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the sovereignty of their nation when he did not possess it. They were informed that the French had claimed legal possession of their country for a century, on account of laws decreed by kings in Europe, that no land could be legally owned by any non-Christian, and that such land was therefore freely available to any
Christian prince who claimed it. Mi'kmaw historian Daniel Paul observes that, "If this warped law were ever to be accorded recognition by modern legalists they would have to take into consideration that, after Grand Chief Membertou and his family converted to Christianity in 1610, the land of the Mi'kmaq had become exempt from being seized because the people were Christians. However, it's hard to imagine that a modern government would fall back and try to use such uncivilized garbage as justification for non-recognition of aboriginal title."
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developed the $ 160 million
Marshall Response Initiative, which operated until 2007, through which the DFO offered to purchase over 1,000 commercial fishing licences, including boats and gear, to support the expansion of the Mi'kmaq lobster fishery. By mid-2000, about 1,400 commercial fishermen stated their intention to retire over 5,000 licences. On August 20, 2001, the DFO issued a temporary license to Burnt Church Mi'kmaq fishers while negotiations for a more permanent agreement were underway. The DFO license had restrictions that some Burnt Church fishers refused: the fishers could not sell their lobsters, they could only use them for food, social, and ceremonial (FSC) purposes. The "Aboriginal right to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes (FSC)" was confirmed in the landmark 1990
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commodities such as furs, and begin an ongoing friendship with the
British crown. In return, the Mi'kmaq offered friendship and tolerance of limited British settlement, although without any formal land surrender, according to Reid and Connor. To fulfill the reciprocity intended by the Mi'kmaq, that any additional British settlement of land would have to be negotiated, and accompanied by giving presents to the Mi'kmaq. The documents summarizing the peace agreements failed to establish specific territorial limits on the expansion of British settlements, but assured the Mi'kmaq of access to the natural resources that had long sustained them along the regions' coasts and in the woods. Their conceptions of land use were quite different. In his 2003 book about the British
1900:
73:
2188:, began to sell the Mic-Mac hockey sticks nationally and internationally. Hockey became a popular sport in Canada in the 1890s. Throughout the first decade of the 20th century, the Mic-Mac hockey stick was the best-selling hockey stick in Canada. By 1903, apart from farming, the principal occupation of the Mi'kmaq on reserves throughout Nova Scotia, and particularly on the Shubenacadie, Indian Brook, and Millbrook Reserves, was producing the Mic-Mac hockey stick. The department of Indian Affairs for Nova Scotia noted in 1927 that the Mi'kmaq remained the "experts" at making hockey sticks. The Mi'kmaq continued to make hockey sticks until the 1930s, when the product was industrialized.
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the facility in Middle West
Pubnico. Indigenous leaders called the raids racist hate crimes and called on the RCMP to intervene, citing their slow response on the evening and lack of arrests even a day after the police claimed they "witnessed criminal activity". Social media posts from the commercial fishers and their supporters claimed that the lobsters taken in the raids were removed as they represented "bad fishing practices" on the part of the Mi'kmaq, but Sipekne'katik Chief Mike Sack and a worker at the Middle West Pubnico facility claimed the lobsters that were stored there were caught by the commercial fishers, not Mi'kmaw.
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threats by commercial and non-indigenous fishers, including some that had cut the Mi'kmaw lobster traps. On
September 25, the Sipekne'katik fishery released its proposed regulations allowing the legal sale of seafood harvested under the fishery to Indigenous and non-Indigenous consumers and wholesalers. However, at the time of the announcement, Nova Scotia's Fisheries and Coastal Resources Act prohibited anyone in Nova Scotia from purchasing fish from "a person who does not hold a valid commercial fishing license issued by Fisheries and Oceans Canada," which would include the fishery.
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2019, after concerns about legitimacy had been addressed, the Qalipu First Nation was accepted by the Mi'kmaq Grand
Council as being part of the Mi'kmaq Nation. Qalipu Chief Mitchell stated, "Our inclusion into the AFN, APC and acknowledgement by the Mi'kmaq Grand Council are important to us; it is part of our reconciliation as Mi'kmaq people. Friendships are being formed, and relationships are being established. It is a good time for the Qalipu First Nation." By 2021, nearly 24,000 people were recognized as founding members, in 67 Newfoundland communities and abroad.
55:
1006:
562:
697:
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1559:, stepped down from his position with KMKNO and the Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi'kmaq Chiefs, saying " confidence in the operations of the organization have weakened over time," citing issues of transparency, and preferring to pursue treaty rights negotiations outside of the Assembly. Membertou's withdrawal follows Sipekne'katik's own withdrawal earlier in the month on October 6, leaving the Assembly as a representative of 10 of the 13 Mi'kmaq First Nation bands (
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ongoing failure to uphold the 1999 Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v. Marshall, recognizing the Mi'kmaq right to fish and trade." By that point, vehicles and property belonging to members of the
Sipekne'katik First Nation had already been damaged and stolen, including boats being burned. There were already planned protests by non-Indigenous fishers to block the Mi'kmaq fishers' access to several wharves. One such protest took place on September 15 at
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1174:, submitted its report on fisheries issues, which "recommended that all charges stemming from the " be dropped and that the fishers should be compensated by federal government for "their lost traps and boats." The report said that Mi'kmaq fishers have the "same season as non-native fishermen" and could not therefore, fish in the fall. It recommended that "native bands be issued licences, which they would distribute to native fishermen."
1029:, each district had its own independent government and boundaries. The independent governments had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders, and other worthy community leaders. The district council was charged with performing all the duties of any independent and free government by enacting laws, justice, apportioning fishing and hunting grounds, making war and suing for peace.
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3986:, "In 'Marshall 2,' the supreme court ruled that governments must justify restrictions or regulations on treaty rights based on previous, legally-tested criteria including "a valid legislative objective" such as conservation, "whether there has been as little infringement as possible" on rights, and "whether the aboriginal group in question has been consulted" on the government's proposed restrictions."
2131:, where he lived from 1853 until his death in 1889, he travelled widely among Mi'kmaw communities, spreading the Christian faith, learning the language, and recording examples of the Mi'kmaw oral tradition. Rand produced scriptural translations in Mi'kmaq and Maliseet, compiled a Mi'kmaq dictionary and collected numerous legends, and through his published work, was the first to introduce the stories of
1679:, archaeologist Dean Snow says that the fairly deep linguistic split between the Mi'kmaq and the Eastern Algonquians to the southwest suggests the Mi'kmaq developed an independent prehistoric cultural sequence in their territory. It emphasized maritime orientation, as the area had relatively few major river systems. In the chapter "Early Indian-European Contact" in the 1978
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599:, pardoned Sylliboy and issued a formal apology: it was the "second posthumous pardon in Nova Scotia's history". His grandson, Andrew Denny, now the Grand Keptin of the Council, said that his grandfather had "commanded respect. Young people who were about to get married would go and ask for his blessing. At the Chapel Island Mission boats would stop if he was crossing."
1204:, early in 2020, a negotiator for the DFO had offered Nova Scotia First Nations nearly $ 87 million for boats, gear, and training, with the condition that the First Nations would not practice their treaty right to earn a moderate livelihood fishing (ie out of the DFO season) for a period of 10 years. The proposal did not define "moderate livelihood", and was rejected.
1744:. During the second half of the century, dry curing became the preferred preservation method. Brasser said that trading furs for European trade goods had changed Miêkmaw social perspectives. Desire for trade goods encouraged the men to devote a larger portion of the year away from the coast, trapping in the interior. Trapping non-migratory animals, such as
2477:(balsam fir) is traditionally used for a variety of purposes by the Mi'kmaq. They use the buds, cones and inner bark for diarrhea; the gum for burns, colds, fractures, sores and wounds; the cones for colic; the buds as a laxative; and the bark for gonorrhea. They use the boughs to make beds, the bark to make a beverage, and the wood for kindling and fuel.
1192:, remains in effectâas it does in other Atlantic provinces. These regulations do not mention the Mi'kmaq or the Marshall decision. These regulations prevent Mi'kmaq lobster fishers from selling their lobster to non-Mi'kmaq. Mi'kmaq fishers say that this does not align with the Marshall decision. In 2019, the government of the Listuguj First Nation in the
1124:, Marshall was quoted as saying, "I don't need a licence. I have the 1752 Treaty." The 1989 Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall Jr. Prosecution resulted in a compensation to Marshall of a lifetime pension of $ 1.5 million. Marshall used the financial compensation to finance the lengthy and costly Supreme Court case. When Marshall won, 34 Mi'kmaq and
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details regarding the man's association to the lobster pound, other than that he was not an employee. The destruction led to further calls from Chief Sack for increased police presence, as well as an appeal from the
Maritime Fisherman's Union for the federal government to appoint an independent mediator.
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on the spot at low water. There is a tradition that in 1786, soon after the
American Revolutionary War, when there were threats of American invasion of Canada, agents of the US were trying to recruit supporters in Halifax. As people were celebrating St. Aspinquid with wine, they suddenly hauled down the
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In 2017, only 18,044 people were eligible for Band membership. In 2018, the Qalipu First Nation announced that the updated
Founding Members List for the Band had been adopted by way of an Order in Council which came into effect on June 25, 2018. The 2018 Band list included 18,575 members. In November
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to document the ethnography of the Mi'kmaw people in the early 20th century. Lonecloud wrote the first Mi'kmaw memoir, which his biographer entitled "Tracking Dr. Lonecloud: Showman to Legend Keeper". Historian Ruth Holmes Whitehead writes, "Ethnographer of the Mi'kmaq nation could rightly have been
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and supported the Mi'kmaq over the thirteen years he lived in Halifax (1813â1825). Bromley devoted himself to the service of the Miêkmaw people. The Mi'kmaq were among the poor of Halifax and in the rural communities. According to historian Judith Finguard, his contribution to give public exposure to
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that were being used by Mi'kmaw fishers to store lobsters. During the raids, a van was set aflame, another vehicle was defaced and damaged, lobsters being stored in the facilities were destroyed, and the New Edinburgh facility was damaged, while a Mi'kmaw fisher was forced to barricade himself inside
8535:
A short statement of facts relating to the history, manners, customs, language, and literature of the Micmac tribe of Indians, in Nova-Scotia and P.E. Island: being the substance of two lectures delivered in Halifax, in November, 1819, at public meetings held for the purpose of instituting a mission
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appeared in the Nova Scotia almanacks from 1774 to 1786. The festival was celebrated on or immediately after the last quarter of the moon in the month of May, when the tide was low. The townspeople assembled on the shore of the North West Arm and shared a dish of clam soup, the clams being collected
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The Mi'kmaw people had very little in the way of physical recording and storytelling; petroglyphs, while used, are believed to have been rare. In addition, it is not believed that pre-contact Mi'kmaq had any form of written language. As such, almost all of Mi'kmaw traditions were passed down orally,
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As their military power waned in the beginning of the 19th century, the Mi'kmaw people made explicit appeals to the British to honor the treaties and reminded them of their duty to give "presents" to the Mi'kmaq in order to occupy Mi'kma'ki. In response, the British offered charity or, the word most
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But the Mi'kmaq were not included in the treaty, and never conceded any land to the British. In 1715, the Mi'kmaq were told that the British now claimed their ancient territory by the Treaty of Utrecht. They formally complained to the French commander at Louisbourg about the French king transferring
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Masters thesis, Mi'kmaq elder Roger Lewis investigated how pre-contact Mi'kmaq populations had a reciprocal relationship with the environment that was reflected in subsistence fishing, hunting and gathering, as well as in settlement locations. Lewis, who has held the position of ethnology curator at
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to the Atlantic ocean. Research published in 1871 showed that some Miâkmaq believed they had emigrated from the west, and then lived alongside the KwÄdÄchk. According to Mi'kmaw traditions recorded by S. T. Rand, the KwÄdÄchk were the original inhabitants of the land. The two tribes engaged in a war
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Intimidation over the fishery dispute has continued into 2021. In mid-January, lobster harvester and Sipekne'katik citizen Jolene Marr, whose brother was surrounded in the West Pubnico lobster pound on October 13, was sent a seven second-long close-up video of a man's face that included what "sounds
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The inshore fishery is the last small-scale fishery in Nova Scotia. St. Marys Bay is part of Lobster Fishing Area (LFA) 34, making it the "largest lobster fishing area in Canada with more than 900 licensed commercial fishermen harvesting from the southern tip of Nova Scotia up to Digby in the Bay of
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using a hieroglyphic system created in 1677 by French Catholic missionary Chrestien Le Clerq. Le Clerq noted that the Mi'kmaq children were memorizing prayers utilizing the counting of marks, but did not claim to have incorporated any of this system into the hieroglyphs he created. It is likely that
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One myth explains that the Mi'kmaq once believed that evil and wickedness among men is what causes them to kill each other. This causes great sorrow to the creator-sun-god, who weeps tears that become rains sufficient to trigger a deluge. The people attempt to survive the flood by traveling in bark
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Bromley's attitudes towards the Indians were singularly enlightened for his day. ... Bromley totally dismissed the idea that native people were naturally inferior and set out to encourage their material improvement through settlement and agriculture, their talents through education, and their pride
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By 1997, all Mi'kmaq on reserves were given the responsibility for their own education. By 2014, there were 11 band-run schools in Nova Scotia, and the province has the highest rate of retention of aboriginal students in schools in Canada. More than half the teachers are Mi'kmaq. From 2011 to 2012
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was established. On August 31, 2010, the governments of Canada and Nova Scotia signed a historic agreement with the Mi'kmaw Nation, establishing a process whereby the federal government must consult with the Miêkmaw Grand Council before engaging in any activities or projects that affect the Mi'kmaq
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and other endemic European infectious diseases, to which the Mi'kmaq had no immunity, wars and alcoholism led to a further decline of the native population. It reached its lowest point in the middle of the 17th century. Then the numbers grew slightly again, before becoming apparently stable during
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developed a fishing plan based on their right to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood. They issued seven lobster licenses to band members; each license has 50 tags, representing a combined total of 350 tags. One commercial lobster license represents 350 tags. The lobster fishery they initiated
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announced their $ 1 billion purchase of Clearwater Seafoods, which was finalised on January 25, 2021. The group of First Nations includes Sipekne'katik, We'koqma'q, Potlotek, Pictou Landing, and Paqtnkek First Nations, and is led by Membertou and Miapukek First Nations. The purchase represents the
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were affected in the provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and the Gaspé region of Quebec. The West Nova Fishermen's Coalition submitted an appeal asking for the Marshall decision to be set aside. In November 17, 1999, released a new ruling (Marshall 2) to clarify that the
1911:
Between 1725 and 1779, the Mi'kmaq, Wolastoqey (Maliseet), and Peskotomuhkati (Passamaquoddy) signed numerous treaties, commonly referred to as the Covenant Chain of Peace and Friendship Treaties, through which they entered into a "peaceful relationship with the British Crown." The Mi'kmaq assert
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maintained his position that this issue must be solved federally when asked about it at a press conference. Several months later, in January 2021, the manager of the Middle West Pubnico facility, James Muise, made a public post in a Facebook group for commercial fishers, claiming that he gave the
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launched their own moderate livelihood fishery in a celebration at Battery Provincial Park that coincided with Mi'kmaq Treaty Day. The management plan behind this fishery had been in development for three months, prompted by the seizure of lobster traps by DFO officials. Community licenses issued
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On September 17, Sipekne'katik launched a "moderate livelihood fishery" with a ceremony at the Saulnierville wharf, the first lobster fishery regulated by Mi'kmaq in Nova Scotia. On September 18, the Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi'kmaw Chiefs declared a province-wide state of emergency in response to
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On September 11, Sipekne'katik First Nation Chief Michael Sack sent a letter to Premier Stephen McNeil, DFO Minister Bernadette Jordan and Nova Scotia RCMP Commanding Officer Lee Bergerman, calling for them "to uphold the rule of law amid ongoing violence, threats, human rights discrimination and
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were widely covered by the media from 1999 and 2002. On October 3, 1999, non-Indigenous commercial fishers in 150 boats destroyed hundreds of Mi'kmaq lobster traps, then returned to shore and vandalized fishing equipment, as well as three fish plants. This was captured and documented in the 2002
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David L. Schmidt and Murdena Marshall published some of the prayers, narratives, and liturgies represented in hieroglyphsâpictographic symbols in a 1995 book. As noted, the pre-contact Mi'kmaq utilized some form of writing, but Le Clerq indicated that the hieroglyphs were "formed" by him. French
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of "life-ways of the Mi'kmaq", include written hieroglyphics, human figures, Mi'kmaq houses and lodges, decorations including crosses, sailing vessels, and animals, etched into slate rocks. These are attributed to the Mi'kmaq, who have continuously inhabited the area since prehistoric times. The
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peoples of Newfoundland and Labrador. After the Labrador Innu and Inuit left the Association in 1975, the organization was renamed as the Federation of Newfoundland Indians. The FNI included six Mi'kmaq bands (Elmastogoeg First Nations, Corner Brook Indian Band, Flat Bay Indian Band, Gander Bay
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Fisheries Minister Bernadette Jordan sent a letter to Chief Mike Sack on March 3, 2021, outlining the terms under which a moderate livelihood fishery could be negotiated, and what the federal government would be "prepared" to allow; the letter proposed balancing "additional First Nations access
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Three days after the initial raids on the storage facilities, on the evening of October 16, the Middle West Pubnico facility was destroyed in a large fire, deemed "suspicious" by the RCMP. One man was taken to hospital with life-threatening injuries after the fire, but the RCMP did not provide
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of Peace and Friendship Treaties with the British Crown throughout the eighteenth century; the first was signed in 1725, and the last in 1779. The Mi'kmaq maintain that they did not cede or give up their land title or other rights through these Peace and Friendship Treaties. The landmark 1999
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developed their own self-regulated lobster fisheries management plan and opened their own lobster fishery in the fall of 2020. Under the existing Fish Buyers' Licensing Regulations the self-regulated Listuguj fisheries can harvest, but can only use the lobster for "food, social and ceremonial
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with "helicopters, patrol boats, guns, with observation by airplanes and dozens of RCMP officers". The documentary asks why the fishers were being harassed for "exercising rights that had been affirmed by the highest court in the land." Following lengthy negotiations with the Mi'kmaq, the DFO
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On March 26, 2021, 43 Mi'kmaq lobster fishers from the Sipekne'katik First Nation filed a statement of claim against the attorney general of Canada, the RCMP, the DFO, and 29 non-Indigenous fishers including the Bay of Fundy Inshore Fishermen's Association (BFIFA). The claim alleges that the
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to a group in Newfoundland and Labrador called the Qalipu First Nation. The new band, which is landless, had accepted 25,000 applications to become part of the band by October 2012. In total over 100,000 applications were sent in to join the Qalipu, equivalent of one-fifth of the province's
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and Brenda Conroy. In the early 1760s, there were approximately 300 Mi'kmaw fighters in the region and thousands of British soldiers. The goals of the Mi'kmaw treaty negotiators engaged in the 1760 Halifax treaty negotiations, were to make peace, establish secure and well-regulated trade in
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said that the commercial fishing industry had not suffered because of this. Others disagreed, saying that Canada had never fully implemented the Marshall decision, and that, over the decades, various levels of government and authorities mishandled and neglected local concerns related to the
1692:, anthropologist Philip Bock described the annual cycle of seasonal movement of precontact Mi'kmaq. Bock wrote that the Mi'kmaq had lived in dispersed interior winter camps and larger coastal communities during the summer. The spawning runs of March began their movement to converge on
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non-Indigenous fishers named as defendants took the law into their own hands and engaged in violence against the moderate livelihood fishery, that they were encouraged to do so by BFIFA, and that the DFO and RCMP contributed to the harm by not intervening in the foreseeable violence.
