3679:
40:
4246:
675:
661:
401:, which this methanogen needs in order to grow and produce methane. Syntrophy has been hypothesized to play a significant role in energy- and nutrient-limited environments, such as deep subsurface, where it can help the microbial community with diverse functional properties to survive, grow and produce maximum amount of energy.
437:
Commensalism is very common in microbial world, literally meaning "eating from the same table". Metabolic products of one microbial population are used by another microbial population without either gain or harm for the first population. There are many "pairs "of microbial species that perform either
43:
The great plate count anomaly. Counts of cells obtained via cultivation are orders of magnitude lower than those directly observed under the microscope. This is because microbiologists are able to cultivate only a minority of naturally occurring microbes using current laboratory techniques, depending
233:
Although measuring biogeochemical process rates could analyse what processes were occurring, they were incomplete because they provided no information on which specific microbes were responsible. It was long known that 'classical' cultivation techniques recovered fewer than 1% of the microbes from a
648:
have also begun to be incorporated into building surfaces and fabrics, although concerns have been raised about the potential side-effects of the tiny particles on human health. Due to the antimicrobial properties certain metals possess, products such as medical devices are made using those metals.
246:
took this seminal idea and applied it to analysfe 'who's there' in natural environments. The procedure involves (a) isolation of nucleic acids directly from a natural environment, (b) PCR amplification of small subunit rRNA gene sequences, (c) sequencing the amplicons, and (d) comparison of those
229:
allowed analysis of rates of photosynthesis in the ocean (ref). Another significant breakthrough came in the 1980s, when microelectrodes sensitive to chemical species like O2 were developed. These electrodes have a spatial resolution of 50–100 μm, and have allowed analysis of spatial and temporal
548:
has to be better characterized for this field's potential to be realised. In addition, there are also clinical implications, as marine microbial symbioses are a valuable source of existing and novel antimicrobial agents, and thus offer another line of inquiry in the evolutionary arms race of
2463:
Boetius, Antje; Ravenschlag, Katrin; Schubert, Carsten J.; Rickert, Dirk; Widdel, Friedrich; Gieseke, Armin; Amann, Rudolf; Jørgensen, Bo Barker; Witte, Ursula; Pfannkuche, Olaf (October 2000). "A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane".
213:
ecosystem. The study of the rumen required
Hungate to develop techniques for culturing anaerobic microbes, and he also pioneered a quantitative approach to the study of microbes and their ecological activities that differentiated the relative contributions of species and
247:
sequences to a database of sequences from pure cultures and environmental DNA. This has provided tremendous insights into the diversity present within microbial habitats. However, it does not resolve how to link specific microbes to their biogeochemical role.
2523:
Raghoebarsing, Ashna A.; Pol, Arjan; van de Pas-Schoonen, Katinka T.; Smolders, Alfons J. P.; Ettwig, Katharina F.; Rijpstra, W. Irene C.; Schouten, Stefan; Damsté, Jaap S. Sinninghe; Op den Camp, Huub J. M.; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Strous, Marc (April 2006).
465:(also commonly known as antagonism) is a type of symbiotic relationship where one species/organism is harmed while the other remains unaffected. One example of such a relationship that takes place in microbial ecology is between the microbial species
2998:
318:. Differing from the nitrogen and carbon cycles, stable gaseous species are not created in the phosphorus cycle in the environment. Microorganisms play a role in solubilizing phosphate, improving soil health, and plant growth.
3073:
2359:
Lau, Maggie C. Y.; Kieft, Thomas L.; Kuloyo, Olukayode; Linage-Alvarez, Borja; van
Heerden, Esta; Lindsay, Melody R.; Magnabosco, Cara; Wang, Wei; Wiggins, Jessica B.; Guo, Ling; Perlman, David H. (December 6, 2016).
3158:
150:) control global biogeochemical cycling. The immensity of microorganisms' production is such that, even in the complete absence of eukaryotic life, these processes would likely continue unchanged.
578:
A 2006 study of pathogenic bacteria in hospitals found that their ability to survive varied by the type, with some surviving for only a few days while others survived for months.
221:
Progress in microbial ecology has been tied to the development of new technologies. The measurement of biogeochemical process rates in nature was driven by the availability of
2672:
GarcĂa, Cristina; Rendueles, Manuel; DĂaz, Mario (September 2017). "Synbiotic
Fermentation for the Co-Production of Lactic and Lactobionic Acids from Residual Dairy Whey".
234:
natural habitat. However, beginning in the 1990s, a set of cultivation-independent techniques have evolved to determine the relative abundance of microbes in a habitat.
158:
While microbes have been studied since the seventeenth century, this research was primarily on physiological perspective rather than an ecological one. For instance,
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which makes up 78% of the Earth's atmosphere is unavailable to most organisms, until it is converted to a biologically available form by the microbial process of
2905:
425:. Thus the two organisms are in a mutualistic relationship which allows them to grow and thrive in an environment, deadly for either species alone.
3887:
385:
Mutualism in microbial ecology is a relationship between microbial species and humans that allows for both sides to benefit. One such example would be
1297:
De Wit, Rutger; Bouvier, Thierry (2006). "'Everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects'; what did Baas
Becking and Beijerinck really say?".
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McDaniel, L. D.; Young, E.; Delaney, J.; Ruhnau, F.; Ritchie, K. B.; Paul, J. H. (2010). "High
Frequency of Horizontal Gene Transfer in the Oceans".
581:
The lifespan of microbes in the home varies similarly. Generally bacteria and viruses require a wet environment with a humidity of over 10 percent.
310:
all depend on microorganisms in one way or another. Each cycle works together to regulate the microorganisms in certain processes. For example, the
3210:
2246:
Bryant, M. P.; Wolin, E. A.; Wolin, M. J.; Wolfe, R. S. (1967). "Methanobacillus omelianskii, a symbiotic association of two species of bacteria".
