Integrated circuit

2912: 47: 2733:(SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit in which all the components needed for a computer or other system are included on a single chip. The design of such a device can be complex and costly, and whilst performance benefits can be had from integrating all needed components on one die, the cost of licensing and developing a one-die machine still outweigh having separate devices. With appropriate licensing, these drawbacks are offset by lower manufacturing and assembly costs and by a greatly reduced power budget: because signals among the components are kept on-die, much less power is required (see 1563: 376: 3010: 2968: 1001: 2954: 14376: 13349: 1122: 2996: 13373: 2926: 14386: 13361: 2898: 1427: 405:, Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working example of an integrated circuit on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as "a body of semiconductor material … wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated". The first customer for the new invention was the 1535: 14396: 2940: 2621: 2726:(WSI) is a means of building very large integrated circuits that uses an entire silicon wafer to produce a single "super-chip". Through a combination of large size and reduced packaging, WSI could lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably massively parallel supercomputers. The name is taken from the term Very-Large-Scale Integration, the current state of the art when WSI was being developed. 6643: 2982: 475: 239: 1057: 2768:(3D-IC) has two or more layers of active electronic components that are integrated both vertically and horizontally into a single circuit. Communication between layers uses on-die signaling, so power consumption is much lower than in equivalent separate circuits. Judicious use of short vertical wires can substantially reduce overall wire length for faster operation. 2106:. The materials and structures used in the path these electrical signals must travel have very different electrical properties, compared to those that travel to different parts of the same die. As a result, they require special design techniques to ensure the signals are not corrupted, and much more electric power than signals confined to the die itself. 2006: 969:. Advanced packaging is mainly divided into 2.5D and 3D packaging. 2.5D describes approaches such as multi-chip modules while 3D describes approaches where dies are stacked in one way or another, such as package on package and high bandwidth memory. All approaches involve 2 or more dies in a single package. Alternatively, approaches such as 162:. Since their origins in the 1960s, the size, speed, and capacity of chips have progressed enormously, driven by technical advances that fit more and more transistors on chips of the same size – a modern chip may have many billions of transistors in an area the size of a human fingernail. These advances, roughly following 5734:(TRIPs) (Annex 1C to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement), went into force. Part II, section 6 of TRIPs protects semiconductor chip products and was the basis for Presidential Proclamation No. 6780, 23 March 1995, under SCPA § 902(a)(2), extending protection to all present and future WTO members. 5465:

Nathawad, L.; Zargari, M.; Samavati, H.; Mehta, S.; Kheirkhaki, A.; Chen, P.; Gong, K.; Vakili-Amini, B.; Hwang, J.; Chen, M.; Terrovitis, M.; Kaczynski, B.; Limotyrakis, S.; Mack, M.; Gan, H.; Lee, M.; Abdollahi-Alibeik, B.; Baytekin, B.; Onodera, K.; Mendis, S.; Chang, A.; Jen, S.; Su, D.; Wooley,

2694:(RAM) chips were introduced, containing more than one million transistors. Microprocessor chips passed the million-transistor mark in 1989, and the billion-transistor mark in 2005. The trend continues largely unabated, with chips introduced in 2007 containing tens of billions of memory transistors. 1717:

Integrated circuits are composed of many overlapping layers, each defined by photolithography, and normally shown in different colors. Some layers mark where various dopants are diffused into the substrate (called diffusion layers), some define where additional ions are implanted (implant layers),

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in an integrated circuit to double every two years, a trend known as Moore's law. Moore originally stated it would double every year, but he went on to change the claim to every two years in 1975. This increased capacity has been used to decrease cost and increase functionality. In general, as the

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rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the IC's components switch quickly and consume comparatively little power because of their small size and proximity. The main disadvantage of

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To allow identification during production, most silicon chips will have a serial number in one corner. It is also common to add the manufacturer's logo. Ever since ICs were created, some chip designers have used the silicon surface area for surreptitious, non-functional images or words. These are

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packages, which allow for a much higher pin count than other package types, were developed in the 1990s. In an FCBGA package, the die is mounted upside-down (flipped) and connects to the package balls via a package substrate that is similar to a printed-circuit board rather than by wires. FCBGA

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Integrated circuits such as 1K-bit RAMs, calculator chips, and the first microprocessors, that began to be manufactured in moderate quantities in the early 1970s, had under 4,000 transistors. True LSI circuits, approaching 10,000 transistors, began to be produced around 1974, for computer main

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will have memory on the chip. (See the regular array structure at the bottom of the first image.) Although the structures are intricate – with widths which have been shrinking for decades – the layers remain much thinner than the device widths. The layers of material are fabricated much like a

