1478:(EMP) is an initiative to collect natural samples and analyze the microbial community around the globe. Microbes are highly abundant, diverse and have an important role in the ecological system. Yet as of 2010, it was estimated that the total global environmental DNA sequencing effort had produced less than 1 percent of the total DNA found in a liter of seawater or a gram of soil, and the specific interactions between microbes are largely unknown. The EMP aims to process as many as 200,000 samples in different biomes, generating a complete database of microbes on earth to characterize environments and ecosystems by microbial composition and interaction. Using these data, new ecological and evolutionary theories can be proposed and tested.
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susceptibility to allergic airway disease. The frequency of certain subsets of microbes has been linked to disease severity. The presence of specific microbes early in postnatal life, instruct future immune responses. In gnotobiotic mice certain gut bacteria were found to transmit a particular phenotype to recipient germ-free mice, that promoted accumulation of colonic regulatory T cells, and strains that modulated mouse adiposity and cecal metabolite concentrations. This combinatorial approach enables a systems-level understanding of microbial contributions to human biology. But also other mucoide tissues as lung and vagina have been studied in relation to diseases such as asthma, allergy and vaginosis.
1336:(HVRs); the former can be used to design broad primers while the latter allow for finer taxonomic distinction. However, species-level resolution is not typically possible using the 16S rDNA. Primer selection is an important step, as anything that cannot be targeted by the primer will not be amplified and thus will not be detected, moreover different sets of primers can be selected to amplify different HVRs in the gene, or pairs of them. The appropriate choice of which HVRs to amplify has to be made according to the taxonomic groups of interest, as different target regions has been shown to influence taxonomical classification.
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amoxicillin and macrolides cause significant shifts in the gut microbiota characterized by a change in the bacterial classes
Bifidobacteria, Enterobacteria and Clostridia. A single course of antibiotics in adults causes changes in both the bacterial and fungal microbiota, with even more persistent changes in the fungal communities. The bacteria and fungi live together in the gut and there is most likely a competition for nutrient sources present. Seelbinder
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74:
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259:, when disadvantageous to the host. Other authors define a situation as mutualistic where both benefit, and commensal, where the unaffected host benefits the symbiont. A nutrient exchange may be bidirectional or unidirectional, may be context dependent and may occur in diverse ways. Microbiota that are expected to be present, and that under normal circumstances do not cause disease, are deemed
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570:. As the infant microbiome is established, commensal bacteria quickly populate the gut, prompting a range of immune responses and "programming" the immune system with long-lasting effects. The bacteria are able to stimulate lymphoid tissue associated with the gut mucosa, which enables the tissue to produce antibodies for pathogens that may enter the gut.
1409:. One drawback of this approach is that many members of microbial communities do not have a representative sequenced genome, but this applies to 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing as well and is a fundamental problem. With shotgun sequencing, it can be resolved by having a high coverage (50-100x) of the unknown genome, effectively doing a de novo
1332:"16S rDNA", the sequence of DNA which encodes the ribosomal RNA molecule). Since ribosomes are present in all living organisms, using 16S rDNA allows for DNA to be amplified from many more organisms than if another marker were used. The 16S rRNA gene contains both slowly evolving regions and 9 fast evolving regions, also known as
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The plant microbiome was recently discovered to originate from the seed. Microorganism which are transmitted via seed migrate into the developing seedling in a specific route in which certain community move to the leaves and others to the roots. In the diagram on the right, microbiota colonizing the
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microbiome to convert cellulose into proteins, short chain fatty acids, and gases. Culture methods cannot provide information on all microorganisms present. Comparative metagenomic studies yielded the surprising result that individual cattle possess markedly different community structures, predicted
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sequencing relies on having some expectations about the composition of the community that is being studied. In target amplicon sequencing a phylogenetically informative marker is targeted for sequencing. Such a marker should be present in ideally all the expected organisms. It should also evolve in
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Korpela K, Helve O, Kolho KL, Saisto T, Skogberg K, Dikareva E, Stefanovic V, Salonen A, Andersson S, de Vos WM. Maternal Fecal
Microbiota Transplantation in Cesarean-Born Infants Rapidly Restores Normal Gut Microbial Development: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Cell. 2020 Oct 15;183(2):324-334.e5. doi:
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distances are usually defined between microbiome samples, and downstream multivariate methods are carried out on the distance matrices. An important point is that the scale of data is extensive, and further approaches must be taken to identify patterns from the available information. Tools used to
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form huge underground colonies harvesting hundreds of kilograms of leaves each year and are unable to digest the cellulose in the leaves directly. They maintain fungus gardens as the colony's primary food source. While the fungus itself does not digest cellulose, a microbial community containing a
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Despite the fact that metagenomics is limited by the availability of reference sequences, one significant advantage of metagenomics over targeted amplicon sequencing is that metagenomics data can elucidate the functional potential of the community DNA. Targeted gene surveys cannot do this as they
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has previously been associated with IBD and further it has been observed to be increased in non-responders to a biological drug, infliximab, given to IBD patients with severe IBD. Propionate and acetic acid are both short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that have been observed to be beneficial to gut
413:
have become the most studied mammalian regarding their microbiomes. The gut microbiota have been studied in relation to allergic airway disease, obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and diabetes. Perinatal shifting of microbiota through low dose antibiotics can have long-lasting effects on future
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zone or anthosphere. The stability of the rhizosphere microbiota over generations depends upon the plant type but even more on the soil composition, i.e. living and non living environment. Clinically, new microbiota can be acquired through fecal microbiota transplant to treat infections such as
6004:
Rebecka Ventin-Holmberg, Anja Eberl, Schahzad Saqib, Katri
Korpela, Seppo Virtanen, Taina Sipponen, Anne Salonen, Päivi Saavalainen, Eija Nissilä, Bacterial and Fungal Profiles as Markers of Infliximab Drug Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, 2020;, jjaa252,
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The gut microbiota are very important for the host health because they play role in degradation of non-digestible polysaccharides (fermentation of resistant starch, oligosaccharides, inulin) strengthening gut integrity or shaping the intestinal epithelium, harvesting energy, protecting against
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Qin, J.; Li, R.; Raes, J.; Arumugam, M.; Burgdorf, K. S.; Manichanh, C.; Nielsen, T.; Pons, N.; Levenez, F.; Yamada, T.; Mende, D. R.; Li, J.; Xu, J.; Li, S.; Li, D.; Cao, J.; Wang, B.; Liang, H.; Zheng, H.; Xie, Y.; Tap, J.; Lepage, P.; Bertalan, M.; Batto, J. M.; Hansen, T.; Le
Paslier, D.;
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Caporaso, J. G.; Kuczynski, J.; Stombaugh, J.; Bittinger, K.; Bushman, F. D.; Costello, E. K.; Fierer, N.; Peña, A. G.; Goodrich, J. K.; Gordon, J. I.; Huttley, G. A.; Kelley, S. T.; Knights, D.; Koenig, J. E.; Ley, R. E.; Lozupone, C. A.; McDonald, D.; Muegge, B. D.; Pirrung, M.; Reeder, J.;
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was simply that of opportunistic colonization. If this is true, the basic observation leading to the theory would be invalid. The theory has gained significant popularity as a way of explaining rapid changes in adaptation that cannot otherwise be explained by traditional mechanisms of natural
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Another factor that has been observed to cause huge changes in the gut microbiota, particularly in children, is the use of antibiotics, associating with health issues such as higher BMI, and further an increased risk towards metabolic diseases such as obesity. In infants it was observed that
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Newborn marsupials are born with histologically immature immune tissues and unable to mount their own specific immune defence. They are therefore heavily reliant on their mother's immune system and the milk for their protection. Most marsupials have pouches, and their own microbiota changes
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initiative to identify and characterize microorganisms found in both healthy and diseased humans. The five-year project, best characterized as a feasibility study with a budget of $ 115 million, tested how changes in the human microbiome are associated with human health or disease.