5029:
4282:
3201:
5173:
1682:"Rhizosphere effect and water constraint jointly determined the roles of microorganism in soil phosphorus cycling in arid desert regions"
703:
361:) with other microorganisms or larger organisms. Although physically small, symbiotic relationships amongst microbes are significant in
5243:
337:
Microbial ecology contributes to the evolution in many different parts of the world. For example, different microbial species evolved
4226:
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641:
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shows inhibited growth and decreased production of lactobionic acid (its main product) most likely due to the byproducts created by
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190:
outside of the medical context—making him among the first students of microbial ecology and environmental microbiology—discovering
421:(and so thermodynamically unfavored) however, when coupled to the reaction used by archaeal partner, the overall reaction becomes
4002:
3977:
1365:
Revsbech, Niels Peter; Jørgensen, Bo Barker (1986), "Microelectrodes: Their Use in
Microbial Ecology", in Marshall, K. C. (ed.),
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2808:
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2657:
2617:
2448:
2222:
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1808:"Roles of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms from Managing Soil Phosphorus Deficiency to Mediating Biogeochemical P Cycle"
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1384:
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791:
126:
cells; eight orders of magnitude greater than the number of stars in the observable universe), microbes, by virtue of their
5258:
4023:
1916:
Smets, Barth F.; Barkay, Tamar (2005). "Horizontal gene transfer: Perspectives at a crossroads of scientific disciplines".
2362:"An oligotrophic deep-subsurface community dependent on syntrophy is dominated by sulphur-driven autotrophic denitrifiers"
5864:
5849:
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251:, the sequencing of total DNA recovered from an environment, can provide insights into biogeochemical potential, whereas
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5022:
4863:
4275:
4211:
2927:
1246:
Adler, Antony; DĂĽcker, Erik (April 5, 2017). "When
Pasteurian Science Went to Sea: The Birth of Marine Microbiology".
438:
oxidation or reduction reaction to the same chemical equation. For example, methanogens produce methane by reducing CO
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3194:
17:
4038:
4018:
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washing, potentially along with vancomycin and cotrimoxazole to address intestinal and urinary tract infections.
406:
5663:
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Microbes exist in all areas, including homes, offices, commercial centers, and hospitals. In 2016, the journal
410:
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5015:
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Li, Wenjing; Wang, Jinlong; Jiang, Lamei; Lv, Guanghui; Hu, Dong; Wu, Deyan; Yang, Xiaodong (March 1, 2023).
279:
to the other organisms. These chemotrophic organisms can also function in anoxic environments by using other
4795:
1475:"Analysing Microbial Community Composition through Amplicon Sequencing: From Sampling to Hypothesis Testing"
5141:
3720:
3678:
3596:
3187:
2640:
Canfield, Donald E.; Erik
Kristensen; Bo Thamdrup (2005), "Structure and Growth of Microbial Populations",
2951:"Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management"
2906:"How long do microbes like bacteria and viruses live on surfaces in the home at normal room temperatures?"
814:
Bowler, Chris; Karl, David M.; Colwell, Rita R. (2009). "Microbial oceanography in a sea of opportunity".
602:
In the home, pets can be carriers of bacteria; for example, reptiles are commonly carriers of salmonella.
201:
Beijerinck and
Windogradsky, however, were focused on the physiology of microorganisms, not the microbial
162:
and his disciples were interested in the problem of microbial distribution both on land and in the ocean.
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5498:
4389:
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271:, but even more so in areas where photosynthesis cannot take places due to lack of light. In such zones,
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365:
processes and their evolution. The types of symbiotic relationship that microbes participate in include
294:
from other organisms' waste products. These microbes play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles. The
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31:
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is particularly common, and asymptomatically colonizes about 30% of the human population; attempts to
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5744:
5356:
5248:
5106:
5091:
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4477:
3025:"Highly effective regimen for decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers"
609:
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is a technique which has begun to be used in the 21st century to prevent transmission of bacteria.
541:
505:
322:
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4638:
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Faust, Karoline; Raes, Jeroen (July 16, 2012). "Microbial interactions: from networks to models".
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shows no difference in its behaviour, and such this relationship can be defined as amensalism.
473:
175:
3023:
Buehlmann, M.; Frei, R.; Fenner, L.; Dangel, M.; Fluckiger, U.; Widmer, A. F. (June 1, 2008).
2798:
2600:
Bogitsh, Burton J.; Carter, Clint E.; Oeltmann, Thomas N. (2013), "Symbiosis and
Parasitism",
2310:. The origin of mitosing cells: 50th anniversary of a classic paper by Lynn Sagan (Margulis).
1058:
63:: their relationship with one another and with their environment. It concerns the three major
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589:
550:
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3103:"Evaluation of metal-based antimicrobial compounds for the treatment of bacterial pathogens"
1647:
393:' is a classical example. This consortium is formed by an ethanol fermenting organism and a
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can measure actual expression of genetic potential but remains more technically difficult.
179:
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can survive for a few hours to a day. Bacteria which form spores can survive longer, with
8:
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idea that "everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects", which was stated by
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2014:
2001:
1988:
1960:
1941:
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1807:
1806:
Tian, Jiang; Ge, Fei; Zhang, Dayi; Deng, Songqiang; Liu, Xingwang (February 17, 2021).
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at the bottom of the deepest oceans, and some of the most familiar, such as the human
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3140:
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2882:
2851:"How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review"
2804:
2779:
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2006:
1980:
1933:
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1764:
1721:
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1610:
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951:
935:
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315:
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239:
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135:
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2803:. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. Vol. 42. pp. 95–118.
