38:
562:. He was an associate professor and the head of the Institute of Mathematics at the Hebrew University at 29 years old, and a full professor by 33. Rabin recalls, "There was absolutely no appreciation of the work on the issues of computing. Mathematicians did not recognize the emerging new field".
577:
that employ coin tosses in order to decide which state transitions to take. He showed examples of regular languages that required a very large number of states, but for which you get an exponential reduction of the number of states with probabilistic automata.
1372:
696:
invented by
Wiesner under the name of multiplexing, allowing a sender to transmit a message to a receiver where the receiver has some probability between 0 and 1 of learning the message, with the sender being unaware whether the receiver was able to do so.
1364:
236:
786:
For their joint paper "Finite
Automata and Their Decision Problems," which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott & Rabin)
1440:
545:
posed a puzzle to him about spies, guards, and passwords, which Rabin studied and soon after he wrote an article, "Degree of
Difficulty of Computing a Function and Hierarchy of Recursive Sets."
655:
is true, but Rabin's version of the test made no such assumption. Fast primality testing is key in the successful implementation of most public-key cryptography, and in 2003 Miller, Rabin,
2966:
2936:
1480:
2886:
2981:
2911:
1424:
922:
1539:
1048:
Rabin, M.O., "Degree of
Difficulty of Computing a Function and Hierarchy of Recursive Sets", Technical Report No. 2, O.N.R., Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1960
2991:
2931:
2552:
1585:
1792:
1444:
1910:
2906:
1906:
1944:
1720:
1458:
2961:
1221:
1854:
1476:
1343:
751:
947:
479:, intervened with the army command, and Rabin was discharged to study at the university in 1949. Afterwards, he received an M.Sc from
2971:
1421:
2951:
1578:
2571:
1002:
530:
wrote the paper "Finite
Automata and Their Decision Problems". Soon, using nondeterministic automata, they were able to re-prove
709:
126:
1401:
1151:
2986:
759:
636:
2916:
2896:
2436:
1937:
2901:
1571:
817:, for Computers and Telecommunications. Rabin was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science from Harvard University in 2017.
171:
2996:
2535:
2008:
1510:
542:
504:
894:
2926:
643:, a randomized algorithm that can determine very quickly (but with a tiny probability of error) whether a number is
558:
Rabin then returned to
Jerusalem, researching logic, and working on the foundations of what would later be known as
2312:
1688:
969:
220:
159:
1266:
2921:
2891:
2152:
1930:
858:
640:
538:
142:
2941:
755:
652:
480:
313:
86:
2248:
1035:
138:
1563:
2663:
523:
452:. As a young boy, he was very interested in mathematics and his father sent him to the best high school in
2544:
1073:
586:
1462:
763:
675:
601:
551:
have become a key concept in computational complexity theory, particularly with the description of the
484:
183:
95:
2638:
468:
122:
515:
as Gordon McKay
Professor of Computer Science in 1981, he was a professor at the Hebrew University.
2653:
635:
In 1975, Rabin finished his tenure as Rector of the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem and went to the
548:
179:
1232:
793:] classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field.
685:, the first asymmetric cryptosystem whose security was proved equivalent to the intractability of
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2713:
705:
648:
597:
167:
150:
134:
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2956:
2809:
2776:
2528:
2513:
1595:
1554:
1335:
664:
574:
244:
2176:
2566:
1029:
686:
175:
130:
1534:
2881:
2829:
1866:
1796:
943:
492:
488:
103:
99:
8:
2404:
1654:
803:
732:
531:
464:
449:
317:
1291:
719:
Rabin's more recent research has concentrated on computer security. He is currently the
2946:
2633:
2360:
2204:
2080:
2016:
2000:
1716:
1670:
1311:
1143:
914:
838:
781:
for a paper written in 1959, the citation for which states that the award was granted:
724:
693:
682:
617:
512:
404:
309:
163:
114:
581:
In 1966 (published in conference proceedings in 1967), Rabin introduced the notion of
2844:
2708:
2521:
2240:
2212:
1696:
1558:
1205:
1188:
848:
810:
728:
656:
609:
155:
118:
90:
1535:
Short
Description in an Information Science Hall of Fame at University of Pittsburgh
918:
368:
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2793:
2703:
2673:
2432:
2416:
2384:
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2044:
1830:
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1610:
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1103:
1017:
906:
853:
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559:
472:
457:
340:
299:
146:
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1123:
260:
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2492:
2448:
2424:
2292:
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2200:
2160:
2132:
2072:
2024:
1984:
1902:
1840:
1760:
1750:
1710:
1700:
1682:
1606:
1222:"Digitalized signatures and public-key functions as intractable as factorization"
843:
814:
806:
671:
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629:
566:
552:
429:
392:
268:
65:
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2192:
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1976:
1922:
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1660:
1632:
1614:
582:
373:
358:
276:
196:
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2576:
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2500:
2484:
2460:
2444:
2388:
2328:
2168:
2144:
2140:
2124:
2096:
1992:
1896:
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1858:
1848:
1824:
1778:
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1756:
1728:
1664:
1642:
1593:
1428:
1060:
Mathematical
Aspects of Computer Science. Proc. Sympos. Appl. Math., Vol. XIX
890:
767:
526:
with other promising mathematicians and scientists. It was there that he and
400:
345:
20:
910:
2814:
2678:
2623:
2464:
2184:
2112:
2104:
2040:
2032:
1953:
1892:
1844:
1808:
1802:
1676:
1618:
1502:
1107:
1091:
799:
774:
738:
713:
701:
644:
590:
408:
228:
212:
204:
2782:
2760:
2749:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2617:
2824:
2771:
2698:
2601:
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2376:
2256:
2232:
2224:
2064:
1968:
1862:
1786:
1772:
1724:
1706:
625:
621:
1307:
2744:
2643:
2472:
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2320:
2288:
2284:
2264:
2088:
2056:
1880:
1876:
1636:
1626:
1622:
1147:
1021:
994:
778:
678:
and presented the primality test, which Traub called "revolutionary".
651:
that solved the problem deterministically with the assumption that the
527:
363:
252:
1259:
How to exchange secrets by oblivious transfer (Technical Report TR-81)
1257:
1124:"Decidability of second order theories and automata on infinite trees"
433:
425:
61:
2308:
2216:
1870:
1836:
1818:
1814:
1549:
826:
731:. During the spring semester of 2007, he was a visiting professor at
570:
476:
1139:
639:
in the USA as a visiting professor. While there, Rabin invented the
534:
result that finite state machines exactly accept regular languages.
2300:
1956:
518:
In the late 1950s, he was invited for a summer to do research for
1078:
Logic, Methodology and Philos. Sci. (Proc. 1964 Internat. Congr.)
2543:
1076:(1965). "The intrinsic computational difficulty of functions".
445:
437:
324:
76:
1441:"Israel Prize Official Site - Recipients in 1995 (in Hebrew)"
1058:
Rabin, Michael O. (1967). "Mathematical theory of automata".
692:
In 1981, Rabin reinvented a weak variant of the technique of
453:
441:
37:
467:
in Haifa in 1948, and was drafted into the army during the
2967:
International Association for Cryptologic Research fellows
789:
519:
508:
2937:
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
16:
Israeli mathematician and computer scientist (born 1931)
802:, in computer sciences. In 2010, Rabin was awarded the
503:
Rabin became Associate Professor of Mathematics at the
2887:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
585:(introduced independently and very shortly before by
541:, the next summer Rabin returned to the Lamb Estate.
2982:
Harvard University Department of Mathematics faculty
2912:
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1265:. Aiken Computation Laboratory: Harvard University.
330:
Recursive Unsolvability of Group Theoretic Problems
1229:
MIT Laboratory of Computer Science Technical Report
1292:"Efficient randomized pattern-matching algorithms"
1128:Transactions of the American Mathematical Society
620:. A key component of the proof implicitly showed
2873:
1952:
1459:"Dan David Prize Official Site - Laureates 2010"
1189:"Probabilistic algorithm for testing primality"
704:, created one of the most well-known efficient
647:. Rabin's method was based on previous work of
1172:Rabin, MO (1976). "Probabilistic algorithms".
1024:. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
2992:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2529:
1938:
1579:
1545:Quotes from some of Professor Rabin's classes
1289:
1003:"Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems"
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
2932:Israel Prize in computer sciences recipients
419:
237:IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award
2536:
2522:
1945:
1931:
1596:Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award
1586:
1572:
993:
870:
752:United States National Academy of Sciences
36:
1204:
825:Rabin has a daughter, computer scientist
2907:Einstein Institute of Mathematics alumni
537:As to the origins of what was to become
475:, who was a professor of mathematics in
399:; born September 1, 1931) is an Israeli
1398:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1296:IBM Journal of Research and Development
1090:
1010:IBM Journal of Research and Development
456:, where he studied under mathematician
2874:
1072:
889:
628:, which lie in the third level of the
460:, who was then a high school teacher.
