1542:
203:
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43:
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1159:. Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus. This can result in other severe brain malformations and birth defects. A study published in The New England Journal of Medicine has documented a case in which they found evidence of the Zika virus in the brain of a fetus that displayed the morphology of microcephaly.
2334:
Opladen T, LĂłpez-Laso E, CortĂšs-Saladelafont E, Pearson TS, Sivri HS, Yildiz Y, Assmann B, Kurian MA, Leuzzi V, Heales S, Pope S, Porta F, GarcĂa-Cazorla A, HonzĂk T, Pons R, Regal L, Goez H, Artuch R, Hoffmann GF, Horvath G, Thöny B, Scholl-BĂŒrgi S, Burlina A, Verbeek MM, Mastrangelo M, Friedman J,
2865:
Ramos, Regina; Viana, Rafaela; Brainer-Lima, Alessandra; FlorĂȘncio, Telma; Carvalho, Maria Durce; van Der Linden, Vanessa; Amorim, Antonio; Rocha, Maria Ăngela; Medeiros, FabĂola (2017). "Perinatal
Chikungunya Virus-Associated Encephalitis Leading to Postnatal-Onset Microcephaly and Optic Atrophy".
2386:
Szczepanski, Sandra; Hussain, MuhammadSajid; Sur, Ilknur; AltmĂŒller, Janine; Thiele, Holger; Abdullah, Uzma; Waseem, SyedaSeema; Moawia, Abubakar; NĂŒrnberg, Gudrun; Noegel, Angelika Anna; Baig, Shahid
Mahmood; NĂŒrnberg, Peter (30 November 2015). "A novel homozygous splicing mutation of CASC5 causes
4020:
Johnson, Matthew B.; Sun, Xingshen; Kodani, Andrew; Borges-Monroy, Rebeca; Girskis, Kelly M.; Ryu, Steven C.; Wang, Peter P.; Patel, Komal; Gonzalez, Dilenny M.; Woo, Yu Mi; Yan, Ziying; Liang, Bo; Smith, Richard S.; Chatterjee, Manavi; Coman, Daniel; Papademetris, Xenophon; Staib, Lawrence H.;
339:
with microcephaly are born with either a normal or reduced head size. Subsequently, the head fails to grow, while the face continues to develop at a normal rate, producing a child with a small head and a receding forehead, and a loose, often wrinkled
1377:
and supportive. Because some cases of microcephaly and its associated symptoms may be a result of amino acid deficiencies, treatment with amino acids in these cases has been shown to improve symptoms such as seizures and motor function delays.
2829:
Tibussek, Daniel; Sinclair, Adriane; Yau, Ivanna; Teatero, Sarah; Fittipaldi, Nahuel; Richardson, Susan E.; Mayatepek, Ertan; Jahn, Peter; Askalan, Rand (2015). "Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal
Meningitis Has Cerebrovascular Complications".
310:
for normal brain function is poor. Occasional cases develop normal intelligence and grow normally (apart from persistently small head circumference). It is reported that in the United States, microcephaly occurs in 1 in 800-5,000 births.
1824:
Faheem, Muhammad; Naseer, Muhammad Imran; Rasool, Mahmood; Chaudhary, Adeel G; Kumosani, Taha A; Ilyas, Asad
Muhammad; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Ahmed, Farid; Algahtani, Hussain A; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad H; Saleh Jamal, Hasan (2015).
1582:! The men in your service ought pay sincere care with the dwarf's head while sleeping during the voyage to the palace" (so that it does not fall off). At the same time, it could be for other reasons unrelated to microcephaly, etc.
3921:
Shen, J; Gilmore, EC; Marshall, CA; Haddadin, M; Reynolds, JJ; Eyaid, W; Bodell, A; Barry, B; Gleason, D; Allen, K; Ganesh, VS; Chang, BS; Grix, A; Hill, RS; Topcu, M; Caldecott, KW; Barkovich, AJ; Walsh, CA (March 2010).
4670:
4543:
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4513:
1397:
in North
America and Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries, where they were known by the name "pinheads". Many of them were presented as different species (e.g., "monkey man") and described as being the
282:
conditions, though almost always in combination with other symptoms. Mutations that result solely in microcephaly (primary microcephaly) exist but are less common. External toxins to the embryo, such as
3474:
1238:. Researchers studied 286 additional children who were in utero during the atomic bombings, and after a year they found these children had a higher incidence of microcephaly and mental retardation.
4663:
3552:
Cavallin, Mara; Rujano, Maria A.; Bednarek, Nathalie; Medina-Cano, Daniel; Bernabe Gelot, Antoinette; Drunat, Severine; Maillard, Camille; Garfa-Traore, Meriem; Bole, Christine (2017-10-01).
1578:(6th Dynasty, circa 2125â2080 BC); it could be inferred that this person was also microcephalic. In a letter preserved at the British Museum, the young king gives instructions by letter, "
4656:
1985:
4643:
2072:
3971:
Alkuraya, FS; Cai, X; Emery, C; Mochida, GH; Al-Dosari, MS; Felie, JM; Hill, RS; Barry, BJ; Partlow, JN; Gascon, GG; Kentab, A; Jan, M; Shaheen, R; Feng, Y; Walsh, CA (13 May 2011).
3774:
Adams, Hieab H. H.; Hibar, Derrek P.; Chouraki, Vincent; Stein, Jason L.; Nyquist, Paul A.; RenterĂa, Miguel E.; Trompet, Stella; Arias-Vasquez, Alejandro; Seshadri, Sudha (2016).