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stack multiple layers on a single die. A technique has been demonstrated to include microfluidic cooling on integrated circuits, to improve cooling performance as well as peltier thermoelectric coolers on solder bumps, or thermal solder bumps used exclusively for heat dissipation, used in

833:) into silicon chips has been actively pursued in both academic research and in industry resulting in the successful commercialization of silicon based integrated optical transceivers combining optical devices (modulators, detectors, routing) with CMOS based electronics. 3853: 2095:(LGA) and BGA beginning in 2004, with the last PGA socket released in 2014 for mobile platforms. As of 2018, AMD uses PGA packages on mainstream desktop processors, BGA packages on mobile processors, and high-end desktop and server microprocessors use LGA packages. 2437:

when describing the theoretical concept; that term gave rise to the terms "small-scale integration" (SSI), "medium-scale integration" (MSI), "very-large-scale integration" (VLSI), and "ultra-large-scale integration" (ULSI). The early integrated circuits were SSI.

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A diplomatic conference held at Washington, D.C., in 1989 adopted a Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits, also called the Washington Treaty or IPIC Treaty. The treaty is currently not in force, but was partially integrated into the

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were developed. These devices contain circuits whose logical function and connectivity can be programmed by the user, rather than being fixed by the integrated circuit manufacturer. This allows a chip to be programmed to do various LSI-type functions such as

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Initially, ICs were strictly electronic devices. The success of ICs has led to the integration of other technologies, in an attempt to obtain the same advantages of small size and low cost. These technologies include mechanical devices, optics, and sensors.

347:. Hoerni's invention was built on Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick's work on surface protection and passivation by silicon dioxide masking and predeposition, as well as Fuller, Ditzenberger's and others work on the diffusion of impurities into silicon. 1879:

was first introduced by A. Coucoulas which provided a reliable means of forming these vital electrical connections to the outside world. After packaging, the devices go through final testing on the same or similar ATE used during wafer probing.

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signals (called Area-I/O) to be distributed over the entire die rather than being confined to the die periphery. BGA devices have the advantage of not needing a dedicated socket but are much harder to replace in case of device failure.

2057:(SOIC) package – a carrier which occupies an area about 30–50% less than an equivalent DIP and is typically 70% thinner. This package has "gull wing" leads protruding from the two long sides and a lead spacing of 0.050 inches. 394:), each containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which seemed very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by 1016:

and developing a complex integrated circuit is quite high, normally in the multiple tens of millions of dollars. Therefore, it only makes economic sense to produce integrated circuit products with high production volume, so the

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some define the conductors (doped polysilicon or metal layers), and some define the connections between the conducting layers (via or contact layers). All components are constructed from a specific combination of these layers.

748:). Because speed, capacity, and power consumption gains are apparent to the end user, there is fierce competition among the manufacturers to use finer geometries. Over the years, transistor sizes have decreased from tens of 6333: 798:

in scientific, medical, and consumer applications. Billions of these devices are now produced each year for applications such as cellphones, tablets, and digital cameras. This sub-field of ICs won the Nobel Prize in

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ICs have three main advantages over circuits constructed out of discrete components: size, cost and performance. The size and cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by

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The manufacturing date is commonly represented as a two-digit year followed by a two-digit week code, such that a part bearing the code 8341 was manufactured in week 41 of 1983, or approximately in October 1983.

6371: 2211:, the UK, Australia, and Korea. The UK enacted the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, c. 48, § 213, after it initially took the position that its copyright law fully protected chip topographies. See 270:, composed of three triodes, two capacitors and four resistors in a six-pin device. Radios with the Loewe 3NF were less expensive than other radios, showing one of the advantages of integration over using 3215:

Integrated circuits, which have largely replaced circuits constructed from discrete transistors, are themselves merely arrays of transistors and other components built from a single chip of semiconductor

207:, which comprises a single piece of silicon. In general usage, circuits not meeting this strict definition are sometimes referred to as ICs, which are constructed using many different technologies, e.g. 195:

A circuit in which all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and commerce.

2598:), this was often done by specially hired professionals in charge of circuit layout, placed under the supervision of a team of engineers, who would also, along with the circuit designers, inspect and 2128:

Packaged integrated circuits are usually large enough to include identifying information. Four common sections are the manufacturer's name or logo, the part number, a part production batch number and

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However, Kilby's invention was not a true monolithic integrated circuit chip since it had external gold-wire connections, which would have made it difficult to mass-produce. Half a year after Kilby,

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In 1986 the EC promulgated a directive requiring its members to adopt national legislation for the protection of semiconductor topographies. Council Directive 1987/54/EEC of 16 December 1986 on the

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Further development, driven by the same MOSFET scaling technology and economic factors, led to "large-scale integration" (LSI) by the mid-1970s, with tens of thousands of transistors per chip.