1392:
is also used extensively for studying microbial communities. In metagenomic sequencing, DNA is recovered directly from environmental samples in an untargeted manner with the goal of obtaining an unbiased sample from all genes of all members of the community. Recent studies use shotgun
565:
of mammals. In many animals, the immune system and microbiota may engage in "cross-talk" by exchanging chemical signals, which may enable the microbiota to influence immune reactivity and targeting. Bacteria can be transferred from mother to child through direct contact and after
6017:
El Hage, R., Hernandez-Sanabria, E., Calatayud Arroyo, M., Props, R., & Van de Wiele, T. (2019). Propionate-producing consortium restores antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in a dynamic in vitro model of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. Frontiers in microbiology, 10,
626:. The hologenome theory originated in studies on coral reefs. Coral reefs are the largest structures created by living organisms, and contain abundant and highly complex microbial communities. Over the past several decades, major declines in coral populations have occurred.
5965:
Seelbinder, B., Chen, J., Brunke, S., Vazquez-Uribe, R., Santhaman, R., Meyer, A. C., ... & Panagiotou, G. (2020). Antibiotics create a shift from mutualism to competition in human gut communities with a longer-lasting impact on fungi than bacteria. Microbiome, 8(1),
630:, water pollution and over-fishing are three stress factors that have been described as leading to disease susceptibility. Over twenty different coral diseases have been described, but of these, only a handful have had their causative agents isolated and characterized.
6027:
Tian, X., Hellman, J., Horswill, A. R., Crosby, H. A., Francis, K. P., & Prakash, A. (2019). Elevated gut microbiome-derived propionate levels are associated with reduced sterile lung inflammation and bacterial immunity in mice. Frontiers in microbiology, 10,
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can adapt to changing environmental conditions far more rapidly than by genetic mutation and selection alone. Extrapolating this hypothesis to other organisms, including higher plants and animals, led to the proposal of the hologenome theory of evolution.
1324:
such a way that it is conserved enough that primers can target genes from a wide range of organisms while evolving quickly enough to allow for finer resolution at the taxonomic level. A common marker for human microbiome studies is the gene for bacterial
172:. The presence of microbiota in human and other metazoan guts has been critical for understanding the co-evolution between metazoans and bacteria. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses via their fermentation product (
422:
diversity of bacteria is doing so. Analysis of the microbial population's genome revealed many genes with a role in cellulose digestion. This microbiome's predicted carbohydrate-degrading enzyme profile is similar to that of the bovine rumen, but the
5950:
Korpela, K., Salonen, A., Saxen, H., Nikkonen, A., Peltola, V., Jaakkola, T., ... & Kolho, K. L. (2020). Antibiotics in early life associate with specific gut microbiota signatures in a prospective longitudinal infant cohort. Pediatric
Research,
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Korpela, K., Salonen, A., Saxen, H., Nikkonen, A., Peltola, V., Jaakkola, T., ... & Kolho, K. L. (2020). Antibiotics in early life associate with specific gut microbiota signatures in a prospective longitudinal infant cohort. Pediatric
Research,
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The puzzle of how corals managed to acquire resistance to a specific pathogen led to a 2007 proposal, that a dynamic relationship exists between corals and their symbiotic microbial communities. It is thought that by altering its composition, the
5994:
Sokol H, Leducq V, Aschard H, Pham H P, Jegou S, Landman C, Cohen D, Liguori G, Bourrier A, Nion-Larmurier I, Cosnes J, Seksik P, Langella P, Skurnik D, Richard ML, Beaugerie L. Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD. Gut 2017;66:1039–1048. doi:
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in the intestines, a type of pattern recognition receptor host cells use to recognize dangers and repair damage. Pathogens can influence this coexistence leading to immune dysregulation including and susceptibility to diseases, mechanisms of
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Tringe, S. G.; Von Mering, C.; Kobayashi, A.; Salamov, A. A.; Chen, K.; Chang, H. W.; Podar, M.; Short, J. M.; Mathur, E. J.; Detter, J. C.; Bork, P.; Hugenholtz, P.; Rubin, E. M. (2005). "Comparative
Metagenomics of Microbial Communities".
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Humans are colonized by many microorganisms; the traditional estimate was that humans live with ten times more non-human cells than human cells; more recent estimates have lowered this to 3:1 and even to about 1:1 by number (1:350 by mass).
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Schloss, P. D.; Westcott, S. L.; Ryabin, T.; Hall, J. R.; Hartmann, M.; Hollister, E. B.; Lesniewski, R. A.; Oakley, B. B.; Parks, D. H.; Robinson, C. J.; Sahl, J. W.; Stres, B.; Thallinger, G. G.; Van Horn, D. J.; Weber, C. F. (2009).
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Korpela, K., Salonen, A., Virta, L. J., Kekkonen, R. A., Forslund, K., Bork, P., & De Vos, W. M. (2016). Intestinal microbiome is related to lifetime antibiotic use in
Finnish pre-school children. Nature communications, 7,
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Microbial DNA inhabiting a person's human body can uniquely identify the person. A person's privacy may be compromised if the person anonymously donated microbe DNA data. Their medical condition and identity could be revealed.
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sequenced the genome of the human microbiota, focusing particularly on the microbiota that normally inhabit the skin, mouth, nose, digestive tract, and vagina. It reached a milestone in 2012 when it published initial results.
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Soriano-Lerma, Ana; Pérez-Carrasco, Virginia; Sánchez-Marañón, Manuel; Ortiz-González, Matilde; Sánchez-Martín, Victoria; Gijón, Juan; Navarro-Mari, José María; García-Salcedo, José Antonio; Soriano, Miguel (December 2020).
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Cabral, D. J., Penumutchu, S., Norris, C., Morones-Ramirez, J. R., & Belenky, P. (2018). Microbial competition between
Escherichia coli and Candida albicans reveals a soluble fungicidal factor. Microbial cell, 5(5),
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Turnbaugh, P. J.; Hamady, M.; Yatsunenko, T.; Cantarel, B. L.; Duncan, A.; Ley, R. E.; Sogin, M. L.; Jones, W. J.; Roe, B. A.; Affourtit, J. P.; Egholm, M.; Henrissat, B.; Heath, A. C.; Knight, R.; Gordon, J. I. (2008).
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The colonization of the human gut microbiota may start already before birth. There are multiple factors in the environment that affects the development of the microbiota with birthmode being one of the most impactful.
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throughout the reproductive stages: oestrus, birth/oestrus, and post-oestrus. Some pouch and skin secretions have had antimicrobial peptides identified, that presumably support the young at this vulnerable time.
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In fact, these are so small that there are around 100 trillion microbiota on the human body, around 39 trillion by revised estimates, with only 0.2 kg of total mass in a "reference" 70 kg human body.
5380:
Markowitz, V. M.; Ivanova, N. N.; Szeto, E.; Palaniappan, K.; Chu, K.; Dalevi, D.; Chen, I. M. A.; Grechkin, Y.; Dubchak, I.; Anderson, I.; Lykidis, A.; Mavromatis, K.; Hugenholtz, P.; Kyrpides, N. C. (2007).
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Metatranscriptomics studies have been performed to study the gene expression of microbial communities through methods such as the pyrosequencing of extracted RNA. Structure based studies have also identified
5930:
Schei, K., Simpson, M. R., Avershina, E., Rudi, K., Øien, T., Júlíusson, P. B., ... & Ødegård, R. A. (2020). Early Gut Fungal and
Bacterial Microbiota and Childhood Growth. Frontiers in pediatrics, 8,
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Targeted studies of eukaryotic and viral communities are limited and subject to the challenge of excluding host DNA from amplification and the reduced eukaryotic and viral biomass in the human microbiome.
