place by friction, turned out to be weak. One nine-story building, for example, overturned. Its piles were pulled entirely out of the
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area and the deaths of at least 5,000 people. The sequence of events included a foreshock of magnitude 5.2 that occurred the prior May, the main shock on 19 September, and two large aftershocks. The first of these occurred on 20 September with a magnitude of 7.5 and the second occurred seven months
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The severe damage in so many buildings, including in many public works construction projects to house the rapidly growing population of Mexico City, was blamed on lax enforcement of building codes. Critics argued that the lack of enforcement of such codes was indicative of corrupt practices in all
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was imposed, as well as rescue, sanitary efforts and other, with 1,836 soldiers initially sent in and another 1,500 conscripts sent later. The federal government's first public response was President de la Madrid's declaration of a period of mourning for three days starting from 20 September 1985.
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All the buildings suffered damage but along with the collapsed Nuevo León building, buildings such as those called Veracruz, Coahuila, Zacatecas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Jalisco, Churubusco, Guelatao, 2 de Abril, 15 de Septiembre, Chihuahua, Tamaulipas, ISSSTE 11, Querétaro, Guanajuato, Ignacio Comonfort,
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on the coast at 7:17 am and hit Mexico City, 350 km (220 mi) away, two minutes later at 7:19 am. The 19 September quake was a multiple event with two epicenters and the second movement occurring 26 seconds after the first. Because of multiple breaks in the fault line, the event
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which causes the loss of foundation support and contributes to dramatic settlement of large buildings. Mexico City's downtown area mostly lies on the silt and volcanic clay sediments of the bed of the historic Lake Texcoco, which are between seven and thirty-seven meters deep and have a high water
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in Mexico. Volatile trenches along the Cocos plate generally have had seismic events every 30 to 70 years before 1985. This subduction zone outside the Michoacán gap was the source of 42 earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 or stronger in the 20th century prior to the 1985 event. However, this particular
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In March, only weeks after taking office, Camacho Solís changed the charged atmosphere between SEDUE and the community groups. He actively integrated Tlateloloco citizen groups into a new program meant for that area, defusing the most volatile area of the city. Camacho Solís continued to work to
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More than 4,000 people were rescued alive. 9,600 injured people received treatment, including 1,879 who needed hospitalization. Despite the loss of 5,000 hospital beds, there was never a shortage of facilities for the injured. Some of the reason for this was that those with postponable care were
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hospital for government workers lost 36 percent of its capacity. The 2,158 beds of the Ministry of Health (SSA) were lost, representing 43 percent of its capacity in the city. This included the 700 beds lost with the complete collapse of Juárez Hospital and the gynecology-obstetrics tower of the
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stopped service and completely shut down for fear of electrocution. This caused people to get out of the tunnels from wherever they were and onto the street to try to get where they were going. At the time, the Metro had 101 stations, with 32 closed to the public in the weeks after the event. On
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The stepping-in of non-PRI organizations to take over where the government could not, also took its toll on PRI's reputation. Burton Kirkwood stated, "Out of the disaster emerged the realization that a viable civil society existed in Mexico. This revelation also caused many to consider why they
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CUD and other popular movement representatives met the head of the Secretariat of Urban Development and Ecology (SEDUE) Guillermo Carrillo Arena on 27 September 1985. Carrillo Arena at first insisted that the movements incorporate themselves into the PRI before gaining any concessions. This was
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In the Conjunto Urbano, two of the three modules of the building called "Nuevo León", at thirteen stories tall, completely collapsed, while the other one was severely damaged. In other buildings, dozens of people terrified by the event jumped from high windows to their deaths, trying to escape.
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and low frequency signals. This lakebed has a natural "pitch" of one cycle every 2.5 seconds making everything built on the bed vibrate at the same frequency. This is the same "pitch" as a number of shallow earthquake waves. This resonance amplifies the effects of the shock waves coming from an
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After the government created the Programa de Renovación Habitacional Popular (PRHP) on 14 October to help deal with the crisis, friction between the government and community groups grew again, PRHP used PRI-membership as a requirement to be included into the census of earthquake victims. More
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Most of the earthquake damage was to buildings. Two reasons are the resonance in the lakebed sediments and the long duration of the shaking. The buildings most damaged were from 6 to 15 stories in height. These buildings tended to resonate most with the energetic frequency band of the lakebed
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reported that by the time rescue workers reached the building, the owners were already in a hurry to demolish it, without trying to rescue or recover the workers trapped inside. About 150 bodies of workers had already been pulled from the wreckage by fellow employees using their bare hands.
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However, only certain types of structures are vulnerable to this resonance effect. Taller buildings have their own frequencies of vibration. Those that are six to fifteen stories tall also vibrate at the 2.5-second cycle, making them act like tuning forks in the event of an earthquake. The
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The region's infrastructure was severely affected. The number of people with potable water went from six million to 90,000. as 6,500 metres (4.0 mi) of primary and secondary water and drainage pipes suffered breaks in 163 places, cutting off water and contaminating it. 516,000 m
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The area most severely hit by the earthquake had the highest concentration of hospitals. Most of the damage occurred in secondary and tertiary hospitals. Thirteen hospitals of six or more floors were partially or totally destroyed, most of these public institutions. One out of every four
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On the other hand, the disaster created an opportunity for political opponents, especially at the grassroots level. Much of the community organizing focused on helping those left homeless by the earthquake. The three largest and most effective organizations were based in Tlatelolco and
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In the hours and days immediately after the first shock, there was an enormous response and solidarity among the city population of 18 million people. Ordinary citizens organized brigades to help with rescue efforts and to provide food, clothing and emotional support to the homeless.
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Every 19 September, in all public buildings at Mexico City and all the nation the civil protection authorities conduct evacuation drills to evaluate the evacuation response in the case of an earthquake. On 19 September 2017, 32 years after the 1985 earthquake, Mexico City also faced
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ordered a news blackout and did not address the situation at all for 39 hours after the event. When the government did give estimates of the number killed, they ranged from 7,000 to 35,000. Consequently, most of the populace believes that the true numbers have never been revealed.