3675:
3495:
Mlakar, Jernej; Korva, Misa; Tul, NataĆĄa; PopoviÄ, Mara; PoljĆĄak-Prijatelj, Mateja; Mraz, Jerica; Kolenc, Marko; Resman Rus, Katarina; Vesnaver
Vipotnik, Tina (2016-03-10).
1216:
who had been pregnant at the time gave birth to children with microcephaly. Microcephaly was present in 7 children from a group of 11 pregnant women at 11â17 weeks of
303:
below the mean for age and sex. Some academics advocate defining it as head circumference more than three standard deviations below the mean for the age and sex.
4638:
1274:, or a combination of these factors. Research in animal models such as rodents has found many genes that are required for normal brain growth. For example, the
597:
1541:
2204:
587:
4168:
O'Driscoll M, Jeggo PA (July 2008). "The role of the DNA damage response pathways in brain development and microcephaly: insight from human disorders".
306:
There is no specific treatment that returns the head size to normal. In general, life expectancy for individuals with microcephaly is reduced, and the
3460:
4469:
4021:
Hyder, Fahmeed; Mandeville, Joseph B.; Grant, P. Ellen; Im, Kiho; Kwak, Hojoong; Engelhardt, John F.; Walsh, Christopher A.; Bae, Byoung-Il (2018).
3160:
Stone, Jennifer L.; O'Donovan, Michael C.; Gurling, Hugh; Kirov, George K.; Blackwood, Douglas H. R.; Corvin, Aiden; et al. (September 2008).
4944:
3438:
3412:
1761:
2917:
1605:
Jenny Lee Snow and Elvira Snow, whose stage names were Pip and Flip, respectively, were sisters with microcephaly who acted in the 1932 film
1152:
830:
2080:
4405:
3435:"CDC issues interim travel guidance related to Zika virus for 14 Countries and Territories in Central and South America and the Caribbean"
1529:
1306:, resulting in the loss of future daughter neurons. The severity of the condition may depend on the timing of infection during pregnancy.
1220:
who survived the blast at less than 1.2 km (0.75 mi) from ground zero. Due to their proximity to the bomb, the pregnant women's
3671:
267:
4383:
1878:
Leviton, A.; Holmes, L.B.; Allred, E.N.; Vargas, J. (2002). "Methodologic issues in epidemiologic studies of congenital microcephaly".
1799:
1156:
1574:
A 'dwarf' of Punt (ancient
Somalia) was given by the Chief clans as partial tribute to the last ruler of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom,
2770:
Donald, Kirsten A.; Walker, Kathleen G.; Kilborn, Tracy; Carrara, Henri; Langerak, Nelleke G; Eley, Brian; Wilmshurst, Jo M (2015).
1728:
2674:
Reddy, Nihaal; Calloni, Sonia F.; Vernon, Hilary J.; Boltshauser, Eugen; Huisman, Thierry A. G. M.; Soares, Bruno P. (2018-05-01).
1093:
1011:), based on their role in brain size and primary microcephaly syndromes when mutated. In addition to microcephalin, these include
4855:
3554:"WDR81 mutations cause extreme microcephaly and impair mitotic progression in human fibroblasts and Drosophila neural stem cells"
2437:
2179:
4316:
3715:
3647:
3612:
3341:
1955:
581:
3266:
Rimol, Lars M.; Agartz, Ingrid; Djurovic, Srdjan; Brown, Andrew A.; Roddey, J. Cooper; Kahler, Anna K.; et al. (2010).
4436:
3737:
2482:
1286:, and experimental mutations of many genes can cause microcephaly in mice, similar to human microcephaly. Mutations of the
804:
635:
1121:). Moreover, an association has been established between common genetic variants within known microcephaly genes (such as
4949:
4558:
2722:
2228:
4332:
Mateen, F.J.; Boes, C.J. (2010). "'Pinheads': the exhibition of neurologic disorders at 'The
Greatest Show on Earth'".
2050:
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186:
1342:
1227:
784:
456:
288:
880:
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630:
207:
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Microcephaly is a feature common to several different genetic disorders arising from a deficiency in the cellular
4807:
1457:
1189:
915:
2553:
2045:
1469:
766:
438:
4648:
2508:
Emily E. Petersen; Erin
Staples; Dana Meaney-Delman; Marc Fischer; Sascha R. Ellington; William M. Callaghan;
2102:"Microcephaly with Spastic Quadriplegia disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials"
1557:
762:
650:
434:
1795:"Facts about Microcephaly | Birth Defects | National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities"
1438:
532:
4078:
Nowakowski, TJ; Pollen, AA; Di Lullo, E; Sandoval-Espinosa, C; Bershteyn, M; Kriegstein, AR (5 May 2016).
1505:
4830:
4428:
2650:
645:
202:
2601:
2101:
3434:
3404:
3103:"Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium: Comparative genomics of autism and schizophrenia"
1314:
1130:
868:
851:
602:
576:
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1686:
1626:
3776:"Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association"
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1769:
1706:
976:
670:
295:
indication or warning sign, but no uniformity exists in its definition. It is usually defined as a
284:
4080:"Expression Analysis Highlights AXL as a Candidate Zika Virus Entry Receptor in Neural Stem Cells"
3874:"FGF signaling expands embryonic cortical surface area by regulating Notch-dependent neurogenesis"
3355:
Rasmussen, Sonja A.; Jamieson, Denise J.; Honein, Margaret A.; Petersen, Lyle R. (13 April 2016).