5900:
Vandenplas, Y., Carnielli, V. P., Ksiazyk, J., Luna, M. S., Migacheva, N., Mosselmans, J. M., ... & Wabitsch, M. (2020), Factors affecting early-life intestinal microbiota development. Nutrition, 78,
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situations the plant often exchanges hexose sugars for inorganic phosphate from the fungal symbiont. It is speculated that such very ancient associations have aided plants when they first colonized land.
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only reveal the phylogenetic relationship between the same gene from different organisms. Functional analysis is done by comparing the recovered sequences to databases of metagenomic annotations such as
549:, direct enhancement of mineral uptake, and protection from pathogens. PGPBs may protect plants from pathogens by competing with the pathogen for an ecological niche or a substrate, producing inhibitory
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selection. Within the hologenome theory, the holobiont has not only become the principal unit of natural selection but also the result of other step of integration that it is also observed at the cell (
2066:"Evolution of the human gut flora". Andrew H. Moeller, Yingying Li, Eitel Mpoudi Ngole, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf, Anne E. Pusey, Martine Peeters, Beatrice H. Hahn, Howard Ochman.
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phenotype, and metabolic potentials, even though they were fed identical diets, were housed together, and were apparently functionally identical in their utilization of plant cell wall resources.
1516:, which is the increased level of circulating Lipopolysaccharides from gram negative bacterial cells wall. It is found that endotoxemia has association with development of insulin resistance.
442:
cells sense the gut microbiota-derived metabolites and coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota.
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The bacterial microbiota of potato tubers consists of bacteria transmitted from one tuber generation to the next and bacteria recruited from the soil colonize potato plants via the root.
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In addition that butyrate production affects serotonin level. Elevated serotonin level has contribution in obesity, which is known to be a risk factor for development of diabetes.
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infection, although other diseases still cause bleaching. The surprise stems from the knowledge that corals are long lived, with lifespans on the order of decades, and do not have
3561:
Buchholz, F., Antonielli, L., Kostić, T., Sessitsch, A. and Mitter, B. (2019) "The bacterial community in potato is recruited from soil and partly inherited across generations".
2767:
Bataille, A; Lee-Cruz, L; Tripathi, B; Kim, H; Waldman, B (Jan 2016). "Microbiome Variation Across Amphibian Skin Regions: Implications for Chytridiomycosis Mitigation Efforts".
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Watson, Mick; Roehe, Rainer; Walker, Alan W.; Dewhurst, Richard J.; Snelling, Timothy J.; Ivan Liachko; Langford, Kyle W.; Press, Maximilian O.; Wiser, Andrew H. (2018-02-28).
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Dastogeer, K.M., Tumpa, F.H., Sultana, A., Akter, M.A. and Chakraborty, A. (2020) "Plant microbiome–an account of the factors that shape community composition and diversity".
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microbiota health. When antibiotics affect the growth of bacteria in the gut, there might be an overgrowth of certain fungi, which might be pathogenic when not regulated.
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proposes that an object of natural selection is not the individual organism, but the organism together with its associated organisms, including its microbial communities.
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can affect the way its gut looks, by impacting epithelial renewal rate, cellular spacing, and the composition of different cell types in the epithelium. When the moth
449:(turquoise killifish). Transferring the gut microbiota from young killfish into middle-aged killifish significantly extends the lifespans of the middle-aged killfish.
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during the nineteenth century is central to the microbiome, where microbiota colonize a host in a non-harmful coexistence. The relationship with their host is called
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Li, Y., Faden, H. S., & Zhu, L. (2020). The response of the gut microbiota to dietary changes in the first two years of life. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 334.
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Meyer, F.; Paarmann, D.; d'Souza, M.; Olson, R.; Glass, E. M.; Kubal, M.; Paczian, T.; Rodriguez, A.; Stevens, R.; Wilke, A.; Wilkening, J.; Edwards, R. A. (2008).
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Russell SL, Gold MJ, et al. (Aug 2014). "Perinatal antibiotic-induced shifts in gut microbiota have differential effects on inflammatory lung diseases".
53:
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1413:. As soon as there is a complete genome of an unknown organism available it can be compared phylogenetically and the organism put into its place in the
2743:"On and in You." Micropia, www.micropia.nl/en/discover/stories/on-and-in-you/#:~:text=They're%20on%20you%2C%20in,re%20known%20as%20human%20microbiota.
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Peleg, A. Y., Hogan, D. A., & Mylonakis, E. (2010). Medically important bacterial–fungal interactions. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8(5), 340-349
3543:
2953:
Old JM, Deane EM (1998). "The effect of oestrus and the presence of pouch young on aerobic bacteria isolated from the pouch of the tammar wallaby,
5182:
Muller, J.; Szklarczyk, D.; Julien, P.; Letunic, I.; Roth, A.; Kuhn, M.; Powell, S.; Von Mering, C.; Doerks, T.; Jensen, L. J.; Bork, P. (2009).
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5184:"EggNOG v2.0: Extending the evolutionary genealogy of genes with enhanced non-supervised orthologous groups, species and functional annotations"
4592:"Blocking primers to enhance PCR amplification of rare sequences in mixed samples – a case study on prey DNA in Antarctic krill stomachs"
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2600:
248:
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4185:
Rosenberg E, Koren O, Reshef L, Efrony R, Zilber-Rosenberg I (2007). "The role of microorganisms in coral health, disease and evolution".
4716:"Introducing mothur: Open-Source, Platform-Independent, Community-Supported Software for Describing and Comparing Microbial Communities"
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Maron, PA; Ranjard, L.; Mougel, C.; Lemanceau, P. (2007). "Metaproteomics: A New Approach for Studying Functional Microbial Ecology".
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Sun, S.; Chen, J.; Li, W.; Altintas, I.; Lin, A.; Peltier, S.; Stocks, K.; Allen, E. E.; Ellisman, M.; Grethe, J.; Wooley, J. (2010).
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the ability to perform genomic and gene expression analyses of single cells and of entire microbial communities in the disciplines of
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to humans, live in close association with microbial organisms. Several advances have driven the perception of microbiomes, including:
40:
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6821:
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Blandino, G.; Inturri, R.; Lazzara, F.; Di Rosa, M.; Malaguarnera, L. (2016-11-01). "Impact of gut microbiota on diabetes mellitus".
5823:
Muñoz-Garach, Araceli; Diaz-Perdigones, Cristina; Tinahones, Francisco J. (December 2016). "Microbiota y diabetes mellitus tipo 2".
5430:
Shi, Y.; Tyson, G. W.; Delong, E. F. (2009). "Metatranscriptomics reveals unique microbial small RNAs in the ocean's water column".
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do not produce antibodies, and they should seemingly not be able to respond to new challenges except over evolutionary time scales.
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is at birth, and may even occur through the germ cell line. In plants, the colonizing process can be initiated below ground in the
6607:
6582:
2466:"Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria for Biocontrol of Plant Diseases: Principles, Mechanisms of Action, and Future Prospects"
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Phylogenetic relationships are then inferred between the sequences. Due to the complexity of the data, distance measures such as
1405:. To determine the phylogenetic identity of a sequence, it is compared to available full genome sequences using methods such as
6942:
4771:
Callahan, Benjamin J.; McMurdie, Paul J.; Rosen, Michael J.; Han, Andrew W.; Johnson, Amy Jo A.; Holmes, Susan P. (July 2016).