613:, teaching facilities, offices as well as the original convent. At the time of the earthquake, the hospital was 80% full, and it was shift change time for nurses, doctors and residents. Within minutes, the steel-frame structure collapsed, crushing and trapping many people inside.
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any, of the labor laws on the books were being followed. This event made the garment industry a labor embarrassment. All that remains of the factory is a small empty lot with a bronze statue of a woman sewing. Apartments were built on the remainder of the property.
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While not on or near any fault like San Francisco or Los Angeles, Mexico City is also vulnerable to earthquakes. The main reason for this is the surface geology of the area, especially the downtown area. The city was originally built on an island in the middle of
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Centuries-old structures have been reinforced across the city and new construction must comply with very strict codes. There are several instances of tall buildings in Mexico City incorporating earthquake-resistant engineering. A few notable examples are: the
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protests followed on 26 October calling for, among other things, the firing of SEDUE head Carrillo Arena. Things got worse through February 1986, mostly due to the ineffectiveness of SEDUE and PRHP. Finally Carrillo Arena was fired from SEDUE and replaced by
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television network, when the earthquake struck. In the video, movement can be seen, especially in the studio lights above the newscasters. The three newscasters were María Victoria Llamas (in place of Guillermo Ochoa, the principal anchor who was on leave),
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To better help deal with major disasters, the Civil Protection Committee was created. This committee organizes drills in cooperation with rescue workers, police, hospital staff and even metro personnel. Affiliated with the Civil Protection Committee is the
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Norte #668, covering an area of about two km (0.77 sq mi). It had 102 buildings with seven medical facilities, twenty-two schools and about 500 small businesses, serving the 80,000 people who lived there. Constructed under the presidency of
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One of the most visible government institutions to fall in the event was the tower of Hospital Juárez, one of the oldest hospital institutions in Mexico. It was founded in 1847, converting the old convent of San Pablo to treat wounded soldiers from the
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A survey by the government of the damage done found that few buildings from one to five stories suffered serious damage; the same was true for buildings over fifteen stories. When the buildings were built seemed to have an effect as well. Before the
897:(5,550,000 sq ft) of asphalt was damaged, and 137 schools collapsed. The number of jobs lost due to the event was estimated at 200,000. Forty percent of the population was without electricity and seventy percent without telephone service.
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843:. Everyone ran from the studio but Llamas and Guerrero stayed, hiding under their anchor desks. After the shaking stopped, they both left the Televisa studios through a back door, and hours later they were back on the air in the studios of
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needed a centralized state that so obviously could not care for its people. As a consequence, the opposition movements pointed to the government's shortcomings and advanced candidates for the greater goal of defeating the PRI."
1215:, Obrera, Peralvillo, Asturias, Nicolás Bravo among others which housed the working and lower classes. These groups along with the Sindicato Nacional de Costureras united to form the Coordinadora Única de Damnificados (CUD).
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According to government figures, approximately 250,000 people lost their homes directly due to the earthquake. Unofficial sources put that figure much higher. Some sources say that more than 50,000 families lost their homes.
1185:. The crisis was severe enough to have tested the capabilities of wealthier countries, but the government from local PRI bosses to President de la Madrid himself exacerbated the problem aside from the lack of money. The
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Patients had to be moved from damaged hospitals, especially the National Medical Center. Many of these patients were very ill. 1,900 patients were successfully moved from here, without any deaths, in just four hours.
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reported feeling as if the cafeteria had been lifted and rocked back and forth, shattering windows and injuring some people but mostly causing panic. A small tsunami caused only mild damage to Lázaro Cárdenas and
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In contrast, the network of twenty four community general hospitals with 1,600 beds belonging to the city (federal district) were not affected as these were spread out beyond the city center and the old lakebed.
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Off the coasts of Michoacán and Guerrero, the 19 and 20 September events caused a rupture in the seabed 240 km long and 70 km wide, located between the subduction trench and the coastline. This is an
532:. Despite being 44 stories tall, it survived the 1985 event almost undamaged. It was constructed with two hundred piles extending down over one hundred feet (30 m) into the stable earth stratum.
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The Conalep SPP was a building located between the streets of Iturbide and Humboldt, in the Historic Center of Mexico City, which was destroyed by the 8.1 magnitude earthquake of 19 September 1985.
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in Guerrero. It was expanded to a similar area on the coast of Oaxaca. An alarm is supposed to go off in Mexico City (similar to an air-raid siren) when an earthquake of 6.0 or higher is detected.
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649:, was the location of one of the many garment factories in the city center area. Called "Topeka," a garment factory building was destroyed along with approximately 1,200 other workshops.
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1211:. These consisted of families from the "Multifamiliar Juárez" housing project, which completely collapsed and the combined colonias (neighborhoods) of Centro, Morelos, Guerrero,
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The energy released during the main event was equivalent to approximately 1,114 nuclear weapons exploding. The earthquake was felt over 825,000 square kilometers, as far away as
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discharged, but mostly because the public and private facilities unified de facto during the crisis. There were also people rescued as late as ten days after the initial event.
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1,687 school buildings were damaged. Interruption of classes, either to the lack of facilities and/or the need to help with rescue efforts, affected over 1.5 million students.
461:; in parts of Mexico City, it registered the same, even at a distance of about 400 km (249 mi) away. There was no historic record of such a strong quake in Mexico.
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structure with its microwave tower. This structure failed, causing the near total collapse of long distance communications between Mexico City and the rest of the world.
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While the fault line was located just off the Pacific coast of Mexico, there was relatively little effect on the sea itself. The earthquake did produce a number of
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One preparation that was made for any future events was the alert system, Sistema de Alerta Sísmica (SAS), which sends early-warning messages electronically from
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which was originally housed in the huge Hotel Del Prado across the street. That hotel was irreparably damaged in the earthquake and subsequently demolished.
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At the time of the earthquake, Mexico was in its fourth year of a foreign debt crisis, and a contracting economy causing serious political problems for the
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be known as the "Miracle Babies" or the "Miracle of Hospital Juárez", having survived without nourishment, water, warmth or human contact during that time.