2925:
2244:
1617:, possibly born Simon Metz, was a widely known sideshow performer and actor, who also appeared in
1880:
1517:
1493:
1254:
Microcephaly generally is due to the diminished size of the largest part of the human brain, the
809:
755:
721:
716:
427:
252:
148:
4203:
Ribeiro JH, Altinisik N, Rajan N, Verslegers M, Baatout S, Gopalakrishnan J, Quintens R (2023).
4127:
Li, C; Xu, D; Ye, Q; Hong, S; Jiang, Y; Liu, X; Zhang, N; Shi, L; Qin, CF; Xu, Z (7 July 2016).
2265:
4397:
2337:"Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiencies"
1915:
Opitz, J. M.; Holt, M. C. (1990). "Microcephaly: general considerations and aids to nosology".
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675:
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20:
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Intracranial volume also affects this pathology, as it is related with the size of the brain.
1003:, deletions of genes and microcephaly. Several genes have been designated "MCPH" genes, after
4812:
4522:
4375:
4306:
3695:
2772:"HIV Encephalopathy: pediatric case series description and insights from the clinic coalface"
2310:
1313:
response. Individuals with the following DNA damage response disorders exhibit microcephaly:
1181:
885:
3077:
3028:
Damlich, Jennifer; Qato, Roa; Cruz, Meredith; Colon, Maria; Wilkins, Isabelle (2009-07-01).
1794:
1188:). Most cases of microlissencephaly are described in consanguineous families, suggesting an
4034:
3973:"Human mutations in NDE1 cause extreme microcephaly with lissencephaly [corrected]"
3279:
3173:
3114:
2507:
814:
706:
388:
372:
279:
3639:
Fanaroff and Martin's
Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine E-Book: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant
2514:"Interim Guidelines for Pregnant Women During a Zika Virus Outbreak â United States, 2016"
2127:"Practice Parameter: Evaluation of the child with microcephaly (an evidence-based review)"
991:
Genetic mutations cause most cases of microcephaly. Relationships have been found between
8:
4738:
4679:
4547:
4023:"Aspm knockout ferret reveals an evolutionary mechanism governing cerebral cortical size"
3268:"Sex-dependent association of common variants of microcephaly genes with brain structure"
2131:
1724:
1399:
1258:, and the condition can arise during embryonic and fetal development due to insufficient
819:
474:
4231:
4204:
4038:
3283:
3177:
3118:
1831:
379:
and intellectual disability are common occurrences, although the degree of each varies.
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2153:
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2020:
1979:
Stoler-Poria, S.; Lev, D.; Schweiger, A.; Lerman-Sagie, T.; Malinger, G. (2010-01-12).
1855:
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1416:
1407:
1173:
1168:
936:
925:
620:
480:
300:
138:
4552:
4254:
de Koning, T. J. (2006). "Treatment with amino acids in serine deficiency disorders".
1893:
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are associated with microcephaly in humans and a knockout model has been developed in
4778:
4580:
4453:
4361:
4349:
4312:
4279:
4271:
4236:
4185:
4150:
4129:"Zika Virus Disrupts Neural Progenitor Development and Leads to Microcephaly in Mice"
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2811:
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2535:
2404:
2368:
2311:"Trisomy 13 | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) â an NCATS Program"
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2012:
2004:
1961:
1951:
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1303:
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3305:
3287:
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3189:
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3132:
3122:
3041:
3030:"Discussion: 'Microcephaly associated with congenital heart defect' by Barbu et al"
3004:
2975:
2959:
2875:
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2801:
2783:
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2525:
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63:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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360:
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2400:
1845:
1341:. These findings suggest that a normal DNA damage response is critical during
363:
may not appear until later in life. Affected newborns generally have striking
331:
Neural scans of a normal-sized skull (left) and a case of microcephaly (right)
4938:
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4783:
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2008:
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becomes more obvious, although the entire body also is often underweight and
228:
4537:
3470:
3292:
3234:
3162:"Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications increase risk of schizophrenia"
3127:
1965:
50:
A baby with microcephaly (left) compared to a baby with a typical head size
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4888:
4836:
4726:
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4353:
4283:
4240:
4189:
4154:
4113:
4064:
4006:
3957:
3907:
3858:
3809:
3760:
3733:"Study of Adolescents Exposed in Utero to the Atomic Bomb, Nagasaki, Japan"
3696:"Pioneering Studies §Atomic Radiation §Microcephaly and Mental Retardation"
3587:
3570:
3553:
3530:
3465:
3461:"CDC issues travel advisory for 14 countries with alarming viral outbreaks"
3382:
3319:
3252:
3203:
3146:
3063:
2989:
2895:
2851:
2815:
2751:
2709:
2539:
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2513:
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2162:
2016:
1901:
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1151:
has been implicated in increasing levels of congenital microcephaly by the
996:
981:
946:
711:
694:
364:
292:
270:
early in pregnancy, though the cause is not identified in most cases. Many
3924:"Mutations in PNKP cause microcephaly, seizures and defects in DNA repair"
3825:"Genomic variants and variations in malformations of cortical development"
3513:
3496:
3373:
3356:
2692:
2675:
1928:
1302:
have been shown to infect and kill the primary stem cell of the brainâthe
4871:
4708:
4691:
4604:
4449:
4077:
2487:
1655:
1421:
1394:
1287:
1213:
1042:
539:
376:
345:
3301:
3185:
384:
4793:
4308:
Colosseum in Rome: a travel guide and tour as with the best local guide
2963:
1548:
1267:
1235:
1148:
941:
769: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
655:
441: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
380:
291:, can also result in microcephaly. Microcephaly serves as an important
251:
development is often affected; people with this disorder often have an
244:
211:
127:
4505:
4205:"DNA damage and repair: underlying mechanisms leading to microcephaly"
2335:
Wassenberg T, Jeltsch K, KulhĂĄnek J, Kuseyri HĂŒbschmann O (May 2020).