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5282:"The metagenomics RAST server – a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes"
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Bloemberg, G. V.; Lugtenberg, B. J. J. (2001). "Molecular basis of plant growth promotion and biocontrol by rhizobacteria".
487:, passing through the stolons and migrating into the plant as well as into the next generation of tubers are shown in blue.
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906:
538:
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depending on their microbiome, resisting pathogen colonization or inhibiting their growth with antimicrobial skin peptides.
3665:
Berlec, Aleš (2012-09-01). "Novel techniques and findings in the study of plant microbiota: Search for plant probiotics".
512:
Plants are attractive hosts for microorganisms since they provide a variety of nutrients. Microorganisms on plants can be
81:, and are found on the outside surfaces and in the internal tissues of the host plant, as well as in the surrounding soil.
3135:
Turnbaugh PJ, et al. (Dec 2006). "An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest".
1434:
1012:
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Kloepper, J. W (1993). "Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria as biological control agents". In Metting, F. B. Jr (ed.).
508:
Light micrograph of a cross section of a coralloid root of a cycad, showing the layer that hosts symbiotic cyanobacteria
6816:
1490:
Several studies showed that the gut bacterial composition in diabetic patients became altered with increased levels of
1433:. The metabolic pathways that these genes are involved in can then be predicted with tools such as MG-RAST, CAMERA and
2994:"Gene-centric metagenomics of the fiber-adherent bovine rumen microbiome reveals forage specific glycoside hydrolases"
4566:
3602:"Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root"
2302:
1007:
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have, through convergent evolution, developed similar morphology and occupy similar ecological niches. They develop
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6623:
5663:"The importance of metagenomic surveys to microbial ecology: Or why Darwin would have been a metagenomic scientist"
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3705:
2867:
Old JM, Deane EM (2000). "Development of the immune system and immunological protection in marsupial pouch young".
1951:
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The symbiotic relationship between a host and its microbiota is under laboratory research for how it may shape the
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immune-related genes are downregulated and the amount of its gut microbiota increases. In the dipteran intestine,
6937:
4664:
Sevinsky, J. R.; Turnbaugh, P. J.; Walters, W. A.; Widmann, J.; Yatsunenko, T.; Zaneveld, J.; Knight, R. (2010).
3496:"The influence of the microbiota on immune development, chronic inflammation, and cancer in the context of aging"
2091:"Microbiota-derived acetate activates intestinal innate immunity via the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex"
1619:
1422:
6177:
5589:. US National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, US Government. 2016. Archived from
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is an approach that studies the proteins expressed by microbiota, giving insight into its functional potential.
1512:
The decrease in butyrate production is associated with defects in intestinal permeability, which could lead to
1092:
617:
599:
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Kuczynski, J.; Lauber, C. L.; Walters, W. A.; Parfrey, L. W.; Clemente, J. C.; Gevers, D.; Knight, R. (2011).
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6592:
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Leggat W, Ainsworth T, Bythell J, Dove S, Gates R, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Iglesias-Prieto R, Yellowlees D (2007).
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Blander, J Magarian; Longman, Randy S; Iliev, Iliyan D; Sonnenberg, Gregory F; Artis, David (19 July 2017).
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3188:"Identifying gut microbe-host phenotype relationships using combinatorial communities in gnotobiotic mice"
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5333:"Community cyberinfrastructure for Advanced Microbial Ecology Research and Analysis: The CAMERA resource"
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Organisms evolve within ecosystems so that the change of one organism affects the change of others. The
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2010:
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818:
4486:"Influence of 16S rRNA target region on the outcome of microbiome studies in soil and saliva samples"
4145:"Reciprocity in microbiome and immune system interactions and its implications in disease and health"
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Barfod, KK; Roggenbuck, M; Hansen, LH; Schjørring, S; Larsen, ST; Sørensen, SJ; Krogfelt, KA (2013).
2523:"Stability and succession of the rhizosphere microbiota depends upon plant type and soil composition"
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As of 2007 the hologenome theory was still being debated. A major criticism has been the claim that
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3764:"Common themes in nutrient acquisition by plant symbiotic microbes, described by the Gene Ontology"
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Turnbaugh, P. J.; Ley, R. E.; Hamady, M.; Fraser-Liggett, C. M.; Knight, R.; Gordon, J. I. (2007).
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5614:"Meeting Report: The Terabase Metagenomics Workshop and the Vision of an Earth Microbiome Project"
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4436:"A detailed analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene segments for the diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria"
4434:
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1641:
427:
45:
1780:
6809:
6753:
6310:
6300:
5014:
3339:"Microbiota-Induced Changes in Drosophila melanogaster Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology"
1683:
1347:
methods are used to infer the composition of the microbial community. This can be done through
1344:
1186:
681:
was misidentified as the causative agent of coral bleaching, and that its presence in bleached
658:
608:
Bleached branching coral (foreground) and normal branching coral (background). Keppel Islands,
446:
173:
105:
3439:"Microbial Control of Intestinal Homeostasis via Enteroendocrine Cell Innate Immune Signaling"
3053:"Early life antibiotic-driven changes in microbiota enhance susceptibility to allergic asthma"
1679:"The battle within: interactions of bacteriophages and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract"
7089:
7084:
6990:
6799:
6743:
6648:
6547:
6423:
6356:
4853:
3537:
2643:"Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans"
1406:
1196:
997:
840:
3237:"The murine lung microbiome in relation to the intestinal and vaginal bacterial communities"
458:
228:
Biologists have come to appreciate that microbes make up an important part of an organism's
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8:
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6521:
6053:
5233:"KEGG for representation and analysis of molecular networks involving diseases and drugs"
1213:
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Bacteria might colonize the tubers predominantly from the inside of plants via the stolon
423:
252:
216:
97:
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5443:
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3009:
2835:
2780:
2538:
2481:
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2229:
2165:
1855:
1798:
387:
Amphibians have microbiota on their skin. Some species are able to carry a fungus named
6954:
6758:
6722:
6710:
6557:
6443:
6373:
6361:
6351:
6305:
6113:
5795:
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4210:
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1986:
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1897:"Ecological and Evolutionary Forces Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Human Intestine"
1872:
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occurred every summer in the eastern Mediterranean. Surprisingly, however, after 2003,
609:
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2880:
2753:
1421:. An emerging approach is to combine shotgun sequencing with proximity-ligation data (
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3033:
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2819:
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2726:
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2503:
2413:
2408:
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2187:
2130:
2112:
2027:
1978:
1920:
1877:
1810:
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1761:
1702:
1584:
1394:
1325:
976:
791:
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542:
431:
5569:
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2804:
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1714:
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312:
6896:
6653:
6577:
6511:
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6117:
6095:
5867:
5832:
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3720:
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3515:
3507:
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3399:
3358:
3350:
3309:
3299:
3258:
3248:
3207:
3199:
3172:
3152:
3109:
3072:
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3023:
3013:
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2716:
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2403:
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2120:
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1968:
1960:
1910:
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Bacteria are recruited from the soil more or less independent of the potato variety
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392:
355:
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150:
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5044:
4845:
3706:"Phyllosphere microbiology with special reference to diversity and plant genotype"
634:
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5713:
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4451:
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1498:
and Clostridiales members, with decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria such as
7056:
6794:
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6748:
6673:
6552:
6487:
6448:
6438:
5142:
4509:
4256:
3951:
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2659:
2642:
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1915:
1901:
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1697:
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5150:
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1614:
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691:
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641:
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132:, and have been found to be crucial for immunologic, hormonal, and metabolic
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3626:
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to recover the sequences of the reads. The reads can then be assembled into
267:; normal flora can not only be harmless, but can be protective of the host.