359:) in response to major periodic flooding. The near surface geology of this area is classified into three sections: the old lake bed which is soft clay from
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One of the most spectacular building collapses was that of the Conjunto Pino Suárez, which was a complex of five steel-frame buildings. A 20-story tower,
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Bodin, Paul; Terrie Klinger (5 September 1986). "Coastal Uplift and Mortality of Intertidal Organisms Caused by the September 1985 Mexico Earthquakes".
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1373:), nearly two hours after the earthquake drills took place and on 19 September 2022, 37 years after the 1985 earthquake and 5 after the 2017 one, the
353:, and Aztec rulers built dikes to prevent flooding while Spanish colonial rulers later drained the lakes in a massive hydraulic project (known as the
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Anderson, J.G.; J.N. Brune; J. Prince; S.K. Singh; R. Quaas & M. Onate (1986). "Strong Ground Motion from the Michoacán, Mexico, Earthquake".
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At the time of the earthquake, Mexico City had one of the most stringent building codes, based on experience gained from earthquakes in 1957 and
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On the bed of the historic lake, the prevailing silt and volcanic clay sediments amplify seismic shaking. Damage to structures is worsened by
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Buildings A1, B2 and C3 of the Multifamiliar Juárez complex partially collapsed with a total of nine structures eventually being demolished.
775:. Together, these apartment complexes were a large percentage of the 30,000 units lost, with the city losing about 30% of its living space.
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Mexico City - Collapsed upper stories and construction equipment at work at the Ministry of Telecommunications and Transportation building.
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were widely criticized for what was perceived as an inefficient response to the emergency, including an initial refusal of foreign aid.
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and it is one of the most active trenches in the world. Each year more than 90 tremors above magnitude 4.0 are recorded in this zone.
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In 2005, there were still two camps where approximately eighty families are still waiting for relocation from the earthquake.
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560:. The damage area corresponds to the western part of the lake zone within two to four kilometres (1.2 to 2.5 mi) of the
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Medina, Carlos A.; Manuel Noguez (20 September 1985). "Dramaticos Momentos Para 80,000 habitantes de la Unidad Tlatelolco".
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had bent over and crushed parts of Televisa's buildings that were located on Niños Héroes and Dr. Río de la Loza Streets in
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1007:, Guerrero and Michoacán suffered only mild to moderate damage. Landslides caused damage at Atenquique, Jalisco, and near
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Much of Mexico's volcanic and seismic activity stems from the movement of the North American Plate against the Cocos and
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Shortly after the event, the PRI began to face serious challenges at the polls, resulting in attempts to rig elections.
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These earthquakes created many political difficulties for the then-ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) or
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832:), but we must take it calmly. We will wait just a second so we can keep talking." Then the broadcast got interrupted.
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2422:"Los buenos los malos y las feas cifras y realidades del terremoto segun un libro de un brigadista de Plácido Domingo"
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Torres, G.F.; Castillo, S.; Mora, I.; Leonardo, M.; Hernández, F.; Dávalos, R.; Álvarez, J.L.; Rodríguez, M. (2012).
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The Israeli Rescue Delegation under the command of Col. Avner Shmuelevitz (with the yellow helmet and green uniform).
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but they were small, ranging between one and three metres (3 ft 3 in and 9 ft 10 in) in height.
3339:
2984:
1670:
782:
Nuevo León apartment building; part of the structure was only slightly damaged, while another part of it collapsed.
103:
3576:
3480:
3414:
2302:
1072:
and the event caused widespread mortality in a number of species living in the area such as algae and shellfish.
3256:
1186:
1090:
1036:. Some fishing boats were reported missing but these reports were never confirmed. One exceptional case was in
687:
that overlooked Iturbide Street collapsed falling floor to floor and pulling the building towards that street.
589:
557:
1342:
Despite warnings and predictions, in 2005, an estimated 32 million people live in the high-risk lakebed area.
3556:
3379:
3308:
3279:
1478:
3293:
3127:
1107:
The main reason that the figures have been disputed is the government's response to the tragedy. President
637:
Bronze statue of a seamstress at corner of Manuel J Othón and San Antonio Abad at site of collapsed factory
3535:
3324:
1489:
1374:
1149:
3591:
3156:
3153:
3150:
1473:
1468:
768:
561:
480:
3454:
3409:
2789:
Velasco Molina, Carlos (20 September 1985). "Estricto Patrullaje Militar Para Garantizar paz: Aguirre".
2694:
1056:
coast. Coastal and most inland damage was moderated by the fact that most of the west of Mexico sits on
522:
3424:
3182:
2503:
868:
78:
2867:
1664:
150:
46:
3566:
3364:
3298:
3215:
3173:
545:
1413:
as a recognition to his contributions to 1985 Mexico City earthquake victims and his artistic works.
569:
3530:
3500:
3490:
3485:
3444:
3399:
3384:
3374:
3354:
3329:
3221:
962:
954:
942:
926:
914:
744:
605:. It originally was called San Pablo Hospital but its name was changed to Juárez Hospital in 1872.
602:
499:
1984:
671:
3571:
3561:
3510:
3434:
3359:
3334:
3167:
2421:
1296:
778:
760:
740:
565:
528:
Several notable buildings were relatively untouched by the quake. One significant example is the
2927:
2444:
1731:
1662:
1638:
1394:
1224:
1084:
Eight-story frame structure with brick infill walls broken in two. The foundation also came off.
3525:
3520:
3515:
3475:
3470:
3449:
3419:
3404:
3394:
3389:
3369:
3349:
3344:
3303:
3188:
2470:[Testimony of the earthquake of ’85: Francisco, 36 hours under the rubble of Conalep].
1495:
1483:
1366:
844:
646:
507:
290:
108:
31:
3007:
1252:(IDF), which was enthusiastically welcomed and hosted by the Jewish community of Mexico City.
792:
772:
553:
3194:
3109:
2598:
Gomez Moreno, Ricardo (20 September 1985). "Una voz bajo escombros del Edificio Nuevo León".
2398:
1804:
Ohmachi, Tatsuo; Kawamura, Makoto; Yasuda, Susumu; Mimura, Chojiro; Nakamura, Yutaka (1988).