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through already available licences" and stated that "these fisheries will operate within established seasons." These terms were rejected by Chief Sack, who stated that "we have a management plan that is better for conservation than theirs is, so we're going to follow our own plan."
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1736:. The most important animal hunted by the Mi'kmaq was the moose, which was used in every part: the meat for food, the skin for clothing, tendons and sinew for cordage, and bones for carving and tools. Other animals hunted/trapped included deer, bear, rabbit, beaver and porcupine.
1975:
history professor, Geoffrey Plank, described the relationship between the Mi'kmaq and Acadians as strong. The Mi'kmaq believed they could share their traditional lands with both the British and the Acadiansâwith the Mi'kmaq hunting as usual, and getting to the coast for seafood.
6289:. The tribes ranged from present-day northern and eastern New England in the United States to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. At the time of contact with the French (late 16th century), they were expanding from their maritime base westward along the Gaspé Peninsula /
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readers and historians, who also dealt with the treaties with the non-natives and other Native tribes), the women's council, and the grand chief. The grand chief was a title given to one of the district chiefs, who was usually from the Mi'kmaw district of UnamĂĄki or
1987:
in greater number put pressure on land use and the treaties. This migration into the region created significant economic, environmental and cultural pressures on the Mi'kmaq. The Mi'kmaq tried to enforce the treaties through threat of force. At the beginning of the
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On October 23, 2020, the Mi'kmaq Rights Initiative (known as the KMKNO for "Kwilmu'kw Maw-klusuaqn Negotiation Office") announced that talks with the DFO over defining "moderate livelihood" had broken down. The following Wednesday (October 28), Terry Paul, chief of
3966:"The definite article "the" suggests that "Mi'kmaq" is the undeclined form indicated by the initial letter "m". When declined in the singular, it reduces to the following forms: nikmaq â my family; kikmaq â your family; wikma â his/her family. The variant form
1140:â"one of Canada's most lucrative lobster fisheries"â became the site of a violent conflict between Mi'kmaq fishers and non-Mi'kmaq commercial fishers. Immediately after the ruling, Mi'kmaq fishers began to lay lobster traps out of season. Incidents such as the
1942:. In his 2002, book on the Marshall case, historian William Wicken said that there is no written documentation to support this assertion that Cope made the treaty on behalf of all the Miêkmaq. has been cited in the Supreme Court of Canada's 1985 decision in
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in their 1999 ruling that resulted in Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Peskotomuhkati people the "right to hunt, fish and gather in pursuit of a 'moderate livelihood' from the resources of the land and waters." The legal precedent had previously been established in the
1748:, increased awareness of territoriality. Trader preferences for good harbors resulted in greater numbers of Miêkmaq gathering in fewer summer rendezvous locations. This in turn encouraged their establishing larger bands, led by the ablest trade negotiators.
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The pre-contact population is estimated at 3,000â30,000. In 1616, Father Biard believed the Mi'kmaw population to be in excess of 3,000, but he remarked that, because of European diseases, there had been large population losses during the 16th century.
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was presented with a report recommending a First Nations band without any reserved land to represent the Mi'kmaq of Newfoundland. An Agreement-in-principle was reached in 2006, which the FNI accepted in 2007. The federal government ratified it in 2008.
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having also withdrawn earlier). According to Paul, when he talked with the other ANSMC Chiefs about his decision, there seemed to be a willingness to deal with the issues he had identified in the negotiation process, so that he could rejoin shortly.
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On October 21, Sipekne'katik managed to secure an interim injunction against the restriction of band members' access to the Saulnierville and Weymouth wharves, as well as the New Edinburgh lobster pound. The motion for the injunction was filed
2020:, arrived and battled with the Mi'kmaq. One Mi'kmaw was killed and 16 were taken prisoner to Quebec. The prisoners were eventually taken to Halifax. They were released on 28 July 1779 after signing the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown.
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The Sipekneêkatik fishing plan "became a flash point" resulting in violent highly-charged conflict pitting non-Miêkmaw lobster fishers in the adjacent coastal communities and Mi'kmaw fishers those carrying out the moderate livelihood fishery.
1756:. The Mi'kmaq made their bows from maple. They ate fish of all kinds, such as salmon, sturgeon, lobster, squid, shellfish, and eels, as well as seabirds and their eggs. They hunted marine mammals such as porpoises, whales, walrus, and seals.
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Jesuit missionaries adopted their use to teach Catholic prayers and religion to the Mi'kmaq. Schmidt and Marshall showed that these hieroglyphics served as a fully functional writing system. They assert it is the oldest writing system for an
458:
is the official authority that engages in consultation with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia, as established by the historic August 30, 2010, agreement with the Mi'kmaq Nation, resulting from the
1751:
According to the Nova Scotia Museum, bear teeth and claws were used as decoration in regalia. The women used porcupine quills to create decorative beadwork on clothing, moccasins, and accessories. The weapon used most for hunting was the
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in Nova Scotia. This covers most, if not all, actions these governments might take within that jurisdiction. This is the first such collaborative agreement in Canadian history including all the First Nations within an entire province.
3999:, a Supreme Court case that spanned over a decade, the Ahousaht Indian Band and Nation in British Columbia confirmed their right to "fish in their court-defined territories and sell that fish into the commercial marketplace."
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often used by government officials, "relief". The British said the Mi'kmaq must give up their way of life and begin to settle on farms. Also, they were told they had to send their children to British schools for education.
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Although the treaties of 1760â61 contain statements of Mi'kmaw submission to the British crown, later statements made by Miêkmaw reveal that they intended a friendly and reciprocal relationship, according to the 2009 book,
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said that his government was "extremely active" in trying to de-escalate the situation. He also stated that he expected the police to be keeping people safe, and acknowledged concerns that the police had not been doing so.
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Wappel, Tom (November 2003). Report Of The Standing Committee On Fisheries And Oceans, May 2003, Atlantic Fisheries Issues (Report). Ottawa, Ontario: Report Of The Standing Committee On Fisheries And Oceans, House Of
693:, was inspired by marks made by a young Mi'kmaq using charcoal on birchbark. Leclercq created what is now known as Mi'kmaq hieroglyphs to teach Catholic prayers and hymns to the people in their own form of language.
1626:âwas established in 1982 he result of a collaboration between the Mi'kmaw community and the Nova Scotia government. The school is the most successful First Nation Education Program in Canada, according to Benjamin.
576:(1874â1964), a respected Mi'kmaq religious leader and traditional Grand Chief of the Council, was elected as the Council's Grand Chief in 1918. Repeatedly re-elected, he held this position for the rest of his life.
1739:
Braser described the first contact between the Mi'kmaq and early European fishermen. These fishermen salted their catch at sea and sailed directly home with it, but they set up camps ashore as early as 1520 for
659:
this pre-Le Clerq writing system was part of a writing tradition by the Mi'kmaq similar to that observed in 1651 observed amongst the Eastern Abenaki of Maine. Today, it is written mainly using letters of the
501:
preceded the agreement. The August 2010 agreement is the first such collaborative agreement in Canadian history; it includes representation for all the First Nations within the entire province of Nova Scotia.
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Harassment around the Sipekne'katik fishery continued through October. On October 5, Sipekne'katik fisher Robert Syliboy, a holder of one of the moderate livelihood fishery's licenses, found his boat at the
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and myths which account for the organization of the world and society; for instance, how men and women were created and why they are different from one another. The most well known Mi'kmaw myth is that of
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related families indigenous people who lived in a climate unfavorable for agriculture, had subsisted on fishing and hunting. Developed leadership did not extend beyond hunting parties. In the same 1978
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people involved in the raids permission to enter the facility and take the lobsters. Muise offered to work with people charged with offenses connected to the raids and try to get those charges dropped.
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plays two grammatical roles: 1) It is the singular of Mi'kmaq and 2) it is an adjective in circumstances where it precedes a noun (e.g., mi'kmaw people, mi'kmaw treaties, miêkmaw person, etc.)" see
1212:"largest investment in the seafood industry by a Canadian Indigenous group". The harvest of non-Indigenous fishermen in the region will now be purchased by Clearwater Seafoods' Mi'kmaq part owners.
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due to the urgency of the situation, as the band was struggling to sell any of their catch in the midst of the violence and protests. The injunction will remain in place until December 15, 2020.
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disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments along the Canadian model, and attempting to limit the Council's role to spiritual guidance.
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Some Mi'kmaw people practice the Catholic faith while some only practice traditional Mi'kmaw beliefs. However, many have adopted both because of the compatibility between both systems.
5409:
1486:
On October 15, the Mi'kmaq Warrior Peacekeepers arrived at the Saulnierville wharf with the intention of providing protection to Miêkmaq who were continuing to fish amid the violence.
678:
Jerry Lonecloud (1854 â 1930, Mi'kmaq) is considered the "ethnographer of the Mi'kmaq nation". In 1912, he transcribed some of the Kejimkujik petroglyphs, and donated his works to the
5593:
1660:
that lasted "many years", and involved the "slaughter of men, women, and children, and torture of captives", and the eventual displacement of the KwÄdÄchk by the victorious Mi'kmaq.
755:. Although this older spelling is still in use, the Mi'kmaq consider the spelling "Micmac" to be "tainted" by colonialism. The "q" ending is used in the plural form of the noun, and
7059:
2394:. Several Mi'kmaw institutions, including the Grand Council, had argued that the Qalipu Miêkmaq Band did not have legitimate aboriginal heritage and was accepting too many members.
1614:, journalist Chris Benjamin wrote about the "raw wounds" of Mi'kmaw children who attended the Shubenacadie institution in the period spanning over three decades, from 1930 to 1967.
1120:. This resulted in the 1993 charges laid against Marshall Jr. for "fishing eels out of season, fishing without a licence, and fishing with an illegal net". In the 2018 publication,
7294:
Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250â259, page 258
2008:
soon after it declared its independence in July 1776. These delegates did not officially represent the Mi'kmaw government, although many individual Mi'kmaq did privately join the
6841:
5923:
1603:
519:
disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments and attempting to limit the Council's role to that of spiritual guidance.
2383:
population. In response, parliament passed Bill C-25, authorizing it to review all applications and retroactively reject some, based on criteria similar to those used in the
2177:. The oldest known hockey stick was made between 1852 and 1856. Recently, it was sold for US$ 2.2 million. The stick was carved by Miêkmaq from Nova Scotia, who made it from
1767:, and Portuguese explorers about conditions there encouraged visits by Portuguese, Spanish, Basque, French, and English fishermen and whalers, beginning in the 16th century.
6971:
6748:
6019:
5459:
5188:
1434:
through this fishery will entitle fishers to 70 tags, and boats will be allowed to carry up to 200 lobster traps each. At the time of the launch of the Potlotek fishery,
5325:
8144:
8117:
8009:
7982:
7955:
7928:
7901:
7874:
7847:
7820:
7793:
7741:
7714:
7687:
7660:
7633:
7606:
7579:
7552:
7525:
7498:
7471:
7444:
7417:
7390:
7363:
7336:
7309:
2444:. Good storytellers are highly prized by the Mi'kmaq, as they provide important teachings that shape who a person grows to be, and are sources of great entertainment.
5299:
5035:
4570:
8986:
5704:
1401:
Fundy." It is also "one of the most lucrative fishing areas in Canada". DFO reported that as of December 2019, there were 979 commercial lobster licenses in LFA 34.
6389:
6327:
1630:
there was a 25% increase in Mi'kmaw students going to university. Atlantic Canada has the highest rate of aboriginal students attending university in the country.
2135:
to the wider world. The mission was dissolved in 1870. After a long period of disagreement with the Baptist church, he eventually returned to the church in 1885.