999:
on one side. On the other side, a relationship has been found between
4721:
3357:"Zika Virus and Birth Defects â Reviewing the Evidence for Causality"
2577:
1999:
1980:
1614:
1599:
1411:
1346:
1217:
1205:
687:
307:
266:
The disorder is caused by a disruption to the genetic processes that
221:
131:
24:
3791:
3731:
Burrow, Gerard N.; Hamilton, Howard B.; Hrubec, Zdenek (June 1964).
1978:
744:
416:
4618:
3939:
2442:
1209:
1144:
1023:
486:
349:
319:
260:
256:
16:
Condition in which the head is small due to an underdeveloped brain
3636:
Martin, Richard J.; Fanaroff, Avroy A.; Walsh, Michele C. (2014).
2676:"Neuroimaging Findings of Organic Acidemias and Aminoacidopathies"
1420:, were cited as influences on the development of the long-running
4716:
3872:
Rash, BG; Lim, HD; Breunig, JJ; Vaccarino, FM (26 October 2011).
3551:
3334:"Zika virus - Brazil: confirmed Archive Number: 20150519.3370768"
1579:
1374:
1271:
1231:
368:
4563:
3405:"CDC Concludes Zika Causes Microcephaly and Other Birth Defects"
2726:
2232:
1386:
People with small heads were displayed as a public spectacle in
1294:
that exhibits severe microcephaly. In addition, viruses such as
4532:
4517:
4202:
3354:
3219:"DUF1220 domains, cognitive disease, and human brain evolution"
2948:"Genetic disorders of thyroid metabolism and brain development"
2864:
2438:"Microcephaly in infants and children: Etiology and evaluation"
1827:"Molecular genetics of human primary microcephaly: an overview"
1591:
1448:
1350:
1291:
1278:
genes regulate the balance between stem cell proliferation and
1222:
1083:
1073:
992:
971:
336:
327:
239:"head") is a medical condition involving a smaller-than-normal
206:
A mother holding her son who was born with microcephaly due to
3159:
2385:
2207:. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. Archived from
2125:
Ashwal, S.; Michelson, D.; Plawner, L.; Dobyns, W. B. (2009).
1725:"Microcephaly - Definition of Microcephaly by Merriam-Webster"
255:, poor motor function, poor speech, abnormal facial features,
102:
4019:
2673:
2233:
Microcephaly 18, Primary, Autosomal Dominant; MCPH18 - 617520
1322:
1141:
1053:
1013:
341:
248:
19:"Microcephalus" redirects here. For the genus of beetle, see
2124:
335:
There are a variety of symptoms that can occur in children.
3920:
1823:
1299:
1185:
1129:) and normal variation in brain structure as measured with
1113:
1103:
1063:
1033:
240:
96:
90:
81:
72:
3437:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016-01-15.
2828:
2769:
1917:
Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology
403:. It has been classified in two types based on the onset:
1877:
1326:
1288:
abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated (ASPM) gene
492:
Chromosomal (balanced rearrangements and ring chromosome)
143:
Abnormally small head and brain, neurological impairments
3265:
3080:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016-12-07
3970:
3871:
3773:
2077:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
2740:"Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome)"
2174:
2172:
1981:"Developmental outcome of isolated fetal microcephaly"
1373:
There is no known cure for microcephaly. Treatment is
3494:
93:
87:
75:
66:
4495:
3730:
3027:
1942:
Behrman, R.E.; Kligman, R. M.; Jensen, H.B. (2000).
1941:
1637:
1195:
99:
78:
4167:
3635:
2727:
Miller-Dieker Lissencephaly Syndrome; MDLS - 247200
2387:primary microcephaly in a large Pakistani family".
2169:
588:
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase deficiency
383:may also occur. Motor ability varies, ranging from
247:or it may develop in the first few years of life.
84:
69:
1943:
1629:, a member of radio host Howard Stern's Wack Pack.
177:Usually genetic or toxin exposure during pregnancy
3340:. International Society for Infectious Diseases.
3097:
344:. As the child grows older, the smallness of the
4936:
1393:People with microcephaly were sometimes sold to
3272:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3034:American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
2946:Kurian, Manju A; Jungbluth, Heinz (July 2014).
2945:
2922:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
2558:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
1547:55-year-old female, 1920 (linear descendant of
1535:18-year-old sister and 9-year-old brother, 1917
4013:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2287:"Trisomy 18: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
2247:. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
4664:
4429:"Historical Review - Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt"
2744:National Center for Biotechnology Information
1406:(although he may not have had microcephaly),
1327:xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A
1153:International Society for Infectious Diseases
831:Congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism
3700:Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten
3604:Caffey's Pediatric Diagnostic Imaging E-Book
2737:
2327:
1950:(16th ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
1598:(not to be confused with the slightly later
1230:that was relatively high due to the massive
323:Microcephaly (left) vs. normocephaly (right)
3822:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3607:(12th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
3216:
2456:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
359:development is common, but disturbances in
4671:
4657:
4331:
4126:
3348:
3259:
2952:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
1800:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1345:, perhaps to protect against induction of
1325:-dependent primary microcephaly disorder,
1157:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
41:
4253:
4230:
4220:
4144:
4103:
4054:
3996:
3947:
3897:
3848:
3799:
3750:
3569:
3512:
3497:"Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly"
3458:
3372:
3309:
3291:
3242:
3193:
3136:
3126:
3045:
2979:
2805:
2787:
2691:
2529:
2362:
2352:
2152:
1998:
1914:
1854:
1844:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1711:Health Library: Diseases & Conditions
785:Learn how and when to remove this message
457:Learn how and when to remove this message
3682:
3545:
3101:; Stead, P.; Elliot, M. (January 2010).