2517:
1926:
1567:
1255:
1219:
1186:
1174:Algorithms and Complexity, Proc. Symp
1171:
1121:
1094:(1965). "Paths, trees, and flowers".
1057:
970:"Michael O. Rabin - Curriculum Vitae"
950:from the original on 28 November 2023
760:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
745:
727:and Professor of Computer Science at
667:for their work on primality testing.
637:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2962:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1513:from the original on 26 October 2022
1477:"Harvard awards 10 honorary degrees"
1062:. Amer. Math. Soc. pp. 153â175.
895:"An Interview with Michael O. Rabin"
987:
483:. He began graduate studies at the
396:
13:
1550:Website for one of Rabin's courses
1290:Karp, RM; Rabin, MO (March 1987).
809:("Future" category), jointly with
710:RabinâKarp string search algorithm
505:University of California, Berkeley
127:RabinâKarp string search algorithm
14:
3008:
1528:
777:was awarded jointly to Rabin and
750:Rabin is a foreign member of the
723:Professor of Computer Science at
131:RabinâScott powerset construction
2972:IBM Research computer scientists
1483:from the original on 25 May 2017
820:
160:Nondeterministic finite automata
2952:Theoretical computer scientists
1555:Description of Rabin's research
1495:
1469:
1451:
1433:
1415:
1404:from the original on 2022-05-02
1386:
1375:from the original on 2022-05-02
1357:
1346:from the original on 2022-05-02
1328:
1283:
1272:from the original on 2021-11-23
1249:
1213:
1180:
1165:
1154:from the original on 2020-06-12
925:from the original on 2016-03-13
859:List of Israel Prize recipients
798:In 1995, Rabin was awarded the
539:computational complexity theory
1115:
1084:
1066:
1051:
1042:
962:
936:
766:, and a foreign member of the
756:American Philosophical Society
700:In 1987, Rabin, together with
653:generalized Riemann hypothesis
481:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
314:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
87:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1:
864:
2987:Academic staff of ETH Zurich
1206:10.1016/0022-314X(80)90084-0
681:In 1979, Rabin invented the
524:Westchester County, New York
511:(1962-63). Before moving to
414:
7:
2917:Columbia University faculty
2897:Israeli computer scientists
832:
641:MillerâRabin primality test
602:monadic second-order theory
565:In 1960, he was invited by
553:complexity classes P and NP
143:MillerâRabin primality test
10:
3013:
2902:Hebrew Reali School alumni
1256:Rabin, Michael O. (1981).
1220:Rabin, MO (January 1979).
764:French Academy of Sciences
676:Carnegie Mellon University
670:In 1976 he was invited by
596:In 1969, Rabin introduced
485:University of Pennsylvania
424:Rabin was born in 1931 in
184:Verifiable random function
96:University of Pennsylvania
18:
2997:Weizmann Prize recipients
2853:
2802:
2559:
1963:
1602:
1422:ACM Turing Award Citation
1034:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
899:Communications of the ACM
573:, where Rabin introduced
549:Nondeterministic machines
498:
463:Rabin graduated from the
382:
351:
339:
323:
305:
295:
288:
189:
139:BerlekampâRabin algorithm
123:Rabin signature algorithm
110:
82:
72:
44:
35:
28:
2927:Dijkstra Prize laureates
1193:Journal of Number Theory
706:string search algorithms
420:Early life and education
180:Two-way finite automaton
2714:Robert Mair, Baron Mair
911:10.1145/1646353.1646369
407:, and recipient of the
168:Probabilistic automaton
151:Infinite-tree automaton
19:For the violinist, see
2922:Turing Award laureates
2892:Israeli mathematicians
2777:Veronica van Heyningen
1977:Maurice Vincent Wilkes
1108:10.4153/CJM-1965-045-4
796:
665:Paris Kanellakis Award
598:infinite-tree automata
575:probabilistic automata
522:at the Lamb Estate in
245:Paris Kanellakis Award
2942:Modern cryptographers
1238:on September 21, 2006
783:
687:integer factorization
469:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
397:×Ö´××Ö¸×Öľ× ×˘××ר ר֡×Ö´Öź××
176:Randomized algorithms
2830:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
2767:David C. Sherrington
2745:Edward Arend Perkins
1394:"Michael Oser Rabin"
1369:search.amphilsoc.org
1365:"APS Member History"
975:. Harvard University
721:Thomas J. Watson Sr.