8034:
1840:
Over a period of seventy-five years, during six wars in Mi'kma'ki, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians fought to keep the British from taking over the region (See the four
1446:
wharf destroyed in a suspicious fire. On the evening of October 13, several hundred non-Indigenous fishers and their supporters raided two storage facilities in
4404:
3860:
8744:
6175:
Snow, Dean R. (1978). "Late Prehistory of the East Coast: Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Eastern New Brunswick Drainages". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).
1075:
498:
460:
6076:
Christianson, D. J. 1979. The Use of Subsistence Strategy Descriptions in Determining Wabanaki Residence Location. Journal of Anthropology at McMaster 5( 1 ).
5735:
5536:
4286:
3880:
1438:
was also planning on launching their own fishery, following a similar plan. After the launch of this fishery, DFO officers continued to seize Mi'kmaq traps.
1107:
ruling, which "affirmed a treaty right to hunt, fish and gather in pursuit of a 'moderate livelihood'." The Supreme Court also cited Section 35 of the 1982
6997:
4250:
9011:
8053:
5273:
64:
Although the flag is meant to be displayed hanging vertically as shown here, it is quite commonly flown horizontally, with the star near the upper hoist.
2016:
valley of New Brunswick attacked and plundered some of the British in the area. The following month, British Captain Augustus Harvey, in command of HMS
932:
was documented as the first European to record the term "Mi'kmaq" for the people, using it in his 1676 memoir. Marion Robertson stated this in the book
8491:
Mr. Bromley's second address, on the deplorable state of the Indians delivered in the "Royal Acadian School," at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, March 8, 1814
5485:
5871:
3948:
professor of history of religions; she conducted fieldwork on reservations of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, and Canada in 1992â1993, 1996 and 2000.
2971:
Big Hole Tract 8 (North Half), Indian Point 1, Metepenagiag Urban Reserve 3, Metepenagiag Urban Reserve 8, Metepenagiag Uta'nk, Red Bank 4, Red Bank 7
2173:
appeared in recorded colonial histories from as early as the 18th century. Since the nineteenth century, the Mi'kmaq were credited with inventing the
6916:
1867:
Along with Acadians, the Mi'kmaq used military force to resist the founding of British (Protestant) settlements by making numerous raids on Halifax,
579:
In 1927, Grand Chief Sylliboy was charged by Nova Scotia with hunting muskrat pelts out of season. He was the first to use the rights defined in the
7285:
Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49â68, page 53
5845:
2435:
primarily via storytelling. There were traditionally three levels of oral traditions: religious myths, legends, and folklore. This includes Mi'kmaw
1512:, released a Twitter statement requesting that the federal government define "what constitutes legal harvesting in a "moderate livelihood" fishery.
8767:
7257:
2464:. The island is also the site of the St. Anne Mission, an important pilgrimage site for the Mi'kmaq. The island has been declared a historic site.
371:
6507:
1501:
On October 16, Mi'kmaq lobster fishers from the Sipekne'katik First Nation quickly sold all their lobsters after setting up shop in front of the
591:. On the 50th anniversary of Sylliboy's death, the Grand Council asked the Nova Scotia government for a pardon for the late Grand Chief. Premier
7121:
2497:
orthography, and the most recent Smith-Francis orthography. The latter has been adopted throughout Nova Scotia and in most Mi'kmaw communities.
852:
1133:
DFO had the power to regulate the fishery for conservation purposes if it "consulted with the First Nation and could justify the regulations".
936:(1960s), published by the Nova Scotia Museum, Robertson cites Professor Ganong, who suggested that "Mi'kmaq" was derived from the Mi'kmaq word
6863:
4981:
5562:
766:
The Mi'kmaq prefer to use one of the three current Miêkmaq orthographies when writing the language. Spellings used by Mi'kmaq people include
5897:
4227:
2064:
was celebrated by Nova Scotians on October 1, 1986 in recognition of the treaties signed between the British Empire and the Mi'kmaw people.
497:
was the official consultative authority that engages with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia. The
463:. This collaborative agreement, which includes all the First Nations within the province of Nova Scotia, was the first in Canadian history.
451:
upheld the 1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty "which promised Indigenous Peoples the right to hunt and fish their lands and establish trade."
5816:
7070:
4343:
2456:
One spiritual capital of the Mi'kmaq Nation is Mniku, the gathering place of the Mi'kmaw Grand Council or Santé Mawiómi, Chapel Island in
751:, which is preferred by the Mi'kmaq people, was widely adopted by scholarly publications and the media. It replaced the previous spelling
8690:
6095:
5619:
2363:
was willing to work with the FNI and the government of Newfoundland, but the provincial government considered it to be a federal matter.
1651:
In southwestern Nova Scotia, there is archaeological evidence that traces traditional land use and resources to at least 4,000 years. In
2279:
In 1914, over 150 Mi'kmaw men signed up during World War I. During the First World War, thirty-four out of sixty-four male Mi'kmaq from
8737:
8576:
6773:
6378:
According to historian Stephen Patterson, the British imposed the treaties on the Miêkmaq to confirm the British conquest of Miêkmaêki.
5244:
3513:
the 19th century. During the 20th century, the population was on the rise again. The average growth from 1965 to 1970 was about 2.5%.
8991:
8971:
8139:
8112:
8004:
7977:
7950:
7923:
7896:
7842:
7815:
7788:
7736:
7709:
7682:
7628:
7601:
7574:
7520:
7385:
7358:
7331:
6506:
Among the annual festivals of the old times, now lost, was the celebration of St. Aspinquid's Day; he was known as the Indian Saint.
5375:
5351:
3594:
1796:
1585:
1505:
in Halifax with potential customers lined up around the block. The fishers said they were putting pressure on Premier McNeil to act.
7869:
7655:
7547:
7493:
7466:
7439:
7412:
7304:
5948:
4804:
1525:
In January 2021, 23 people were charged in connection to the violence at the lobster storage facilities on October 13, 2020: 15 for
8996:
2068:
1467:, and Colin Sproul, president of the Bay of Fundy Inshore Fishermen's Association, all condemned the violence. Nova Scotia Premier
493:
On August 30, 2010, the Mi'kmaw Nation and the Nova Scotia provincial government reached an historic agreement, affirming that the
6519:. This was soon reversed, but public officials quickly left, and St. Aspinquid was never after celebrated at Halifax. (See Akins.
5065:
3983:
8884:
7096:
7033:
5410:
Implementing the right to fish in pursuit of a moderate livelihood: Rebuilding trust and establishing a constructive path forward
2332:
In 1972, activists formed the Native Association of Newfoundland and Labrador as the main organization representing the Mi'kmaq,
1479:
while trying to give a press conference on October 14. Also during the violence, an elder had sage knocked out of her hand while
1157:. The documentary also described how Ocean and Fisheries department officials seemed to "wage a war" on the Mi'kmaq fishermen of
6023:
5674:"Manager of Nova Scotia pound claims in online post that he 'opened the doors' for non-Indigenous fishers to take Mi'kmaw catch"
4178:
1759:
Miêkmaw territory was the first portion of North America that Europeans exploited at length for resource extraction. Reports by
6942:
3817:
1607:
5436:
2728:
1360:
who said that Mik'maq communities had benefitted from improvements resulting from the Marshall decision, as the Department of
595:
granted the posthumous pardon in 2017. Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, John James Grant, McNeil, and the Justice Minister
8730:
8387:
7135:
6453:
6428:
6363:
6003:
5019:
4879:
4747:
4693:
4665:
4640:
4553:
2601:
1872:
391:
6890:
6842:"Statement by the Honourable Chuck Strahl on the Ratification Vote by the Mi'kmaq of the Federation of Newfoundland Indians"
2341:
Indian Band, Glenwood Mi'kmaq First Nation, and the Port au Port Indian Band). The provincial government supported the FNI.
642:
According to the 2021 census, 9,245 people identified as speakers of the Mi'kmaq language. 4,910 of which said it was their
8581:
7188:
5510:
4580:
3925:
1959:
733:
6085:
Ferguson, R. 1986. Archaeological Sites of Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia. Unpublished Ms., Parks Canada , Halifax.
2485:
Mi'kmaw names in the following table are spelled according to several orthographies. The Mi'kmaw orthographies in use are
8771:
8286:
2287:. In 1939, over 250 Miêkmaq volunteered in World War II. (In 1950, over 60 Mi'kmaq enlisted to serve in the Korean War.)
1208:
6617:
4290:
3616:
2310:
8165:
17:
8599:
8566:
8544:
8521:
8499:
8435:
8368:
7221:
4515:
The Petroglyphs of Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia: A Fresh Perspective on their Physical and Cultural Contexts
4476:
3905:
3542:
2345:
2223:
2210:
2049:
was the first Mi'kmaw elected as grand chief in 1919 and the first to fight for treaty recognitionâspecifically, the
1899:
1364:(DFO) granted access to Mi'kmaq fishers to the "commercial fishery through communal licences operated by the bands".
350:
6569:
4369:
4313:
1774:, (1885â1965), a journalist who wrote historical novels. By 1578, some 350 European ships were operating around the
9006:
8976:
8675:
8222:
6815:
6684:
6551:
6475:
5486:"Trapped in Conflict: How the corporate megafishery Clearwater has set the stage for violent conflict in Mi'kma'ki"
2906:
2344:
The federal government approved only the petition for recognition made by the Mi'kmaq at Conne River. In 1987, the
1997:
1672:
in Halifax, since 2007 focused his MA research specifically on pre-contact fish weirs in southwestern Nova Scotia.
1451:
1058:
5791:"Lobsters quickly sell out in front of Nova Scotia legislature: 'They have a treaty right to buy from the Mi'kmaq"
4739:
We Were Not the Savages: A Miêkmaq Perspective on the Collision Between European and Native American Civilizations
4494:
The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travel and Explorations of the Jesuit Missions in New France, 1610â1791
4199:
8981:
7162:
5594:"Respected chief leaves two Mi'kmaw political organizations because of 'distrust' over moderate livelihood plans"
4920:
3910:
3557:
1770:
European fishing camps traded with Mi'kmaw fishermen, and trading rapidly expanded to include furs, according to
1221:
7008:
5091:
405:
There are 66,748 Mi'kmaq people in the region as of 2023, (including 25,182 members in the more recently formed
72:
8327:
8063:
6270:
5645:
2961:
1116:, one in a series of treaties known as the Peace and Friendship Treaties, but was not being respected prior to
7274:
4951:
9001:
8961:
8670:
8287:"Investigating the restoration of the Miêkmaq language and culture on the First Nations reserve of Miawpukek"
5924:"'We're going to establish our own fishery': Sipekne'katik First Nation rejects DFO moderate livelihood plan"
3263:
2591:
1806:
1655:, there are canoe routes that have been used for thousands of years by Indigenous people travelling from the
1377:
1322:
929:
8258:"Our Strength is Ourselves: Identity, Status, and Cultural Revitalization among the Miêkmaq in Newfoundland"
7189:"Canada signed private agreement with Qalipu Mi'kmaq days before contentious changes to application process"
1879:
between France and Britain in Europe, the Mi'kmaq assisted the Acadians in resisting the British during the
967:
as "red on the earth", "red ground", or "red earth". Other suggestions from Robertson include its origin in
8753:
8481:
8257:
2318:
2214:
2206:
1996:
tribes supported the Americans against the British. They participated in the Maugerville Rebellion and the
1502:
558:. The Mi'kmaq, as trading allies of the French, were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst.
414:
5215:"Fish Buyers' Licensing and Enforcement Regulations via Fisheries and Coastal Resources Act (Nova Scotia)"
8966:
8660:
8227:
7254:
6689:
6556:
6480:
3172:
3063:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1158:
610:
in Cape Breton. In the early 21st century, this site is now within the reserve known as Chapel Island or
522:
In addition to the district councils, the M'ikmaq have been traditionally governed by a Grand Council or
506:
467:
31:
8242:
8166:
Massachusetts Historical Society; John Davis Batchelder Collection (Library of Congress) (8 June 1792).
1643:
5437:
The Marshall Decision at 20: Two Decades of Commercial Re-Empowerment of the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet, Munk
5066:"Mi'kmaq tackle decades-old standstill on fishing rights with historic, self-regulated lobster fishery"
3779:
3566:
3141:
2875:
2673:
2280:
1912:
that through these treatiesâwhich were referenced as legal precedent by the Supreme Court of Canada in
1884:
1853:
1447:
1382:
840:, meaning "human being" or "the people". Members of the Mi'kmaq historically referred to themselves as
682:. He is credited with the first Mi'kmaq memoir, which was recorded from his oral history in the 1920s.
494:
455:
59:
6236:
3842:
2110:
the plight of the Mi'kmaq "particularly contributes to his historical significance". Finguard writes:
2067:
The treaties were only formally recognized by the Supreme Court of Canada once they were enshrined in
7122:"Updated Founding Members List for the Qalipu First Nation Adopted Through Order in Council â Qalipu"
6516:
3243:
3014:
2718:
2302:
2054:
2036:
1968:
1880:
1849:
1456:
1345:
After Mi'kmaq chiefs declared a state of emergency in October 2020, the federal government appointed
625:
119:
6493:
Sessional papers, Volume 5 By Canada. Parliament July 2 â September 22, 1779; Wilfred Brenton Kerr.
4019:
1887:
in Cape Breton. In 1763, Great Britain formalized its colonial possession of all of Miêkmaki in the
1170:, 1982. In May 2003, the House of Commons' Standing Committee On Fisheries And Oceans chaired by MP
614:. The Grand Council continues to meet at Mniku to discuss current issues within the Miêkmaq Nation.
4896:
2283:, Prince Edward Island enlisted in the armed forces, distinguishing themselves particularly in the
2127:
in 1849 help found the Mi'kmaq Missionary Society, a full-time Mi'kmaw mission. Basing his work in
2061:
2013:
1972:
1868:
1652:
667:
204:
192:
8475:
6722:
4437:
4137:
8878:
8857:
8457:
5537:"Sipekne'katik Chief calls on NS Premier, DFO, RCMP to protect Mi'kmaw harvesters' treaty rights"
3692:
3299:
3155:
3101:
2784:
2694:
2618:
2405:
is currently taking Qalipu First Nation (and its precursor) to court over the enrolment process.
2367:
2326:
2284:
1724:
of the interior. Autumn frost killed the biting insects during the September harvest of spawning
1592:
1094:
584:
543:. This title was hereditary within a clan and usually passed on to the grand chief's eldest son.
442:
78:
5761:
5705:"Southwest N.S. lobster pound destroyed by fire, man in hospital with life-threatening injuries"
5646:"Vehicle torched, lobster pounds storing Mi'kmaw catches trashed during night of unrest in N.S."
5300:"The deal is sealed, Mi'kmaq coalition partner with B.C company to buy seafood giant Clearwater"
587:
finally recognized the 1752 treaty rights for indigenous hunting and fishing in their ruling on
6704:
6570:
Nova Scotia Historical Society; Nova Scotia Historical Society. Report and collections (1878).
4161:
4033:
3821:
3760:
3053:
3030:
3009:
2927:
2486:
2185:
2073:
1984:
1946:. With the signing of various treaties, the 75 years of regular warfare ended in 1761 with the
1888:
1841:
1560:
1556:
1435:
1201:
655:
418:
5326:"Twenty Indigenous stories that shaped 2020 â a year of racism and fear, of fighting and hope"
4660:. Vitality of indigenous religions series. Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
8704:
6598:
Cutherbertson, Brian (2005). "The Starr Manufacturing Company: Skate Exporter to the World".
4098:
3330:
3211:
3198:
3190:
2807:
2753:
2520:
1904:
1430:
1426:
1050:
1014:
6353:
5956:
5123:
4872:
Red earth: tales of the Micmac with an introduction to the customs and beliefs of the Micmac
4737:
4513:
4125:
Best Practices and Challenges in Miêkmaq and Maliseet/Wolastoqi Language Immersion Programs.
