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He discusses the culture of doers who want to accomplish and those who see themselves as victims of injustice and hopelessness and who do not want to try to succeed, but instead like to pretend to be successful while living the city lifestyle in poverty. He had become frustrated with getting some members of his race to populate the frontier and make something of themselves, with real work and property investment. He wrote more than 100 letters to fellow
Negroes in the East beckoning them to come West, but only his older brother eventually took his advice. One of Micheaux's fundamental beliefs was that hard work and enterprise would make any person rise to respect and prominence no matter his or her race.
502:. It contrasted the experiences for African Americans who stayed in rural areas and others who had migrated to cities and become urbanized. Micheaux explored the suffering of African Americans in the present day, without explaining how the situation arose in history. Some feared that this film would cause even more unrest within society, and others believed it would open the public's eyes to the unjust treatment of blacks by whites. Protests against the film continued until the day it was released. Because of its controversial status, the film was banned from some theaters.
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447:. This film, released in 1919, met with critical and commercial success. It revolves around a man named Jean Baptiste, called the Homesteader, who falls in love with many white women but resists marrying one out of his loyalty to his race. Baptiste sacrifices love to be a key symbol for his fellow African Americans. He looks for love among his own people and marries an African-American woman. Relations between the couple deteriorate. Eventually, Baptiste is not allowed to see his wife. She kills her father for keeping them apart and commits
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324:. This experience inspired his first novels and films. His neighbors on the frontier were predominately blue collar whites. "Some recall that rarely sat at a table with his blue collar white neighbors." Micheaux's years as a homesteader allowed him to learn more about human relations and farming. While farming, Micheaux wrote articles and submitted them to the press.
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were forced to return to the farm. The discontented
Micheaux became rebellious and his struggles caused problems within his family. His father was not happy with him and sent him away to do marketing in the city. Micheaux found pleasure in this job because he was able to speak to many new people and learned social skills that he would later reflect in his films.
427:. Many of his films were open, blunt and thought-provoking regarding certain racial issues of that time. He once commented: "It is only by presenting those portions of the race portrayed in my pictures, in the light and background of their true state, that we can raise our people to greater heights." Financial hardships during the
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contacts and knowledge about the world through traveling as well as a greater understanding for business. When he left the position, he had seen much of the United States, had a couple of thousand dollars saved in his bank account, and had made a number of connections with wealthy white people who helped his future endeavors.
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75 to $ 100 a share. Micheaux hired actors and actresses and decided to have the premiere in
Chicago. The film and Micheaux received high praise from film critics. One article credited Micheaux with "a historic breakthrough, a creditable, dignified achievement". Some members of the Chicago clergy criticized the film as
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Micheaux's films were made during a time of great change in the
African-American community. His films featured contemporary black life. He dealt with racial relationships between blacks and whites, and the challenges for blacks when trying to achieve success in the larger society. His films were used
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as a feature film. Micheaux had a major career as a film producer and director: He produced more than 40 films, which drew audiences throughout the U.S. as well as internationally. Micheaux contacted wealthy academic connections from his earlier career as a porter, and sold stock for his company at $
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In South Dakota, Micheaux married Orlean McCracken. Her family proved to be complex and burdensome for
Micheaux. Unhappy with their living arrangements, Orlean felt that Micheaux did not pay enough attention to her. She gave birth while he was away on business, and was reported to have emptied their
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is named Oscar
Devereaux. His theme was about African Americans realizing their potential and succeeding in areas where they had not felt they could. The book outlines the difference between city lifestyles of Negroes and the life he decided to lead as a lone Negro out on the far West as a pioneer.