1460:
1354:
1350:
1336:
529:
334:
307:
95:
2848:
Orme, William A. (8 November 1986). "Playing with Loaded Dice: Mexico's political machine".
2833:
1754:
564:. Nearly all the buildings that collapsed were located in this lake zone that extended from
2747:
1931:
1817:
1553:
1249:
930:
423:
2036:
306:
later on 30 April 1986 with a magnitude of 7.0. They were located off the coast along the
8:
3040:
1397:
presides over a minute of silence for the earthquake victims at the 30-year commemoration
1320:
1108:
787:
704:
490:
314:
302:
2751:
2331:
1935:
1821:
1557:
549:
3086:
2771:
2239:
2214:
2168:
2133:
1955:
946:
654:
30:"Mexico City earthquake" redirects here. For the 2017 earthquake near Mexico City, see
2893:
2551:
2058:
1410:
1327:
to help them. They have gained international fame as they have helped in disasters in
3053:
3045:
2814:
2763:
2244:
2116:
Peterson, Ivars (18 January 1986). "Mexico City's Earthquake: Lessons in the Ruins".
2093:
2011:
1947:
1897:
1867:
1835:
1760:
1630:
922:
909:
814:
One of the most famous images of the event is the recording of the live broadcast of
735:, gourmet restaurant and a small but luxurious cinema with wide reclining armchairs.
375:
1959:
950:
727:
The Hotel Regis was built in the beginning of the 20th century as a luxury hotel in
407:
The earthquake occurred in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of the Mexican state of
2775:
2755:
2468:"Testimonios del sismo del '85: Francisco, 36 horas bajo los escombros del Conalep"
2234:
2226:
2125:
1939:
1825:
1678:
1212:
1060:, which serves to transmit the shockwaves without amplifying them. La Villita, and
938:
840:
824:
573:
2759:
1943:
1037:
887:
Hotel D'Carlo, which were located in the Alameda Central area near the Hotel Regis
329:
1312:
1300:
1121:
1069:
1061:
1041:
836:
415:
874:
1830:
1805:
1154:
1053:
934:
652:"Topeka" was one of three buildings that collapsed on this block. The magazine
642:
763:
to the north of the historic center that became major scenes of disaster, the
3550:
3072:. Commerce Department, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
3057:
3049:
2097:
2015:
1901:
1871:
1839:
1634:
1446:
1008:
728:
503:
342:
190:
177:
66:
Main shock and aftershocks of 1985 Mexico City earthquake - M 3.0 or greater(
435:
431:
section of the subduction zone had not had an event for a much longer time.
3009:
Maps of Seismic Intensity in the Metropolitan Area Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
2767:
1951:
1432:
1328:
1291:
1208:
1158:
1016:
958:
918:
795:, it was considered the most important complex of its kind in the country.
748:
699:
and Xola Avenue, at the southern end of the lake-bed zone was (and is) the
383:
360:
350:
3119:
2864:"Centro de Instrumentación y Registro Sísmico, A. C., CIRES – MÉXICO"
2248:
2230:
1303:, a monument was made honoring the victims and rescuers of the earthquake.
411:, a distance of more than 350 km (220 mi) from the city, in the
408:
2215:"The Health Care Reform in Mexico: Before and After the 1985 Earthquakes"
1663:
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),
1358:
1064:, near the coast, were superficially damaged and undamaged respectively.
1033:
878:
696:
443:
419:
412:
51:
3248:
3090:
3078:
2746:(4768). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1071–1073.
1524:
544:. Eighty percent of the earthquake damage was confined to four of them:
2137:
1162:
610:
2926:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Televisa. 19 September 2005. Archived from
1198:
978:
The National Medical Center of the Mexican Social Security Institute (
355:
2496:
1917:
1682:
1324:
457:, near the epicenter, the 19 September event registered as IX on the
418:, specifically in a section of the fault line known as the Michoacán
364:
289:
struck in the early morning of 19 September at 07:17:50 (CST) with a
2950:"Mexican elite earthquake rescue team, Los Topos, departs for Italy"
2573:
2328:"Cumplen 20 años "niños" rescatados terremoto 1985 Ciudad de México"
2129:
1806:"Damage due to the 1985 Mexico earthquake and the ground conditions"
1492:- earthquake affecting Mexico's Pacific coast exactly 37 years later
1426:
1331:, Taiwan, in the countries of the rim of the Indian Ocean after the
577:
2693:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Terra. 19 September 1998. Archived from
2330:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Terra. 18 September 2005. Archived from
2303:"El Terremoto de 1985 en el Hospital Juárez de la Ciudad de México"
1542:
1096:
However, the death toll was great enough to require the use of the
1049:
819:
427:
2813:. Westport, CT, US: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. p. 203.
1546:
American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2017, Abstract #S33G-2950
1486:- earthquake near Mexico City that occurred exactly 32 years later
1120:
reports that 700,000 people in Mexico City and the suburbs in the
759:
There were two apartment complexes in the area of the city called
3067:"Engineering Aspects of the September 19, 1985 Mexico Earthquake"
2716:
2501:[Debris from the collapsed Conalep knocked on the door].
1170:
1080:
1057:
1045:
1000:
732:
469:
465:
447:
1308:
1202:
Housing project by CUD on Dr Andrade Street in Colonia Doctores
1174:
1101:
1028:
1012:
1004:
983:
513:
382:
Another factor is that the old lakebed resonates with certain
2497:
Angélica Navarrete; Gamaliel Valderrama (16 September 2015).
1321:"Brigada de Topos de Tlatelolco" (Mole Brigade of Tlatelolco)
1161:
of the United States (right) with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico,
484:
Apartment Complex Pino Suárez, in the wake of the earthquake.
1526:
ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)
426:, primarily along the coasts of the states of Michoacán and
1803:
368:
3005:
2863:
1353:, one of the first buildings in Mexico City to do so, the
847:
to broadcast live what was happening. Some members of the
3015:. 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon
2532:
Manueco Guzman, Hector (20 September 1985). "Desastres".