2359:
Recognition for the remainder of Newfoundland's Mi'kmaq was a much longer process. Minister
8632:
8465:
7163:"Qalipu First Nation marks a milestone, celebrating 10 years as recognized Indigenous band"
6777:
6050:
5274:"Nova Scotia chiefs rejected $ 87-million offer from DFO, want moderate livelihood defined"
5214:
3871:
3833:
3766:
3646:
3600:
3186:
3182:
2880:
2525:
2494:
2375:
2106:
1980:
1814:
1802:
1775:
1741:
1589:
1581:
947:
The Mi'kmaq may have identified as "the Red Earth People, or the People of the Red Earth".
624:
territory. (Later the large island was organized as a separate district in the province of
360:
188:
169:
109:
8956:
6679:
2321:
in Newfoundland." This ultimately led to the Mi'kmaq people of Newfoundland not receiving
1683:, ethnologist T. J. Brasser, described how pre-contact small semi-nomadic bands of a few
8:
8775:
8556:
7139:
4812:
4709:
3731:
3238:
2992:
2551:
2296:
2077:
of 1982. The first Treaty Day occurred the year after the Supreme Court upheld the Peace
2001:
1989:
1935:
1876:
1664:
1146:
1141:
1098:
686:
637:
410:
406:
269:
6749:"In Newfoundland, too many want recognition as Mi'kmaq Indians, federal government says"
6571:
6546:
2247:
2235:
382:, primarily Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland, and the
8316:
6290:
5736:"After a week of violence, Mi'kmaq Warrior Peacekeepers arrive at wharf in Nova Scotia"
4251:"N.S. calls on Ottawa to define a 'moderate livelihood,' as fishing dispute boils over"
3915:
3900:
3738:
2490:
2124:
2082:
1931:
1805:
between English colonists and Native Americans in southern New England (which included
1669:
837:
679:
621:
540:
222:
8217:
4073:"Native Languages of the Americas: Mi'kmaq Language (Mi'kmaw, Micmac, Mikmaq, Mikmak)"
1381:
was located "outside of the regulated commercial season in Lobster Fishing Area 34 in
863:
690:
383:
8595:
8562:
8540:
8517:
8495:
8431:
8383:
8364:
8351:
8323:
8167:
7217:
6664:
6470:
6449:
6424:
6359:
6266:
5999:
5015:
4875:
4743:
4689:
4661:
4636:
4549:
4548:. Fredericton, N.B. : Halifax, N.S: Goose Lane Editions via Nova Scotia Museum.
4472:
4200:"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population â Canada [Country]"
3770:
3522:
3194:
3151:
2982:
2457:
2402:
2148:
1771:
1606:
that travelled to various communities in Atlantic Canada, who were all served by the
1464:
607:
409:
in Newfoundland.) According to the Canadian 2021 census, 9,245 people claim to speak
6197:
Brasser, T.J. (1978). "Early Indian-European Contacts". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).
6149:
4287:"Miêkmaq of Nova Scotia, Province of Nova Scotia and Canada Sign Landmark Agreement"
1778:
estuary. Most were independent fishermen, but increasing numbers were exploring the
717:
from 1856 to 1871. He included samples of Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing, such as the
8467:
An account of the customs and manners of the MicMakis and Marichetts Savage Nations
7214:
TĂĄn Teli-Ktlamsitasit (Ways of Believing): MĂkmaw Religion in Eskasoni, Nova Scotia
3867:
3715:
3711:
3612:
3075:
2996:
2937:
2839:
2379:
2174:
2086:
2046:
2009:
1947:
1924:
1857:
1460:
1346:
1215:
1154:
1049:, Kespukwitk (Gespugwitg), Siknikt (Signigtewa'gi), Sipekni'katik (Sugapune'gati),
725:
573:
566:
530:("captains" in English), who were the district chiefs. There were also elders, the
324:
184:
8698:
2861:
1883:. The military resistance was reduced significantly with the French defeat at the
675:
petroglyphs date from the late prehistoric period through the nineteenth century.
515:, was the traditional senior level of government for the Mi'kmaw people. The 1876
476:, was the traditional senior level of government for the Mi'kmaw people. The 1876
8903:
8890:
8616:
8416:
7261:
6390:"Eighteenth-Century Treaties:The Miêkmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy Experience"
6328:"Eighteenth-Century Treaties:The Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy Experience"
5511:"The lobster catch in St. Marys Bay is down, but there's little consensus on why"
4633:
Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic prayers: readings in North America's first indigenous script
4608:. Wien [Vienna: Die Kaiserliche wie auch Königliche Buchdruckerei hat es gedruckt
4603:
4469:
Mi'kmaq Hieroglyphic Prayers: Readings in North America's First Indigenous Script
3945:
3804:
3786:
3774:
3584:
3578:
3553:
3285:
3273:
3221:
3067:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2569:
2565:
2263:
1920:
1845:
1764:
1526:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1129:
1022:
996:
972:
713:
551:
547:
399:
379:
279:
105:
8685:
8608:
5872:"Sipekne'katik First Nation lobster harvesters sue feds, non-Indigenous fishers"
2391:
1025:, is traditionally divided into seven districts. Prior to the imposition of the
561:
8841:
8722:
8088:
4733:
3702:
3698:
3686:
3652:
3635:
3606:
3562:
2473:
2314:
2102:
2078:
2050:
2032:
1684:
1509:
1490:
1468:
1193:
1113:
941:
660:
643:
592:
580:
437:
422:
54:
5149:
1181:
reported that "Maritime waters" were "calm a decade after Marshall decision."
8950:
8831:
8661:
Bras d'Or â Pitawpo'q, Indian name; Little Bras d'Or â Panu'skek, Indian name
8558:
The Abnakis and their history: Historical notices on the aborigines of Acadia
8035:"Government of Canada Announces the Creation of the Qalipu First Nation Band"
5898:"Membertou latest First Nation to leave Assembly of NS Mi'kmaw Chiefs, KMKNO"
5846:"Mi'kmaw lobster harvester fears for her safety after receiving online video"
5563:"Mi'kmaw harvesters confront protesters at wharf in southwestern Nova Scotia"
4575:
4072:
3852:
3658:
3340:
3309:
3225:
3159:
3125:
3106:
2966:
2945:
2941:
2834:
2789:
2771:
2732:
2723:
2699:
2678:
2654:
2636:
2632:
2577:
2534:
2436:
2360:
2322:
2005:
1826:
1753:
1675:
In the chapter "Late Prehistory of the East Coast" in the Smithsonian's 1978
1647:
Miêkmaq Women Selling Baskets, Halifax, Nova Scotia, by Mary R. McKie c. 1845
1415:
1163:
1137:
1005:
433:
235:
139:
6625:
5189:"Listuguj impatient with failure to define 'moderate livelihood' in fishery"
820:(the adjectival and singular noun, previously spelled "L'nu"; the plural is
696:
569:â first to fight for Treaty Rights in the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1929
511:, or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of
472:, or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of
8783:
6495:
The Maritime Provinces of British North America and the American Revolution
6216:. Northeast. Vol. 15. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 109â122.
6020:"Number of Mi'kmaq graduates continues to rise | the Chronicle Herald"
5416:(Report). Final report by the Federal Special Representative. 29 April 2021
5012:
Truth and conviction: Donald Marshall Jr. and the Mi'kmaw quest for justice
4405:"9 decades after hunting conviction, Mi'kmaq leader gets posthumous pardon"
3832:
Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the
3798:
3748:
3670:
3664:
3590:
3530:
3313:
3249:
3071:
2794:
2736:
2659:
2649:
2628:
2605:
2538:
2448:
canoes, but only a single old man and woman survive to populate the earth.
1963:
1725:
1701:
1693:
1656:
1577:
1476:
1326:
1122:
Truth and conviction: Donald Marshall Jr. and the Mi'kmaq quest for justice
1103:
1088:
596:
447:
208:
7136:"Qalipu First Nation to welcome special guests from Mi'kmaq Grand Council"
4945:
4943:
4941:
2027:
1927:(1760â61), marked the end of warfare between the Mi'kmaq and the British.
1916:âthe Mi'kmaq "did not cede or give up their land title and other rights."
8826:
8796:
8589:
8533:
8511:
8489:
6446:
An unsettled conquest: the British campaign against the peoples of Acadia
6201:. Northeast. Vol. 15. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 78â88.
3641:
3526:
3335:
3304:
3277:
3268:
3216:
3177:
3146:
3058:
3040:
2932:
2817:
2812:
2767:
2758:
2623:
2596:
2561:
2556:
2461:
2353:
2267:
2156:
2040:
2000:
in 1776. Mi'kmaw delegates concluded the first international treaty, the
1938:
Mi'kmaq has been cited in the Supreme Court of Canada's 1985 decision in
1443:
1334:
1054:
887:
129:
8203:
Megumaage: the home of the Micmacs or the True Men. A map of Nova Scotia
6819:
4226:
Bernard, Tim; Rosenmeier, Leah Morine; Farrell, Sharon L., eds. (2015).
1610:, the sole residential school for the region. In his 2004 book entitled
1064:
646:, and 2,595 reported it to be their most often spoken language at home.
6646:
6512:
5815:
Forester, Brett; Moore, Angel; Pashagumskum, Jamie (October 21, 2020).
4938:
4763:
3920:
3792:
3743:
3718:
3705:
3609:, elder, author, tribal historian, columnist, and human rights activist
3603:, wrongly convicted of murder; later, fought for Mi'kmaq fishing rights
2948:
2763:
2573:
2384:
2170:
2143:
1760:
1584:
in Canadian history, representing an estimated 79,000 survivors of the
1369:
1357:
1171:
872:
671:
478:
6917:"Scrap Qalipu membership requirements, says Mi'kmaq association chair"
3521:
The Mi'kmaw people have been commemorated in numerous ways, including
1930:
The 1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty Between His Majesty the King and
1919:
Some historians have asserted that first treaty signed in 1725, after
763:. It is also used as an adjective, for example, "the Miêkmaw nation".
8801:
8665:
8513:
An account of the aborigines of Nova Scotia called the Micmac Indians
8183:
6294:
5460:"Scale of Sipekne'katik fishery won't harm lobster stocks, says prof"
3887:
3281:
3087:
3083:
3079:
2705:
2128:
1822:
1779:
1709:
718:
701:
239:
8655:
6972:"About 80,000 denied eligibility for Newfoundland first nation band"
6891:"6,500 rejected Qalipu Mi'kmaq band applications to be reconsidered"
5817:"Mi'kmaq secure injunction against interference with treaty fishery"
5784:
5782:
1875:. During the French and Indian War, the North American front of the
1728:. Smaller groups would disperse into the interior where they hunted
1325:
members of the Mi'kmaq and non-Indigenous lobster fishers mainly in
971:, which means "my brother" or "my friend", or a term of endearment.
8862:
8821:
6355:
Miêkmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land and Donald Marshall Junior
5996:
Indian school road: legacies of the Shubenacadie Residential School
5620:"Mi'kmaw fishing vessel destroyed in suspicious fire at N.S. wharf"
3848:
3629:
3509:
2530:
2441:
2329:
that other indigenous groups in Canada did in the years following.
2178:
2132:
1993:
1834:
1830:
1733:
1721:
1713:
1530:
1518:
1480:
1125:
1046:
1000:
429:
366:
284:
231:
8650:
8577:
An account of the present state of Nova Scotia Hollingsworth. 1873
6237:"The Nova Scotia Museum â Heritage Attractions across Nova Scotia"
6052:
Pre-contact fish weirs: a case study from southwestern Nova Scotia
4684:
Metallic, Emmanuel N; Cyr, Danielle E; SĂ©vigny, Alexandre (2005).
4338:
4336:
1894:
1708:
and shellfish, and coastal breezes brought relief from the biting
8836:
8791:
8635:(1986) â MĂkmaq basketmakers and potato diggers in northern Maine
8058:
5779:
1818:
1697:
555:
227:
6285:
The allied tribes occupied the territory which the French named
5245:"Mi'kmaq push for legal lobster sales for non-Indigenous buyers"
4544:
Whitehead, Ruth Holmes; Dennis, Clara; Lonecloud, Jerry (2002).
1817:), an alliance with four other Algonquian-language nations: the
1216:
Dispute over rights-based inshore lobster fishery (2020âpresent)
8757:
8680:
6286:
5376:"Fisheries conflict: Mi'kmaw Chiefs declare state of emergency"
5014:. Law and society series. Vancouver ; Toronto: UBC Press.
4921:"Factsheet: The 1999 Supreme Court of Canada Marshall Decision"
4537:
4371:
Kekina'muek (learning)Learning about the Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia
4333:
4315:
Kekina'muek (learning)Learning about the Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia
3359:
3035:
2911:
2855:
2306:
1807:
the first military conflict between the Mi'kmaq and New England
1745:
1246:
721:
704:
535:
387:
375:
149:
8697:
6943:"Decision week for thousands of applicants to the Qalipu band"
6801:
6265:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. p. 54.
6212:
Bock, Philip K. (1978). "Micmac". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).
3957:"It is now the preferred choice of our People." See Paul:2000.
1604:
Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission
8816:
5762:"Massive fire destroys lobster pound in southern Nova Scotia"
5352:"Mi'kmaq lobster dispute: A conflict brewing since the 1700s"
3886:
Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki,
2987:
2337:
2209:(3rd from left with beard) meets Governor General of Canada,
1729:
1717:
1045:
aq Piktuk (Epegwitg aq Pigtug), Eskikewa'kik (Esge'gewa'gi),
867:. Adopting a term from the English, they referred to them as
398:. The traditional national territory of the Mi'kmaq is named
395:
342:
159:
8408:
The MĂkmaq: Resistance, Accommodation, and Cultural Survival
6998:"Nova Scotia Chiefs Raise Concerns over Qalipu Miêkmaq Band"
4442:
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, Government of Canada
1017:. Taqamgug was historically part of Onamag before the 1800s.
8811:
8806:
8428:
The Old Man Told Us: Excerpts from MĂkmaq History 1500â1950
8243:"50 Things You Don't Know About Halifax â Halifax Magazine"
7237:
7060:"Defining Aboriginal Identity: What the Courts Have Stated"
6240:
6138:. New York and London: Longman, Green, and Co. p. 206.
3795:, a scout around the time of the American Revolutionary War
2333:
1923:, did not cede hunting, fishing, and gathering rights. The
554:
and was baptised. He concluded an alliance with the French
6297:-speaking tribes. The Mi'kmaq name for this peninsula was
4688:. Sainte-Foy, Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval/IQRC.
1207:
On November 9, 2020, a group of Mi'kmaq First Nations and
894:, meaning "The Brother(s)/Ally(ies)", with the use of the
8717:
8172:. Boston : The Society – via Internet Archive.
8121:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
8013:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7986:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7932:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7905:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7851:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7797:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7763:
7745:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7718:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7664:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7583:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7529:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7475:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7448:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
7421:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2008-11-14
6179:. Northeast. Vol. 15. Smithsonian Institution Press.
5814:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4229:
Mi'kmawe'l Tan Teli-kina'muemk Teaching About the Mi'kmaq
2413:
1856:
and political claim (apart from Cape Breton) by the 1713
1705:
1042:
1013:, the eighth district that includes the entire island of
707:
prayer in Mi'kmaq hieroglyphics by Christian Kauder, 1866
336:
333:
6540:
6538:
5043:
Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall, Jr. Prosecution
4543:
4496:(Vol. 38 ed.). Cleveland: Burrows Bros. p. 27.
4225:
2408:
1537:
like a racial slur and six gunshots in the background."