2701:
2627:
2428:
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2018:
1902:
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118:. As a consequence of the quantitative magnitude of microbial life (calculated as
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2436:
2399:
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2331:
2323:
2255:
2176:
2103:
2095:
1996:
1972:
1945:
1925:
1882:
1837:
1819:
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1701:
1618:
1600:
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1504:
1486:
1445:
1427:
1372:
1314:
1255:
1218:
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1123:
1115:
1008:
990:
927:
886:
851:
831:
752:
742:
709:
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325:
among microbial communities, microbial ecology is also of importance to studies of
299:
64:
94:
systems in virtually all of our planet's environments, including some of the most
5794:
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5623:
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may be used alongside microbial ecology to address a number of environmental and
139:
107:
91:
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can be used to track changes in microbial communities over time or assess their
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4918:
4908:
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4143:
4068:
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3843:
3833:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3332:
3226:
2526:"A microbial consortium couples anaerobic methane oxidation to denitrification"
2327:
2099:
1959:
Westra, Edze R.; van Houte, Stineke; Gandon, Sylvain; Whitaker, Rachel (2019).
693:
680:
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521:
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published a collection of various works studying the microbial ecology of the
536:. Microbial resource management advocates a more progressive attitude towards
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2493:
2395:
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2150:
2056:
1984:
1833:
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1713:
1614:
1605:
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1500:
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1267:
939:
617:
497:
303:
159:
95:
60:
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1886:
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1432:
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39:
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2188:
2117:
2070:
LĂłpez-GarcĂa, PurificaciĂłn; Eme, Laura; Moreira, David (December 7, 2017).
2010:
1976:
1961:"The ecology and evolution of microbial CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems"
1937:
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or their ecological interactions. Modern microbial ecology was launched by
3074:"The bacteria-fighting super element making a return to hospitals: Copper"
2275:
1784:
1022:
955:
891:
866:
397:. The ethanol-fermenting organism provides the archaeal partner with the H
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4231:
3992:
3848:
3497:
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dynamics and functions, allowing a better understanding of human health.
174:
from the environment. He is often incorrectly credited with framing the
131:
2552:
2302:
LĂłpez-GarcĂa, PurificaciĂłn; Eme, Laura; Moreira, David (December 2017).
2180:
1992:
1929:
1776:
1736:
1408:"Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms"
1128:
1119:
835:
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2259:
2079:
2078:. The origin of mitosing cells: 50th anniversary of a classic paper by
947:
915:
462:
394:
374:
358:
287:
235:
134:. Aside carbon fixation, microbial key metabolic processes (including
99:
3179:
2949:
Tong SY; Davis JS; Eichenberger E; Holland TL; Fowler VG (July 2015).
2685:
2561:
2217:. Srivastava, P. S. (Prem S.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
5694:
5648:
5376:
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4590:
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4520:
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2485:
1004:
613:
529:
386:
362:
350:
326:
268:
87:
68:
1185:
1160:
413:. The reaction used by the bacterial partner for the production of H
5749:
5678:
5209:
5037:
4716:
4628:
4575:
4530:
4168:
3730:
3725:
3663:
3633:
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3043:
2849:
Kramer, Axel; Schwebke, Ingeborg; Kampf, GĂĽnter (August 16, 2006).
674:
501:
291:
76:
2717:
The microbial challenge : science, disease, and public health
2639:
2133:
The microbial challenge : science, disease, and public health
30:"Environmental microbiology" redirects here. For the journal, see
27:
Study of the relationship of microorganisms with their environment
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5416:
5411:
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4291:
3798:
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1652:(3 ed.). Boston, Mass.: Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 3.
1037:"number of stars in the observable universe - Wolfram|Alpha"
537:
202:
171:
127:
72:
56:
3643:
2719:(2nd ed.). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
2135:(2nd ed.). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
1649:
Bacterial Biogeochemistry: The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling
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Fenchel, Tom; Blackburn, Henry; King, Gary M. (July 24, 2012).
633:
629:
426:
338:
276:
786:. Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. p. 22.
242:
molecule could be used to analyse phylogenetic relationships.
4221:
3668:
3347:
3314:
1958:
612:
carriers have met with limited success and generally involve
556:
210:
115:
80:
2358:
1587:
Shakya, Migun; Lo, Chien-Chi; Chain, Patrick S. G. (2019).
637:
111:
2162:
2160:
1864:
1371:, vol. 9, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 293–352,
377:, and amensalism which affect the ecosystem in many ways.
186:
was one of the first researchers to attempt to understand
3022:
780:
Barton, Larry L.; Northup, Diana E. (September 9, 2011).
230:
biogeochemical dynamics in microbial mats and sediments.
3159:"Silver nanoparticles kill germs, raise health concerns"
1589:"Advances and Challenges in Metatranscriptomic Analysis"
2157:
1534:"What Is Metagenomics Teaching Us, and What Is Missed?"
2999:"Many factors involved in decolonization of S. aureus"
2301:
2069:
1532:
New, Felicia N.; Brito, Ilana L. (September 8, 2020).
1057:
Reddy, K. Ramesh; DeLaune, Ronald D. (July 15, 2004).
504:
challenges. For example, molecular techniques such as
2599:
2245:
1060:
Biogeochemistry of Wetlands: Science and Applications
544:
are favoured over attempts at eradication. Fluxes in
86:
Microorganisms, by their ubiquity, impact the entire
1645:
1639:
1406:
Woese, Carl R.; Fox, George E. (November 15, 1977).
731:"Exploring prokaryotic diversity in the genomic era"
656:
405:(AOM) is carried out by mutualistic consortium of a
90:. Microbial life plays a primary role in regulating
2848:
2750:"Microbial ecology and environmental biotechnology"
2671:
1344:(13th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
968:
593:surviving potentially for weeks or, in the case of
3101:Evans, Andris; Kavanagh, Kevin A. (May 7, 2021).
1364:
1063:. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. p. 116.
813:
5826:
2435:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 471–493,
1473:Hugerth, Luisa W.; Andersson, Anders F. (2017).
1472:
773:
492:
2366:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1965:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences
1805:
1412:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1050:
975:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
969:Whitman, W. B.; Coleman, DC; Wiebe, WJ (1998).