2868:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
2738:Joyce, Tina; Huecker, Martin R. (2019),
2423:
2186:. University of Rochester Medical Center
2031:
1360:
326:
318:
201:
4856:Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
4304:
2554:"Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation"
1986:Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1234:output of the lower explosive-yielding
1228:biologically significant radiation dose
4945:Congenital disorders of nervous system
4937:
4256:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
3693:
2746:, AU.S. National Library of Medicine,
1735:
274:can result in microcephaly, including
4652:
4426:
3600:
3002:
2624:
2518:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1819:
1817:
1789:
1787:
1762:"NINDS Microcephaly Information Page"
1262:proliferation, impaired or premature
1162:
1137:surface area and total brain volume.
582:Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency
371:. Development of motor functions and
314:
4437:American Journal of Medical Genetics
4408:from the original on 31 January 2012
3738:Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
2483:"Microcephaly - Symptoms and causes"
1282:in the stem cell layer known as the
1180:(smooth brain surface due to absent
1133:(MRI)â—âi.e., primarily brain
805:Congenital disorder of glycosylation
767:adding citations to reliable sources
738:
636:Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
439:adding citations to reliable sources
410:
4386:from the original on 14 April 2016.
4305:Stories, Wander (4 February 2015).
3823:Jamuar, SS; Walsh, CA (June 2015).
3223:Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol
2723:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2229:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
13:
4682:malformations and deformations of
4427:Kozma, Chahira (10 October 2005).
3977:American Journal of Human Genetics
3829:Pediatric Clinics of North America
1814:
1784:
1249:
1241:
734:
187:alcohol consumption while pregnant
14:
4961:
4491:
2341:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
2205:"Microcephaly autosomal dominant"
1196:Historical causes of microcephaly
631:Vertically transmitted infections
289:vertically transmitted infections
4475:from the original on 17 May 2017
3678:from the original on 2009-05-25.
3415:from the original on 31 May 2016
3344:from the original on 2016-01-30.
1731:from the original on 2014-09-14.
1640:
1568:
1556:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1437:
1365:Baby with microcephaly during a
743:
415:
208:vertically transmitted infection
62:
4808:Agenesis of the corpus callosum
4420:
4390:
4368:
4325:
4298:
4247:
4196:
4161:
4120:
4071:
3964:
3914:
3865:
3816:
3767:
3724:
3664:
3629:
3594:
3501:New England Journal of Medicine
3488:
3477:from the original on 2016-01-18
3452:
3441:from the original on 2016-01-18
3427:
3397:
3361:New England Journal of Medicine
3326:
3210:
3153:
3091:
3070:
3021:
2996:
2939:
2910:
2858:
2822:
2763:
2731:
2716:
2667:
2643:
2618:
2594:
2570:
2546:
2501:
2379:
2303:
2279:
2258:
2237:
2222:
2197:
2118:
2094:
2073:"Cephalic Disorders Fact Sheet"
2065:
1946:Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics
1768:. June 30, 2015. Archived from
1713:. Cleveland Clinic. April 2023.
1190:autosomal recessive inheritance
916:Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
754:needs additional citations for
426:needs additional citations for
23:. For the genus of spider, see
4398:"Interview with Bill Griffith"
4376:"Zip the Pinhead: What is it?"
3890:10.1523/jneurosci.4439-11.2011
1935:
1908:
1871:
1717:
1699:
1176:is microcephaly combined with
1:
1894:10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00065-8
1692:
651:Congenital varicella syndrome
406:
4346:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ff9636
4182:10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.03.018
3642:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2880:10.1097/INF.0000000000001690
2145:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b783f7
1615:Schlitze "Schlitzie" Surtees
1356:
1335:ligase 4 deficiency syndrome
995:, duplications of genes and
801:Inborn errors of metabolism
7:
4774:other reduction deformities
3878:The Journal of Neuroscience
3708:10.1007/978-90-481-8820-8_2
3217:Dumas L, Sikela JM (2009).
2844:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.014
2627:"GLUT1 deficiency syndrome"
2268:. World Health Organization
1633:
1511:20-year-old female, 1906/07
1349:by DNA damage occurring in
646:Congenital rubella syndrome
625:Death of a monozygotic twin
10:
4966:
4950:Disorders causing seizures
4222:10.3389/fcell.2023.1268565
4146:10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.017
4096:10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.012
3989:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.04.003
3078:"Facts about Microcephaly"
3047:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.042
3003:Reference, Genetics Home.
2651:"Maternal phenylketonuria"
2625:Reference, Genetics Home.