955:, what they called themselves, were linked to the words
951:, the name the Mi'kmaq used to describe their land, and
602:
Traditionally, the Grand Council met on a small island,
7097:"Thousands of Qalipu Mi'kmaq applicants rejected again"
5369:
5367:
5365:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5232:
4982:"Maritime waters calm a decade after Marshall decision"
4626:
4624:
4622:
4562:
4244:
4242:
4179:"Thousands of Qalipu Mi'kmaq applicants rejected again"
3763:, a Mi'kmaw chief and medical practitioner in the 1850s
2105:
was a British officer and reformer who established the
1352:
In the March 2021 report's backgrounder, Surette cited
728:, in his German Christian catechism published in 1866.
8712:
8145:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
8118:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
8010:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7983:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7956:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7929:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7902:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7875:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7848:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7821:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7794:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7742:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7715:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7688:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7661:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7634:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7607:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7580:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7553:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7526:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7499:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7472:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7445:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7418:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7391:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7364:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7337:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7310:
CrownâIndigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
7034:"Statement to United Nations Special Rapporteur Anaya"
6716:
6714:
6667:(Press release). Nova Scotia Museum. October 11, 2002.
6593:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6583:
5317:
4906:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4198:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09).
3111:
Big Hole Tract 8 (South Half), Eel Ground 2, Renous 12
1571:
1009:
Mi'kma'ki: Divided into seven districts. Not shown is
30:
This article is about the people. For other uses, see
6535:
6311:
Nicholas, Andrea Bear. "Mascarene's treaty of 1725".
6168:
6096:"Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site"
5453:
5451:
5449:
5207:
5143:
5141:
4874:(2 ed.). Halifax: Nimbus Publisher. p. 98.
4571:"Tradition, Change and Survival: Mi'kmaq Tourist Art"
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
2429:
1622:
The first Mi'kmaq-operated school in Nova Scotiaâthe
1065:
Current federal and provincial relations with Mi'kmaq
583:
in his court defence. He lost his case. In 1985, the
351:
8645:
8396:
7683:"Registered Population: Listuguj Mi'gmaq Government"
6796:
6794:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6044:
6042:
6040:
5502:
5362:
5229:
5057:
4802:
4619:
4239:
4235:. The Mi'kmawey Debert Cultural Centre. p. 106.
4197:
1177:
On the tenth anniversary of the benchmark decision,
878:
Various explanations exist for the rise of the term
836:) is the term the Mi'kmaq use for themselves, their
8410:. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology. Wadsworth.
8322:. St. John's, Newfoundland: Harry Cuff Publishing.
8169:
Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society
8148:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7959:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7878:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7824:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7691:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7637:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7629:"Registered Population: La Nation Micmac de Gespeg"
7610:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7556:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7502:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7394:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7367:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7340:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
7313:. First Nation Profiles. Government of Canada. 2023
6711:
6665:"New Book Features First Known Memoir of a Mi'kmaq"
6600:
Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society
6580:
6319:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
4546:
Tracking Doctor Lonecloud: showman to legend keeper
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4268:
1653:
Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site
871:. The British originally referred to the people as
668:
Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site
620:(Newfoundland) was historically defined as part of
339:
330:
327:
8315:
8307:
6618:"The Slingshot: Improving the Modern Hockey Stick"
6142:
5446:
5442:(Report). Macdonald-Laurier Institute. p. 52.
5343:
5138:
4683:
4658:Mi'kmaq landscapes: from animism to sacred ecology
4389:
4377:. Eastern Woodland Print Communication. p. 11
4321:. Eastern Woodland Print Communication. p. 11
4293:and Government of Nova Scotia â Aboriginal Affairs
1349:as Federal Special Representative to investigate.
1186:Fish Buyers' Licensing and Enforcement Regulations
8380:Niên na L'nu: The Miêkmaq of Prince Edward Island
8265:Memorial University via Collections Canada Theses
6791:
6573:Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society
6448:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 256.
6407:
6037:
5703:Young, Brandon; April, Allan (October 17, 2020).
5414:Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Government of Canada
4950:Pannozzo, Linda; Baxter, Joan (October 5, 2020).
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4790:Niên na L'nu: The Miêkmaq of Prince Edward Island
4507:
4505:
4503:
4099:"Ancient Miêkmaq Customs: A Shaman's Revelations"
2421:
2356:was classified as reserved land for the Mi'kmaq.
2191:
1229:Dispute over rights-based inshore lobster fishery
1166:Supreme Court case which cited section 35 of the
436:nations signed a series of treaties known as the
8987:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
8948:
8752:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5374:Roache, Trina; Moore, Angel (October 18, 2020).
5171:
5169:
5109:
5005:
5003:
4686:The Metallic MĂŹgmaq-English reference dictionary
4423:
1317:Since September 2020, there has been an ongoing
857:The French initially referred to the Mi'kmaq as
739:
27:Indigenous ethnic group of eastern North America
8377:
8226:. Vol. III (1741â1770) (online ed.).
7816:"Registered Population: Micmacs of Gesgapegiag"
6818:. Miawpukek Mi'kamawey Mawi'omi. Archived from
6555:. Vol. VII (1836â1850) (online ed.).
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4630:
4466:
1895:Covenant Chain of Peace and Friendship Treaties
1833:. The Wabanaki Confederacy was allied with the
1696:spawning streams. They next harvested spawning
1612:Legacies of the Shubenacadie Residential School
8445:
8140:"Registered Population: We'koqma'q L'nue'kati"
7255:Canada's First Nations â Native Creation Myths
7180:
6864:"More than 60,000 applying for Mi'kmaq status"
6688:. Vol. XV (1921â1930) (online ed.).
5404:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5396:
4949:
4850:
4500:
4471:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus. pp. 6â7.
2229:Miêkmaq encampment, Sydney, Cape Breton Island
1533:. Their court date is set for March 29, 2021.
1257:Miêkmaq exercising their treaty rights to fish
485:
421:, it is now written using most letters of the
8738:
8278:
6597:
6479:. Vol. V (1801â1820) (online ed.).
6114:
6112:
6058:(Thesis). Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada
5970:
5428:
5166:
5000:
4649:
4631:Schmidt, David L.; Marshall, Murdena (1995).
4467:Schmidt, David L.; Marshall, Murdena (1995).
3676:Cody Bowles, drummer, lead singer-Crown Lands
2119:
1057:. The orthography between parentheses is the
6313:University of New Brunswick Library Journals
6304:
6254:
6183:
5949:"Police investigate death at Bernard's home"
5181:
4969:
4728:
4726:
2480:
2184:In 1863, the Starr Manufacturing Company in
1061:orthography used in the Gespe'gewa'gi area.
886:says that "Mi'kmaq" means "the family". The
853:Relations des JĂ©suites de la Nouvelle-France
7007:. Miêkmaq Rights Initiative. Archived from
6437:
6345:
5998:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Publishing.
5393:
5373:
4679:
4677:
4595:
1076:Mi'kmaqâNova ScotiaâCanada Tripartite Forum
747:By the 1980s, the spelling of the ethnonym
499:Mi'kmaqâNova ScotiaâCanada Tripartite Forum
461:Mi'kmaqâNova ScotiaâCanada Tripartite Forum
370:) are an Indigenous group of people of the
9012:Ethnic groups in Newfoundland and Labrador
8745:
8731:
8695:
8494:. : Printed at the Recorder Office.
8318:On the country: The Micmac of Newfoundland
8249:
7039:. Grand Council of Micmacs. 4 October 2013
6965:
6963:
6682:. In Cook, Ramsay; BĂ©langer, RĂ©al (eds.).
6418:
6109:
5702:
4710:"The use of the terms Mi'kmaq and Mi'kmaw"
4034:"Various Mi'kmaq flags and their meanings"
2683:Eel River 3, Indian Ranch, Moose Meadows 4
2313:in 1949, political leader (later Premier)
2290:
2258:
2012:as a result. In June 1779, Mi'kmaq in the
1785:
926:, "brother(s)/compatriot(s)/comrade(s)").
71:
53:
8676:Mi'kmaq Language. Mass Historical Society
8554:
8458:A Geographic History of Nova Scotia. 1749
8425:
8378:Johnston, A.J.B.; Francis, Jesse (2013).
8358:
7359:"Registered Population: Annapolis Valley"
6740:
6677:
6387:
6325:
6231:
6229:
6205:
6127:
5349:
4869:
4723:
4605:Buch das Gut, enthaltened den Katechismus
4462:
4460:
4458:
3997:Ahousaht Indian Band and Nation v. Canada
3721:team and the Chicago Blackhawks NHL team.
3595:Canadian Indian residential school system
2115:through his own study of their languages.
1617:
1586:Canadian Indian residential school system
1373:implementation of the Marshall decision.
8463:
8285:Jeddore, Roderick Joachim (March 2000),
7211:
6746:
5993:
5788:
5458:Smith, Emma Smith (September 22, 2020).
5089:
5009:
4826:
4787:
4674:
4655:
4491:
4096:
3130:Oinpegitjoig Indian Reserve, Pabineau 11
2412:
2142:
2138:
2026:
1898:
1704:. By May, the seashore offered abundant
1642:
1190:N.S. Fisheries and Coastal Resources Act
1004:
875:, which appears to have a French basis.
695:
560:
8885:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
8713:Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources
8509:
8487:
8401:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
8313:
8284:
8215:
7951:"Registered Population: Pictou Landing"
7186:
7160:
7094:
6969:
6960:
6940:
6888:
6808:
6720:
6576:. Halifax – via Internet Archive.
6544:
6260:
6196:
5759:
5508:
5242:
5092:"Fishermen square off as tempers flare"
5063:
4894:
4844:Weshki-ayaad, Lippert, Gambill (2009).
4248:
4135:
4123:Sock, S., & Paul-Gould, S. (2011).
2097:
1483:, and a woman was grabbed by the neck.
1037:The eight Mi'kmaw districts (including
654:The Mi'kmaq language was written using
649:
94:168,480 claimed Mi'kmaq ancestry (2016)
14:
8949:
8591:Relics of the stone age in Nova Scotia
8240:
7656:"Registered Population: Lennox Island"
7602:"Registered Population: Indian Island"
7494:"Registered Population: Esgenoopetitj"
7440:"Registered Population: Eel River Bar"
7207:
7205:
7161:Connors, Colleen (23 September 2021).
6914:
6721:Jeddore, John Nick (21 October 2011).
6419:Reid, John G.; Conroy, Brenda (2009).
6351:
6226:
6088:
5895:
5561:Googoo, Maureen (September 15, 2020).
5560:
5535:Googoo, Maureen (September 15, 2020).
5534:
5434:
5350:Slaughter, Graham (October 20, 2020).
5271:
5175:
5036:Digest of Findings and Recommendations
4895:Jeddore, John Nick (August 25, 2011).
4601:
4455:
4367:
4311:
4106:The Canadian Journal of Native Studies
3974:, Eastern Woodlands Publishing (1997).
3801:, Saqmaw forced into exile (1865â1944)
2403:Friends of Qalipu Advocacy Association
1797:Military history of the Mi'kmaq people
1700:, gathered waterfowl eggs, and hunted
1608:Shubenacadie Indian Residential School
1489:On Friday, October 16, Prime Minister
1136:Soon after the September 17 decision,
959:, which refers to the colour red, and
365:
8726:
8614:
8587:
8414:
8405:
8345:
8200:
7737:"Registered Population: Metepenagiag"
6647:"Explore the Royal Collection Online"
6468:
6443:
6118:
6048:
5921:
5869:
5843:
5839:
5837:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5643:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5483:
5457:
5323:
5297:
5267:
5265:
5148:Obomsawin, Alanis (Director) (2002).
4835:, Eastern Woodlands Publishing (1997)
4402:
4221:
4219:
4193:
4191:
2602:Annapolis Valley First Nation Reserve
2409:Religion, spirituality, and tradition
1809:), the Mi'kmaq became members of the
1638:
914:, "my brother(s)/comrade(s)") or the
711:Christian Kauder was a missionary in
685:In the late 1670s, French missionary
8708:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
8531:
8255:
7095:Connors, Colleen (8 December 2017).
7057:
6995:
6941:Hillier, Bernice (4 February 2017).
6702:
6310:
6211:
6174:
6133:
6049:Lewis, Roger J (February 20, 2006).
5896:Googoo, Maureen (October 28, 2020).
5617:
4732:
4635:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Pub.
4568:
4511:
4048:"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73)"
3807:, grand chief and spiritual leader (
3789:, first Mi'kmaw judge in Nova Scotia
3667:, folk singer-songwriter and fiddler
2266:worked with historian and archivist
1097:upheld the treaty rights of Mi'kmaw
1082:
526:. The Grand Council was composed of
99:Regions with significant populations
8626:
8296:(Master's), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
8113:"Registered Population: Wagmatcook"
7870:"Registered Population: Natoaganeg"
7548:"Registered Population: Fort Folly"
7467:"Registered Population: Elsipogtog"
7386:"Registered Population: Bear River"
7202:
6705:"In our words, stories of Veterans"
5789:Woodford, Zane (October 20, 2020).
5272:Googoo, Maureen (October 5, 2020).
5243:Meloney, Nic (September 25, 2020).
5064:Meloney, Nic (September 19, 2020).
4702:
4249:Bundale, Brett (October 18, 2020).
2729:EsgenoĂŽpetitj Indian Reserve No. 14
2417:A dancer in the Mi'kmaq celebration
1852:). France lost military control of
1572:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1508:On October 17, Nova Scotia Premier
1209:Premium Brands Holdings Corporation
1069:
802:by the Listuguj Council in Quebec (
631:
24:
8397:Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed. (1999).
8359:Joe, Rita; Choyce, Lesley (2005).
8339:
8054:"Press Release September 26, 2011"
7924:"Registered Population: Paq'tnkek"
7843:"Registered Population: Millbrook"
7789:"Registered Population: Miawpukek"
7710:"Registered Population: Membertou"
7413:"Registered Population: Buctouche"
7275:Cape Breton MĂkmaq site recognized
6915:Newell, David (22 December 2016).
6844:. Government of Canada. April 2008
6214:Handbook of North American Indians
6199:Handbook of North American Indians
6177:Handbook of North American Indians
5966:– via Arnold Pizzo McKiggan.
5834:
5760:Boynton, Sean (October 17, 2020).
5722:
5691:
5662:
5580:
5324:Morin, Brandi (31 December 2020).
5262:
4438:"1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty"
4368:Julien, Donald M. (October 2007).
4312:Julien, Donald M. (October 2007).
4291:Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
4216:
4188:
4154:
4054:. Government of Canada. 2017-10-25
3536:
2662:, Buctouche Mi'kmaq Band Extension
2451:
2430:Oral traditions in Mi'kmaw culture
2147:Mi'kmaq making hockey sticks from
1677:Handbook of North American Indians
963:, "on the earth". Rand translated
736:in North America north of Mexico.
25:
9023:
8696:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
8639:
8220:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
7978:"Registered Population: Potlotek"
7897:"Registered Population: Pabineau"
7575:"Registered Population: Glooscap"
7521:"Registered Population: Eskasoni"
7305:"Registered Population: Abegweit"
6549:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
6473:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
5844:Moore, Angel (January 19, 2021).
5734:Moore, Angel (October 16, 2020).
5672:Moore, Angel (January 20, 2021).
5644:Grant, Taryn (October 14, 2020).
5592:Moore, Angel (October 28, 2020).
5509:Withers, Paul (October 6, 2020).
5298:Moore, Angel (January 26, 2021).
4952:"Lobster fishery at a crossroads"
4656:Hornborg, Anne-Christine (2008).
4512:Cave, Beverley (September 2005).
4403:Weeks, Joan (February 16, 2017).
3617:Grand Chief of the Mi'kmaq Nation
3516:
1549:
1200:According to Chief Terry Paul of
8992:Native American history of Maine
8972:First Nations in Atlantic Canada
8718:Mi'kmaw Native Friendship Centre
8464:Malliard, Antoine Simon (1758).