485:during its production of lactic acid. However,
349:Microbes, especially bacteria, often engage in
2427:Schink, Bernhard; Stams, Alfons J. M. (2013),
1208:
1206:
1204:
5023:
4276:
3597:
3195:
3100:
1679:
1586:
1296:
779:
225:beginning in the 1950s. For example, CO
1093:"The microbial ocean from genomes to biomes"
1056:
916:"The Anaerobic Microflora of the Human Body"
722:
238:first demonstrated that the sequence of the
3032:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
2426:
1915:
1245:
1201:
704:International Society for Microbial Ecology
5244:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
5030:
5016:
4283:
4269:
3604:
3590:
3202:
3188:
2800:Marine Microbial Thiotrophic Ectosymbioses
2747:
2741:
1213:Konopka, A. (2009). "Ecology, Microbial".
728:
557:In built environment and human interaction
4227:Physical factors affecting microbial life
4217:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
3134:
2974:
2876:
2866:
2773:
2560:
2403:
2385:
2335:
2166:
2107:
2000:
1841:
1823:
1622:
1604:
1508:
1490:
1449:
1431:
1290:
1184:
1127:
1012:
994:
890:
756:
746:
642:antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces
532:are being expanded by the development of
389:, also known as cross-feeding, of which '
5142:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
4781:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
2942:
2036:
1858:
1734:
1531:
1405:
38:
5174:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
4003:International Census of Marine Microbes
3978:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
3209:
2825:"Microbiology of the Built Environment"
2714:
2130:
1339:
1212:
913:
864:
429:is an example of a symbiotic organism.
267:Microorganisms are the backbone of all
14:
5827:
4982:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
2212:
2208:
2206:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1090:
1029:
962:
867:"What is microbial community ecology?"
858:
553:, a pressing concern for researchers.
477:. When co-existing in an environment,
5011:
4264:
3585:
3183:
3096:
3094:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2297:
2295:
2293:
1909:
1333:
1084:
807:
640:have antimicrobial properties. Using
4997:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
4024:Microbiomes of the built environment
1158:
1152:
932:10.1093/clinids/16.Supplement_4.S175
209:and coworkers, who investigated the
5447:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
2796:
2790:
2304:"Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution"
2203:
2124:
2072:"Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution"
2063:
2041:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2025:
1550:10.1146/annurev-micro-012520-072314
170:, a fundamental method of studying
24:
5200:Ecological effects of biodiversity
4212:Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes
3611:
3091:
2893:
2708:
2610:10.1016/b978-0-12-415915-0.00001-7
2290:
1761:10.1038/scientificamerican0970-136
971:"Prokaryotes: The unseen majority"
25:
5886:
4536:Generalist and specialist species
1248:Journal of the History of Biology
623:
5259:Occupancy–abundance relationship
4245:
4244:
4039:Microbial symbiosis and immunity
3677:
2928:"Raw Diets Linked To Salmonella"
1319:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01017.x
1223:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00002-X
673:
659:
130:alone, constitute a significant
5279:Relative abundance distribution
4992:Plant defense against herbivory
4859:Competitive exclusion principle
4571:Mesopredator release hypothesis
3151:
3107:Journal of Medical Microbiology
3066:
3016:
2991:
2920:
2842:
2817:
2665:
2633:
2593:
2516:
2456:
2429:"Syntrophism Among Prokaryotes"
2420:
2352:
2239:
1952:
1799:
1728:
1673:
1580:
1525:
1466:
1399:
1358:
1342:Brock biology of microorganisms
1239:
748:10.1186/gb-2002-3-2-reviews0003
516:. Managing the carbon cycle to
432:
4864:Consumer–resource interactions
2308:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2076:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2039:Processes in microbial ecology
907:
741:(2): reviews0003.reviews0001.
403:Anaerobic oxidation of methane
290:, with the ability to recycle
13:
1:
5710:Biological data visualization
5537:Environmental niche modelling
5264:Population viability analysis
4123:Synthetic microbial consortia
3988:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
3888:Host microbe interactions in
2955:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2650:10.1016/s0065-2881(05)48002-5
1538:Annual Review of Microbiology
1368:Advances in Microbial Ecology
716:
493:Microbial resource management
457:
275:microbes provide energy, and
5870:Microbial population biology
5195:Density-dependent inhibition
3721:Microbial population biology
2644:, Elsevier, pp. 23–64,
2441:10.1007/978-3-642-30123-0_59
2169:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1706:10.1016/j.catena.2022.106809
1340:Madigan, Michael T. (2012).
1215:Encyclopedia of Microbiology
920:Clinical Infectious Diseases
391:Methanobacterium omelianskii
380:
344:
332:
7:
5664:Liebig's law of the minimum
5499:Resource selection function
4390:Metabolic theory of ecology
2715:Krasner, Robert I. (2010).
2604:, Elsevier, pp. 1–13,
2213:Sheela, Srivastava (2003).
2131:Krasner, Robert I. (2010).
1918:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1377:10.1007/978-1-4757-0611-6_7
652:
524:is important in mitigating
10:
5891:
5865:Environmental microbiology
5850:Environmental soil science
5564:Niche apportionment models
5284:Relative species abundance
4488:Primary nutritional groups
4385:List of feeding behaviours
3983:Marine microbial symbiosis
3809:Kill the Winner hypothesis
3781:Bacteria collective motion
2748:Verstraete, Willy (2007).
2642:Advances in Marine Biology
2328:10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.031
2100:10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.031
2037:Kirchman, David L (2012).
1299:Environmental Microbiology
1091:Delong, Edward F. (2009).
914:Hentges, David J. (1993).