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for its "Black
Monuments Project", which named Oscar Micheaux as one of its 50 African Americans deserving of a statue. He said Micheaux embodied "the best of what we all are as Americans" and that the filmmaker was "an inspiration". A historical marker in Roanoke, Virginia, commemorates his time
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After being "swindled out of two dollars" by an employment agency, Micheaux decided to become his own boss. His first business was a shoeshine stand, which he set up at a wealthy
African American barbershop, away from Chicago competition. He learned the basic strategies of business and started to
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In his later years, Micheaux wrote about the social oppression he experienced as a young boy. His parents moved to the city so that the children could receive a better education. Micheaux attended a well-established school for several years before the family eventually ran into money troubles and
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Micheaux sought to create films that would counter negative portrayals of
African Americans in films by white producers, which trafficked in degrading stereotypes. He created complex characters of different classes. His films questioned the value system of both African-American and Euro-American
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My results ... might have been narrow at times, due perhaps to certain limited situations, which I endeavored to portray, but in those limited situations, the truth was the predominant characteristic. It is only by presenting those portions of the race portrayed in my pictures, in the light and
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Sylvia is almost raped by the landowner's brother but discovers that he is her biological father. Micheaux always depicts
African Americans as being serious and reaching for higher education. Before the flashback scene, we see that Sylvia travels to Boston, seeking funding for her school, which
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on the major railroads, at that time considered prestigious employment for African Americans because it was relatively stable, well paid, and secure, and it enabled travel and interaction with new people. This job was an informal education for Micheaux. He profited financially, and also gained
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In the film, Micheaux depicts educated and professional people in black society as light-skinned, representing the elite status of some of the mixed-race people who comprised the majority of African Americans free before the Civil War. Poor people are represented as dark-skinned and with more
708:(1994) is a documentary whose title refers to the early 20th-century practice of some segregated cinemas of screening films for African-American audiences only at matinees and midnight. The documentary was produced by Pamela Thomas, directed by Pearl Bowser and Bestor Cram, and written by
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to oppose and discuss the racial injustice that African Americans received. Topics such as lynching, job discrimination, rape, mob violence, and economic exploitation were depicted in his films. These films also reflect his ideologies and autobiographical experiences.
369:, were printed. He published the book anonymously, for unknown reasons. He based it on his experiences as a homesteader and the failure of his first marriage and it was largely autobiographical. Although character names have been changed, the
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serves black children. They are underserved by the segregated society. On her journey, she is hit by the car of a rich white woman. Learning about Landry's cause, the woman decides to give her school $ 50,000.
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into a new feature film, negotiations and paperwork became inharmonious. Micheaux wanted to be directly involved in the adaptation of his book as a movie, but Johnson resisted and never produced the film.
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to live with his older brother, then working as a waiter. Micheaux became dissatisfied with what he viewed as his brother's way of living "the good life". He rented his own place and found work in the
490:. When her father confronts their white landlord over money, a fight ensues. The landlord is shot by another white man, but Sylvia's adoptive father is accused and lynched with her adoptive mother.
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bank accounts and fled. Orlean's father sold Micheaux's property and took the money from the sale. After his return, Micheaux tried unsuccessfully to get Orlean and his property back. He married
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Critic Barbara Lupack described Micheaux as pursuing moderation with his films and creating a "middle-class cinema". His works were designed to appeal to both middle- and lower-class audiences.
273:, on January 2, 1884. He was the fifth child born to Calvin S. and Belle Michaux, who had a total of 13 children. In his later years, Micheaux added an "e" to his last name. His father was
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he was shocked that, in spite of Micheaux's historical significance, there was "virtually nothing out there about life". The film's executive producer, Frances Presley Rice, told the
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marketing his work. While in Sioux City, he lived in and was influenced by the West 7th Street neighborhood where the town's African-American community had a strong presence.
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published one of his earliest articles. His homestead failed and he was forced to sell it in 1911. The next year, he began his publishing career when Woodruff Press of
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245:; (January 2, 1884 – March 25, 1951) was an American author, film director and independent producer of more than 44 films. Although the short-lived
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that Micheaux was forced to make cuts to have it shown. He remade this story as a sound film in 1932, releasing it with the title
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UC Berkeley: Moffitt Library: Media Resources Center: "Oscar Micheaux: A Bibliography of Materials in the UC Berkeley Library"
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refugees had settled in Virginia in 1700; their descendants took slaves west when they migrated into Kentucky after the
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background of their true state, that we can raise our people to greater heights. I am too imbued with the spirit of
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In addition to writing and directing his own films, Micheaux also adapted the works of different writers for his
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Micheaux decided to concentrate on writing and, eventually, filmmaking, a new industry. He wrote seven novels.
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undiluted African ancestry. Mixed-race people also feature as some of the villains. The film is set within the
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304:, which he found difficult. He moved from the stockyards to the steel mills, holding down many different jobs.