8399:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
8348:MĂkmaq: Peoples of the Maritimes
8256:Tulk, Jamie Esther (July 2008),
8234:
8223:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
8209:
8194:
8176:
8159:
8132:
8105:
8081:
8024:
7997:
7970:
7943:
7916:
7889:
7862:
7835:
7808:
7781:
7756:
7729:
7702:
7675:
7648:
7621:
7594:
7567:
7540:
7513:
7486:
7459:
7432:
7405:
7378:
7351:
7324:
7297:
7288:
7279:
7267:
7248:
7230:
7154:
7128:
7114:
7088:
7051:
7026:
6989:
6970:Thomson, Aly (7 February 2017).
6934:
6908:
6889:Howells, Laura (27 March 2016).
6882:
6856:
6834:
6766:
6707:. Miêkmaq Maliseet Nations News.
6703:Sark, John Joe (December 2013).
6696:
6685:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
6671:
6657:
6639:
6610:
6563:
6552:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
6526:
6500:
6487:
6476:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
6462:
6444:Plank, Geoffrey Gilbert (2003).
6381:
6372:
5618:Ryan, Hailey (October 5, 2020).
4897:"There were no Indians here ..."
4444:, Treaty Texts, November 3, 2008
3926:Qalipu Miêkmaq First Nation Band
3879:
3859:
3841:
3673:, film director and screenwriter
3655:, screenwriter and film director
3248:(administrative headquarters in
2860:(administrative headquarters in
2271:his epitaph, his final honour."
2246:
2234:
2222:
2198:
2169:The Miêkmaq practice of playing
1790:
1041:which is often not counted) are
323:
92:66,748 registered members (2023)
8997:Native American tribes in Maine
8561:. New York : J.B. Kirker.
8426:Whitehead, Ruth Holmes (2004).
8062:(Press release). Archived from
8005:"Registered Population: Qalipu"
7332:"Registered Population: Acadia"
6747:Contenta, Sandro (5 May 2013).
6678:Whitehead, Ruth Holmes (2005).
6358:. University of Toronto Press.
6279:
6220:
6123:. Vol. 112, No. 230. p. 3.
6079:
6070:
6012:
5941:
5915:
5889:
5870:Moore, Angel (March 31, 2021).
5863:
5808:
5753:
5637:
5611:
5554:
5528:
5477:
5291:
5083:
5028:
4888:
4838:
4796:
4781:
4756:
4485:
4361:
4305:
3989:
3977:
3960:
3951:
3938:
3911:Military history of Nova Scotia
3558:Toronto Metropolitan University
3355:
2092:
1540:
934:Red Earth: Tales of the Mi'kmaq
8382:. Charlottetown: Acorn Press.
8241:Sawler, Sarah (30 July 2013).
8216:Johnson, Micheline D. (1974).
7187:Meloney, Nic (25 April 2018).
5922:Moore, Angel (March 3, 2021).
4764:"Mi'kmaq Portraits Collection"
4172:
4136:Gallant, David Joseph (2008).
4129:
4117:
4090:
4065:
4040:
4026:
4012:
3906:List of grand chiefs (Mi'kmaq)
3543:List of grand chiefs (Mi'kmaq)
3454: 6,000
3443: 5,000
3432: 4,000
3421: 3,100
3410: 3,000
3399: 2,000
3388: 3,000
3377: 4,500
2467:
2422:Current forms of Mi'kmaw faith
2346:Miawpukek Mi'kmaq First Nation
2192:Gallery of 19th century images
1576:In 2005, Nova Scotian Mi'kmaw
1529:and 8 for break-and-enter and
546:On June 24, 1610, Grand Chief
394:in the northeastern region of
77:A Miêkmaw father and child at
13:
1:
8539:. Halifax, N.S.? : s.n.
6421:Nova Scotia: a pocket history
4344:"Mi'kmaq Historical Overview"
4006:
3944:Anne-Christine Hornbord is a
3808:
2592:Annapolis Valley First Nation
2317:declared that there were "no
2274:
2217:, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1879.
2159:
1956:Nova Scotia: a pocket history
1602:In autumn 2011, there was an
1463:, federal Fisheries minister
1340:
930:Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye
814:) in some native literature.
419:Mi'kmaw hieroglyphic writing
8532:Rand, Silas Tertius (1850).
8406:Prins, Harald E. L. (1996).
6134:Rand, Silas Tertius (1894).
5435:Coates, Ken (October 2019).
5151:Is the Crown at war with us?
5124:"CBC News In-depth: Fishing"
5090:CBC News (October 4, 1999).
4803:Lydia Affleck; Simon White.
4719:. Government of Nova Scotia.
4020:"Mi'kmaq Grand Council Flag"
3572:
3547:
3195:Franklin Manor No. 22 (Part)
3152:Franklin Manor No. 22 (Part)
3090:, Tufts Cove Indian Reserve
2852:La Nation Mi'kmaq de Gespeg
2487:Mi'kmaw hieroglyphic writing
2390:that defined rights for the
2378:announced recognition by an
2207:Jacques-Pierre Peminuit Paul
2055:Supreme Court of Nova Scotia
1222:2020 Mi'kmaq lobster dispute
1151:Is the Crown at war with us?
1032:
990:
656:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
62:Flag of the Mi'kmaq Nation.
7:
8671:MĂkmaq Portraits Collection
8446:Archival primary references
8228:University of Toronto Press
7764:"Aroostook Band of Micmacs"
6690:University of Toronto Press
6557:University of Toronto Press
6481:University of Toronto Press
6388:Patterson, Stephen (2009).
6352:Wicken, William C. (2002).
6326:Patterson, Stephen (2009).
6261:Costain, Thomas B. (1954).
5484:Tress, Robin (2020-10-15).
4925:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
4788:Johnston, A. J. B. (2013).
4492:Thwaites, Ruben G. (1959).
3894:
3725:
3680:
3239:Qalipu Mi'kmaq First Nation
2962:Metepenagiag Mi'kmaq Nation
2907:Listuguj Mi'gmaq Government
2894:Lennox Island Reserve No. 5
2820:, Glooscap Landing Reserve
1595:the lawsuit for upwards of
1408:
1366:Macdonald-Laurier Institute
1362:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
1354:Macdonald-Laurier Institute
1159:Burnt Church, New Brunswick
1149:feature-length documentary
1093:On September 17, 1999, the
774:) in Prince Edward Island (
10:
9028:
8555:Vetromile, Eugene (1866).
8346:Davis, Stephen A. (1998).
8294:University of Saskatchewan
7238:"Mi'kmaq Spirit Home Page"
6301:(meaning "last-acquired").
5154:. Event occurs at 1:36:35
5010:McMillan, L. Jane (2018).
4870:Robertson, Marion (2006).
4846:Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary
4792:. Acorn Press. p. 96.
4742:(2nd ed.). Fernwood.
4602:Kauder, Christian (1866).
3769:, first Mi'kmaw to earn a
3623:
3567:University of Saskatchewan
3540:
3525:, and place names such as
2719:EsgenoĂŽpetitj First Nation
2674:Eel River Bar First Nation
2294:
2281:Lennox Island First Nation
2181:, also known as ironwood.
2120:Mi'kmaq Missionary Society
1885:Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
1794:
1633:
1383:St. Marys Bay, Nova Scotia
1378:Sipekne'katik First Nation
1323:Sipekne'katik First Nation
1219:
1086:
1021:Mi'kmaw Country, known as
994:
977:Mi'kmaq Magic and Medicine
850:
635:
417:language. Once written in
29:
8926:
8912:
8900:
8871:
8850:
8782:
8764:
8686:The Mi'kmaq of Megumaagee
8201:Bates, George T. (1961).
7212:Robinson, Angela (2005).
6423:. Halifax: Fernwood Pub.
6121:The North American Review
4142:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3244:Newfoundland and Labrador
3015:Newfoundland and Labrador
2481:First Nation subdivisions
2352:, and their community of
2348:was recognized under the
2037:Shubenacadie First Nation
1998:Battle of Fort Cumberland
1969:expulsion of the Acadians
1457:Assembly of First Nations
1305:
1300:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1241:
1233:
1228:
987:, in reference to magic.
944:had also suggested this.
689:, who was working in the
626:Newfoundland and Labrador
374:, native to the areas of
275:
265:
257:
249:
220:
215:
203:
198:
183:
178:
168:
158:
148:
138:
128:
120:Newfoundland and Labrador
118:
103:
98:
91:
86:
70:
52:
45:
8872:Treaties and land claims
8691:MĂkmaq Learning Resource
8681:MĂkmaq Dictionary Online
8582:Thomas Pichon on Miêkmaq
8510:Bromley, Walter (1822).
8488:Bromley, Walter (1814).
6545:Fingard, Judith (1988).
6469:Upton, L. F. S. (1983).
5994:Benjamin, Chris (2014).
5490:The Council of Canadians
4569:Dubé, Alexandre (2003).
4097:Lockerby, Earle (2004).
3931:
3754:
1973:University of Cincinnati
1237:September 2020 â ongoing
902:, opposed to the use of
890:refer to the Mi'kmaq as
848:(my kin) as a greeting.
205:Native American religion
32:Mi'kmaq (disambiguation)
9007:Ethnic groups in Canada
8977:First Nations in Quebec
8879:Great Peace of Montreal
8858:Seven Nations of Canada
7264:, University of Calgary
6119:Elder, William (1871).
4162:"Programs and Services"
3836:(from north to south):
3827:
3693:Jahkeele Marshall-Rutty
3288:, Wallace Hills No. 14A
3156:Paqtnkek-Niktuek No. 23
3142:Paqtnkek Mi'kmaq Nation
3031:Mi'kmaqs of Gesgapegiag
2695:Elsipogtog First Nation
2619:Bear River First Nation
2291:Mi'kmaq of Newfoundland
2259:20th and 21st centuries
1985:United Empire Loyalists
1960:Saint Mary's University
1786:17th and 18th centuries
1376:In September 2020, the
1095:Supreme Court of Canada
759:is used as singular of
585:Supreme Court of Canada
443:Supreme Court of Canada
79:Tufts Cove, Nova Scotia
8982:History of Nova Scotia
8784:Ethnolinguistic groups
8768:Northeastern Woodlands
8656:Bras D'Or First Nation
8633:Our Lives in Our Hands
8516:. London? : s.n.
8482:Miêkmaq Language, 1797
8451:In chronological order
8314:Jackson, Doug (1993).
6774:"The Mi'kmaq (Micmac)"
6263:The White and The Gold
6136:Legends of the Micmacs
4833:Mi'kmaw Resource Guide
4717:Office of Lânu Affairs
4348:Cape Breton University
3984:CBC News reported that
3972:Mi'kmaw Resource Guide
3822:Millbrook First Nation
3761:Peter Paul Toney Babey
3581:, activist (1946â1976)
2650:Buctouche First Nation
2418:
2186:Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
2166:
2129:Hantsport, Nova Scotia
2117:
2043:
1908:
1903:Mi'kmaw Encampment by
1850:Father Le Loutre's War
1842:French and Indian Wars
1648:
1624:Mi'kmaq Kina' matnewey
1618:Mi'kmaq Kina' matnewey
1557:Membertou First Nation
1418:and Weymouth wharves.
1202:Membertou First Nation
1184:However, by 2020, the
1047:Kespek (Gespe'gewa'gi)
1018:
884:Mi'kmaw Resource Guide
740:Etymology of the word
708:
570:
372:Northeastern Woodlands
8901:Regional councils and
8705:Catholic Encyclopedia
8615:Speck, Frank (1922).
8609:Rand and the Mi'kmaqs
8588:Piers, Harry (1896).
8430:. Nimbus Publishing.
8415:Speck, Frank (1922).
8363:. Nimbus Publishing.
7216:. Pearson Education.
6517:the Stars and Stripes
6515:and replaced it with
6397:Native Studies Review
6335:Native Studies Review
3874:, Pigwacket/Pequawket
3773:and recipient of the
3331:We'koqma'q L'nue'kati
3212:Potlotek First Nation
3199:Merigomish Harbour 31
2808:Glooscap First Nation
2521:Abegweit First Nation
2489:, the orthography of
2416:
2253:Miêkmaq people (1865)
2241:Miêkmaq People (1873)
2146:
2139:Mi'kmaq hockey sticks
2112:
2030:
1905:Hibbert Newton Binney
1902:
1646:
1431:Eskasoni First Nation
1427:Potlotek First Nation
1008:
851:Further information:
782:), and Newfoundland (
699:
564:
495:Mi'kmaw Grand Council
456:Mi'kmaw Grand Council
283:
216:Related ethnic groups
114:Canada, United States
9002:Wabanaki Confederacy
8962:Algonquian ethnonyms
8863:Iroquois Confederacy
8361:The MĂkmaq Anthology
6802:"Enrolment â Qalipu"
6723:"Getting recognized"
5195:. September 24, 2020
4988:. September 17, 2009
4114:see page 418, note 2
4077:Native-Languages.org
3834:Wabanaki Confederacy
3771:teaching certificate
3767:Elsie Charles Basque
3647:Degrassi: Next Class
3601:Donald Marshall, Jr.
3498: 66,748
3183:Boat Harbour West 37
2881:Prince Edward Island
2526:Prince Edward Island
2376:Government of Canada
2107:Royal Acadian School
2098:Royal Acadian School
1981:New England Planters
1871:, Lawrencetown, and
1815:Wabanaki Confederacy
1590:Government of Canada
1582:class-action lawsuit
1475:Chief Mike Sack was
1055:Unama'kik (Unama'gi)
844:, but used the term
794:) in New Brunswick (
650:Hieroglyphic writing
170:Prince Edward Island
8851:Historical polities
8651:Benoit First Nation
8646:Qalipu First Nation
8594:. S.l. : s.n.
7140:Qalipu First Nation
4927:, November 20, 2019
4583:on October 21, 2020
4523:Memorial University
4204:www12.statcan.gc.ca
4052:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3782:, Senator of Canada
3587:, health campaigner
3565:, professor at the
3487: 20,000
3476: 15,000
3465: 10,000
2890:Lennox Island No. 6
2552:Acadia First Nation
2297:Qalipu First Nation
2060:In 1986, the first
2002:Treaty of Watertown
1992:, many Mi'kmaw and
1990:American Revolution
1979:The arrival of the
1962:history professor,
1934:, on behalf of the
1665:Memorial University
1452:Middle West Pubnico
1147:National Film Board
1142:Burnt Church Crisis
1099:Donald Marshall Jr.
734:indigenous language
687:Chrestien Le Clercq
407:Qalipu First Nation
42:
18:Mi'kmaq people
8967:Algonquian peoples
8754:Indigenous peoples
8618:Beothuk and Micmac
8418:Beothuk and Micmac
8188:www.dickshovel.com
8089:"Who We Are Today"
7770:. Presque Isle, ME
7260:2014-01-14 at the
6996:Battiste, Jaimie.