6964:
6804:
6531:
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6109:
6006:
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5317:
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4551:Advances in Applied Microbiology Volume 72
2628:Alison Abbott for Nature News. Jan 8 2016
2372:Remy W, Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H (1994).
2141:
1523:Gut microbiota development and antibiotics
1307:
1293:
6832:Physical factors affecting microbial life
6822:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
6099:
5794:
5729:
5688:
5678:
5667:Microbial Informatics and Experimentation
5637:
5508:
5498:
5406:
5356:
5307:
5297:
5256:
5207:
5158:
5093:
5083:
5018:
4972:
4914:
4804:
4747:
4689:
4617:
4607:
4525:
4459:
4410:
4348:
4295:
4119:
4062:
4030:
4013:
3959:
3910:
3785:
3775:
3625:
3519:
3470:
3413:
3403:
3362:
3313:
3303:
3262:
3252:
3211:
3134:
3076:
3027:
3017:
2929:
2919:
2843:
2720:
2710:
2658:
2641:Sender, R; Fuchs, S; Milo, R (Jan 2016).
2554:
2497:
2407:
2397:
2343:
2277:
2245:
2181:
2124:
1972:
1914:
1871:
1755:
1696:
1487:pathogens, and regulating host immunity.
1378:
270:
6073:
6007:https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa252
4583:
4548:
4373:
4221:
3976:
3808:
2952:
2869:Developmental and Comparative Immunology
2866:
2577:
2430:
2198:
1948:
1742:(12). NIH HMP Working Group: 2317–2323.
603:
503:
457:
311:
247:(1809–1894), a Belgian professor at the
187:
72:
56:of all important aspects of the article.
6608:International Census of Marine Microbes
6583:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
5711:
4931:
4230:"Coral bleaching: the role of the host"
4079:
2902:Stannard HJ, Miller RD, Old JM (2020).
2746:
2688:
2686:
2590:
2459:
2457:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2325:
156:The microbiome and host emerged during
7077:
5581:
5579:
4720:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3664:
3494:Tibbs TN, Lopez LR, Arthur JC (2019).
3379:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2148:Mendes, R.; Raaijmakers, J.M. (2015).
1580:List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
52:Please consider expanding the lead to
6869:
6190:
5818:
5816:
5814:
4827:
4180:
4178:
3927:
3595:
3593:
1466:launched in 2008 was a United States
307:
279:in animals from mammalians to marine
6895:
6629:Microbiomes of the built environment
6130:
6076:"Microbiomes raise privacy concerns"
6046:
4590:Vestheim, H.; Jarman, S. N. (2008).
3870:
2683:
2454:
2360:
2328:"Gut bacteria in health and disease"
1375:and DADA2 or UNOISE3 for denoising.
381:
25:
5576:
2214:"Metaorganisms as the new frontier"
1343:After the amplicons are sequenced,
697:
287:, around the germinating seed, the
236:Types of microbe-host relationships
13:
6817:Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes
6216:
5811:
4644:. Bay Paul Center, MBL, Woods Hole
4440:Journal of Microbiological Methods
4175:
3590:
2072:. Nov 2014, 111 (46) 16431–16435;
1730:"The NIH Human Microbiome Project"
1721:
1482:Gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes
149:of the microbes that reside in an
14:
7111:
4161:10.2174/1871528113666140330201056
2596:American Academy of Microbiology
2437:Healthcare Journal of New Orleans
1548:
277:initial acquisition of microbiota
153:or else the microbes themselves.
7062:
7050:
7025:
7024:
6850:
6849:
6644:Microbial symbiosis and immunity
6282:
6160:
6124:
6067:
6040:
6031:
6021:
6011:
5998:
5988:
5979:
4553:. Vol. 72. pp. 43–62.
4006:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03624.x
3836:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
3725:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03906.x
3578:
2845:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2007.00150.x
2580:"What is Clostridium difficile?"
1952:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
1658:
1441:RNA and protein-based approaches
1367:analyze the data include VAMPS,
1274:
1273:
722:
145:describes either the collective
30:
5969:
5944:
5934:
5924:
5914:
5904:
5894:
5851:
5754:
5705:
5605:
5487:Journal of Biological Chemistry
5110:
4828:Edgar, Robert C. (2016-10-15).
4821:
4764:
4634:
4476:
4427:
4312:
4271:
4237:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
4143:Nikoopour, E; Singh, B (2014).
4136:
3802:
3755:
3713:Journal of Applied Microbiology
3697:
3658:
3430:
3330:
3279:
3228:
2985:
2946:
2895:
2860:
2811:
2760:
2737:
2571:
2514:
2490:10.1128/AEM.71.9.4951-4959.2005
2424:
2262:
2082:
2060:
2050:. vol. 15,1 127. 27 Dec. 2017,
1620:Vaginal microbiota in pregnancy
539:Plant-growth promoting bacteria
183:
44:may be too short to adequately
5587:"NIH Human Microbiome Project"
3762:Chibucos MC, Tyler BM (2009).
3683:10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.05.010
2578:Copeland, CS (19 April 2019).
2038:
1997:
1888:
1838:"The Human Microbiome Project"
1829:
1772:
1670:
1633:
618:hologenome theory of evolution
600:Hologenome theory of evolution
389:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
338:The human microbiota includes
54:provide an accessible overview
1:
6728:Synthetic microbial consortia
6593:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
6493:Host microbe interactions in
5712:Ibrahim, Nesma (2018-07-01).
5618:Standards in Genomic Sciences
5393:(Database issue): D534–D538.
5343:(Database issue): D546–D551.
5243:(Database issue): D355–D360.
5194:(Database issue): D190–D195.
4559:10.1016/S0065-2164(10)72002-5
4290:(10): Online Correspondence.
3856:10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00183-7
2971:10.1016/s0147-9571(98)00022-8
2881:10.1016/S0145-305X(00)00008-2
2431:Copeland, CS (Sep–Oct 2017).
1626:
1504:Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.
1468:National Institutes of Health
520:(found inside plant tissue).
203:All plants and animals, from
6326:Microbial population biology
5872:10.1016/j.diabet.2016.04.004
5837:10.1016/j.endonu.2016.07.008
5085:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000667
4149:Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets
3770:. 9(Suppl 1) (Suppl 1): S6.
3575:10.1371/journal.pone.0223691
3405:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003379
3305:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001129
3204:10.1126/scitranslmed.3008051
2712:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533
2109:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.017
1965:10.3109/1040841X.2014.962478
1192:Microbial population biology
703:Targeted amplicon sequencing
7:
4452:10.1016/j.mimet.2007.02.005
4284:Nature Reviews Microbiology
4187:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2332:Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)
2326:Quigley, E. M. (Sep 2013).
1557:
1457:
1353:operational taxonomic units
556:
358:refers to their collective
192:The predominant species of
21:Microbiota (disambiguation)
16:Community of microorganisms
10:
7116:
6588:Marine microbial symbiosis
6414:Kill the Winner hypothesis
6386:Bacteria collective motion
5995:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310746
5825:Endocrinología y Nutrición
5143:10.1038/s41467-018-03317-6
5064:PLOS Computational Biology
5060:"A Primer on Metagenomics"
4510:10.1038/s41598-020-70141-8
4257:10.1016/j.tree.2008.09.005
3952:10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.007
3895:10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.014
3606:Environmental Microbiology
3114:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.027
2998:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
2660:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013
2378:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
2238:10.1016/j.zool.2011.04.001
2011:International Microbiology
1916:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.017
1698:10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.018
1382:
1357:amplicon sequence variants
819:Marine microbial symbiosis
597:
594:Co-evolution of microbiota
467:
331:
18:
7020:
6999:
6978:
6903:
6845:
6782:
6736:
6624:Microbes in human culture
6616:
6540:
6504:
6394:
6344:
6291:
6280:
6224:
5860:Diabetes & Metabolism
5554:10.1007/s00248-006-9196-8
3777:10.1186/1471-2180-9-S1-S6
3455:10.1016/j.tim.2019.09.005
2789:10.1007/s00248-015-0653-0
2756:. NIH News. 13 June 2012.