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470:, Micheaux said that he created it independently as a response to the widespread social instability following
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was the first movie company owned and controlled by black filmmakers, Micheaux is regarded as the first major
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281:. Because of his surname, his father's family appears to have been enslaved by French-descended settlers.
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archived footage, photos, illustrations and vintage music. The film was announced by American radio host
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became known as Micheaux's breakout film; it helped him become widely known as a writer and a filmmaker.
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Lupack, Barbara Tepa (2004), "Black Pioneer: Oscar Micheaux", in Mazur, Zygmunt; Utz, Richard (eds.),
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that Micheaux was the first "indie movie producer". In 2018, Mack was interviewed by the news site
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Howard, John R. (2009). Faces in the Mirror: Oscar Micheaux and Spike Lee. Fireside Publications.
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eventually made it impossible for Micheaux to keep producing films, and he returned to writing.
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2016:
Oscar Micheaux and His Circle: African-American Filmmaking and Race Cinema of the Silent Era
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Outside America: Race, Ethnicity, and the Role of the American West in National Belonging
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and thus part-African, they marry. This film deals extensively with race relationships.
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1863:"Black side of silver screen: Filmmaker Oscar Micheaux paved his own path to Hollywood"
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to engraft false virtues upon ourselves, to make ourselves that which we are not.
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Oscar Micheaux, the Great and Only: The Life of America's First Black Filmmaker
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1889:"Love of history spurred rap mogul Bayer L. Mack to make Micheaux documentary"
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1811:"New Documentary Underway on America's First Black Filmmaker Oscar Micheaux"
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Oscar Micheaux – A Biography: Dakota Homesteader, Author, Pioneer Film Maker
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700:, created a category for donors, the Micheaux Society, in honor of Micheaux.
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Oscar Micheaux: Dakota Homesteader, Author, Pioneer Film Maker: a Biography
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605:, the home of his youth. His gravestone reads: "A man ahead of his time".
486:. In a flashback, Sylvia is shown growing up as the adopted daughter of a
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Literary Adaptations in Black American Cinema: From Micheaux to Morrison
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societies, which stirred controversy with the press and state censors.
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1941:"Boca Black Film Festival aims to feature Florida's homegrown talent"
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
2110:, Cracow, Poland: Jagiellonian University Press, pp. 125–137,
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for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
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In 2001, Oscar Micheaux Golden Anniversary Festival (March 24–25)
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Instead, Micheaux founded the Micheaux Film & Book Company of
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United States Postal Service: Oscar Micheaux commemorative stamp
539:. The silent version of the film is believed to have been lost.
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1764:"Academy Museum surpasses the Oscars version of film history"
1344:"The Lincoln Motion Picture Company a First for Black Cinema"
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Homo narrans: texts and essays in honor of Jerome Klinkowitz
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Midnight Ramble: Oscar Micheaux and the Story of Race Movies
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2013:
Bowser, Pearl; Gaines, Jane; Musser, Charles, eds. (2001).
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100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia
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in 1926. Oscar and Alice remained married until his death.
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continues to honor his work and educate about his legacy.
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1215:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Western Book Supply Company. 1915.
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The Oscar Micheaux Award for excellence was established.
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being decorated during the 2005 Oscar Micheaux festival.
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Homestead to Lynch Mob: Portrayals of Black Masculinity
1233:. Sioux City, Iowa: Western Book Supply Company. 1917.
2358:"Within Our Gates (1920) – Oscar Micheaux Silent Film"
1915:"New Documentary About Black Filmmaker Oscar Micheaux"
381:, dedicated to his mother, attracted the attention of
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issued a 44-cent, Oscar Micheaux commemorative stamp.
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honored Micheaux with a Golden Jubilee Special Award.
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revolved around the main character, Sylvia Landry, a
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Writer and African-American film director (1884–1951)
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because Micheaux's life mirrored his own. Mack told
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A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
1574:"The Journal for MultiMedia History Volume 3~ 2000"
819:living and working in the city as a film producer.
529:, created so much controversy when reviewed by the
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2066:(Summer 1991). "Micheaux: Celebrating Blackness".
2019:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
2012:
994:(1927), adapted from novel by Charles W. Chesnutt
601:, aged 67. He is buried in Great Bend Cemetery in
2237:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
1836:"Little Known Black History Fact: Oscar Micheaux"
634:1987, Micheaux was recognized with a star on the
509:, which he released under their original titles:
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1379:. University Press of New England. p. 53.