6976:The Globe and Mail
6680:"Lonecloud, Jerry"
6523:, p. 218, note 94)
6521:History of Halifax
6293:at the expense of
6291:St. Lawrence River
6154:Nova Scotia Museum
5953:Halifax Daily News
5928:APTN National News
5876:APTN National News
5850:APTN National News
5821:APTN National News
5740:APTN National News
5678:APTN National News
5598:APTN National News
5304:APTN National News
4768:Nova Scotia Museum
3916:Silas Tertius Rand
3901:Algonquian peoples
3739:Jean-Baptiste Cope
3523:HMCS Mi'kmaq (R10)
3191:Fisher's Grant 24G
3019:Samiajij Miawpukek
2802:Amlamkuk Kwesawék
2491:Silas Tertius Rand
2419:
2366:In 2003, Minister
2325:or recognition as
2167:
2125:Silas Tertius Rand
2083:Jean-Baptiste Cope
2044:
1932:Jean-Baptiste Cope
1909:
1670:Nova Scotia Museum
1649:
1639:Pre-contact period
1289:Commercial fishers
1051:Ktaqmkuk (Gtaqamg)
1019:
780:Mi'kma'ki-Unama'ki
709:
680:Nova Scotia Museum
571:
541:Cape Breton Island
415:Eastern Algonquian
380:Atlantic Provinces
223:Algonquian peoples
40:
8944:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8389:978-1-894838-93-1
8352:Nimbus Publishing
7142:. 7 November 2019
7076:on 4 January 2019
7058:Battiste, Jaime.
7014:on 5 January 2019
6822:on April 14, 2021
6816:"About Miawpukek"
6547:"Bromley, Walter"
6455:978-0-8122-0710-1
6430:978-1-55266-325-7
6365:978-0-8020-7665-6
6005:978-1-77108-213-6
5021:978-0-7748-3748-4
4900:TheIndependent.ca
4881:978-1-55109-575-2
4809:Native Traditions
4749:978-1-55266-039-3
4695:978-2-7637-8015-3
4667:978-0-7546-6371-3
4642:978-1-55109-069-6
4555:978-0-86492-356-1
4289:(Press release).
3866:Eastern Abenaki (
3714:, played for the
3701:, played for the
3689:, marathon runner
3505:
3504:
3353:
3352:
3206:Puksaqtéknékatik
3187:Fisher's Grant 24
2580:, Hammonds Plains
2211:Marquess of Lorne
2151:Ostrya virginiana
1921:Father Rale's War
1858:Treaty of Utrecht
1846:Father Rale's War
1803:King Philip's War
1772:Thomas B. Costain
1465:Bernadette Jordan
1315:
1314:
1296:
1295:
1188:, under the 1996
1083:Marshall decision
505:Historically the
466:Historically the
367:[miËÉĄmaÉŁ]
290:
289:
245:
244:
65:
16:(Redirected from
9019:
8927:Tribal Council 2
8913:Tribal Council 1
8910:
8909:
8766:Cultural areas:
8747:
8740:
8733:
8724:
8723:
8709:
8701:
8627:Documentary film
8622:
8605:
8572:
8550:
8527:
8505:
8471:
8441:
8422:
8411:
8402:
8393:
8374:
8355:
8334:
8333:
8321:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8291:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8262:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8198:
8192:
8191:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8085:
8079:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8066:on July 26, 2012
8049:
8047:
8045:
8028:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8001:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7937:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7866:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7760:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7679:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7561:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7301:
7295:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7242:www.muiniskw.org
7234:
7228:
7227:
7209:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7158:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7075:
7069:. Archived from
7067:Mikmaqrights.com
7064:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7038:
7030:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7013:
7005:mikmaqrights.com
7002:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6967:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6870:. 4 October 2012
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6798:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6776:. Archived from
6770:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6753:The Toronto Star
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6718:
6709:
6708:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6624:. Archived from
6614:
6608:
6607:
6595:
6578:
6577:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6542:
6533:
6530:
6524:
6504:
6498:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6416:
6405:
6404:
6394:
6385:
6379:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6332:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6308:
6302:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6239:. Archived from
6233:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6194:
6181:
6180:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6057:
6046:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6022:. Archived from
6016:
6010:
6009:
5991:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5955:. Archived from
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5841:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5795:Halifax Examiner
5786:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5731:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5700:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5455:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5406:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5371:
5360:
5359:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5269:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5240:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5145:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5120:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5040:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5007:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4978:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4956:Halifax Examiner
4947:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4917:
4904:
4903:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4867:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4811:. Archived from
4800:
4794:
4793:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4714:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4628:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4579:. Archived from
4566:
4560:
4559:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4520:
4509:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4464:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4434:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4400:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4376:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4283:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4246:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4195:
4186:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4000:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3949:
3942:
3883:
3863:
3845:
3813:
3810:
3716:Quebec Nordiques
3712:Everett Sanipass
3613:Gabriel Sylliboy
3360:
3076:Sheet Harbour 36
2938:Caribou Marsh 29
2840:Indian Island 28
2500:
2499:
2437:creation stories
2380:order-in-council
2285:Battle of Amiens
2250:
2238:
2226:
2202:
2175:ice hockey stick
2164:
2161:
2149:hornbeam trees (
2087:Peregrine Hopson
2074:Constitution Act
2047:Gabriel Sylliboy
2031:Monument to the
2010:Continental Army
1948:Halifax Treaties
1925:Halifax Treaties
1877:Seven Years' War
1598:
1580:led the largest
1461:Perry Bellegarde
1347:Allister Surette
1321:dispute between
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1226:
1225:
1168:Constitution Act
1155:Alanis Obomsawin
1109:Constitution Act
1070:Tripartite Forum
1011:Taqamgug/Tagamuk
778:), Nova Scotia (
638:Mi'kmaq language
632:Mi'kmaq language
574:Gabriel Sylliboy
567:Gabriel Sylliboy
402:(or Mi'gma'gi).
392:Native Americans
369:
364:
354:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
322:
247:
246:
87:Total population
75:
63:
57:
43:
39:
21:
9027:
9026:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9017:
9016:
8947:
8946:
8945:
8936:
8922:
8902:
8896:
8891:Paix des Braves
8867:
8846:
8778:
8760:
8751:
8699:"Micmacs"
8666:Mi'kmaq History
8642:
8629:
8602:
8569:
8547:
8524:
8502:
8448:
8438:
8390:
8371:
8342:
8340:Further reading
8337:
8330:
8312:
8308:
8299:
8297:
8289:
8283:
8279:
8270:
8268:
8260:
8254:
8250:
8239:
8235:
8218:"Laurent, Paul"
8214:
8210:
8199:
8195:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8164:
8160:
8151:
8149:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8124:
8122:
8111:
8110:
8106:
8097:
8095:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8069:
8067:
8052:
8043:
8041:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8016:
8014:
8003:
8002:
7998:
7989:
7987:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7962:
7960:
7949:
7948:
7944:
7935:
7933:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7908:
7906:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7881:
7879:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7854:
7852:
7841:
7840:
7836:
7827:
7825:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7800:
7798:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7773:
7771:
7762:
7761:
7757:
7748:
7746:
7735:
7734:
7730:
7721:
7719:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7694:
7692:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7667:
7665:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7640:
7638:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7613:
7611:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7586:
7584:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7559:
7557:
7546:
7545:
7541:
7532:
7530:
7519:
7518:
7514:
7505:
7503:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7478:
7476:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7451:
7449:
7438:
7437:
7433:
7424:
7422:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7397:
7395:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7370:
7368:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7343:
7341:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7316:
7314:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7293:
7289:
7284:
7280:
7272:
7268:
7262:Wayback Machine
7253:
7249:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7210:
7203:
7193:
7191:
7185:
7181:
7171:
7169:
7159:
7155:
7145:
7143:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7124:. 28 June 2018.
7120:
7119:
7115:
7105:
7103:
7093:
7089:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7062:
7056:
7052:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7027:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7000:
6994:
6990:
6980:
6978:
6968:
6961:
6951:
6949:
6939:
6935:
6925:
6923:
6913:
6909:
6899:
6897:
6887:
6883:
6873:
6871:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6845:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6823:
6814:
6813:
6809:
6800:
6799:
6792:
6783:
6781:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6757:
6755:
6745:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6727:The Independent
6719:
6712:
6701:
6697:
6676:
6672:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6631:
6629:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6596:
6581:
6568:
6564:
6543:
6536:
6531:
6527:
6505:
6501:
6492:
6488:
6467:
6463:
6456:
6442:
6438:
6431:
6417:
6408:
6392:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6366:
6350:
6346:
6330:
6324:
6320:
6309:
6305:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6259:
6255:
6246:
6244:
6235:
6234:
6227:
6221:
6210:
6206:
6195:
6184:
6173:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6156:. April 8, 2013
6148:
6147:
6143:
6132:
6128:
6117:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6027:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6006:
5992:
5971:
5962:
5960:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5932:
5930:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5902:Ku'ku'kwes News
5894:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5852:
5842:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5787:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5732:
5723:
5713:
5711:
5701:
5692:
5682:
5680:
5670:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5590:
5581:
5571:
5569:
5567:Ku'ku'kwes News
5559:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5541:Ku'ku'kwes News
5533:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5507:
5503:
5494:
5492:
5482:
5478:
5468:
5466:
5456:
5447:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5394:
5384:
5382:
5372:
5363:
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5322:
5318:
5308:
5306:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5280:
5278:Ku'ku'kwes News
5270:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5241:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5174:
5167:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5146:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5121:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5072:
5062:
5058:
5048:
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4757:
4750:
4734:Paul, Daniel N.
4731:
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4185:, Dec 08, 2017.
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3956:
3952:
3946:Lund University
3943:
3939:
3934:
3897:
3890:
3884:
3875:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3830:
3811:
3805:Henri Membertou
3787:Timothy Gabriel
3775:Order of Canada
3757:
3728:
3695:, soccer player
3683:
3638:, visual artist
3626:
3585:J. Kevin Barlow
3579:Anna Mae Aquash
3575:
3556:, professor at
3554:Pamela Palmater
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:Notable Mi'kmaq
3519:
3358:
3343:, Whycocomagh 2
3312:, Margaree 25,
3286:Shubenacadie 13
3274:Indian Brook 14
3222:Chapel Island 5
3068:Cole Harbour 30
2886:Lennox Island 1
2704:Richibucto 15,
2570:Medway River 11
2566:Ponhook Lake 10
2483:
2470:
2454:
2452:Spiritual sites
2432:
2424:
2411:
2299:
2293:
2277:
2264:Jerry Lonecloud
2261:
2254:
2251:
2242:
2239:
2230:
2227:
2218:
2213:, Red Chamber,
2203:
2194:
2162:
2141:
2122:
2100:
2095:
1897:
1889:Treaty of Paris
1801:In the wake of
1799:
1793:
1788:
1765:Jacques Cartier
1641:
1636:
1620:
1596:
1574:
1552:
1543:
1527:break-and-enter
1459:national chief
1411:
1343:
1331:Yarmouth County
1319:lobster fishing
1292:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1249:
1224:
1218:
1091:
1085:
1072:
1067:
1035:
1003:
995:Main articles:
993:
973:Stansbury Hagar
855:
745:
724:prayer and the
691:Gaspé Peninsula
652:
640:
634:
491:
384:Gaspé Peninsula
359:
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326:
320:
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282:
261:Lnu'k (Mi'kmaq)
225:
113:
93:
82:
66:
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38:
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23:
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8640:External links
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8476:Thomas Picheon
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8267:, Newfoundland
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7768:Mi'kmaq Nation
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6471:"Julien, John"
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5045:(Report). 1989
5027:
5020:
4999:
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4905:
4887:
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4825:
4805:"Our Language"
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3872:Arosaguntacook
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3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3734:(18th century)
3732:Ătienne BĂątard
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3709:
3703:Calgary Flames
3699:Sandy McCarthy
3696:
3690:
3687:Patti Catalano
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3653:Bretten Hannam
3650:
3639:
3636:Ursula Johnson
3633:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3619:, 1918 to 1964
3610:
3607:Daniel N. Paul
3604:
3598:
3588:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3563:Marie Battiste
3560:
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3517:Commemorations
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3173:Pictou Landing
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3064:Beaver Lake 17
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2983:Mi'kmaq Nation
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2831:Indian Island
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2506:Province/State
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2479:
2474:Abies balsamea
2469:
2466:
2458:Bras d'Or Lake
2453:
2450:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2410:
2407:
2315:Joey Smallwood
2295:Main article:
2292:
2289:
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2256:
2255:
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2221:
2219:
2215:Province House
2204:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2140:
2137:
2121:
2118:
2103:Walter Bromley
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2079:Treaty of 1752
2051:Treaty of 1752
2033:Treaty of 1752
1896:
1893:
1860:with England.
1854:Acadia in 1710
1835:Acadian people
1795:Main article:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1776:Saint Lawrence
1742:dry-curing cod
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1619:
1616:
1573:
1570:
1551:
1550:Talks with DFO
1548:
1542:
1539:
1510:Stephen McNeil
1503:Province House
1491:Justin Trudeau
1477:sucker punched
1469:Stephen McNeil
1425:On October 1,
1410:
1407:
1393:) district of
1389:(also spelled
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1194:Bay of Chaleur
1128:First Nations
1114:Treaty of 1752
1087:Main article:
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1068:
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992:
989:
979:that the word
942:Marc Lescarbot
744:
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661:Latin alphabet
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636:Main article:
633:
630:
608:Bras d'Or Lake
593:Stephen McNeil
581:Treaty of 1752
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486:Grand Council
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438:Covenant Chain
423:Latin alphabet
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8536:to that tribe
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7208:
7206:
7190:
7183:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7123:
7117:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7035:
7029:
7010:
7006:
6999:
6992:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6964:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6922:
6918:
6911:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6843:
6837:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6803:
6797:
6795:
6780:on 2022-05-18
6779:
6775:
6769:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6715:
6706:
6699:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6674:
6666:
6660:
6652:
6648:
6642:
6628:on 2015-06-10
6627:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6605:
6601:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6575:
6574:
6566:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6541:
6539:
6529:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6508:St. Aspinquid
6503:
6496:
6490:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6465:
6457:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6402:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6375:
6367:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6348:
6340:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6274:
6268:
6264:
6257:
6243:on 2007-01-25
6242:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6208:
6200:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6178:
6171:
6155:
6151:
6150:"Roger Lewis"
6145:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6115:
6113:
6097:
6091:
6082:
6073:
6054:
6053:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6026:on 2014-10-26
6025:
6021:
6015:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5959:on 2008-10-26
5958:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5877:
5873:
5866:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5838:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5783:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5741:
5737:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5666:
5650:
5647:
5640:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5438:
5431:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5266:
5254:September 28,
5250:
5246:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5216:
5210:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5172:
5170:
5153:
5152:
5144:
5142:
5126:. May 9, 2004
5125:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5044:
5037:
5031:
5023:
5017:
5013:
5006:
5004:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4901:
4898:
4891:
4883:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4847:
4841:
4834:
4829:
4815:on 2006-12-16
4814:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4784:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4751:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4718:
4711:
4705:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4678:
4669:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4576:McCord Museum
4572:
4565:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4524:
4517:
4516:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4495:
4488:
4480:
4478:1-55109-069-4
4474:
4470:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4411:. Nova Scotia
4410:
4406:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4243:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4220:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4112:(2): 403â423.