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and led to the short-lived Micromodule Program (similar to 1951's Project Tinkertoy). However, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design: the IC.

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have ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of

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TAA320 had as few as two transistors. The number of transistors in an integrated circuit has increased dramatically since then. The term "large scale integration" (LSI) was first used by

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chip, as built in the early 2000s. The graphic shows LDD-MISFET's on an SOI substrate with five metallization layers and solder bump for flip-chip bonding. It also shows the section for

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of transistors on a chip, MOSFETs required no such steps but could be easily isolated from each other. Its advantage for integrated circuits was pointed out by Dawon Kahng in 1961. The

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The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors. Early digital circuits containing tens of transistors provided a few logic gates, and early linear ICs such as the

2125:), is created by combining multiple dies on a small substrate often made of ceramic. The distinction between a large MCM and a small printed circuit board is sometimes fuzzy. 1884:

can also be used. Test cost can account for over 25% of the cost of fabrication on lower-cost products, but can be negligible on low-yielding, larger, or higher-cost devices.

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The masks used to process and manufacture SSI, MSI and early LSI and VLSI devices (such as the microprocessors of the early 1970s) were mostly created by hand, often using

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The next step in the development of integrated circuits introduced devices which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip, called "medium-scale integration" (MSI).

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packaging appeared in the early 1980s and became popular in the late 1980s, using finer lead pitch with leads formed as either gull-wing or J-lead, as exemplified by the

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ICs is the high initial cost of designing them and the enormous capital cost of factory construction. This high initial cost means ICs are only commercially viable when

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are impurities intentionally introduced to a semiconductor to modulate its electronic properties. Doping is the process of adding dopants to a semiconductor material.

1218:(FPGAs) which can be programmed at any time, including during operation. Current FPGAs can (as of 2016) implement the equivalent of millions of gates and operate at 5056: 5023: 2457:

led and motivated integrated-circuit technology, it was the Minuteman missile that forced it into mass-production. The Minuteman missile program and various other

1895:) can cost over US$ 12 billion to construct. The cost of a fabrication facility rises over time because of increased complexity of new products; this is known as 5743:

Japan was the first country to enact its own version of the SCPA, the Japanese "Act Concerning the Circuit Layout of a Semiconductor Integrated Circuit" of 1985.

7719: 6348: 5879: 14636: 14631: 3734: 2679:. The complexity and density of modern VLSI devices made it no longer feasible to check the masks or do the original design by hand. Instead, engineers use 316:, on 7 May 1952. He gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas and unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. Between 1953 and 1957, 2212: 1762:

do not need any resistors. The ratio of the length of the resistive structure to its width, combined with its sheet resistivity, determines the resistance.

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Modern semiconductor chips have billions of components, and are far too complex to be designed by hand. Software tools to help the designer are essential.

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with die stacking to increase performance and reduce size, without having to reduce the size of the transistors. Such techniques are collectively known as

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for its production on the basis of the photographs obtained is a reason for the introduction of legislation for the protection of layout designs. The US

768: 1975:) that design, manufacture and sell their own ICs, and may offer design and/or manufacturing (foundry) services to other companies (the latter often to 6664: 1751:, are formed according to the area of the "plates", with insulating material between the plates. Capacitors of a wide range of sizes are common on ICs. 837:

that use light such as Lightelligence's PACE (Photonic Arithmetic Computing Engine) also being developed, using the emerging field of physics known as

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Nowadays when people say 'integrated circuit' they usually mean a monolithic IC, where the entire circuit is constructed in a single piece of silicon.

6127: 4600: 1976: 166:, make the computer chips of today possess millions of times the capacity and thousands of times the speed of the computer chips of the early 1970s. 2021:, which continued to be used by the military for their reliability and small size for many years. Commercial circuit packaging quickly moved to the 10621: 6691: 4770: 5247: 3243: 14797: 9571: 6506: 121:

Integrated circuits are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete components, allowing a large

14807: 7830: 7013: 5856: 4175:, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 1957-08-13 3417:, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 1957-08-13 5102: 8634: 7532: 2656: 2472:

The demand by the U.S. Government supported the nascent integrated circuit market until costs fell enough to allow IC firms to penetrate the

772: 9081: 6810: 3308: 1285: 806:(MEMS). These devices were developed in the late 1980s and are used in a variety of commercial and military applications. Examples include 440:

and included the critical on-chip aluminum interconnecting lines. Modern IC chips are based on Noyce's monolithic IC, rather than Kilby's.