2354:10.1186/s13023-020-01379-8
2180:"Microcephaly in Children"
2051:Stanford Children's Health
1627:Lester "Beetlejuice" Green
1402:. Famous examples include
1381:
1315:Nijmegen breakage syndrome
1166:
1131:magnetic resonance imaging
881:AicardiâGoutiĂšres syndrome
869:Nijmegen breakage syndrome
603:Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome
584:- in up to 25% of patients
577:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
567:SmithâLemliâOpitz syndrome
399:Microcephaly is a type of
18:
4902:
4879:
4870:
4747:
4699:
4690:
4595:
4499:
4404:. Goblin Magazine. 1995.
4268:10.1007/s10545-006-0269-0
4047:10.1038/s41586-018-0035-0
3841:10.1016/j.pcl.2015.03.002
2918:"Galloway-Mowat Syndrome"
2832:The Journal of Pediatrics
2789:10.1186/s12981-014-0042-7
2776:AIDS Research and Therapy
2401:10.1007/s00439-015-1619-5
2315:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
1846:10.1186/1755-8794-8-S1-S4
1687:Oropouche orthobunyavirus
1463:18-year-old Emil R., 1868
1414:. Stars of the 1932 film
1212:, several women close to
847:Contiguous gene deletion
528:Contiguous gene deletion
523:Unbalanced rearrangements
394:
192:
181:
173:
165:
157:
147:
137:
117:
54:
49:
40:
35:
4760:Congenital hydrocephalus
3702:. Springer. p. 21.
3601:Coley, Brian D. (2013).
3459:Beth Mole (2016-01-17).
1487:52-year-old female, 1900
977:Congenital heart disease
671:Fetal hydantoin syndrome
533:WolfâHirschhorn syndrome
285:alcohol during pregnancy
153:Neurological impairments
3694:Kalter, Harold (2010).
3293:10.1073/pnas.0908454107
3235:10.1101/sqb.2009.74.025
3128:10.1073/pnas.0906080106
3009:Genetics Home Reference
2631:Genetics Home Reference
1658:(Usually rapidly fatal)
1475:Elderly female, 1888/89
877:with abnormal genitalia
810:Mitochondrial disorders
722:Placental insufficiency
717:Maternal hypothyroidism
660:Zika fever#Microcephaly
253:intellectual disability
2531:10.15585/mmwr.mm6502e1
1682:Achalasia microcephaly
1499:10-year-old male, 1904
1370:
1266:, the death of neural
1200:After the dropping of
957:Chronic kidney failure
911:Traumatic brain injury
852:MillerâDieker syndrome
676:Fetal alcohol syndrome
332:
324:
243:. Microcephaly may be
214:
196:2â12 per 10,000 births
21:Microcephalus (beetle)
4813:Septo-optic dysplasia
4765:DandyâWalker syndrome
3514:10.1056/NEJMoa1600651
3374:10.1056/NEJMsr1604338
2693:10.1148/rg.2018170042
1602:at the French court).
1412:Schlitzie the Pinhead
1364:
886:Ataxia telangiectasia
330:
322:
205:
4450:10.1002/ajmg.a.31068
3571:10.1093/brain/awx218
3113:(Suppl 1): 1736â41.
2602:"Zellweger syndrome"
2512:(January 22, 2016).
1832:BMC Medical Genomics
1226:children received a
907:Disruptive injuries
859:Single gene defects
815:Peroxisomal disorder
763:improve this article
707:gestational diabetes
612:Disruptive injuries
598:Primary microcephaly
563:Single gene defects
435:improve this article
389:spastic quadriplegia
4739:Chiari malformation
4402:ZippythePinhead.com
4382:. 16 October 2010.
4209:Front Cell Dev Biol
4039:2018Natur.556..370J
3780:Nature Neuroscience
3284:2010PNAS..107..384R
3186:10.1038/nature07239
3178:2008Natur.455..237S
3119:2010PNAS..107.1736C
2184:Health Encyclopedia
1993:(2). Wiley: 154â8.
820:Glucose transporter
475:autosomal recessive
301:standard deviations
299:(HC) more than two
235:"small" and ÎșΔÏαλΟ
4910:Currarino syndrome
4881:Neural tube defect
4823:Hemimegalencephaly
4789:Microlissencephaly
4701:Neural tube defect
4596:External resources
2964:10.1111/dmcn.12445
2510:Denise J. Jamieson
1408:Maximo and Bartola
1371:
1174:Microlissencephaly
1169:Microlissencephaly
1163:Microlissencephaly
937:HIV encephalopathy
926:Hemorrhagic stroke
850:17p13.3 deletion (
705:Poorly controlled
690:exposure to mother
621:Hemorrhagic stroke
545:7q11.23 deletion (
481:Autosomal dominant
355:Severely impaired
333:
325:
315:Signs and symptoms
297:head circumference
215:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4866:
4865:
4779:Holoprosencephaly
4628:
4627:
4380:The Human Marvels
4318:978-9-949-51606-3
4311:. WanderStories.
4170:DNA Repair (Amst)
3717:978-90-481-8820-8
3649:978-0-323-29537-6
3614:978-1-4557-5360-4
3564:(10): 2597â2609.
3411:. 13 April 2016.
3172:(7210): 237â241.
2838:(5): 1187â92.e1.
2245:"Poland syndrome"
2106:www.malacards.org
1957:978-0-7216-7767-5
1576:Pepi II Neferkare
1523:3 relatives, 1913
1447:, a French court
1426:Zippy the Pinhead
1343:brain development
1304:radial glial cell
1208:and "Fat Man" on
896:Cockayne syndrome
865:(primarily girls)
795:
794:
787:
593:Holoprosencephaly
554:DiGeorge syndrome
547:Williams syndrome
467:
466:
459:
401:cephalic disorder
272:genetic syndromes
200:
199:
30:Medical condition
4957:
4915:Diastomatomyelia
4877:
4876:
4697:
4696:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4497:
4496:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4433:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4262:(2â3): 347â351.