521:(1927). The latter, which dealt with issues of
2377:(features clips from some of Micheaux's films)
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1971:"The Black Monuments Project: Oscar Micheaux"
1542:Literary Adaptations in Black American Cinema
665:holds an annual Oscar Micheaux Film Festival.
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2198:Who's Who in Colored America: 1930-1931-1932
2131:. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
296:When Micheaux was 17 years old, he moved to
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2383:(recorded an album of songs about Micheaux)
2037:Straight Lick: The Cinema of Oscar Micheaux
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1187:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Woodruff Press. 1913.
264:
253:feature filmmaker, a prominent producer of
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1184:The Conquest: The Story of a Negro Pioneer
405:; its first project was the production of
367:The Conquest: The Story of a Negro Pioneer
349:
153: 1926–1951)
42:
6105:20th-century American short story writers
2273:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1698:"Taubman Museum reduces its annual rates"
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365:In 1913, 1,000 copies of his first book,
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1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
580:
353:
1687:World Stamp News www.worldstampnews.com
1305:. New York: Book Supply Company. 1947.
1287:. New York: Book Supply Company. 1946.
1269:. New York: Book Supply Company. 1944.
1251:. New York: Book Supply Company. 1941.
743:has an exhibition devoted to his works.
678:included Oscar Micheaux on his list of
320:, where he bought land and worked as a
14:
6037:
2195:
2124:
2105:
1938:
1809:Movies News Desk (February 12, 2014).
1743:Zimmerman, Eilene (October 20, 2021).
1662:
1634:
1623:
1538:
772:on his nationally syndicated program,
6145:20th-century African-American writers
5639:Six Characters in Search of an Author
2779:
2400:
2062:
2033:
1912:
1761:
1716:Chow, Andrew R. (December 11, 2019).
1519:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1400:
712:. It was first aired on the PBS show
2217:
2167:VanEpps-Taylor, Betti Carol (1999).
2040:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana UP.
1887:Wetzstein, Cheryl (April 30, 2014).
1861:Wetzstein, Cheryl (April 30, 2014).
1785:"The Czar of Black Hollywood (2014)"
1762:Chang, Justin (September 21, 2021).
1715:
1709:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1372:
652:created an annual award in his name.
621:
593:Micheaux died on March 25, 1951, in
6135:20th-century American screenwriters
2347:"Black Cinema: Micheaux Must Go On"
24:
6115:20th-century American male writers
4834:Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
2381:Stace England & The Salt Kings
2006:
1993:"Oscar Micheaux Historical Marker"
1489:
1458:"Patent Details - BLM GLO Records"
790:Oscar Micheaux: The Great and Only
458:Micheaux's second silent film was
443:was adapted to film and re-titled
338:. He began work on a second book,
25:
6166:
6100:American male short story writers
2213:
1783:Paul Day II (December 24, 2014).
1667:. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
1635:Ravage, John W. (March 3, 2007).
1592:
1472:""Oscar Micheaux biography", Bio"
741:Academy Museum of Motion Pictures
482:school teacher played by actress
170:Directors Guild of America Awards
132: 1910, divorced)
6120:Film directors from South Dakota
6085:People from Metropolis, Illinois
6021:
6020:
2312:
2296:Works by or about Oscar Micheaux
2222:
1696:Allen, Mike (February 21, 2011)
788:said he read the 2007 biography
608:
393:. After Johnson offered to make
212:
18:Micheaux Book & Film Company
6130:Screenwriters from South Dakota
6075:American film studio executives
6060:African-American film directors
6055:20th-century American novelists
2173:. Rapid City, SD: Dakota West.
2068:Black American Literature Forum
1985:
1963:
1932:
1906:
1880:
1854:
1828:
1802:
1776:
1755:
1745:"Capturing the Magic of Movies"
1736:
1690:
1681:
1656:
269:Micheaux was born on a farm in
150:
129:
6065:African-American screenwriters
5788:Grosvenor School of Modern Art
5781:Fourth dimension in literature
1939:Geggis, Anne (July 10, 2014).
1913:Kelly, Kate (August 4, 2014).
1706:. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
1566:
1545:. University Rochester Press.