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Electrical signals leaving the die must pass through the material electrically connecting the die to the package, through the conductive

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in 2017 with a corresponding million-fold increase in transistors per unit area. As of 2016, typical chip areas range from a few square

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chip in 1960, the earliest experimental MOS chip to be fabricated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at

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market. The average price per integrated circuit dropped from $ 50 in 1962 to $ 2.33 in 1968. Integrated circuits began to appear in

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are now essential parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs such as modern

14129: 14101: 9172: 8909: 8038: 7509: 3588: 3073: 1946: 1463: 4965:"Commercialisation of CMOS Integrated Circuit Technology in Multi-Electrode Arrays for Neuroscience and Cell-Based Biosensors" 14154: 6617: 6588: 6559: 6519: 6487: 6460: 6433: 6026: 5994: 5969: 5539: 5426: 5401: 5374: 5075: 4430: 4307: 4282: 4007: 3878: 3800: 3318: 3292: 3208: 2882: 14005: 10928: 10614: 10003: 8741: 8453: 7577: 6840: 6684: 6647: 4657: 4630: 4367: 3469: 2765: 2757:(NoC) devices, which apply system-on-chip design methodologies to digital communication networks as opposed to traditional 2711: 2466: 2241: 1405: 950: 881: 574: 562: 309: 5233: 4749: 1470: 14159: 13431: 9784: 9564: 9187: 8463: 7604: 3894: 2461:

programs accounted for the total $ 4 million integrated circuit market in 1962, and by 1968, U.S. Government spending on

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Basu, Joydeep (9 October 2019). "From Design to Tape-out in SCL 180 nm CMOS Integrated Circuit Fabrication Technology".

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series (the 68000 series was very successful and was used in the Apple Lisa and pre-PowerPC-based Macintosh, Commodore

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The earliest experimental MOS IC to be fabricated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at

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It is relatively common to find packages that contain other components than their designated ones, such as diodes or

10985: 10865: 9767: 9663: 8788: 8627: 7771: 7599: 7572: 6951: 6057: 5944: 5160: 4461: 4375: 3477: 2263: 1510: 588: 5795:"Sixteen Years after the Passage of the U.S. Semiconductor Chip Protection Act: Is International Protection Working" 1477: 767:

The expected shrinking of feature sizes and the needed progress in related areas was forecast for many years by the

14787: 14399: 13493: 11933: 10850: 9907: 9634: 9192: 9154: 9074: 8586: 8149: 7042: 7008: 7003: 6922: 6887: 5890: 2278:, are still mass-produced, both to maintain old equipment and build new devices that require only a few gates. The 2068:(TSOP) packages became the most common for high pin count devices, though PGA packages are still used for high-end 2054: 1529: 716: 297:

as typical industrial applications of his patent. An immediate commercial use of his patent has not been reported.

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invented the first true monolithic IC chip. More practical than Kilby's implementation, Noyce's chip was made of

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that engineers use to design, verify, and analyze entire semiconductor chips. Some of the latest EDA tools use

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includes the first integrated circuit by Kilby in 1958, Hoerni's planar process and Noyce's planar IC in 1959.

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In the early days of simple integrated circuits, the technology's large scale limited each chip to only a few

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National laws protecting IC layout designs have been adopted in a number of countries, including Japan, the

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that stands for "ultra-large-scale integration" was proposed for chips of more than 1 million transistors.

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is the most regular type of integrated circuit; the highest density devices are thus memories; but even a

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feature size shrinks, almost every aspect of an IC's operation improves. The cost per transistor and the

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Very small mechanical devices driven by electricity can be integrated onto chips, a technology known as

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Multiple developments were required to achieve this increased density. Manufacturers moved to smaller

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could be placed on one chip, and good designs required thorough planning, giving rise to the field of

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There are several United States patents connected to the integrated circuit, which include patents by

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or to have polysilicon, insulators or metal (typically aluminium or copper) tracks deposited on them.

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could be contained on a single MOS LSI chip. This led to the inventions of the microprocessor and the

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transistors instead of planar ones, starting at the 22 nm node (Intel) or 16/14 nm nodes.

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NASA's Apollo Program was the largest single consumer of integrated circuits between 1961 and 1965.

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Each device is tested before packaging using automated test equipment (ATE), in a process known as

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cannot be used to "expose" a layer of material, as they would be too large for the features. Thus

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from communication between modules on the same chip. This has led to an exploration of so-called

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established intellectual property protection for photomasks used to produce integrated circuits.

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improved, making it practical to finish designs in a reasonable time. The more energy-efficient

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technology made it possible to build high-density chips. By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher

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Topol, A.W.; Tulipe, D.C.La; Shi, L; et., al (2006). "Three-dimensional integrated circuits".