628:Some metals, particularly
560:
450:oxidise methane back to CO
411:methane-oxidizing archaeon
407:sulfate-reducing bacterium
153:
53:environmental microbiology
32:Environmental Microbiology
29:
5813:
5745:Ecosystem based fisheries
5687:
5587:
5512:
5385:
5357:Interspecific competition
5322:
5249:Minimum viable population
5182:
5107:Maximum sustainable yield
5092:Intraspecific competition
5087:Effective population size
5050:
4967:Anti-predator adaptations
4952:
4831:
4758:
4715:
4637:
4604:
4501:
4478:Photosynthetic efficiency
4413:
4307:
4240:
4177:
4131:
4019:Microbes in human culture
4011:
3935:
3899:
3789:
3739:
3686:
3675:
3619:
3531:
3488:
3400:
3346:
3309:
3268:
3245:
3217:
1479:Frontiers in Microbiology
1260:10.1007/s10739-017-9477-8
542:biological control agents
321:Due to the high level of
5735:Ecological stoichiometry
5700:Alternative stable state
4113:Human Microbiome Project
3824:Microbial biodegradation
2248:Archiv fĂĽr Mikrobiologie
1735:Delwiche, C. C. (1970).
1606:10.3389/fgene.2019.00904
1492:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01561
1161:"Microbial oceanography"
518:sequester carbon dioxide
506:community fingerprinting
323:horizontal gene transfer
262:
5579:Ontogenetic niche shift
5442:Ideal free distribution
5352:Ecological facilitation
5102:Malthusian growth model
5072:Consumer-resource model
4929:Paradox of the plankton
4894:Energy systems language
4614:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
4581:Optimal foraging theory
4556:Heterotrophic nutrition
4164:Microbiological culture
4159:Microbial DNA barcoding
3968:Antarctic microorganism
3716:Microbial phylogenetics
3503:Ecological anthropology
2868:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
2855:BMC Infectious Diseases
2387:10.1073/pnas.1612244113
2314:(Supplement C): 20–33.
2086:(Supplement C): 20–33.
1887:10.1126/science.1192243
1825:10.3390/biology10020158
1433:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088
996:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578
865:Konopka, Allan (2009).
729:Hugenholtz, P. (2002).
528:, and the prospects of
283:for their respiration.
176:microbial biogeographic
5725:Ecological forecasting
5669:Marginal value theorem
5467:Landscape epidemiology
5402:Cross-boundary subsidy
5337:Biological interaction
4687:Microbial intelligence
4375:Green world hypothesis
4149:Impedance microbiology
3890:Caenorhabditis elegans
3706:Microbial intelligence
3696:Microbial biogeography
3513:Ecological engineering
2674:Biotechnology Progress
2215:Understanding bacteria
1977:10.1098/rstb.2019.0101
1159:Lupp, Claudia (2009).
689:Microbial biogeography
479:Pseudomonas taetrolens
474:Pseudomonas taetrolens
353:relationships (either
45:
5730:Ecological humanities
5629:Ecological energetics
5574:Niche differentiation
5437:Habitat fragmentation
5205:Ecological extinction
5152:Small population size
4904:Feed conversion ratio
4884:Ecological succession
4816:San Francisco Estuary
4730:Ecological efficiency
4672:Microbial cooperation
4195:Microbial dark matter
4139:Dark-field microscopy
3943:Marine microorganisms
3819:Microbial cooperation
2829:www.biomedcentral.com
1593:Frontiers in Genetics
892:10.1038/ismej.2009.88
590:Staphylococcus aureus
551:antibiotic resistance
546:microbial communities
194:, and developing the
102:and acidic lakes, to
42:
5875:Subfields of ecology
5755:Evolutionary ecology
5720:Ecological footprint
5715:Ecological economics
5639:Ecological threshold
5634:Ecological indicator
5504:Source–sink dynamics
5457:Land change modeling
5452:Insular biogeography
5304:Species distribution
5043:Modelling ecosystems
4702:Microbial metabolism
4541:Intraguild predation
4330:Biogeochemical cycle
4296:Modelling ecosystems
3814:Microbial consortium
3711:Microbial metabolism
3508:Ecological economics
3435:Evolutionary ecology
3402:Ecological phenomena
3232:Quantitative ecology
3165:on February 22, 2014
3119:10.1099/jmm.0.001363
2967:10.1128/CMR.00134-14
2775:10.1038/ismej.2007.7
1737:"The Nitrogen Cycle"
646:Silver nanoparticles
534:microbial fuel cells
180:Lourens Baas Becking
5805:Theoretical ecology
5780:Natural environment
5644:Ecosystem diversity
5614:Ecological collapse
5604:Bateman's principle
5559:Limiting similarity
5472:Landscape limnology
5294:Species homogeneity
5132:Population modeling
5127:Population dynamics
4944:Trophic state index
3917:Seagrass microbiome
3554:Restoration ecology
3544:Glossary of ecology
3490:Interdisciplinarity
3237:Theoretical ecology
3211:Branches of ecology
2766:2007ISMEJ...1....4V
2553:10.1038/nature04617
2545:2006Natur.440..918R
2478:2000Natur.407..623B
2378:2016PNAS..113E7927L
2372:(49): E7927–E7936.
2320:2017JThBi.434...20L
2181:10.1038/nrmicro2832
2092:2017JThBi.434...20L
1930:10.1038/nrmicro1253
1879:2010Sci...330...50M
1753:1970SciAm.223c.136D
1741:Scientific American
1698:2023Caten.22206809L
1424:1977PNAS...74.5088W
1311:2006EnvMi...8..755D
1217:. pp. 91–106.
1177:2009Natur.459..179L
1120:10.1038/nature08059
1112:2009Natur.459..200D
987:1998PNAS...95.6578W
883:2009ISMEJ...3.1223K
836:10.1038/nature08056
828:2009Natur.459..180B
520:and prevent excess
487:Lactobacillus casei
483:Lactobacillus casei
468:Lactobacillus casei
286:Other microbes are
253:metatranscriptomics
164:Martinus Beijerinck
100:frozen environments
44:on the environment.