1858:
Hardman, Chris (July–August 2004). "A Damper on Quakes".
1378:
1370:
219:
3105:
2644:(in Spanish). Mexico City. 14 September 2005. p. 2.
1888:
Svitil, Kathy A. (April 2003). "Earth's Deadly Pulses".
1011:, Nayarit. Rockslides were reported along highways near
472:
reported the highest waves of 60 cm (2.0 ft).
371:
less than 2,500 years old, and an old river delta area.
2499:"Los escombros del colapsado Conalep tocaban la puerta"
2213:
Soberon, Guillermo Julio; Jaime Sepulveda (June 1986).
1169:
The military was deployed to patrol streets to prevent
3038:
Boraiko, Allen A. (May 1986). "Earthquake in Mexico".
2212:
422:. The Cocos Plate pushes against and slides under the
999:
Although much closer to the epicenter, the states of
3236:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
2834:
Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training-ADST
1422:
754:
434:
Shockwaves from the earthquake hit the mouth of the
2737:
2619:
2279:Haber, Paul Lawrence (1995). "Earthquake of 1985".
1928:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1730:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Televisa. Archived from
1104:, using ice to conserve bodies for identification.
367:area, much of which is capped by 5 to 30 meters of
1797:
703:(Ministry of Communication and Transportation), a
2924:"A 20 años de terremoto: Los topos de Tlatelolco"
881:events scheduled for that weekend were cancelled.
3548:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
747:on the north side of the park houses a mural by
690:
576:in the west and to a short distance east of the
3044:. Vol. 169, no. 5. pp. 654–675.
2894:"Preparation saves lives in Mexican Earthquake"
966:of surface rescue work and clearing of debris.
835:The transmission ended because a nearby 10-ton
3241:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
2788:
2531:
1617:
864:Los Televiteatros (now Centro Cultural Telmex)
583:
3264:
3135:
2653:
2651:
2395:"Misa en honor de costureras muertas en 1985"
2363:"¿Más de 40 mil muertos en el sismo de 1985?"
2346:
2283:. Taylor & Frances Ltd. pp. 179–184.
1629:(3). Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 5–19.
1498:- deadliest in Mexico's history prior to 1985
535:
333:Map showing regional tectonic plates and the
2887:
2885:
2793:(in Spanish). Mexico City. pp. 1a, 22a.
2635:
2633:
2631:
2597:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
1752:
1357:, built before the 1985 earthquake, and the
1165:observing the damage done by the earthquake.
3149:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2640:"Suicidios in Tlatelolco:Sismo en Mexico".
2208:
2206:
2204:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2051:
2033:"SNN Mexican National Seismological Centre"
1913:
1911:
1089:citizens' groups) to 45,000 claimed by the
3271:
3257:
3142:
3128:
2660:"Terremoto de la Ciudad de Mexico de 1985"
2648:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2173:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1759:. Water Resources Publication. p. 6.
1746:
701:Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes
301:). The event caused serious damage to the
45:
3278:
2979:[Mexican Topos travel to Haiti].
2882:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2628:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2305:(in Spanish). Secretaría de Salud, Mexico
2255:
2238:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1883:
1881:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1829:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1255:
151:
2975:del Toro, Evangelina (14 January 2010).
2974:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2808:
2797:
2624:(in Spanish). Mexico City. pp. 39a.
2593:
2591:
2322:
2320:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2115:
2104:
2084:"Mexican quake made small sea ripples".
1908:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1290:
1259:
1238:
1197:
1148:
1079:
945:, there was no service between stations
777:
670:
632:
512:
479:
398:
328:
3037:
2843:
2841:
2782:
2518:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2181:
2077:
1857:
861:Televicentro (now Televisa Chapultepec)
710:
319:Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
14:
3549:
3076:
2891:
2678:
2606:
2602:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 15.
2436:
2369:from the original on 26 September 2008
2144:
2065:from the original on 29 September 2008
2027:
2025:
1999:
1966:
1887:
1878:
1846:
1778:
1776:
1725:
1509:
1234:
994:
3252:
3123:
2968:
2911:
2870:from the original on 8 September 2009
2856:
2731:
2657:
2588:
2566:
2540:
2465:
2317:
2300:
2287:
2278:
1726:Campus, Yunnven (19 September 2005).
1688:
1564:
2892:Peters, Gretchen (24 January 2003).
2847:
2838:
2709:
2691:"Terremoto de 1985: 13 años despues"
2381:
1618:Moreno Murillo, Juan Manuel (1995).
903:
2942:
2163:. Mexico City. 1999. pp. 8–28.
2022:
1773:
1656:
1522:
917:, there was no service in stations
855:
809:
786:Nonoalco Tlatelolco was located on
765:Conjunto Urbano Nonoalco Tlatelolco
24:
3106:International Seismological Centre
3031:
2658:Cuchi, Giana (19 September 2005).
2442:
2424:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Proceso
1531:International Seismological Centre
1377:struck Mexico at 13:05 CDT (18:05
818:then the morning news cast in the
595:
25:
3608:
3098:
3064:
2419:
2365:(in Spanish). 19 September 2008.
2301:Rojas, Enriquez (November 1987).
1756:Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs
1270:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1183:Institutional Revolutionary Party
891:
852:began in 1995 and ended in 2000.
755:Apartment complexes in Tlatelolco
645:neighborhood, near Metro station
628:
459:Modified Mercalli intensity scale
3582:Megathrust earthquakes in Mexico
2977:"Viajan Topos mexicanos a Haití"
1985:"El terremoto en Mexico de 1985"
1671:National Geophysical Data Center
1453:
1439:
1425:
1402:
1386:
641:Manuel José Othón Street in the
3587:September 1985 events in Mexico
2999:
2827:
2490:
2459:
2413:
2010:. 5 October 1985. p. 214.
1666:Significant Earthquake Database
588:Cuauhtémoc, which includes the
227:
2281:Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico
1536:
1091:National Seismological Service
975:then-available beds was lost.
722:
666:
13:
1:
2760:10.1126/science.233.4768.1071
2574:"Museo Mural de Diego Rivera"
2393:Notimex (19 September 2005).