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The possibility of copying by photographing each layer of an integrated circuit and preparing

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devices. Special sealing techniques have to be applied in such biogenic environments to avoid

14736: 14326: 14296: 14286: 14182: 14096: 13972: 13912: 13879: 13869: 13752: 13717: 13707: 13644: 13513: 13488: 13483: 13448: 13364: 13157: 13075: 13060: 13043: 12824: 11647: 11440: 11021: 10990: 10630: 10462: 10414: 10235: 10051: 9966: 9897: 9733: 9334: 9207: 9202: 9027: 8981: 8849: 8747: 8684: 8514: 8423: 8169: 7881: 7699: 7458: 7426: 7384: 7296: 7097: 6912: 6902: 6892: 6882: 6852: 6835: 6700: 6016: 5932: 4893:"A 40-Gb/s QSFP optoelectronic transceiver in a 0.13 µm CMOS silicon-on-insulator technology" 4447: 4416: 4035: 3337: 3200: 3194: 3098: 3033: 2797: 2742: 2738: 2595: 2103: 2046: 1841:, or wafer probing. The wafer is then cut into rectangular blocks, each of which is called a 1387: 1238: 1029: 958: 783: 729: 522: 285:) filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor amplifying device showing five 224: 5713: 5563:"Hot Work Ultrasonic Bonding – A Method Of Facilitating Metal Flow By Restoration Processes" 5364: 4812: 922: 14651: 14086: 14058: 14030: 14025: 13854: 13830: 13782: 13765: 13760: 13742: 13732: 13727: 13689: 13639: 13634: 13551: 13497: 13325: 13115: 13090: 12873: 12546: 12420: 11770: 11728: 11682: 11006: 10889: 10835: 10682: 10536: 10280: 10175: 9949: 9842: 9696: 9657: 9588: 9580: 9509: 9465: 9435: 9197: 9104: 8953: 8948: 8931: 8651: 8544: 8480: 8066: 7788: 7678: 7625: 7157: 6870: 6726: 6708: 6294: 6150: 6049: 4976: 4695: 4336: 4146: 3694: 3647: 3600: 3553: 3506: 3093: 2691: 2485: 2022: 1932: 1827: 1798: 1632: 1620: 1061: 930: 708:, were much faster and more powerful than single-chip MOS microprocessors such as the 1972 220: 6185: 5562: 1643:

and the highest-speed integrated circuits. It took decades to perfect methods of creating

941:

As it becomes more difficult to manufacture ever smaller transistors, companies are using

689:

by the early 1970s. During the early 1970s, MOS integrated circuit technology enabled the

8: 14756: 14751: 14741: 14702: 14661: 14656: 14626: 14621: 14538: 14351: 14276: 14192: 14177: 13942: 13722: 13679: 13674: 13571: 13561: 13533: 13352: 13150: 12623: 12292: 12287: 11901: 11874: 10948: 10671: 10256: 10164: 10056: 9892: 9869: 9528: 9504: 9329: 9232: 9217: 9139: 9109: 9000: 8943: 8782: 8704: 8679: 8643: 8591: 8576: 8396: 8247: 8229: 8193: 8181: 7835: 7782: 7559: 7475: 7357: 7212: 7107: 6966: 4002:. Library of Flight. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 18–19. 3161: 2848: 2275: 2132:, and a four-digit date-code to identify when the chip was manufactured. Extremely small 1984: 1917: 1904: 1876: 1868: 1823: 1697:

are used in most applications (or for special applications, other semiconductors such as

1694: 1409: 1343: 1195: 1005: 962: 892: 885: 787: 370: 271: 258:

An early attempt at combining several components in one device (like modern ICs) was the

6298: 6154: 4980: 4699: 4340: 4192: 4150: 3851:, Kilby, Jack S., "Miniaturized Electronic Circuits", published 23 June 1964 3698: 3651: 3604: 3557: 3540:

Fuller, C. S.; Struthers, J. D.; Ditzenberger, J. A.; Wolfstirn, K. B. (15 March 1954).