2056:10.1186/s12915-017-0454-7
1655:10.1016/j.cpb.2020.100161
516:(found on the plants) or
453:
327:
245:Pierre-Joseph van Beneden
243:, a concept developed by
7007:Human Microbiome Project
6718:Human Microbiome Project
6429:Microbial biodegradation
3254:10.1186/1471-2180-13-303
2399:10.1073/pnas.91.25.11841
1476:Earth Microbiome Project
1464:Human Microbiome Project
1259:Earth Microbiome Project
1254:Human Microbiome Project
1013:Accessible carbohydrates
375:Human Microbiome Project
6979:Disorders and therapies
6769:Microbiological culture
6764:Microbial DNA barcoding
6573:Antarctic microorganism
6321:Microbial phylogenetics
6131:Yong, Ed (2015-05-11).
6074:Callaway, Ewen (2015).
5731:10.21608/aeji.2018.9950
5500:10.1074/jbc.C110.209288
5299:10.1186/1471-2105-9-386
5029:10.1126/science.1107851
4390:Nature Reviews Genetics
3940:Journal of Autoimmunity
3627:10.1111/1462-2920.15392
3514:(inactive 2024-04-15).
3512:10.15698/mic2019.08.685
3019:10.1073/pnas.0806191105
2294:Prescott's Microbiology
2078:10.1073/pnas.1419136111
1807:10.1126/science.1104816
1684:Cell Host & Microbe
659:adaptive immune systems
106:multicellular organisms
6943:In bacterial vaginosis
6754:Impedance microbiology
6495:Caenorhabditis elegans
6311:Microbial intelligence
6301:Microbial biogeography
5387:Nucleic Acids Research
5337:Nucleic Acids Research
5237:Nucleic Acids Research
5188:Nucleic Acids Research
4861:Cite journal requires
4609:10.1186/1742-9994-5-12
4297:10.1038/nrmicro1635-c1
3443:Trends in Microbiology
3102:J Allergy Clin Immunol
2470:Appl Environ Microbiol
2024:10.2436/20.1501.01.188
1500:Roseburia intestinalis
1379:Metagenomic sequencing
1345:molecular phylogenetic
1187:Biological dark matter
694:) and genomic levels.
613:
509:
465:
447:Nothobranchius furzeri
324:
271:Acquisition and change
200:
174:short-chain fatty acid
82:
6800:Microbial dark matter
6744:Dark-field microscopy
6548:Marine microorganisms
6424:Microbial cooperation
5680:10.1186/2042-5783-1-5
5123:Nature Communications
4350:10.1038/ismej.2007.88
4055:10.1128/mbio.01395-15
3355:10.1128/mBio.01117-14
3069:10.1038/embor.2012.32
2598:FAQ: Human Microbiome
2547:10.1038/ismej.2015.41
2433:"The World Within Us"
1748:10.1101/gr.096651.109
1642:Current Plant Biology
1492:Lactobacillus gasseri
1334:hypervariable regions
1197:Microbial cooperation
663:innate immune systems
607:
507:
461:
315:
249:University of Louvain
191:
112:. Microbiota include
76:
6419:Microbial consortium
6316:Microbial metabolism
5630:10.4056/sigs.1433550
4740:10.1128/AEM.01541-09
4596:Frontiers in Zoology
2174:10.1038/ismej.2015.7
1496:Streptococcus mutans
1158:Biomass partitioning
1093:hologenome evolution
1018:Flora (microbiology)
104:found in and on all
19:For other uses, see
6522:Seagrass microbiome
6137:National Geographic
6092:2015Natur.521..136C
6054:Scientific American
5779:10.1042/BCJ20160510
5767:Biochemical Journal
5546:2007MicEc..53..486M
5452:10.1038/nature08055
5444:2009Natur.459..266S
5349:10.1093/nar/gkq1102
5135:2018NatCo...9..870S
5076:2010PLSCB...6E0667W
5011:2005Sci...308..554T
4965:10.1038/nature08821
4957:2010Natur.464...59.
4907:10.1038/nature07540
4899:2009Natur.457..480T
4732:2009ApEnM..75.7537S
4682:10.1038/nmeth.f.303
4502:2020NatSR..1013637S
4341:2008ISMEJ...2...67A
4249:2009TEcoE..24...16B
4199:10.1038/nrmicro1635
3883:Clinical Immunology
3848:2001COPB....4..343B
3675:2012PlnSc.193...96B
3669:. 193–194: 96–102.
3618:2021EnvMi..23.2199A
3157:10.1038/nature05414
3149:2006Natur.444.1027T
3143:(7122): 1027–1031.
3010:2009PNAS..106.1948B
2836:2007AnCon..10..425W
2824:Animal Conservation
2781:2016MicEc..71..221B
2539:2015ISMEJ...9.2349T
2482:2005ApEnM..71.4951C
2390:1994PNAS...9111841R
2384:(25): 11841–11843.
2230:2011Zool..114..185B
2166:2015ISMEJ...9.1905M
2103:(8): 1683–1697.e3.
1864:10.1038/nature06244
1856:2007Natur.449..804T
1799:2005Sci...307.1915B
1793:(5717): 1915–1920.
1214:Metatranscriptomics
1008:Initial acquisition
1003:Microbial community
710:Part of a series on
588:autoimmune diseases
575:toll-like receptors
424:species composition
319:microbiota causing
217:metatranscriptomics
6759:Microbial cytology
6723:Protein production
6558:Marine prokaryotes
6444:Microbial food web
6374:Protist locomotion
6352:Bacterial motility
6306:Microbial genetics
5399:10.1093/nar/gkm869
5286:BMC Bioinformatics
5249:10.1093/nar/gkp896
5200:10.1093/nar/gkp951
4789:10.1038/nmeth.3869
4490:Scientific Reports
4323:Oculina patagonica
2921:10.7717/peerj.9335
2603:2016-12-31 at the
1417:, by creating new
792:Marine microbiomes
614:
610:Great Barrier Reef
510:
466:
325:
308:Microbiota by host
201:
83:
7038:
7037:
6863:
6862:
6634:Food microbiology
6527:Soil microbiology
6466:Microbial synergy
6434:Microbial ecology
5773:(11): 1823–1836.
5534:Microbial Ecology
5493:(10): 7737–7743.
5438:(7244): 266–269.
5005:(5721): 554–557.
4893:(7228): 480–484.
4726:(23): 7537–7541.
4092:Nature Immunology
3820:978-0-8247-8737-0
2533:(11): 2349–2359.
1850:(7164): 804–810.
1585:Marine microbiota
1395:Sanger sequencing
1317:
1316:
907:Built environment
889:Other microbiomes
833:Human microbiomes
734:Plant microbiomes
543:nitrogen fixation
434:is infected with
432:Spodoptera exigua
382:Non-human animals
265:normal microbiota
205:simple life forms
88:are the range of
79:plant microbiomes
71:
70:
7107:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7055:
7054:
7046:
7028:
7027:
6897:Human microbiota
6890:
6883:
6876:
6867:
6866:
6853:
6852:
6654:Human microbiome
6578:Coral microbiome
6512:Plant microbiome
6286:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6188:
6187:
6164:
6163:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6139:. Archived from
6128:
6122:
6121:
6103:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6047:magazine, Ewen.