5835:Microbiology terms
5816:Outline of ecology
5765:Industrial ecology
5760:Functional ecology
5624:Ecological deficit
5569:Niche construction
5532:Ecosystem engineer
5309:Species–area curve
5230:Introduced species
5045:: Other components
4977:Deimatic behaviour
4879:Ecological network
4811:North Pacific Gyre
4796:hydrothermal vents
4735:Ecological pyramid
4682:Microbial food web
4493:Primary production
4438:Foundation species
4154:Microbial cytology
4118:Protein production
3953:Marine prokaryotes
3839:Microbial food web
3769:Protist locomotion
3747:Bacterial motility
3701:Microbial genetics
3539:History of ecology
3445:Functional ecology
3410:Behavioral ecology
3289:Population ecology
2602:Human Parasitology
2260:10.1007/bf00406313
699:Outline of ecology
596:Bacillus anthracis
281:electron acceptors
216:catabolic pathways
196:Winogradsky column
184:Sergei Winogradsky
168:enrichment culture
148:sulphur metabolism
144:methane metabolism
104:hydrothermal vents
46:
5860:Biological matter
5822:
5821:
5705:Balance of nature
5462:Landscape ecology
5347:Community ecology
5289:Species diversity
5225:Indicator species
5220:Gradient analysis
5097:Logistic function
5005:
5004:
4962:Animal coloration
4939:Trophic mutualism
4677:Microbial ecology
4468:Photoheterotrophs
4453:Myco-heterotrophy
4365:Ecosystem ecology
4350:Carrying capacity
4315:Abiotic component
4258:
4257:
4029:Food microbiology
3922:Soil microbiology
3861:Microbial synergy
3829:Microbial ecology
3579:
3578:
3518:Political ecology
3460:Molecular ecology
3455:Landscape ecology
3323:Microbial ecology
3299:Ecosystem ecology
3294:Community ecology
2908:. August 23, 2002
2810:978-0-203-50781-0
2726:978-0-7637-5689-5
2686:10.1002/btpr.2507
2659:978-0-12-026147-5
2619:978-0-12-415915-0
2539:(7086): 918–921.
2472:(6804): 623–626.
2450:978-3-642-30122-3
2224:978-1-4020-1633-2
2142:978-0-7637-5689-5
2048:978-0-19-958693-6
1659:978-0-12-415974-7
1418:(11): 5088–5090.
1386:978-1-4757-0613-0
1351:978-0-321-64963-8
1232:978-0-12-373944-5
1070:978-0-203-49145-4
793:978-1-118-01582-7
783:Microbial Ecology
573:built environment
409:and an anaerobic
316:nitrogen fixation
240:16S ribosomal RNA
136:nitrogen fixation
49:Microbial ecology
18:Microbial Ecology
16:(Redirected from
5882:
5855:Membrane biology
5522:Ecological niche
5494:selection theory
5314:Umbrella species
5299:Species richness
5235:Invasive species
5215:Flagship species
5122:Population cycle
5117:Overexploitation
5082:Ecological yield
5032:
5025:
5018:
5009:
5008:
4914:Mesotrophic soil
4854:Climax community
4786:Marine food webs
4725:Biomagnification
4526:Chemoorganotroph
4380:Keystone species
4340:Biotic component
4285:
4278:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4248:
4247:
4049:Human microbiome
3973:Coral microbiome
3907:Plant microbiome
3681:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3415:Chemical ecology
3387:Tropical ecology
3204:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3161:. Archived from
3155:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2870:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2797:Ott, J. (2005).
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2754:The ISME Journal
2745:
2739:
2738:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2680:(5): 1250–1256.
2669:
2663:
2662:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2564:
2530:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2486:10.1038/35036572
2460:
2454:
2453:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2389:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2034:
2023:
2022:
2004:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1827:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1608:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1494:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1435:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1131:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
998:
966:
960:
959:
911:
905:
904:
894:
871:The ISME Journal
862:
856:
855:
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
777:
771:
770:
760:
750:
726:
710:The ISME Journal
683:
678:
677:
669:
664:
663:
662:
563:Human microbiota
300:phosphorus cycle
198:in the process.
125:
123:
21:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5809:
5795:Systems ecology
5683:
5654:Extinction debt
5619:Ecological debt
5609:Bioluminescence
5590:
5583:
5552:marine habitats
5527:Ecological trap
5508:
5388:
5381:
5324:
5318:
5274:Rapoport's rule
5269:Priority effect
5210:Endemic species
5178:
5137:Population size
5053:
5046:
5036:
5006:
5001:
4954:
4948:
4934:Trophic cascade
4844:Bioaccumulation
4827:
4754:
4711:
4633:
4600:
4497:
4409:
4370:Ecosystem model
4303:
4289:
4259:
4254:
4236:
4173:
4127:
4007:
3958:Marine protists
3931:
3912:Root microbiome
3895:
3804:Biological pump
3785:
3735:
3682:
3673:
3615:
3610:
3580:
3575:
3566:Natural history
3549:Applied ecology
3527:
3523:Systems ecology
3484:
3480:Thermal ecology
3475:Spatial ecology
3450:Genetic ecology
3420:Disease ecology
3396:
3352:biogeographical
3342:
3305:
3264:
3241:
3213:
3208:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3099:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3078:Washington Post
3072:
3071:
3067:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2746:
2742:
2727:
2713:
2709:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2638:
2634:
2620:
2598:
2594:
2528:
2521:
2517:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2433:The Prokaryotes
2425:
2421:
2357:
2353:
2300:
2291:
2244:
2240:
2225:
2211:
2204:
2165:
2158:
2143:
2129:
2125:
2068:
2064:
2049:
2035:
2026:
1957:
1953:
1914:
1910:
1863:
1859:
1804:
1800:
1733:
1729:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1585:
1581:
1530:
1526:
1471:
1467:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1338:
1334:
1295:
1291:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1211:
1202:
1186:10.1038/459179a
1157:
1153:
1106:(7244): 200–6.
1095:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
981:(12): 6578–83.