1464:
1450:
1366:
1350:. May 24, 2005. Archived from
1336:
1302:Masquerade, a Historical Novel
1284:The Story of Dorothy Stanfield
951:(1926), adapted from novel by
827:
716:in 1994, and released in 2004.
680:100 Greatest African Americans
627:The Oscar Micheaux Society at
505:Micheaux adapted two works by
387:Lincoln Motion Picture Company
247:Lincoln Motion Picture Company
13:
1:
6150:African-American male writers
2805:
2465:The Symbol of the Unconquered
2336:Oscar Micheaux: Pioneer Negro
2125:Lupack, Barbara Tepa (2002).
1539:Lupack, Barbara Tepa (2002).
1330:
860:The Symbol of the Unconquered
657:Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame
49:
6080:Film directors from Illinois
2146:McGilligan, Patrick (2007).
1663:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002).
1442:Betti Carol VanEpps-Taylor,
796:and was inspired to produce
756:Block Starz Music Television
659:gave him a posthumous award.
318:Gregory County, South Dakota
177:Golden Jubilee Special Award
7:
6125:Screenwriters from Illinois
6070:American male screenwriters
5881:List of avant-garde artists
4858:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
2593:The House Behind the Cedars
2311:(public domain audiobooks)
2152:. New York: HarperCollins.
1318:
991:The House Behind the Cedars
798:The Czar of Black Hollywood
775:The Tom Joyner Morning Show
761:The Czar of Black Hollywood
749:The Czar of Black Hollywood
585:Grave of Oscar Micheaux in
518:The House Behind the Cedars
10:
6171:
6140:African-American novelists
5739:Classical Hollywood cinema
2505:The Virgin of the Seminole
1945:tribunedigital-sunsentinel
900:The Virgin of the Seminole
650:Producers Guild of America
643:Directors Guild of America
287:American Revolutionary War
6002:
5680:
5521:
5389:
5229:
4978:
4967:
4810:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
4764:
4590:
4150:
3633:
3624:
3501:
3285:
3027:
3018:
2813:
2435:
1605:""Oscar Micheaux' grave""
1348:African American Registry
719:In 2019, Micheaux's film
595:Charlotte, North Carolina
542:
161:
112:
104:
97:Charlotte, North Carolina
85:
59:
41:
34:
3595:The Master and Margarita
2755:The Notorious Elinor Lee
2034:Green, Ronald J (2000).
1506:Sioux City Public Museum
1266:The Case of Mrs. Wingate
1230:The Homesteader: A Novel
1175:
1159:The Notorious Elinor Lee
822:
729:for preservation in the
576:
555:
434:
308:save money. He became a
265:Early life and education
202:Oscar Devereaux Micheaux
64:Oscar Devereaux Micheaux
6095:American male novelists
5888:List of modernist poets
5774:Fourth dimension in art
4950:Meshes of the Afternoon
2633:A Daughter of the Congo
2305:Works by Oscar Micheaux
2287:Works by Oscar Micheaux
2200:. Brooklyn: T. Yenser.
2196:Yenser, Thomas (1933).
1031:A Daughter of the Congo
714:The American Experience
439:Micheaux's first novel
350:Writing and film career
5972:Second Viennese School
5714:
5703:
3607:The Sound and the Fury
3511:In Search of Lost Time
2968:
2897:
2886:
2840:
2829:
731:National Film Registry
685:On June 22, 2010, the
636:Hollywood Walk of Fame
590:
574:
531:Film Board of Virginia
359:
182:Hollywood Walk of Fame
5951:Reactionary modernism
5874:List of art movements
2693:Harlem After Midnight
2679:The Girl from Chicago
2473:The Gunsaulus Mystery
1951:on September 28, 2015
1248:The Wind from Nowhere
1095:Harlem After Midnight
1079:The Girl from Chicago
868:The Gunsaulus Mystery
694:Taubman Museum of Art
663:Gregory, South Dakota
584:
565:
467:The Birth of a Nation
385:, the manager of the
357:
5795:Hanshinkan Modernism
5651:The Threepenny Opera
5567:Pelléas et Mélisande
2561:The Devil's Disciple
2334:J.D. Walker, Ph.D.:
2243:improve this article
1893:The Washington Times
1447:, Dakota West, 1999.