6044:
6038:
6035:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5963:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5820:
5809:
5808:
5798:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5733:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5682:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5583:
5574:
5573:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5502:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5311:
5301:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5211:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5087:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5022:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4918:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4849:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4611:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4463:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4414:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4352:
4329:The ISME Journal
4316:
4310:
4309:
4299:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4234:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4182:
4173:
4172:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4049:(2): e01395–15.
4034:
4028:
4027:
4017:
3985:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3946:(3): J220–J225.
3931:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3779:
3768:BMC Microbiology
3759:
3753:
3752:
3719:(6): 1744–1755.
3710:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3629:
3612:(4): 2199–2214.
3597:
3588:
3582:
3569:(11): e0223691.
3559:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3533:
3523:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3407:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3349:(3): e01117–14.
3334:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3307:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3256:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3192:Sci. Transl. Med
3183:
3177:
3176:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3021:
3004:(6): 1948–1953.
2989:
2983:
2982:
2955:Macropus eugenii
2950:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2923:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2662:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2476:(9): 4951–4959.
2461:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2439:. Archived from
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2288:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2160:(9): 1905–1907.
2154:The ISME Journal
2145:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2086:
2080:
2064:
2058:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1976:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1918:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1637:
1538:Candida albicans
1309:
1302:
1295:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1046:Marine holobiont
846:Fecal transplant
726:
707:
706:
698:Research methods
584:immune tolerance
470:Plant microbiome
419:leaf-cutter ants
393:Chytridiomycosis
356:human microbiome
334:Human microbiota
151:ecological niche
66:
63:
57:
34:
26:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7063:
7061:
7049:
7041:
7039:
7034:
7016:
6995:
6991:Faecal transfer
6974:
6899:
6894:
6864:
6859:
6841:
6778:
6732:
6612:
6563:Marine protists
6536:
6517:Root microbiome
6500:
6409:Biological pump
6390:
6340:
6287:
6278:
6220:
6215:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6146:
6144:
6143:on May 30, 2015
6129:
6125:
6101:10.1038/521136a
6072:
6068:
6059:
6057:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6012:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5955:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5895:
5856:
5852:
5831:(10): 560–568.
5821:
5812:
5759:
5755:
5710:
5706:
5659:
5655:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5594:
5593:on 11 June 2016
5585:
5584:
5577:
5530:
5526:
5479:
5475:
5428:
5424:
5378:
5374:
5329:
5325:
5278:
5274:
5229:
5225:
5180:
5176:
5115:
5111:
5070:(2): e1000667.
5056:
5052:
5020:10.1.1.377.2288
4994:
4990:
4951:(7285): 59–65.
4936:
4932:
4878:
4874:
4862:
4860:
4851:
4850:
4826:
4822:
4769:
4765:
4711:
4707:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4588:
4584:
4569:
4547:
4543:
4481:
4477:
4432:
4428:
4403:10.1038/nrg3129
4381:
4374:
4317:
4313:
4276:
4272:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4183:
4176:
4141:
4137:
4104:10.1038/ni.3780
4084:
4080:
4035:
4031:
3986:
3977:
3932:
3928:
3875:
3871:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3807:
3803:
3760:
3756:
3708:
3702:
3698:
3663:
3659:
3598:
3591:
3560:
3551:
3535:
3534:
3492:
3488:
3435:
3431:
3398:(5): e1003379.
3384:
3380:
3335:
3331:
3298:(9): e1001129.
3284:
3280:
3233:
3229:
3184:
3180:
3133:
3129:
3098:
3094:
3049:
3045:
2990:
2986:
2951:
2947:
2900:
2896:
2865:
2861:
2816:
2812:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2705:(8): e1002533.
2691:
2684:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2605:Wayback Machine
2595:
2591:
2576:
2572:
2519:
2515:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2425:
2370:
2361:
2324:
2320:
2305:
2289:
2278:
2267:
2263:
2210:
2199:
2146:
2142:
2087:
2083:
2065:
2061:
2043:
2039:
2002:
1998:
1947:
1940:
1893:
1889:
1834:
1830:
1777:
1773:
1735:Genome Research
1726:
1722:
1675:
1671:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1560:
1551:
1525:
1484:
1460:
1448:non-coding RNAs
1443:
1411:genome assembly
1387:
1381:
1313:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1167:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1129:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1050:
1041:Plant holobiont
1035:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
993:
931:
921:
920:
919:
903:
890:
882:
881:
880:
867:
850:
835:
825:
824:
823:
814:
794:
784:
783:
782:
771:soil microbiome
766:root microbiome
751:
736:
705:
700:
632:Coral bleaching
602:
596:
559:
551:allelochemicals
472:
464:
456:
440:enteroendocrine
384:
336:
330:
310:
273:
238:
186:
136:of their host.
67:
61:
58:
51:
39:This article's
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7113:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7072:
7071:
7059:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6802:
6797:
6795:Deep biosphere
6792:
6790:Bioremediation
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6749:DNA sequencing
6746:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6553:Marine viruses
6550:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6490:
6488:Quorum sensing
6485:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6449:microbial loop
6441:
6439:Microbial cyst
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6357:run-and-tumble
6348:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6218:Microorganisms
6214:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6166:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6123:
6066:
6039:
6030:
6020:
6010:
5997:
5987:
5978:
5968:
5953:
5943:
5933:
5923:
5913:
5903:
5893:
5866:(5): 303–315.
5850:
5827:(in Spanish).
5810:
5753:
5724:(2): 112–119.
5704:
5653:
5624:(3): 243–248.
5604:
5575:
5540:(3): 486–493.
5524:
5473:
5422:
5372:
5323:
5272:
5223:
5174:
5109:
5050:
4988:
4930:
4872:
4863:|journal=
4838:10.1101/081257
4820:
4783:(7): 581–583.
4777:Nature Methods
4763:
4705:
4676:(5): 335–336.
4670:Nature Methods
4655:
4633:
4582:
4567:
4541:
4475:
4446:(2): 330–339.
4426:
4372:
4311:
4270:
4220:
4193:(5): 355–362.
4174:
4135:
4098:(8): 851–860.
4078:
4029:
3975:
3926:
3889:(2): 122–127.
3869:
3842:(4): 343–350.
3826:
3819:
3801:
3754:
3696:
3657:
3589:
3549:
3506:(8): 324–334.
3500:Microbial Cell
3486:
3449:(2): 141–149.
3429:
3378:
3329:
3278:
3227:
3178:
3127:
3108:(1): 100–109.
3092:
3063:(5): 440–447.
3043:
2984:
2965:(4): 237–245.
2945:
2894:
2875:(5): 445–454.
2859:
2830:(4): 425–428.
2810:
2775:(1): 221–232.
2759:
2745:
2736:
2682:
2653:(3): 337–340.
2633:
2621:
2609:
2589:
2570:
2513:
2453:
2423:
2359:
2338:(9): 560–569.
2318:
2303:
2276:
2261:
2224:(4): 185–190.
2197:
2140:
2081:
2059:
2037:
2018:(3): 133–143.
2006:Margulis, Lynn
2004:Guerrero, R.;
1996:
1959:(3): 485–494.
1938:
1909:(4): 837–848.
1887:
1828:
1771:
1720:
1691:(2): 210–218.