3510: 2445:

projects, and aerospace projects helped inspire development of the technology. Both the

1923: 872:

fabricated in a single layer on one side of a chip of silicon in a flat two-dimensional

14746: 14731: 14646: 14641: 14601: 14487: 14316: 14215: 14091: 14048: 13957: 13899: 13884: 13874: 13659: 13015: 12819: 12648: 12618: 12573: 12529: 12462: 12435: 12068: 12014: 11911: 11906: 11625: 11312: 10975: 10965: 10561: 10421: 10129: 10096: 9796: 9774: 9482: 9374: 9020: 9005: 8886: 8689: 8440: 8292: 8267: 8071: 7946: 7470: 7411: 7291: 7023: 6751: 6402: 6310: 6166: 5565:, Proc. 20th IEEE Electronic Components Conf. Washington, D.C., May 1970, pp. 549–556.] 5317: 5299: 4999: 4964: 4764: 4747: 4711: 4612: 4231: 3434: 3043: 2959: 2903: 2676: 2529: 2458: 2453:

needed lightweight digital computers for their inertial guidance systems. Although the

1395: 1199: 1095: 954: 934: 896: 849: 682: 627: 622:

later introduced the first commercial MOS integrated circuit in 1964, a 120-transistor

600: 539:

An EPROM is a type of chip whose concept was developed by Israeli electrical engineer,

498: 176: 145: 6162: 5478: 4707: 4503: 908: 696:

At first, MOS-based computers only made sense when high density was required, such as

471:

TTL became the dominant integrated circuit technology during the 1970s to early 1980s.

14602: 14523: 14336: 14266: 14245: 14207: 14015: 13982: 13962: 13654: 13566: 13440: 13376: 13372: 13310: 12898: 12784: 12643: 12277: 11938: 11812: 11694: 11043: 10904: 10556: 10477: 10368: 10320: 10149: 10076: 10038: 9149: 9134: 8976: 8401: 8368: 8284: 8216: 8117: 8107: 8097: 8028: 8023: 8018: 7941: 7870: 7776: 7736: 7369: 7319: 7269: 7245: 7127: 7067: 7062: 6944: 6860: 6623: 6613: 6607: 6594: 6584: 6578: 6565: 6555: 6525: 6515: 6493: 6483: 6466: 6456: 6439: 6429: 6093: 6053: 6022: 5990: 5965: 5940: 5545: 5535: 5529: 5422: 5397: 5391: 5370: 5321: 5035: 5004: 4945: 4925: 4457: 4449:

To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology

4426: 4418:

To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology

4371: 4348: 4303: 4278: 4212: 4003: 3874: 3828: 3796: 3710: 3663: 3659: 3616: 3569: 3522: 3473: 3314: 3288: 3204: 3015: 2931: 2754: 2746: 2496: 2287: 2118: 2110: 1652: 1242: 1041: 942: 830: 795: 701: 662: 650: 402: 375: 317: 216: 6406: 6314: 5389: 4616: 2258:, and the low degree of integration meant the design process was relatively simple. 1822:) are used to create the patterns for each layer. Because each feature is so small, 1562: 1280:

processes as microprocessors. But since 1998, radio chips have been developed using

14492: 14482: 14169: 14053: 14020: 13815: 13737: 13626: 13612: 13607: 13556: 13543: 13468: 13421: 13247: 13008: 12903: 12836: 12670: 12509: 12472: 12102: 12051: 12044: 11797: 11743: 11630: 11507: 10272: 10219: 10046: 9685: 9518: 9415: 9255: 9124: 8709: 8571: 8504: 8490: 8345: 8252: 8206: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7983: 7853: 7820: 7731: 7726: 7635: 7487: 7482: 7465: 7453: 7392: 6956: 6934: 6820: 6798: 6716: 6394: 6302: 6215: 6158: 6105: 5775: 5309: 4994: 4984: 4937: 4873: 4703: 4604: 4344: 4270: 4243: 4204: 4154: 3764: 3702: 3655: 3608: 3561: 3541: 3514: 3446: 3083: 3053: 2987: 2730: 2707: 2637: 2481: 2446: 2305: 2259: 2249: 1952: 1938: 1908: 1811: 1702: 1698: 1678: 1666: 1628: 1591: 1554:. The reddish structures are polysilicon gates, and the solid at the bottom is the 1375: 1319: 926: 876:. Researchers have produced prototypes of several promising alternatives, such as: 720: 578: 313: 171: 122: 11053: 10081: 5826:"The Need to Abolish Registration for Integrated Circuit Topographies under Trips" 5313: 5087: 4030: 3494: 3351: 1264:

ICs can combine analog and digital circuits on a chip to create functions such as

14240: 14134: 14106: 14000: 13952: 13937: 13922: 13777: 13772: 13712: 13602: 13576: 13528: 13473: 13219: 13098: 12638: 12628: 12314: 12297: 12027: 12022: 11896: 11857: 11782: 11753: 11733: 11716: 11637: 11168: 10980: 10933: 10923: 10549: 10482: 10335: 10066: 9976: 9820: 9475: 9470: 9450: 9440: 9395: 9379: 9354: 9304: 9260: 9212: 9129: 9119: 8899: 8894: 8876: 8839: 8834: 8759: 8719: 8485: 8470: 8418: 8322: 8297: 8134: 8127: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7907: 7815: 7805: 7527: 7362: 7314: 7077: 6961: 6929: 6830: 6825: 6746: 3997: 2758: 2591: 2092: 2075: 1648: 1604: 1391: 1365: 1315: 1258: 1175: 1137: 1111: 1107: 1072: 904: 741: 733: 686: 670: 654: 489:

Dozens of TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the

382:

invented the first monolithic integrated circuit in 1959. The chip was made from

301: 231:. The choice of terminology frequently appears in discussions related to whether 149: 129: 9707: 1174:, etc. Several cores may be integrated together in a single IC or chip. Digital 262:

vacuum tube first made in 1926. Unlike ICs, it was designed with the purpose of

106:. Integrated circuits are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including 14714: 14609: 14477: 14467: 14346: 14250: 14149: 13995: 13967: 13065: 12966: 12918: 12866: 12809: 12761: 12665: 12633: 12514: 12440: 12252: 12230: 12078: 12056: 12039: 11869: 11847: 11669: 11356: 11141: 11129: 10938: 10524: 10305: 10295: 10061: 9864: 9460: 9445: 9410: 9339: 9319: 9294: 9279: 9182: 8829: 8596: 8430: 8413: 8406: 8302: 8159: 7896: 7810: 7741: 7324: 7286: 7235: 7230: 7225: 6939: 6763: 6541: 6109: 4877: 4608: 4274: 4172: 3414: 2917: 2821: 2625: 2568: 2564: 2548: 2544: 2525: 2462: 2450: 2267: 2069: 2042: 1802: 1662: 1587: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1099: 1068: 1033: 873: 861: 853: 819: 811: 745: 724: 705: 678: 635: 623: 570: 514: 433: 362: 332: 232: 163: 141: 6497: 5714:"Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits" 4504:"Milestones:List of IEEE Milestones – Engineering and Technology History Wiki" 4061:"The Texas Instruments TMX 1795: the (almost) first, forgotten microprocessor" 3636:"Diffusion, solubility, and electrical behavior of copper in gallium arsenide" 3257: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 1000: 277:

Early concepts of an integrated circuit go back to 1949, when German engineer

14771: 14726: 14441: 14235: 13523: 13125: 13080: 12995: 12739: 12724: 12702: 12685: 12524: 12480: 12413: 12272: 12264: 12235: 12205: 12163: 12119: 12097: 12073: 12002: 11642: 11602: 11563: 11531: 11413: 11119: 10586: 10409: 10325: 10144: 9971: 9939: 9314: 9265: 9144: 9010: 8993: 8988: 8391: 8307: 7347: 7329: 7122: 6815: 6627: 6598: 6569: 6529: 6470: 6443: 6045:

Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century

6018:

We were burning: Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age

5917:

Bulletin de la Société fribourgeoise des sciences naturelles, Volumes 62 à 63

5549: 4591: 4262: 4216: 3714: 3667: 3620: 3573: 3526: 3190: 3186: 2863: 2856: 2540: 2434: 2217:

Criticisms of inadequacy of the UK copyright approach as perceived by the US

2129: 1964: 1896: 1838: 1759: 1658: 1583: 1539: 1383: 1379: 1331: 1250: 1115: 918:

fabricating transistors over the entire surface of a small sphere of silicon.

815: 807: 464: 390:

A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic substrates (so-called

278: 263: 99: 7250: 6306: 5637: 3565: 3231: 331:

The monolithic integrated circuit chip was enabled by the inventions of the

14533: 14528: 14331: 13990: 13237: 13232: 13053: 12861: 12856: 12734: 12578: 12490: 12457: 12445: 12220: 12107: 12085: 11687: 11652: 11447: 11373: 11290: 11285: 11180: 10467: 10455: 10343: 10310: 10139: 10124: 9691: 9344: 9324: 9227: 8601: 8539: 8355: 8332: 8144: 7865: 6803: 6331:, Shanefield, Daniel, "Wafer scale integration", published 1985 5779: 5365:

Gray, Paul R.; Hurst, Paul J.; Lewis, Stephen H.; Meyer, Robert G. (2009).

5008: 4963:

Graham, Anthony H. D.; Robbins, Jon; Bowen, Chris R.; Taylor, John (2011).