1944:10.1126/science.233.4768.1043
1502:
1479:List of earthquakes in Mexico
1144:
1075:
908:On the day of the quake, the
691:Central Communications Center
394:
363:with a high water content, a
2983:(in Spanish). Archived from
2662:(in Spanish). Archived from
2397:(in Spanish). Archived from
2035:(in Spanish). Archived from
1728:"A 20 años del sismo del 85"
1620:"The 1985 Mexico Earthquake"
1193:
969:
830:sigue temblando un poquitito
540:Mexico City is divided into
251:Up to 3 m (9.8 ft)
7:
2536:(in Spanish). pp. 14a.
2466:Array (16 September 2015).
1474:List of earthquakes in 2017
1469:List of earthquakes in 1985
1418:
1409:A statue in Mexico City to
1369:at around 13:14 CDT (18:14
1187:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1127:
1025:Universidad de las Américas
584:Building damage in the city
517:Aftermath of the earthquake
403:USGS ShakeMap for the event
287:1985 Mexico City earthquake
118:19 September 1985
40:1985 Mexico City earthquake
10:
3613:
2059:"Earthquakes and Tsunamis"
1831:10.3208/sandf1972.28.3_149
1299:, located adjacent to the
961:and Balderas were closed.
869:Hilton Mexico City Reforma
536:Localization of the damage
324:
263: 20 September 1985
29:
18:Mexican earthquake of 1985
3463:
3317:
3286:
3231:
3163:
2898:Christian Science Monitor
2809:Kirkwood, Burton (2000).
1490:2022 Michoacán earthquake
1375:2022 Michoacán earthquake
1286:
475:
273:
255:
247:
226:
214:
206:
169:
161:
145:
137:
129:
114:
101:
88:
77:
62:
56:Hospital Juárez de México
44:
3597:1985 disasters in Mexico
2006:"Mexican quake update".
884:Hotel Continental Hilton
745:Museo Mural Diego Rivera
3077:Leiken, Robert (1988).
2092:(8). 22 February 1986.
1297:Plaza de la Solidaridad
741:Plaza de la Solidaridad
165:20 km (12 mi)
3577:History of Mexico City
3079:"Earthquake in Mexico"
2956:. Mexico. 6 April 2009
2443:Flores, Miguel Angel.
1496:1920 Xalapa earthquake
1484:2017 Puebla earthquake
1304:
1276:levels of government.
1265:
1256:Political consequences
1244:
1203:
1166:
1085:
845:Canal de las Estrellas
783:
731:style. It had its own
680:
638:
570:Viaducto Miguel Alemán
518:
485:
450:in the United States.
404:
338:
269: 30 April 1986
32:2017 Puebla earthquake
3506:2014 Mexico–Guatemala
3280:Earthquakes in Mexico
3083:The National Interest
2717:"Terremoto en cifras"
2447:(in Spanish). Proceso
2231:10.2105/AJPH.76.6.673
1810:Soils and Foundations
1753:Fuat Şentürk (1994).
1461:Earth sciences portal
1355:Torre Ejecutiva Pemex
1351:Torre Latinoamericana
1337:2010 Haiti earthquake
1335:, and in the January
1333:tsunami there in 2004
1294:
1263:
1242:
1201:
1157:of Mexico (left) and
1152:
1083:
1019:and ground cracks in
781:
674:
636:
530:Torre Latinoamericana
516:
508:earthquake resistance
483:
402:
387:earthquake far away.
335:Middle America Trench
332:
308:Middle America Trench
293:of 8.0 and a maximal
3557:1980s in Mexico City
3496:2012 Guerrero–Oaxaca
3481:2010 Baja California
3415:1979 Imperial Valley
3206:(8.1, September 19)
2930:on 18 September 2008
2666:on 23 September 2008
1627:Geofisica Colombiana
1395:Miguel Ángel Mancera
1250:Israel Defence Force
1225:Manuel Camacho Solís
1100:baseball field as a
769:Multifamiliar Juárez
711:Conjunto Pino Suárez
603:Mexican–American War
424:North American Plate
27:Earthquake in Mexico
3440:1995 Colima–Jalisco
3154:Earthquakes in 1985
3041:National Geographic
2752:1986Sci...233.1071B
2334:on 18 February 2009
1936:1986Sci...233.1043A
1822:1988SoFou..28..149O
1558:2017AGUFM.S33G2950P
1235:Foreign rescue help
1109:Miguel de la Madrid
995:Outside Mexico City
793:Adolfo López Mateos
788:Paseo de la Reforma
773:Metro Centro Médico
705:reinforced concrete
546:Venustiano Carranza
315:Miguel de la Madrid
303:Greater Mexico City
187: /
84:1985-09-19 13:17:50
41:
3592:Tsunamis in Mexico
3380:1959 Coatzacoalcos
3309:1892 Laguna Salada
3224:(6.9, December 23)
3114:authoritative data
2987:on 18 January 2010
2719:(in Spanish). UNAM
2554:on 13 October 2008
2478:on 3 February 2019
2445:"Zona de Desastre"
2401:on 22 October 2008
1367:another earthquake
1311:along the coastal
1305:
1266:
1245:
1204:
1167:
1124:lost their homes.
1086:
1023:. Students at the
927:Isabel la Católica
784:
681:
639:
609:complex such as a
519:
486:
405:
339:
295:Mercalli intensity
277:5,000–45,000 dead
218:$ 5 billion (1985
39:
3544:
3543:
3294:1475 Tenochtitlan
3246:
3245:
3218:(5.8, October 13)
3197:(7.4, August 23)
3170:(6.2, January 26)
2820:978-0-313-00243-4
2811:History of Mexico
1766:978-0-918334-80-0
1544:City Abnormal?".
1361:, built in 2003.
1015:, Guerrero, with
904:Mexico City Metro
590:historic downtown
558:Gustavo A. Madero
376:soil liquefaction
283:
282:
16:(Redirected from
3604:
3567:1985 earthquakes
3430:1985 Mexico City
3273:
3266:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3094:
3073:
3071:
3065:Stone, William.