1669:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1549:Privacy issues
1547:
1524:
1521:
1483:
1480:
1459:
1456:
1452:Metaproteomics
1442:
1439:
1399:pyrosequencing
1383:Main article:
1380:
1377:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1182:Quorum sensing
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
992:
991:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
958:
957:
956:
955:
954:
949:
944:
933:
932:
927:
926:
923:
922:
918:
917:
909:
904:
898:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
879:
878:
873:
868:
862:
857:
855:Gut–brain axis
851:
849:
848:
843:
837:
836:
831:
830:
827:
826:
822:
821:
815:
813:
812:
807:
802:
796:
795:
790:
789:
786:
785:
781:
780:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
752:
750:
749:
744:
738:
737:
732:
731:
728:
727:
719:
718:
712:
711:
704:
701:
699:
696:
628:Climate change
598:Main article:
595:
592:
558:
555:
547:plant hormones
502:
501:
498:
495:
492:
462:
455:
452:
451:
450:
443:
415:
408:
400:
396:
383:
380:
332:Main article:
329:
326:
309:
306:
272:
269:
237:
234:
226:
225:
222:
219:
185:
182:
90:microorganisms
69:
68:
48:the key points
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7112:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7070:
7060:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7031:
7023:
7022:
7019:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6856:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6639:Microbial oil
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:Human related
6615:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6603:Picoeukaryote
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6461:Microbial mat
6459:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6254:Nanobacterium
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:Cyanobacteria
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6207:
6205:
6200:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6173:
6169:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6086:(7551): 136.
6085:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6043:
6034:
6024:
6014:
6008:
6001:
5991:
5982:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5947:
5937:
5927:
5917:
5907:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5580:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4868:
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4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4643:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4568:9780123809896
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
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4491:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4453:
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4445:
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4422:
4418:
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4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
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4386:
4379:
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4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
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4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4179:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4155:(2): 94–104.
4154:
4150:
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4139:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4113:
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4105:
4101:
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3718:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:Plant Science
3661:
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3649:
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3641:
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3333:
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3321:
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3311:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:BMC Microbiol
3238:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3174:
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3015:
3011:
3007:
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2999:
2995:
2988:
2980:
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2964:
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2909:
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2898:
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2814:
2806:
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2798:
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2790:
2786:
2782:
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2774:
2770:
2763:
2755:
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2740:
2732:
2728:
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2718:
2713:
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2704:
2700:
2696:
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2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2631:
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2619:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2443:on 2019-12-07
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2304:9780073402406
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Vaginal flora
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1234:Symbiogenesis
1232:
1230:
1229:Superorganism
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
959:
953:
952:rhizobacteria
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
935:
934:
930:
925:
924:
916:
914:
910:
908:
905:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
886:
885:
877:
874:
872:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
829:
828:
820:
817:
816:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
793:
788:
787:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
754:
753:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
730:
729:
725:
721:
720:
717:
714:
713:
709:
708:
695:
693:
692:endosymbiosis
689:
688:symbiogenesis
684:
683:O. patagonica
680:
675:
672:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:O. patagonica
648:
647:O. patagonica
644:
643:Vibrio shiloi
640:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
619:
611:
606:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
571:
569:
564:
563:immune system
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
506:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
488:
486:
482:
478:
471:
460:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
390:
386:
385:
379:
376:
371:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
352:Micro-animals
350:and viruses.
349:
345:
341:
335:
322:
318:
314:
305:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
231:
223:
220:
218:
214:
210:
209:
208:
206:
199:
195:
190:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
143:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
80:
75:
65:
55:
49:
47:
42:
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
7090:Bacteriology
7085:Microbiology
6965:Human virome
6938:In pregnancy
6805:Microswimmer
6699:in pregnancy
6649:Nylon-eating
6532:Spermosphere
6494:
6475:
6293:Microbiology
6176:
6175:
6174:profile for
6171:
6145:. Retrieved
6141:the original
6136:
6126:
6083:
6079:
6069:
6058:. Retrieved
6052:
6042:
6033:
6023:
6013:
6000:
5990:
5981:
5971:
5946:
5936:
5926:
5916:
5906:
5896:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5828:
5824:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5721:
5717:
5707:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5621:
5617:
5607:
5595:. Retrieved
5591:the original
5537:
5533:
5527:
5490:
5486:
5476:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5390:
5386:
5375:
5340:
5336:
5326:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5240:
5236:
5226:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4948:
4944:
4933:
4890:
4886:
4875:
4854:cite journal
4823:
4780:
4776:
4766:
4723:
4719:
4708:
4673:
4669:
4658:
4646:. Retrieved
4636:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4550:
4544:
4496:(1): 13637.
4493:
4489:
4478:
4443:
4439:
4429:
4397:(1): 47–58.
4394:
4388:
4335:(1): 67–73.
4332:
4328:
4322:
4314:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4243:(1): 16–20.
4240:
4236:
4223:
4190:
4186:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4000:(1): 12–22.
3997:
3993:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3810:
3804:
3767:
3757:
3716:
3712:
3699:
3666:
3660:
3609:
3605:
3566:
3562:
3538:cite journal
3503:
3499:
3489:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3198:(220): 220.
3195:
3191:
3181:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2772:
2769:Microb. Ecol
2768:
2762:
2748:
2739:
2702:
2699:PLOS Biology
2698:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2607:January 2014
2592:
2583:
2573:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2473:
2469:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:the original
2436:
2426:
2381:
2377:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2293:
2269:
2264:
2221:
2217:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2100:
2094:
2084:
2067:
2062:
2045:
2040:
2015:
2009:
1999:
1956:
1950:
1906:
1900:
1890:
1847:
1841:
1831:
1790:
1784:
1774:
1739:
1733:
1723:
1688:
1682:
1672:
1646:
1640:
1635:
1605:Psychobiotic
1575:Human virome
1552:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1444:
1427:
1415:tree of life
1390:Metagenomics
1388:
1385:Metagenomics
1361:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1318:
1219:Metabolomics
1202:Metagenomics
1088:Hologenomics
928:
912:
776:spermosphere
747:Phyllosphere
682:
678:
676:
667:
654:
650:
646:
635:
623:
622:
615:
580:inflammation
572:
560:
511:
473:
388:
372:
368:
364:
337:
321:inflammation
302:C. difficile
301:
293:phyllosphere
289:spermosphere
274:
264:
261:normal flora
260:
241:Commensalism
239:
227:
213:metagenomics
202:
184:Introduction
155:
140:
138:
108:, including
92:that may be
85:
84:
62:October 2018
59:
43:
41:lead section
7100:Microbiomes
6905:Human flora
6837:Siderophore
6598:Phycosphere
6454:viral shunt
3392:PLOS Pathog
2268:Poreau B.,
2047:BMC Biology
1974:11336/33456
1514:endotoxemia
1172:Gnotobiosis
901:Phycosphere
761:laimosphere
756:Rhizosphere
716:Microbiomes
624:Coral reefs
534:mutualistic
477:rhizosphere
436:baculovirus
323:in the lung
304:infection.
253:mutualistic
166:epigenetics
162:synergistic
134:homeostasis
98:mutualistic
7079:Categories
6737:Techniques
6568:Microalgae
6476:microbiota
6471:Microbiome
6259:Prokaryote
6178:microbiome
6147:2015-05-17
6060:2015-05-17
5129:(1): 870.
4832:: 081257.
3994:Immunology
3292:PLOS Genet
2447:2019-12-07
1649:: 100161.
1627:References
1610:Skin flora
1595:Phytobiome
1565:Anagenesis
1349:clustering
1224:Pan-genome
1177:Phytobiome
1138:Virosphere
1033:Holobionts
929:Microbiota
913:Drosophila
876:Necrobiome
841:Human milk
742:Endosphere
639:patagonica
518:endophytes
468:See also:
317:Pathogenic
198:human skin
164:unit from
142:microbiome
102:pathogenic
86:Microbiota
7012:OpenBiome
6986:Dysbiosis
6970:Mycobiota
6810:biohybrid
6664:dysbiosis
6481:holobiont
6379:amoeboids
6362:twitching
5880:1262-3636
5787:0264-6021
5740:2090-7184
5151:2041-1723
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