959:The Devil's Disciple
781:The Washington Times
725:was selected by the
570:Booker T. Washington
327:The Chicago Defender
271:Metropolis, Illinois
78:Metropolis, Illinois
5853:International Style
5603:Afternoon of a Faun
4882:Battleship Potemkin
4786:Mont Sainte-Victoir
2723:God's Step Children
2665:Ten Minutes to Live
2497:Uncle Jasper's Will
2255:footnote references
1919:The Huffington Post
1842:. February 13, 2014
1127:God's Step Children
1063:Ten Minutes to Live
953:Charles W. Chesnutt
892:Uncle Jasper's Will
803:The Huffington Post
766:Library of Congress
727:Library of Congress
507:Charles W. Chesnutt
377:In 1918, his novel
191:Hollywood Boulevard
5732:Buddhist modernism
5689:American modernism
5615:The Rite of Spring
3583:The Sun Also Rises
3559:The Magic Mountain
2686:Phantom of Kenwood
2657:Veiled Aristocrats
2601:Thirty Years Later
2427:Films directed by
2389:(page archived at
1749:The New York Times
1611:on August 27, 2013
1373:Moos, Dan (2005).
1087:Phantom of Kenwood
1055:Veiled Aristocrats
999:Thirty Years Later
794:Patrick McGilligan
676:Molefi Kete Asante
670:Great Bend, Kansas
603:Great Bend, Kansas
591:
536:Veiled Aristocrats
360:
316:Micheaux moved to
6032:
6031:
5760:Experimental film
5676:
5675:
5663:Waiting for Godot
4963:
4962:
3620:
3619:
3523:The Metamorphosis
2773:
2772:
2585:The Broken Violin
2553:The Conjure Woman
2291:Project Gutenberg
2283:
2282:
2275:
2138:978-1-58046-103-0
1840:Black America Web
1815:broadwayworld.com
1769:Los Angeles Times
1703:The Roanoke Times
1674:978-1-57392-963-9
1637:"Micheaux, Oscar"
1502:"Micheaux, Oscar"
983:The Broken Violin
948:The Conjure Woman
698:Roanoke, Virginia
687:US Postal Service
674:In 2002, scholar
622:Legacy and honors
512:The Conjure Woman
332:Lincoln, Nebraska
275:born into slavery
261:and sound films.
199:
198:
16:(Redirected from
6162:
6024:
6023:
5995:
5993:Vulgar modernism
5988:
5986:Underground film
5981:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5809:Hippie modernism
5804:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5725:Bloomsbury Group
5720:
5719:
5709:
5708:
5698:
5691:
5669:
5668:
5657:
5656:
5645:
5644:
5633:
5632:
5621:
5620:
5609:
5608:
5597:
5596:
5585:
5584:
5573:
5572:
5561:
5560:
5549:
5548:
5537:
5536:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4976:
4975:
4956:
4955:
4944:
4943:
4932:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4906:Un Chien Andalou
4900:
4899:
4888:
4887:
4876:
4875:
4870:Ballet Mécanique
4864:
4863:
4852:
4851:
4840:
4839:
4828:
4827:
4816:
4815:
4804:
4803:
4798:The Starry Night
4792:
4791:
4780:
4779:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4127:Toulouse-Lautrec
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3631:
3630:
3613:
3612:
3601:
3600:
3589:
3588:
3577:
3576:
3565:
3564:
3553:
3552:
3541:
3540:
3529:
3528:
3517:
3516:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3025:
3024:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2888:Der Blaue Reiter
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2701:Murder in Harlem
2617:The Wages of Sin
2569:The Spider's Web
2449:Within Our Gates
2421:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2391:Internet Archive
2370:
2359:
2316:
2315:
2300:Internet Archive
2278:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2192:
2163:
2142:
2121:
2091:
2059:
2030:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1947:. Archived from
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1867:Washington Times
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1713:
1707:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1607:. Archived from
1601:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1536:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1498:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1340:
1314:
1296:
1278:
1260:
1242:
1224:
1206:
1103:Murder in Harlem
1015:The Wages of Sin
967:The Spider's Web
844:Within Our Gates
616:Alice B. Russell
476:Within Our Gates
461:Within Our Gates
429:Great Depression
358:Micheaux in 1919
344:Sioux City, Iowa
251:African-American
244:
243:
242:
241:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
211:
190:
176:
154:
152:
139:Alice B. Russell
133:
131:
119:Orlean McCracken
108:Director, author
92:
73:
71:
54:
51:
46:
32:
31:
21:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6155:Cinema pioneers
6035:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6019:
6011:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5979:Structural film
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5930:New Objectivity
5928:
5921:
5916:Neo-romanticism
5914:
5909:Neo-primitivism
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5712:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5555:Verklärte Nacht
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4970:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
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2609:When Men Betray
2577:The Millionaire
2441:The Homesteader
2431:
2425:
2368:
2357:
2353:, May. 13, 2002
2343:Richard Corliss
2313:
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2240:
2231:This article's
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2118:
2080:10.2307/3041692
2048:
2027:
2009:
2007:Further reading
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1354:on May 19, 2016