600:and proved that the
493:Princeton University
471:. The mathematician
100:Princeton University
2405:Michael Stonebraker
2177:Fernando J. CorbatĂł
1308:10.1147/rd.312.0249
804:Tel Aviv University
733:Columbia University
487:before receiving a
465:Hebrew Reali School
448:with his family to
318:Columbia University
135:AdianâRabin theorem
2634:George F. R. Ellis
2361:Charles P. Thacker
2205:Richard E. Stearns
2081:Kenneth E. Iverson
2017:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2001:James H. Wilkinson
1954:A. M. Turing Award
1540:Oblivious transfer
1336:"Michael O. Rabin"
1187:Rabin, MO (1980).
1122:Rabin, MO (1969).
1022:10.1147/rd.32.0114
944:"Michael O. Rabin"
839:Oblivious transfer
762:, a member of the
758:, a member of the
754:, a member of the
746:Awards and honours
725:Harvard University
694:oblivious transfer
683:Rabin cryptosystem
513:Harvard University
405:computer scientist
389:Michael Oser Rabin
310:Harvard University
164:Oblivious transfer
115:Rabin cryptosystem
30:Michael Oser Rabin
2869:
2868:
2709:Ravinder N. Maini
2511:
2510:
2369:Leslie G. Valiant
2241:Douglas Engelbart
2213:Edward Feigenbaum
1920:
1919:
1559:Richard J. Lipton
1465:on March 6, 2010.
1340:www.nasonline.org
1080:. pp. 24â30.
893:(February 2010).
849:Rabin fingerprint
811:Leonard Kleinrock
729:Hebrew University
657:Robert M. Solovay
450:Mandate Palestine
386:
385:
352:Doctoral students
290:Scientific career
119:Rabin fingerprint
55:September 1, 1931
3004:
2835:Michael O. Rabin
2810:Wallace Broecker
2794:Andrew Zisserman
2704:Peter Littlewood
2674:Anthony A. Hyman
2538:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2440:
2433:John L. Hennessy
2428:
2420:
2417:Whitfield Diffie
2408:
2400:
2392:
2385:Shafi Goldwasser
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2341:E. Allen Emerson
2337:Edmund M. Clarke
2332:
2324:
2316:
2304:
2296:
2280:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2053:Michael O. Rabin
2048:
2045:Herbert A. Simon
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1461:. Archived from
1455:
1449:
1448:
1443:. Archived from
1437:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1231:. Archived from
1226:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1096:Canadian J. Math
1088:
1082:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1007:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
974:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
946:. amturing.acm.
940:
934:
933:
931:
930:
887:
854:Hyper-encryption
737:Introduction to
712:, known for its
560:computer science
473:Abraham Fraenkel
458:Elisha Netanyahu
440:), the son of a
398:
341:Doctoral advisor
335:
300:Computer science
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
233:
225:
217:
209:
201:
154:Decidability of
147:Hyper-encryption
58:
54:
52:
40:
26:
25:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2849:
2840:Gerald M. Rubin
2798:
2740:John A. Peacock
2694:Ottoline Leyser
2679:Anthony Kinloch
2669:Nicholas Higham
2629:George Coupland
2618:Richard Cogdell
2582:Samuel Berkovic
2555:
2542:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2493:Robert Metcalfe
2491:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2449:Geoffrey Hinton
2443:
2437:David Patterson
2431:
2425:Tim Berners-Lee
2423:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2307:
2299:
2293:Leonard Adleman
2283:
2277:Kristen Nygaard
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2211:
2201:Juris Hartmanis
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2161:Ivan Sutherland
2159:
2151:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2073:Robert W. Floyd
2071:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2031:
2025:Charles Bachman
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1985:Richard Hamming
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1921:
1916:
1598:
1594:Winners of the
1592:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1479:. 25 May 2017.
1475:
1474:
1470:
1457:
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1407:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1387:
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1349:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1140:10.2307/1995086
1120:
1116:
1089:
1085:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1027:
1026:
1005:
992:
988:
978:
976:
972:
968:
967:
963:
953:
951:
942:
941:
937:
928:
926:
888:
871:
867:
844:Rabin automaton
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2624:Stewart Cole
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2572:Peter Barnes
2465:Pat Hanrahan
2185:Robin Milner
2133:Richard Karp
2113:Ken Thompson
2105:Stephen Cook
2052:
2041:Allen Newell
2033:Donald Knuth
1867:Mitzenmacher
1692:
1515:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1471:
1463:the original
1453:
1445:the original
1435:
1417:
1406:. Retrieved
1397:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1348:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1319:. Retrieved
1299:
1295:
1285:
1274:. Retrieved
1258:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1228:
1215:
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1192:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1131:
1127:
1117:
1099:
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1074:Cobham, Alan
1068:
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1044:
1030:cite journal
1013:
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989:
977:. Retrieved
964:
952:. Retrieved
938:
927:. Retrieved
905:(2): 37â42.