967:
963:
912:
908:
877:(11): 1223–30.
863:
859:
822:(7244): 180–4.
812:
808:
798:
796:
794:
778:
774:
727:
723:
719:
679:
672:
665:
660:
658:
655:
626:
565:
559:
495:
460:
453:
445:
441:
435:
416:
400:
383:
347:
335:
265:
228:
156:
140:carbon fixation
121:
119:
108:small intestine
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5888:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5775:Microecosystem
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5674:Thorson's rule
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Assembly rules
5595:
5593:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5484:
5482:Patch dynamics
5479:
5477:Metapopulation
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5372:Storage effect
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5254:Neutral theory
5251:
5246:
5241:
5239:Native species
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5112:Overpopulation
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5047:
5035:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5012:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4919:Nutrient cycle
4916:
4911:
4909:Feeding frenzy
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4889:Energy quality
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4849:Cascade effect
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Microbial loop
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4657:Lithoautotroph
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4639:Microorganisms
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4596:Prey switching
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4473:Photosynthesis
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:Chemosynthesis
4425:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4320:Abiotic stress
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4192:
4190:Deep biosphere
4187:
4185:Bioremediation
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4144:DNA sequencing
4141:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3948:Marine viruses
3945:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3885:
3883:Quorum sensing
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3844:microbial loop
3836:
3834:Microbial cyst
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3752:run-and-tumble
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3613:Microorganisms
3609:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Social ecology
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:Forest ecology
3374:
3372:Desert ecology
3369:
3368:
3367:
3365:Arctic ecology
3356:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3333:Insect ecology
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3150:
3090:
3065:
3044:10.1086/588201
3038:(6): 510–516.
3015:
3003:www.healio.com
2990:
2961:(3): 603–661.
2941:
2930:. June 9, 2009
2919:
2892:
2841:
2816:
2809:
2789:
2740:
2725:
2707:
2664:
2658:
2632:
2618:
2592:
2515:
2455:
2449:
2419:
2351:
2289:
2254:(1–3): 20–31.
2238:
2223:
2202:
2175:(8): 538–550.
2156:
2141:
2123:
2062:
2047:
2024:
1951:
1908:
1857:
1798:
1747:(3): 136–147.
1727:
1672:
1658:
1638:
1579:
1544:(1): 117–135.
1524:
1465:
1398:
1385:
1357:
1350:
1332:
1289:
1254:(1): 107–133.
1238:
1231:
1200:
1151:
1083:
1069:
1049:
1028:
961:
906:
857:
806:
792:
772:
735:Genome Biology
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
706:
701:
696:
694:Microbial loop
691:
685:
684:
681:Biology portal
670:
667:Ecology portal
654:
651:
625:
624:Antimicrobials
622:
561:Main article:
558:
555:
526:global warming
522:methanogenesis
494:
491:
459:
456:
451:
443:
439:
434:
431:
414:
398:
382:
379:
346:
343:
334:
331:
296:nitrogen cycle
273:chemosynthetic
264:
261:
257:metaproteomics
226:
207:Robert Hungate
192:chemosynthesis
188:microorganisms
155:
152:
92:biogeochemical
61:microorganisms
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5887:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5800:Urban ecology
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Kleiber's law
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:Foster's rule
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5010:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4750:Trophic level
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4707:Phage ecology
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Microbial mat
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:Bacteriophage
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:Decomposition
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:Mesopredators
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:Apex predator
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Biotic stress
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4251:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Microbial oil
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:Human related
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Picoeukaryote
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Microbial mat
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Nanobacterium
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Cyanobacteria
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Ecotoxicology
3428:
3426:
3425:Ecophysiology
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3392:Urban ecology
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3360:Polar ecology
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3338:Human ecology
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Plant ecology
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3247:Spatial scale
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Field ecology
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3169:September 18,
3164:
3160:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:(5): 001363.
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3083:September 18,
3079:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3008:September 18,
3004:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2934:September 18,
2929:
2923:
2912:September 18,
2907:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2834:September 18,
2830:
2826:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:(1772): 1–8.
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1392:September 21,
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:(7244): 179.
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
926:: S175–S180.
925:
921:
917:
910:
902:
898:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
795:
789:
785:
784:
776:
768:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
721:
712:
711:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
676:
671:
668:
657:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
621:
619:
618:chlorhexidine
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
598:
597:
592:
591:
586:
585:
579:
576:
574:
570:
564:
554:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Biotechnology
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
470:
469:
464:
455:
449:
448:methanotrophs
430:
428:
424:
420:
412:
408:
404:
396:
392:
388:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
342:
340:
330:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:sulphur cycle
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
260:
258:
254:
250:
245:
241:
237:
231:
224:
223:radioisotopes
219:
217:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:invented the
165:
161:
160:Louis Pasteur
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5845:Bacteriology
5785:Regime shift
5770:Macroecology
5491:
5487:
5427:Edge effects
5397:Biogeography
5342:Commensalism
5190:Biodiversity
5067:Allee effect
4806:kelp forests
4759:Example webs
4676:
4624:Detritivores
4463:Organotrophs
4443:Kinetotrophs
4395:Productivity
4200:Microswimmer
4094:in pregnancy
4044:Nylon-eating
3927:Spermosphere
3889:
3828:
3790:
3688:Microbiology
3571:Biogeography
3465:Paleoecology
3440:Fire ecology
3382:Soil ecology
3322:
3270:Organisation
3260:Macroecology
3255:Microecology
3167:. Retrieved
3163:the original
3153:
3110:
3106:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:
3068:
3035:
3031:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
3002:
2993:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2858:
2854:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:
2819:
2799:
2792:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2716:
2710:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2641:
2635:
2601:
2595:
2536:
2532:
2518:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2432:
2422:
2369:
2365:
2354:
2311:
2307:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2214:
2172:
2168:
2132:
2126:
2083:
2082:(Margulis).
2075:
2065:
2038:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1924:(9): 675–8.