4111:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4035:
4029:
4021:
4015:
4011:
3998:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3853:Passamaquoddy
3850:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3823:
3820:, a chief of
3819:
3818:Lawrence Paul
3816:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:Brian Francis
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:Amanda Peters
3657:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3511:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:Verification
3368:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:Malagawatch 4
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:Malagawatch 4
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:SipeknĂkatik
3293:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Sipekne'katik
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Malagawatch 4
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Welnek No. 38
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:New Brunswick
3124:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:New Brunswick
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:New Brunswick
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:Membertou 28B
2943:
2942:Malagawatch 4
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Lennox Island
2874:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2847:Lnui Menikuk
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:New Brunswick
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:New Brunswick
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Malagawatch 4
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:Pokemouche 13
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:New Brunswick
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Soegao No. 35
2703:
2701:
2700:New Brunswick
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:New Brunswick
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:New Brunswick
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Bear River 6B
2634:
2633:Bear River 6A
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:Gold River 21
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:Rocky Point 3
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:Miêkmaw name
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2427:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2374:In 2011, the
2372:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2361:David Crombie
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2327:First Nations
2324:
2323:indian status
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:confederation
2308:
2304:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2090:
2088:
2085:and Governor
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:United States
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:Passamaquoddy
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1791:Colonial wars
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1754:bow and arrow
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:American eels
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1685:patrilineally
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:CA$ 5 billion
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1448:New Edinburgh
1445:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:Saulnierville
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:R. v. Sparrow
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1138:Miramichi Bay
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1101:its landmark
1100:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1074:In 1997, the
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
982:
978:
975:suggested in
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
865:
861:and later as
860:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:Sipekni'katik
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
737:
735:
729:
727:
726:Lord's Prayer
723:
720:
716:
715:
706:
703:
698:
694:
692:
688:
683:
681:
676:
673:
669:
664:
662:
657:
647:
645:
644:mother tongue
639:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
568:
563:
559:
557:
553:
550:converted to
549:
544:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:Santé Mawiómi
520:
518:
514:
510:
509:
508:Santé Mawiómi
503:
500:
496:
489:
488:Santé Mawiómi
483:
481:
480:
475:
471:
470:
469:Santé Mawiómi
464:
462:
457:
452:
450:
449:
444:
439:
435:
431:
428:The Mi'kmaq,
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
362:
357:
356:
347:
317:
313:
312:
307:
306:
301:
300:
295:
286:
281:
278:
274:
271:
270:Mi'kmawi'simk
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
241:
237:
236:Passamaquoddy
233:
229:
224:
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
141:
140:New Brunswick
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
121:
117:
111:
107:
102:
97:
90:
85:
81:, around 1871
80:
74:
69:
61:
60:Grand Council
56:
51:
44:
33:
19:
8703:
8617:
8590:
8557:
8534:
8512:
8490:
8466:
8450:
8449:
8427:
8417:
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3870:, Kennebec,
3831:
3799:Noel Jeddore
3749:Paul Laurent
3671:Jeff Barnaby
3665:Morgan Toney
3645:
3591:Nora Bernard
3531:Mic Mac Mall
3527:Lake Mi'kmaq
3520:
3506:
3356:Demographics
3322:
3314:Wagmatcook 1
3250:Corner Brook
3096:WĂ©kopekwitk
3072:Millbrook 27
3048:Keskapekiaq
2993:Presque Isle
2977:MetepnĂĄkiaq
2901:Lnui Mnikuk
2795:Fort Folly 1
2779:WĂ©kistoqnik
2745:
2737:Tabusintac 9
2689:Ugpiêganjig
2660:Buctouche 16
2629:Bear River 6
2606:St. Croix 34
2539:Scotchfort 4
2509:Town/Reserve
2484:
2472:
2471:
2455:
2446:
2433:
2425:
2400:
2396:
2392:MĂ©tis people
2385:
2373:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2331:
2303:Newfoundland
2300:
2278:
2262:
2205:Grand Chief
2183:
2168:
2150:
2123:
2113:
2101:
2093:19th century
2072:
2066:
2059:
2045:
2022:
2017:
1978:
1964:John G. Reid
1955:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1936:Shubenacadie
1929:
1918:
1914:R v Marshall
1913:
1910:
1866:
1862:
1839:
1810:
1800:
1769:
1758:
1750:
1738:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1662:
1657:Bay of Fundy
1650:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1578:Nora Bernard
1575:
1566:
1553:
1544:
1541:Legal action
1535:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1474:
1440:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:Gespogoitnag
1390:
1386:
1375:
1351:
1344:
1327:Digby County
1316:
1206:
1199:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1150:
1135:
1121:
1118:R v Marshall
1117:
1108:
1104:R v Marshall
1102:
1092:
1089:R v Marshall
1073:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1020:
1015:Newfoundland
1010:
985:megumoowesoo
984:
980:
976:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
946:
937:
933:
928:
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915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
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883:
879:
877:
868:
862:
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856:
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833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
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807:
803:
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791:
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783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
765:
760:
756:
752:
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730:
712:
710:
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677:
665:
653:
641:
617:
616:
611:
603:
601:
597:Diana Whalen
588:
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572:
545:
531:
527:
523:
521:
516:
512:
507:
504:
492:
487:
477:
473:
468:
465:
453:
448:R v Marshall
446:
445:decision in
434:Pasamaquoddy
427:
404:
315:
310:
309:
304:
303:
298:
297:
293:
291:
209:Christianity
37:Ethnic group
8906:governments
8797:Anishinaabe
6622:www.odec.ca
6532:Reid. p. 26
6160:October 19,
6101:October 19,
6062:October 19,
5907:October 29,
5855:January 29,
5826:October 25,
5800:October 20,
5771:October 17,
5766:Global News
5745:October 17,
5714:October 17,
5683:January 29,
5654:October 14,
5629:October 14,
5603:October 29,
5572:October 25,
5546:October 25,
5520:October 20,
5469:October 20,
5385:October 19,
5335:31 December
5309:January 29,
5283:October 21,
5221:October 20,
5199:October 20,
5158:October 20,
5130:October 20,
5075:October 20,
5049:October 20,
4992:October 18,
4961:October 20,
4931:October 18,
4587:October 19,
4529:October 19,
4448:October 18,
4415:October 21,
4381:21 February
4353:21 February
4325:21 February
4260:October 18,
4082:October 31,
3812: 1525
3644:, actress,
3642:Nikki Gould
3424:Estimation
3413:Estimation
3402:Estimation
3391:Estimation
3380:Estimation
3336:Nova Scotia
3305:Nova Scotia
3278:New Ross 20
3269:Nova Scotia
3217:Nova Scotia
3178:Nova Scotia
3147:Nova Scotia
3136:KĂ©kwapskuk
3117:Natuaqanek
3059:Nova Scotia
3041:Gesgapegiag
3025:Miawpukwek
2933:Nova Scotia
2818:Glooscap 35
2813:Nova Scotia
2768:Eskasoni 3A
2759:Nova Scotia
2624:Nova Scotia
2613:Kampalijek
2597:Nova Scotia
2562:Yarmouth 33
2557:Nova Scotia
2468:Ethnobotany
2462:Nova Scotia
2354:Conne River
2268:Harry Piers
2163: 1890
2157:Nova Scotia
2041:Nova Scotia
2004:, with the
1944:R. v. Simon
1940:R. v. Simon
1844:as well as
1710:black flies
1444:Comeauville
1335:Nova Scotia
1197:purposes".
981:megumawaach
965:megakumegek
953:Megumawaach
924:Wiijimaa(g)
912:Niijimaa(g)
892:Miijimaa(g)
888:Anishinaabe
873:Tarrantines
672:petroglyphs
589:R. v. Simon
552:Catholicism
536:wampum belt
390:as well as
226:Especially
130:Nova Scotia
8951:Categories
8329:0921191804
8152:2023-05-21
8125:2023-05-21
8098:2023-05-21
8039:Marketwire
8017:2023-05-21
7990:2023-05-21
7963:2023-05-21
7936:2023-05-21
7909:2023-05-21
7882:2023-05-21
7855:2023-05-21
7828:2023-05-21
7801:2023-05-21
7774:2023-05-21
7749:2023-05-21
7722:2023-05-21
7695:2023-05-21
7668:2023-05-21
7641:2023-05-21
7614:2023-05-21
7587:2023-05-21
7560:2023-05-21
7533:2023-05-21
7506:2023-05-21
7479:2023-05-21
7452:2023-05-21
7425:2023-05-21
7398:2023-05-21
7371:2023-05-21
7344:2023-05-21
7317:2023-05-21
7194:9 November
6981:9 November
6784:2022-03-28
6758:9 November
6732:9 November
6651:www.rct.uk
6632:2013-09-05
6513:Union Jack
6272:0385045263
6247:2007-01-17
6030:2014-10-26
5963:2018-11-10
5495:2024-04-09
5358:. Toronto.
4819:2006-11-08
4773:12 January
4612:2020-10-19
4297:August 31,
4209:2023-06-14
4147:2023-07-23
4058:2017-11-23
4007:References
3921:Tarrantine
3793:Indian Joe
3744:Sam Gloade
3719:ice hockey
3706:ice hockey
3541:See also:
3529:, and the
3366:Population
3300:Wagmatcook
3167:Paq'tnkek
3102:Natoaganeg
2956:Maupeltuk
2949:Sydney 28A
2922:Listikujk
2785:Fort Folly
2764:Eskasoni 3
2748:nuopitijk
2713:Lsipuktuk
2574:Wildcat 12
2386:R v Powley
2368:Andy Scott
2350:Indian Act
2275:World Wars
2171:ice hockey
2081:signed by
2069:Section 35
2062:Treaty Day
1761:John Cabot
1722:mosquitoes
1714:deer flies
1387:Kespukwitk
1370:Ken Coates
1358:Ken Coates
1341:Background
1301:Casualties
1172:Tom Wappel
1027:Indian Act
949:Megumaagee
864:Gaspesiens
859:Souriquois
784:K'taqamkuk
770:(singular
517:Indian Act
479:Indian Act
8904:community
8802:Atikamekw
8772:Subarctic
8300:August 5,
8271:August 5,
7273:CBCnews.
7080:4 January
7043:4 January
7018:4 January
6295:Iroquoian
5380:APTN News
4166:Qalipu.ca
4138:"Mi'kmaq"
3888:Pennacook
3868:Penobscot
3573:Activists
3548:Academics
3349:WĂ©koqmĂĄq
3282:Pennal 19
3233:Potlotek
3088:Truro 27C
3084:Truro 27B
3080:Truro 27A
3054:Millbrook
3010:Miawpukek
2997:Limestone
2928:Membertou
2916:Listuguj
2586:Malikiaq
2546:Epekwitk
2512:Est. Pop.
2503:Community
2495:Pacifique
2014:Miramichi
1881:Expulsion
1873:Lunenburg
1869:Dartmouth
1823:Penobscot
1780:fur trade
1561:Millbrook
1436:Membertou
1395:Mi'kma'ki
1254:Caused by
1033:Districts
1023:Mi'kma'ki
997:Mi'kma'ki
991:Geography
969:nigumaach
961:magumegek
940:(earth).
938:megamingo
869:Mickmakis
776:Epekw'itk
719:Holy Mary
714:Mi'kma'ki
702:Holy Mary
622:Unama'kik
606:, on the
548:Membertou
513:Mi'kma'ki
474:Mi'kma'ki
400:Mi'kma'ki
321:English:
280:Mi'kma'ki
240:Penobscot
179:Languages
106:Mi'kma'ki
8933:Bands...
8822:Maliseet
8184:"Micmac"
7258:Archived
7167:CBC News
7101:CBC News
6947:CBC News
6921:CBC News
6895:CBC News
6868:CBC News
6848:29 March
6497:], p. 96
5933:April 6,
5881:April 6,
5709:CTV News
5649:CBC News
5624:CBC News
5330:The Star
5249:CBC News
5177:Commons.
5101:April 9,
5096:CBC News
4736:(2000).
4525:(Thesis)
4255:Atlantic
3895:See also
3849:Maliseet
3726:Military
3681:Athletes
3661:, writer
3630:Rita Joe
3597:activist
3510:Smallpox
3122:Pabineau
3004:Ulustuk
2826:Kluskap
2754:Eskasoni
2668:Puktusk
2644:Lsetkuk
2531:Morell 2
2442:Glooscap
2179:hornbeam
2133:Glooscap
2053:âin the
1994:Maliseet
1907:, c.1791
1831:Maliseet
1690:Handbook
1681:Handbook
1531:mischief
1519:ex parte
1481:smudging
1409:Violence
1242:Location
1179:CBC News
1126:Maliseet
1059:Listuguj
1043:Epekwitk
1039:Ktaqmkuk
1001:Dawnland
983:is from
618:Taqamkuk
612:Potlotek
528:Keptinaq
430:Maliseet
285:Wabanaki
266:Language
232:Maliseet
211:, others
199:Religion
110:Dawnland
8957:Mi'kmaq
8842:Wyandot
8837:Naskapi
8827:Miêkmaq
8792:Abenaki
8070:Jul 31,
8059:Reuters
8044:Jul 31,
7172:26 July
7146:20 June
7106:26 July
6952:26 July
6926:26 July
6900:26 July
6874:26 July
6826:Oct 16,
5356:CTVNews
3968:Mi'kmaw
3624:Artists
3501:Census
3490:Census
3468:Census
3457:Census
3446:Census
3435:Census
3258:Qalipu
3255:25,182
2870:Kespék
2319:Indians
2305:joined
2071:of the
1819:Abenaki
1811:WapnĂĄki
1734:caribou
1698:herring
1663:In his
1634:History
1593:settled
1307:Charged
1281:Miêkmaq
1270:Parties
1265:ongoing
957:megwaak
922:(i.e.,
918:prefix
906:prefix
898:prefix
880:Mi'kmaq
838:autonym
806:); and
800:Mi'gmaq
792:Miigmao
788:Miigmaq
772:Mi'kmaw
768:Mi'kmaq
761:Mi'kmaq
757:Mi'kmaw
749:Mi'kmaq
742:Mi'kmaq
666:At the
556:Jesuits
411:Mi'kmaq
361:Miêkmaq
316:Mi'gmaw
311:Mi'kmaw
299:Mi'gmaq
294:Mi'kmaq
276:Country
228:Abenaki
189:Miêkmaq
185:English
41:Mi'kmaq
8893:(2002)
8887:(1975)
8881:(1701)
8832:Mohawk
8776:Arctic
8758:Quebec
8598:
8565:
8543:
8520:
8498:
8434:
8386:
8367:
8326:
7220:
6452:
6427:
6362:
6299:Kespek
6287:Acadia
6269:
6002:
5217:. 2001
5018:
4878:
4746:
4692:
4664:
4639:
4552:
4475:
3814:-1611)
3785:Judge
3737:Chief
3632:, poet
3093:2,288
3045:1,669
3036:Quebec
2919:4,336
2912:Quebec
2898:1,080
2867:1,811
2856:Quebec
2493:, the
2336:, and
2307:Canada
1829:, and
1746:beaver
1718:midges
1588:. The
1262:Status
1247:Canada
1053:, and
910:(i.e.
882:. The
846:nĂkmaq
812:MĂŹgmaw
808:MĂŹgmaq
804:Kespek
753:Micmac
722:Rosary
705:Rosary
565:Chief
432:, and
388:Quebec
376:Canada
296:(also
258:People
250:Person
221:Other
193:French
150:Quebec
134:18,814
124:28,282
8919:Bands
8817:Inuit
8613:1922
8586:1896
8575:1873
8553:1866
8530:1819
8508:1822
8486:1814
8480:1797
8474:1760
8462:1758
8456:1749
8290:(PDF)
8261:(PDF)
7074:(PDF)
7063:(PDF)
7037:(PDF)
7012:(PDF)
7001:(PDF)
6393:(PDF)
6331:(PDF)
6056:(PDF)
5440:(PDF)
5039:(PDF)
4713:(PDF)
4519:(PDF)
4375:(PDF)
4319:(PDF)
4233:(PDF)
4102:(PDF)
3932:Notes
3755:Other
3495:2021
3346:1,107
3325:tkuk
3291:2,986
3114:1,101
3022:3,100
3001:1,489
2988:Maine
2953:1,621
2862:Gaspé
2776:4,737
2741:1,966
2710:3,574
2583:1,982
2338:Inuit
2301:When
2018:Viper
1958:, by
1730:moose
1702:geese
1694:smelt
1385:âthe
1130:bands
832:, or
830:Lnu'g
826:Lnu'k
604:Mniku
532:putĂșs
413:, an
396:Maine
174:1,483
164:1,489
160:Maine
154:7,655
144:9,025
8812:Innu
8807:Cree
8596:ISBN
8563:ISBN
8541:ISBN
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