4251:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4224:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3884:(43): 15604â17.
3869:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3691:
3680:
3679:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3573:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3516:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3376:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3295:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3130:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3049:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3005:"Fanconi anemia"
3000:
2994:
2993:
2983:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2924:. Archived from
2914:
2908:
2907:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2791:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2695:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2479:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2079:. Archived from
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2002:
2000:10.1002/uog.7556
1976:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1758:
1733:
1732:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1662:Cerebral rubicon
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1563:6 siblings, 1920
1560:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1441:
1367:physical therapy
1284:ventricular zone
1260:neural stem cell
1204:"Little Boy" on
836:Organic acidemia
790:
783:
779:
776:
770:
747:
739:
727:Craniosynostosis
552:22q11 deletion (
462:
455:
451:
448:
442:
419:
411:
375:may be delayed.
245:present at birth
124:Medical genetics
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
45:
33:
32:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4924:
4898:
4862:
4799:Hydranencephaly
4743:
4686:
4677:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4591:
4590:
4508:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4431:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4340:(22): 2028â32.
4330:
4326:
4319:
4303:
4299:
4252:
4248:
4201:
4197:
4166:
4162:
4125:
4121:
4076:
4072:
4033:(7701): 370â5.
4018:
4014:
3969:
3965:
3928:Nature Genetics
3919:
3915:
3870:
3866:
3821:
3817:
3792:10.1038/nn.4398
3786:(12): 1569â82.
3772:
3768:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3692:
3683:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3650:
3634:
3630:
3615:
3599:
3595:
3550:
3546:
3493:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3353:
3349:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3264:
3260:
3215:
3211:
3158:
3154:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3001:
2997:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2863:
2859:
2827:
2823:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2736:
2732:
2721:
2717:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2582:Mito Foundation
2576:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2384:
2380:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2291:medlineplus.gov
2285:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2139:(11): 887â897.
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2032:
1977:
1973:
1958:
1940:
1936:
1913:
1909:
1876:
1872:
1839:(Suppl 1): S4.
1822:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1677:Seckel syndrome
1648:Medicine portal
1646:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1533:
1524:
1521:
1512:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1488:
1485:
1476:
1473:
1464:
1461:
1452:
1442:
1404:Zip the Pinhead
1384:
1359:
1319:Seckel syndrome
1296:cytomegalovirus
1256:cerebral cortex
1252:
1250:Pathophysiology
1244:
1242:Other relations
1198:
1171:
1165:
921:Ischemic stroke
791:
780:
774:
771:
760:
748:
737:
735:Postnatal onset
701:phenylketonuria
616:Ischemic stroke
572:Seckel syndrome
514:Edward syndrome
504:Poland syndrome
463:
452:
446:
443:
432:
420:
409:
397:
361:motor functions
317:
113:
65:
61:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4851:Polymicrogyria
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4842:Schizencephaly
4839:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4818:Megalencephaly
4815:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4705:
4703:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4684:nervous system
4676:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:NINDS Overview
4641:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4612:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4577:
4566:
4555:
4540:
4525:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:Classification
4493:
4492:External links
4490:
4487:
4486:
4444:(4): 303â311.
4419:
4389:
4367:
4324:
4317:
4297:
4246:
4195:
4176:(7): 1039â50.
4160:
4133:Cell Stem Cell
4119:
4084:Cell Stem Cell
4070:
4012:
3963:
3940:10.1038/ng.526
3913:
3864:
3815:
3766:
3745:(6): 430â444.
3723:
3716:
3681:
3672:"Aftereffects"
3663:
3648:
3628:
3613:
3593:
3544:
3487:
3451:
3426:
3396:
3367:(20): 1981â7.
3347:
3325:
3258:
3209:
3152:
3090:
3069:
3020:
2995:
2958:(7): 627â634.
2938:
2909:
2857:
2821:
2762:
2730:
2715:
2686:(3): 912â931.
2666:
2642:
2617:
2593:
2569:
2545:
2500:
2455:
2422:
2395:(2): 157â170.
2389:Human Genetics
2378:
2326:
2302:
2278:
2266:"Microcephaly"
2257:
2236:
2221:
2196:
2168:
2117:
2093:
2064:
2046:"Microcephaly"
2030:
1971:
1956:
1934:
1907:
1870:
1813:
1783:
1734:
1716:
1707:"Microcephaly"
1697:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1612:
1603:
1583:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1436:
1383:
1380:
1358:
1355:
1339:Bloom syndrome
1331:Fanconi anemia
1251:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1197:
1194:
1167:Main article:
1164:
1161:
1140:The spread of
989:
988:
987:
986:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
967:Hypothyroidism
961:
960:
959:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
902:
901:
900:
899:
898:
893:
891:Cohen syndrome
888:
883:
878:
871:
866:
857:
856:
855:
842:
841:
840:
839:
838:
833:
828:
826:Menkes disease
823:
817:
812:
807:
793:
792:
751:
749:
742:
736:
733:
732:
731:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
703:
697:
691:
682:
681:
680:
679:
678:
673:
665:
664:
663:
653:
648:
643:
638:
628:
627:
626:
623:
618:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
579:
574:
569:
561:
560:
559:
558:
557:
550:
543:
536:
526:
525:
524:
521:
519:Patau syndrome
516:
511:
506:
495:
494:
493:
490:
484:
478:
477:) microcephaly
465:
464:
423:
421:
414:
408:
405:
396:
393:
316:
313:
268:form the brain
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
141:
135:
134:
121:
115:
114:
112:
111:
58:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4962:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4921:
4920:Syringomyelia
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Lissencephaly
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:Encephalocele
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4423:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3983:(5): 536â47.