3061:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2920:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2806:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2687:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2550:. Archived from
2544:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2474:. Archived from
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:Ponce, Roberto.
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2390:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2359:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2298:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2210:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2142:
2141:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1981:
1964:
1963:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1734:on 27 April 2006
1723:
1686:
1685:
1683:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1637:. Archived from
1624:
1615:
1562:
1561:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1529:, Version 1.05,
1520:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1406:
1390:
1062:Infiernillo Dams
856:Other structures
841:Colonia Doctores
825:Lourdes Guerrero
810:Televisa studios
647:San Antonio Abad
574:Chapultepec Park
568:in the north to
506:with respect to
502:, there were no
291:moment magnitude
243:
241:
229:
202:
201:
199:
198:
197:
192:
191:18.35°N 102.39°W
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
156:
125:
123:
49:
42:
38:
21:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3459:
3425:1981 Playa Azul
3313:
3282:
3277:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3191:(6.3, April 18)
3176:(8.0, March 3)
3159:
3148:
3116:for this event.
3101:
3069:
3034:
3032:Further reading
3029:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2890:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2807:
2798:
2787:
2783:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2656:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2618:
2607:
2596:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2391:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2299:
2288:
2277:
2256:
2211:
2182:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2145:
2130:10.2307/3970646
2114:
2105:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2039:on 10 June 2008
2031:
2030:
2023:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1916:
1909:
1886:
1879:
1856:
1847:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1784:"Datasets 1985"
1782:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1724:
1689:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1622:
1616:
1565:
1541:
1537:
1521:
1510:
1505:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1411:Plácido Domingo
1407:
1398:
1391:
1313:subduction zone
1301:Alameda Central
1289:
1258:
1237:
1196:
1147:
1130:
1122:State of Mexico
1078:
1070:intertidal zone
1021:Lázaro Cárdenas
997:
972:
906:
894:
858:
812:
757:
725:
713:
693:
669:
631:
598:
596:Hospital Juárez
586:
580:or main plaza.
562:Alameda Central
538:
500:1957 earthquake
478:
455:Lázaro Cárdenas
453:In the port of
416:subduction zone
397:
327:
317:and the ruling
313:Then-president
278:
268:
264:
262:
235:
233:
195:
193:
189:
186:
181:
178:
176:
174:
173:
155:
130:Local time
121:
119:
115:Local date
73:
72:
71:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3572:1985 in Mexico
3569:
3564:
3562:1980s tsunamis
3559:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3536:2022 Michoacán
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:1940 El Centro
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3325:1911 Michoacán
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3299:1787 New Spain
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3201:
3192:
3186:
3185:(7.5, April 8)
3180:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3100:
3099:External links
3097:
3096:
3095:
3074:
3062:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3026:
2998:
2967:
2941:
2910:
2881:
2855:
2837:
2826:
2819:
2796:
2781:
2730:
2708:
2697:on 14 May 2007
2677:
2647:
2627:
2605:
2587:
2565:
2539:
2517:
2489:
2458:
2435:
2412:
2380:
2345:
2316:
2286:
2254:
2225:(6): 673–680.
2180:
2143:
2103:
2076:
2050:
2021:
1998:
1965:
1907:
1877:
1845:
1816:(3): 149–159.
1796:
1772:
1765:
1745:
1687:
1655:
1563:
1535:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1436:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1288:
1285:
1257:
1254:
1236:
1233:
1195:
1192:
1155:Paloma Cordero
1146:
1143:
1129:
1126:
1077:
1074:
996:
993:
971:
968:
931:Salto del Agua
905:
902:
893:
892:Infrastructure
890:
889:
888:
885:
882:
872:
865:
862:
857:
854:
811:
808:
756:
753:
724:
721:
712:
709:
692:
689:
668:
665:
643:Colonia Obrera
630:
629:Sewing factory
627:
597:
594:
585:
582:
572:in the south,
537:
534:
504:building codes
491:"soft" stories
477:
474:
396:
393:
343:Pacific Plates
326:
323:
281:
280:
279:30,000 injured
275:
271:
270:
266:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
231:
224:
223:
216:
212:
211:
208:
207:Areas affected
204:
203:
196:18.35; -102.39
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
153:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
116:
112:
111:
106:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
82:
75:
74:
65:
64:
63:
60:
59:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3609:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:2021 Guerrero
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:2014 Guerrero
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:2011 Zumpango
3489:
3487:
3486:2011 Guerrero
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3455:1999 Tehuacán
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:1995 Guerrero
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:1979 Petatlán
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:1973 Veracruz
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:1964 Guerrero
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:1957 Guerrero
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:1915 Mexicali
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:1911 Guerrero
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3088:
3085:(14): 29–42.
3084:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2718:
2712:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2575:
2569:
2553:
2549:
2548:"Hotel Regis"
2543:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2446:
2439:
2423:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1644:on 2 May 2019
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1552:: S33G–2950.