1921:
1917:
1911:
1873:(6000): 50.
1870:
1866:
1860:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1648:
1641:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1390:, retrieved
1367:
1360:
1341:
1335:
1305:(4): 755–8.
1302:
1298:
1292:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1214:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1129:1721.1/69838
1103:
1099:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1059:
1052:
1042:November 22,
1040:. Retrieved
1031:
978:
974:
964:
923:
919:
909:
874:
870:
860:
819:
815:
809:
797:. Retrieved
782:
775:
738:
734:
724:
708:
627:
616:nasally and
605:
604:
601:
594:
588:
582:
580:
577:
568:
566:
514:biodiversity
510:metagenomics
496:
486:
482:
478:
472:
466:
461:
436:
433:Commensalism
390:
384:
371:commensalism
348:
336:
320:
312:nitrogen gas
308:carbon cycle
285:
266:
249:Metagenomics
232:
220:
200:
157:
85:
79:—as well as
52:
48:
47:
36:
5422:Disturbance
5325:interaction
5147:Recruitment
5077:Depensation
4869:Copiotrophs
4740:Energy flow
4662:Lithotrophy
4606:Decomposers
4586:Planktivore
4561:Insectivore
4551:Heterotroph
4516:Bacterivore
4483:Phototrophs
4433:Chemotrophs
4405:Restoration
4355:Competition
4232:Siderophore
3993:Phycosphere
3849:viral shunt
3498:Agroecology
3219:Methodology
288:decomposers
132:carbon sink
5829:Categories
5790:Sexecology
5367:Parasitism
5332:Antibiosis
5167:Resistance
5162:Resilience
5052:Population
4972:Camouflage
4924:Oligotroph
4839:Ascendency
4801:intertidal
4791:cold seeps
4745:Food chain
4546:Herbivores
4521:Carnivores
4448:Mixotrophs
4423:Autotrophs
4302:components
4132:Techniques
3963:Microalgae
3871:microbiota
3866:Microbiome
3654:Prokaryote
3284:Synecology
3279:Autecology
2861:(1): 130.
2760:(1): 4–8.
2562:1874/22552
2080:Lynn Sagan
1818:(2): 158.
1692:: 106809.
717:References
610:decolonize
569:Microbiome
540:, whereby
463:Amensalism
458:Amensalism
419:endergonic
395:methanogen
375:parasitism
363:eukaryotic
306:, and the
269:ecosystems
236:Carl Woese
5695:Allometry
5649:Emergence
5377:Symbiosis
5362:Mutualism
5157:Stability
5062:Abundance
4874:Dominance
4832:Processes
4821:tide pool
4717:Food webs
4591:Predation
4576:Omnivores
4503:Consumers
4458:Mycotroph
4415:Producers
4360:Ecosystem
4325:Behaviour
4205:biohybrid
4059:dysbiosis
3876:holobiont
3774:amoeboids
3757:twitching
3127:0022-2615
2735:317664342
2571:0028-0836
2510:205009562
2494:0028-0836
2396:0027-8424
2268:0302-8933
2151:317664342
2057:777261246
1985:0962-8436
1834:2079-7737
1793:201233849
1769:0036-8733
1722:256786335
1714:0341-8162
1615:1664-8021
1574:220282070
1558:0066-4227
1501:1664-302X
1442:0027-8424
1268:0022-5010
1146:205216984
940:1058-4838
614:mupirocin
606:S. aureus
599:, years.
530:bioenergy
423:exergonic
387:syntrophy
381:Mutualism
367:mutualism
351:symbiotic
345:Symbiosis
333:Evolution
327:evolution
292:nutrients
244:Norm Pace
88:biosphere
69:Eukaryota
55:) is the
5840:Bacteria
5750:Endolith
5679:Xerosere
5591:networks
5407:Ecocline
4953:Defense,
4629:Detritus
4531:Foraging
4400:Resource
4250:Category
4169:Staining
4101:placenta
3731:Virology
3726:Mycology
3664:Protozoa
3634:Bacteria
3561:Ecosophy
3311:Taxonomy
3272:or scope
3145:33961541
3060:34294193
3052:18510460
2985:26016486
2887:16914034
2784:18043608
2702:23694837
2694:28556559
2628:88750087
2579:16612380
2502:11034209
2414:27872277
2346:28254477
2284:10348127
2233:53231924
2197:22872711
2189:22796884
2118:28254477
2019:85501449
2011:30905294
1993:26643687
1938:16145755
1903:45402114
1895:20929803
1852:33671192
1777:24925899
1633:31608125
1566:32603623
1519:28928718
1485:: 1561.
1327:16584487
1284:22211340
1276:28382585
1195:19444202
1138:19444206
901:19657372
844:19444203
767:11864374
653:See also
502:economic
446:, while
359:negative
355:positive
172:microbes
77:Bacteria
67:of life—
5740:Ecopath
5547:Habitat
5417:Ecotype
5412:Ecotone
5389:ecology
5387:Spatial
5323:Species
5183:Species
5054:ecology
5039:Ecology
4987:Mimicry
4955:counter
4899:f-ratio
4647:Archaea
4335:Biomass
4308:General
4300:Trophic
4292:Ecology
3799:Biofilm
3791:Ecology
3762:gliding
3659:Protist
3629:Archaea
3136:8289199
2976:4451395
2878:1564025
2762:Bibcode
2587:4413069
2541:Bibcode
2474:Bibcode
2405:5150411
2374:Bibcode
2337:5638015
2316:Bibcode
2276:5602458
2109:5638015
2088:Bibcode
2002:6452260
1946:2265315
1875:Bibcode
1867:Science
1843:7922199
1812:Biology
1785:5459723
1749:Bibcode
1694:Bibcode
1665:May 25,
1624:6774269
1599:: 904.
1510:5591341
1420:Bibcode
1307:Bibcode
1173:Bibcode
1108:Bibcode
1076:May 25,
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