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:(3): 571â85.
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3507:(10): 951â8.
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3040:(1): e7âe12.
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2928:on 2021-03-11
2927:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:RadioGraphics
2677:
2670:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2211:on 2020-09-21
2210:
2206:
2200:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2083:on 2019-07-27
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1923:(2): 75â204.
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1888:(1): 91â105.
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:Early Hum Dev
1874:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1772:on 2016-03-11
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1638:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:René of Anjou
1593:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:Notable cases
1559:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:Bill Griffith
1428:, created by
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:Notch pathway
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:lissencephaly
1175:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1005:microcephalin
1002:
1001:schizophrenia
998:
994:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
962:
958:
955:
954:
952:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
934:
933:
931:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
906:
905:
903:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
876:
875:lissencephaly
872:
870:
867:
864:
863:Rett syndrome
861:
860:
858:
853:
849:
848:
846:
845:
843:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
799:
797:
796:
789:
786:
778:
775:February 2016
768:
764:
758:
757:
752:This section
750:
746:
741:
740:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
704:
702:
698:
696:
692:
689:
686:
685:
683:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
666:
661:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
641:Toxoplasmosis
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
611:
610:
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
562:
555:
551:
548:
544:
541:
538:5p deletion (
537:
534:
531:4p deletion (
530:
529:
527:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:Down syndrome
507:
505:
502:
501:
499:
498:
496:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:
469:
468:
461:
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424:This section
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229:Ancient Greek
226:
225:microcephalia
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149:Complications
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55:Pronunciation
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22:
4894:Rachischisis
4889:Spina bifida
4837:Porencephaly
4829:
4773:
4755:Microcephaly
4754:
4727:Iniencephaly
4634:Microcephaly
4632:
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4579:
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2209:the original
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1803:. 2016-12-07
1798:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:the original
1765:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1672:Macrocephaly
1667:Hydrocephaly
1618:
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1415:
1400:missing link
1392:
1388:ancient Rome
1385:
1372:
1329:deficiency,
1308:
1280:neurogenesis
1264:neurogenesis
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1202:atomic bombs
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997:macrocephaly
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982:Malnutrition
963:Deprivation
947:Encephalitis
781:
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761:Please help
756:verification
753:
712:Hyperthermia
695:malnutrition
500:Chromosomal
489:microcephaly
483:microcephaly
453:
444:
433:Please help
428:verification
425:
398:
367:defects and
365:neurological
357:intellectual
354:
334:
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293:neurological
265:
236:
232:
224:
218:Microcephaly
217:
216:
36:Microcephaly
4872:Spinal cord
4709:Anencephaly
4605:MedlinePlus
4479:17 February
4412:13 February
4215:: 1268565.
3229:: 375â382.
2578:"Mito Info"
2488:Mayo Clinic
1656:Anencephaly
1422:comic strip
1395:freak shows
1375:symptomatic
1214:ground zero
1155:and the US
935:Congenital
932:Infections
540:Cri-du-chat
391:in others.
387:in some to
381:Convulsions
280:single-gene
276:chromosomal
158:Usual onset
4939:Categories
4794:Pachygyria
4680:Congenital
4581:DiseasesDB
3481:2016-01-17
3471:Condé Nast
3445:2016-01-17
3099:Crespi, B.
3084:2019-08-02
3014:2019-08-02
2932:2019-08-02
2757:2019-07-30
2660:2019-08-01
2636:2019-08-01
2611:2019-08-01
2587:2019-08-01
2563:2019-08-01
2494:2019-07-30
2449:2019-08-02
2347:(1): 126.
2320:2020-10-29
2296:2020-10-29
2272:2019-07-30
2251:2019-07-30
2215:2019-07-30
2190:2019-07-30
2111:2019-08-02
2087:2019-08-02
1807:2019-07-30
1693:References
1549:Pocahontas
1424:character
1311:DNA damage
1268:stem cells
1236:Little Boy
1149:Zika virus
942:Meningitis
844:Syndromes
656:Zika virus
497:Syndromes
473:Familial (
407:Congenital
385:clumsiness
212:Zika virus
182:Prevention
161:Congenital
128:Psychiatry
4722:Acalvaria
4362:207118420
4334:Neurology
4276:0141-8955
3658:909892605
3623:847214216
3580:1460-2156
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2702:0271-5333
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1600:Triboulet
1587:Triboulet
1445:Triboulet
1357:Treatment
1347:apoptosis
1298:(CMV) or
1218:gestation
1206:Hiroshima
904:Acquired
873:X-linked
699:Maternal
693:Maternal
688:Radiation
609:Acquired
470:Isolated
308:prognosis
222:Neo-Latin
193:Frequency
185:Avoiding
132:Neurology
119:Specialty
25:Argyrodes
4831:CNS cyst
4713:Acephaly
4470:Archived
4458:16380966
4406:Archived
4384:Archived
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4292:35908740
4284:16763900
4241:37881689
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3810:27694991
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3676:Archived
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3475:Archived
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3383:27074377
3342:Archived
3320:20080800
3302:40536283
3253:19850849
3204:18668038
3147:19955444
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2990:24665922
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