1551:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1451:
1448:
1447:Mexico portal
1437:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:First ladies
1151:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:and parts of
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Ciudad Guzmán
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:sand volcanos
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
992:
988:
985:
981:
976:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
901:
898:
886:
883:
880:
876:
873:
870:
867:Hotel Prado (
866:
863:
860:
859:
853:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
826:
821:
817:
807:
804:
800:
796:
794:
789:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
752:
750:
746:
742:
736:
734:
730:
729:neo-Classical
720:
718:
708:
706:
702:
698:
688:
684:
678:
673:
664:
660:
657:
656:
650:
648:
644:
635:
626:
622:
618:
614:
612:
606:
604:
593:
591:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:Benito Juárez
551:
547:
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3511:2017 Chiapas
3464:21st century
3435:1995 Chiapas
3429:
3360:1937 Orizaba
3355:1932 Jalisco
3335:1912 Acambay
3318:20th century
3238:
3233:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3177:
3110:bibliography
3082:
3039:
3017:. Retrieved
3008:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2980:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:Mexico Times
2953:
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2932:. Retrieved
2928:the original
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2711:
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2695:the original
2668:. Retrieved
2664:the original
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2578:. Retrieved
2576:(in Spanish)
2568:
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2552:the original
2542:
2533:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:El Universal
2502:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:the original
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2399:the original
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2307:. Retrieved
2280:
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2118:Science News
2117:
2089:
2086:Science News
2085:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2053:
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2037:the original
2008:Science News
2007:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1987:(in Spanish)
1923:
1919:
1893:
1889:
1863:
1859:
1813:
1809:
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1787:. Retrieved
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1665:
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1639:the original
1626:
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1523:ISC (2014),
1433:1980s portal
1363:
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1329:San Salvador
1317:
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361:volcanic ash
354:
351:Lake Texcoco
347:
340:
312:
298:
286:
284:
237:
215:Total damage
54:– Collapsed
36:
3526:2020 Oaxaca
3521:2018 Oaxaca
3516:2017 Puebla
3476:2010 Oaxaca
3471:2003 Colima
3450:1999 Oaxaca
3420:1980 Oaxaca
3405:1978 Oaxaca
3395:1973 Colima
3390:1965 Oaxaca
3370:1941 Colima
3350:1931 Oaxaca
3345:1920 Xalapa
3304:1887 Sonora
3204:Mexico City
1359:Torre Mayor
1034:Zihuatanejo
923:Pino Suárez
879:lucha libre
771:" near the
723:Hotel Regis
697:Eje Central
667:Conalep SPP
444:Los Angeles
420:seismic gap
413:Cocos Plate
256:Aftershocks
194: /
141:3−4 minutes
92: event
52:Mexico City
3551:Categories
3287:Historical
3183:Rapel Lake
2991:14 January
2981:Yahoo News
2960:14 January
2852:: 483–486.
2850:The Nation
2701:10 October
2580:11 October
2510:2 February
2482:2 February
2451:11 October
2428:11 October
2309:11 October
1930:: 1043–9.
1503:References
1325:scent dogs
1163:John Gavin
1145:Government
1076:Death toll
1027:in nearby
939:Cuauhtémoc
877:. All the
828:a little (
816:Hoy Mismo,
761:Tlatelolco
743:park. The
717:Tower Four
675:Collapsed
611:blood bank
566:Tlatelolco
550:Cuauhtémoc
436:Río Balsas
395:Earthquake
274:Casualties
122:1985-09-19
81: time
3216:Kayrakkum
3174:Algarrobo
3058:643483454
3050:0027-9358
3019:2 January
2934:4 October
2874:4 October
2791:Excélsior
2723:4 October
2670:9 October
2642:La Prensa
2622:Excélsior
2600:Excélsior
2558:9 October
2534:Excélsior
2405:9 October
2373:9 October
2338:4 October
2169:cite book
2161:Michoacán
2124:(3): 36.
2098:0036-8423
2069:4 October
2043:4 October
2016:0036-8423
1991:4 October
1902:0274-7529
1896:(4): 12.
1872:0379-0940
1840:0385-1621
1789:4 October
1738:4 October
1635:0121-2974
1194:Community
1052:, on the
970:Hospitals
849:Hoy Mismo
767:and the "
409:Michoacán
230:intensity
170:Epicenter
146:Magnitude
3091:24027122
2903:28 March
2868:Archived
2768:17746579
2367:Archived
2063:Archived
1960:34443593
1952:17746576
1926:(4768).
1890:Discover
1866:(4): 4.
1860:Americas
1419:See also
1213:Doctores
1173:after a
1128:Response
1050:Veracruz
951:Taxqueña
935:Balderas
820:Televisa
739:now the
679:building
542:boroughs
494:ground.
466:tsunamis
428:Guerrero
365:piedmont
236:MMI IX (
182:102°23′W
138:Duration
133:07:17:50
68:map data
3222:Nahanni
3168:Mendoza
3112:and/or
2776:8842155
2748:Bibcode
2740:Science
2249:3706595
2240:1646758
2138:3970646
1932:Bibcode
1920:Science
1818:Bibcode
1554:Bibcode
1309:sensors
1295:In the
1171:looting
1058:bedrock
1046:Morelos
1001:Jalisco
837:antenna
733:cabaret
677:Conalep
655:Proceso
470:Ecuador
448:Houston
356:Desagüe
325:Preface
299:Violent
297:of IX (
248:Tsunami
238:Violent
179:18°21′N
120: (
3189:Luquan
3108:has a
3089:
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2237:
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2096:
2014:
1958:
1950:
1900:
1870:
1838:
1763:
1633:
1393:Mayor
1287:Legacy
1175:curfew
1102:morgue
1042:Mexico
1029:Puebla
1013:Ixtapa
1005:Colima
984:ISSSTE
963:Line 4
959:Juárez
955:Line 3
943:Line 2
919:Merced
915:Line 1
578:Zócalo
476:Damage
210:Mexico
109:ComCat
96:516095
3195:Wuqia
3087:JSTOR
3070:(PDF)
3013:(PDF)
2772:S2CID
2472:Pulso
2134:JSTOR
1956:S2CID
1648:2 May
1642:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
1118:INEGI
957:only
953:. On
941:. On
910:Metro
265:7.0 M
259:7.5 M
162:Depth
102:USGS-
3104:The
3054:OCLC
3046:ISSN
3021:2021
2993:2010
2962:2010
2936:2008
2905:2011
2876:2008
2815:ISBN
2764:PMID
2725:2008
2703:2008
2672:2008
2582:2008
2560:2008
2512:2019
2484:2019
2453:2008
2430:2008
2407:2008
2375:2008
2340:2008
2311:2008
2245:PMID
2219:AJPH
2175:link
2094:ISSN
2071:2008
2045:2008
2012:ISSN
1993:2008
1948:PMID
1898:ISSN
1868:ISSN
1836:ISSN
1791:2008
1761:ISBN
1740:2008
1675:NOAA
1650:2019
1631:ISSN
1550:2017
1098:IMSS
1054:Gulf
1009:Jala
980:IMSS
949:and
556:and
523:1979
446:and
369:lava
285:The
228:Max.
149:8.0
104:ANSS
2756:doi
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2235:PMC
2227:doi
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2090:129
1940:doi
1924:233
1826:doi
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