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1212:The Forged Note
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1007:When Men Betray
975:The Millionaire
836:The Homesteader
830:
825:
752:
629:Duke University
624:
611:
579:
563:Micheaux said,
558:
545:
445:The Homesteader
437:
425:silent pictures
418:The Homesteader
408:The Homesteader
395:The Homesteader
379:The Homesteader
352:
340:The Forged Note
283:French Huguenot
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74:January 2, 1884
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5867:Late modernity
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5860:Late modernism
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5802:High modernism
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5746:Degenerate art
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4455:Ray (Nicholas)
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3554:
3547:The Waste Land
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2858:Constructivism
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2719:
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2645:
2641:Darktown Revue
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2545:Marcus Garland
2541:
2533:
2529:A Son of Satan
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
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2436:
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2429:Oscar Micheaux
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2409:
2401:
2395:
2394:
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2378:
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2354:
2340:
2338:(Feature Film)
2331:
2326:
2320:Oscar Micheaux
2317:
2302:
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2281:
2280:
2235:external links
2230:
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2214:External links
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2092:
2074:(2): 351–360.
2060:
2047:978-0253109224
2046:
2031:
2026:978-0253339942
2025:
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2003:
2002:
1984:
1962:
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1724:. New York, NY
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1325:Deanna Michaux
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93:(aged 67)
89:March 25, 1951
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36:Oscar Micheaux
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6015:Postmodernism
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5958:Metamodernism
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5923:New Hollywood
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4643:Hundertwasser
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3020:Literary arts
3017:
3010:
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2996:
2992:
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2961:Neoplasticism
2958:
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2924:Functionalism
2921:
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2901:
2900:
2894:
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2880:
2879:Expressionism
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2851:Ashcan School
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2537:Body and Soul
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2489:The Hypocrite
2486:
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2369:Stace England
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2256:
2252:
2251:inappropriate
2248:
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2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
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2180:9781893250031
2176:
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2165:
2161:
2159:9780061982156
2155:
2151:
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2140:
2134:
2130:
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2123:
2119:
2117:9788323318965
2113:
2109:
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2100:9781935517511
2097:
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2028:
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2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1998:
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1988:
1972:
1966:
1950:
1946:
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1552:9781580461030
1548:
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1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1511:September 12,
1507:
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1477:
1476:biography.com
1473:
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1386:9781584655060
1382:
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985:
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964:
961:
960:
956:
954:
950:
949:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
933:
932:Body and Soul
929:
926:
925:
921:
918:
917:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
893:
889:
886:
885:
884:The Hypocrite
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
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849:
846:
845:
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777:
776:
771:
767:
763:
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742:
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735:
732:
728:
724:
723:
722:Body and Soul
718:
715:
711:
707:
706:
702:
699:
695:
692:In 2011, the
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
673:
671:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:In 1989, the
654:
651:
647:
644:
640:
637:
633:
630:
626:
625:
619:
617:
609:Personal life
606:
604:
600:
599:heart failure
596:
588:
583:
573:
571:
564:
561:
553:
549:
540:
538:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
503:
501:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
462:
456:
454:
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388:
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375:
372:
368:
363:
356:
347:
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337:
333:
329:
328:
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319:
314:
311:
305:
303:
299:
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288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
233:
209:
203:
192:
184:
183:
179:
172:
171:
167:
166:
164:
160:
140:
115:
111:
107:
105:Occupation(s)
103:
98:
88:
84:
79:
62:
58:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
6013:
6006:
5753:Ecomodernism
5661:
5649:
5637:
5625:
5613:
5601:
5591:The Firebird
5589:
5577:
5565:
5553:
5541:
5529:
4948:
4938:Citizen Kane
4936:
4927:Fallingwater
4917:Villa Savoye
4904:
4892:
4880:
4868:
4856:
4846:Black Square
4844:
4832:
4820:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4664:Le Corbusier
4592:Architecture
3605:
3593:
3581:
3571:Mrs Dalloway
3569:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3394:Lowell (Amy)
2763:The Betrayal
2761:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2428:
2350:
2335:
2269:
2260:
2245:by removing
2232:
2197:
2169:
2148:
2127:
2107:
2071:
2067:
2036:
2015:
1996:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:the original
1944:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:
1882:
1872:February 25,
1870:. Retrieved
1866:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1839:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1778:
1767:
1757:
1748:
1738:
1728:December 11,
1726:. Retrieved
1721:
1711:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1664:
1658:
1648:December 14,
1646:. Retrieved
1640:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:the original
1584:November 15,
1582:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1541:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:
1466:
1452:
1443:
1390:. Retrieved
1375:
1368:
1358:February 12,
1356:. Retrieved
1352:the original
1347:
1338:
1301:
1283:
1265:
1247:
1229:
1211:
1183:
1167:The Betrayal
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
973:
965:
957:
946:
938:
930:
922:
914:
906:
898:
890:
882:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
834:
813:
809:Sun Sentinel
807:
801:
797:
789:
784:, filmmaker
779:
773:
759:
753:
748:
720:
713:
710:Clyde Taylor
703:
612:
592:
566:
562:
559:
550:
546:
534:
516:
510:
504:
500:Jim Crow era
496:
492:
488:sharecropper
484:Evelyn Preer
475:
465:
459:
457:
444:
441:The Conquest
440:
438:
422:
417:
406:
400:
394:
378:
376:
366:
364:
361:
339:
336:The Conquest
335:
325:
315:
306:
295:
291:
268:
259:silent films
201:
200:
180:
168:
91:(1951-03-25)
29:
6050:1951 deaths
6045:1884 births
6008:Romanticism
5965:Remodernism
5846:Incoherents
5705:Avant-garde
5696:Armory Show
5303:Maeterlinck
5206:Villa-Lobos
5192:Szymanowski
5171:Stockhausen
5108:Lutosławski
4826:(1909–1910)
3626:Visual arts
3599:(1928–1940)
3515:(1913–1927)
3038:Apollinaire
3002:Synchromism
2842:Art Nouveau
2672:Black Magic
2625:Easy Street
2481:The Dungeon
2064:hooks, bell
1955:November 9,
1924:November 9,
1898:November 9,
1846:November 9,
1820:November 9,
1794:November 9,
1558:November 9,
1481:November 9,
1071:Black Magic
1023:Easy Street
876:The Dungeon
828:Filmography
515:(1926) and
472:World War I
391:Los Angeles
371:protagonist
322:homesteader
53: 1913
6090:Race films
6039:Categories
5895:Maximalism
5830:Literature
5505:Wiesenthal
5407:Cunningham
5400:Balanchine
5380:Witkiewicz
5352:Strindberg
5338:Pirandello
5310:Mayakovsky
5185:Stravinsky
5157:Schoenberg
4969:Performing
4894:Metropolis
4685:Mendelsohn
4490:Rossellini
4483:Richardson
4294:Fassbinder
4280:Eisenstein
4217:Cassavetes
3973:Modigliani
3847:Goncharova
3833:Giacometti
3227:Dos Passos
3029:Literature
2988:Surrealism
2899:Die Brücke
2747:Birthright
2739:Lying Lips
2715:Underworld
2708:Temptation
2521:Birthright
2371:'s channel
1615:August 14,
1331:References
1151:Birthright
1143:Lying Lips
1119:Underworld
1111:Temptation
916:Birthright
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770:Tom Joyner
641:1989, the
587:Great Bend
523:mixed race
480:mixed-race
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334:published
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5414:Diaghilev
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5073:Hindemith
5045:Dutilleux
5017:Boulanger
4822:The Dance
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3889:Kandinsky
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3206:Mansfield
3157:Hemingway
2995:Symbolism
2814:Movements
2807:Modernism
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2247:excessive
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1977:July 8,
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577:Death
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435:Films
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