902:
898:
824:
800:Israel Prize
797:
792:
785:
784:
775:Turing Award
772:
749:
739:Cryptography
736:
718:
714:rolling hash
702:Richard Karp
699:
691:
680:
672:Joseph Traub
669:
634:
626:parity games
613:
608:successors (
605:
595:
580:
564:
557:
547:
536:
517:
502:
462:
423:
409:Turing Award
388:
387:
329:
306:Institutions
289:
229:Israel Prize
213:Harvey Prize
205:Turing Award
2882:1931 births
2825:Tom Fenchel
2772:Terence Tao
2699:Paul Linden
2664:Bill Harris
2602:Peter Bruce
2597:David Boger
2377:Judea Pearl
2257:Fred Brooks
2233:Amir Pnueli
2225:Manuel Blum
2065:John Backus
1969:Alan Perlis
1503:"Tal Rabin"
1102:: 449â467.
1092:Edmonds, J.
995:Scott, Dana
674:to meet at
649:Gary Miller
622:determinacy
569:to work at
73:Nationality
2876:Categories
2644:Andre Geim
2473:Alfred Aho
2461:Ed Catmull
2453:Yann LeCun
2321:Peter Naur
2289:Adi Shamir
2285:Ron Rivest
2265:Andrew Yao
2153:John Cocke
2089:Tony Hoare
2057:Dana Scott
1741:Buchberger
1517:26 October
1408:2022-05-02
1379:2022-05-02
1350:2022-05-02
1321:2007-03-15
1276:2007-03-15
1242:2007-03-15
1158:2007-11-24
929:2010-02-04
865:References
787: [
779:Dana Scott
528:Dana Scott
364:Dov Gabbay
253:EMET Prize
51:1931-09-01
2947:Logicians
2567:Brad Amos
2309:Vint Cerf
2217:Raj Reddy
1957:laureates
1907:Ferragina
1797:Leiserson
1683:Franaszek
1671:Karmarkar
954:14 August
827:Tal Rabin
735:teaching
618:decidable
571:Bell Labs
495:in 1956.
477:Jerusalem
446:emigrated
415:Biography
2854:Honorary
2551:elected
2313:Bob Kahn
2301:Alan Kay
2249:Jim Gray
1889:McSherry
1783:Charikar
1767:Mehlhorn
1717:Holzmann
1711:Schapire
1701:Strassen
1655:McMillan
1511:Archived
1481:Archived
1425:Archived
1402:Archived
1373:Archived
1344:Archived
1267:Archived
1152:Archived
1134:: 1â35.
1001:(1959).
979:31 March
948:Archived
923:Archived
919:16975542
833:See also
616:= 2) is
532:Kleene's
2803:Foreign
2560:Fellows
2553:in 2007
2547:of the
2545:Fellows
2479:(2020)
1911:Manzini
1903:Burrows
1849:Szegedy
1841:Gibbons
1831:Pevzner
1825:Shenker
1793:Blumofe
1761:Rogaway
1757:Bellare
1735:Brayton
1721:Kurshan
1697:Solovay
1661:Sleator
1651:Emerson
1615:Hellman
1607:Adleman
1316:5734450
1148:1995086
591:Edmonds
434:WrocĹaw
432:(today
430:Germany
426:Breslau
77:Israeli
66:Germany
62:Breslau
2503:(2023)
2495:(2022)
2487:(2021)
2467:(2019)
2455:(2018)
2439:(2017)
2427:(2016)
2419:(2015)
2407:(2014)
2399:(2013)
2391:(2012)
2379:(2011)
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2363:(2009)
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2251:(1998)
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2067:(1977)
2059:(1976)
2047:(1975)
2035:(1974)
2027:(1973)
2019:(1972)
2011:(1971)
2003:(1970)
1995:(1969)
1987:(1968)
1979:(1967)
1971:(1966)
1913:(2022)
1899:(2021)
1893:Nissim
1873:(2020)
1863:Karlin
1859:Broder
1851:(2019)
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