4949: 4926:"Technology modules from micro- and nano-electronics for the life sciences" 4872:. Tenth Annual International Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems. 3939: 3870:

Media Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet

3518: 3048: 3028: 2791: 2137: 2099: 2084: 2030: 1864: 1615:, the materials were systematically studied in the 1940s and 1950s. Today, 1254: 1211: 1153: 1130: 771:(ITRS). The final ITRS was issued in 2016, and it is being replaced by the 658: 494: 417: 406: 379: 344: 31: 6219: 5685: 5590: 1004:

Virtual detail of an integrated circuit through four layers of planarized

27:

Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material

14321: 13947: 13859: 13242: 12978: 12913: 12908: 12829: 12804: 12717: 12692: 12658: 12610: 12551: 12193: 12114: 11997: 11985: 11610: 11423: 11268: 11114: 10599: 10509: 10251: 10200: 10106: 10091: 9874: 9836: 9299: 9237: 9177: 9090: 8386: 8350: 8061: 8033: 7891: 7746: 6669: 5525: 5521: 3244:"Loewe 3NF radio valve, 1926-1966 | Science Museum Group Collection" 2255: 1819: 1754:

Meandering stripes of varying lengths are sometimes used to form on-chip

1599: 1335: 1323: 1091: 1037: 540: 478: 437: 410: 336: 294: 137: 14440: 9549: 6398: 6170: 4715: 2953: 1008:, down to the polysilicon (pink), wells (greyish), and substrate (green) 634:

chips. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by

14707: 14341: 14271: 13864: 13597: 13453: 13287: 13272: 12754: 12729: 12598: 12534: 12502: 12450: 12408: 12336: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12178: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11884: 11852: 11575: 11568: 11553: 11519: 11391: 11361: 11334: 11317: 11263: 11192: 11084: 10581: 10571: 10504: 10378: 10348: 10315: 10290: 10285: 10262: 10134: 10114: 9992: 9854: 9831: 9717: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9499: 9364: 9284: 9048: 8714: 8659: 8272: 8262: 8257: 8239: 8139: 8112: 7374: 7207: 7177: 6897: 6658: 6075:"Making Your First Million (and other tips for aspiring entrepreneurs)" 4989: 4208: 4158: 3103: 2841: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2750: 2672: 2668: 2560: 2310: 2178: 2159: 2010: 1726: 1640: 1543: 1451: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1361: 1327: 1219: 1191: 1134: 1121: 1083: 880:

various approaches to stacking several layers of transistors to make a

761: 757: 737: 709: 643: 395: 286: 282: 242: 115: 111: 87: 8612: 6349:"Hungry for AI? New supercomputer contains 16 dinner-plate-size chips" 6141:

Hittinger, William C. (1973). "Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology".

4941: 4686:

Hittinger, William C. (1973). "Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Technology".

4302:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321. 4247: 4232:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon" 3706: 3612: 3450: 3435:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon" 2013:

chip made in 1977, part of a four-chip calculator set designed in 1970

1021:(NRE) costs are spread across typically millions of production units. 238: 203:

refers to the single-piece circuit construction originally known as a

13846: 13807: 13305: 13300: 13277: 13257: 12697: 12593: 12588: 12539: 12425: 12396: 12391: 12381: 12364: 12282: 12225: 12061: 11980: 11948: 11834: 11775: 11615: 11590: 11558: 11548: 11467: 11213: 10970: 10544: 10388: 10383: 10373: 10300: 10180: 10014: 10009: 9934: 9859: 9487: 9359: 9222: 8674: 8363: 8360: 8102: 7172: 7150: 6094:"Miniaturized electronic circuits [US Patent No. 3,138, 743]" 5468:"20.2: A Dual-band CMOS MIMO Radio SoC for IEEE 802.11n Wireless LAN" 2852: 2648: 2511: 2442: 2230:

Act Concerning the Layout-Design of Semiconductor Integrated Circuits

2079: 1860: 1831: 1748: 1740: 1608: 1246: 975: 857: 838: 753: 697: 674: 429: 290: 267: 259: 246: 95: 4750:"CMOS scaling for high performance and low power-the next ten years" 3539: 2995: 2041:

circuits exceeded the practical limit for DIP packaging, leading to

1426: 1098:

compared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, typically

413:

in physics for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.

13907: 13390: 13262: 13252: 13227: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12851: 12771: 12712: 12707: 12386: 12356: 12309: 12144: 12131: 12090: 11992: 11889: 11802: 11760: 11711: 11536: 11502: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11408: 11300: 11278: 11197: 11136: 11124: 10566: 10514: 10494: 10472: 10358: 10353: 10241: 10230: 10159: 9929: 9537: 9493: 9405: 9270: 8669: 8664: 8378: 7197: 5304: 4924:

Birkholz, M.; Mai, A.; Wenger, C.; Meliani, C.; Scholz, R. (2016).

2897: 2778: 2587: 2477: 1766: 1755: 1551: 543:

in 1969 and developed in practice in 1971 while Frohman worked for

502: 468: 107: 91: 5732:

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

5178: 2925: 2507:

in 1962. The first practical application of MOS SSI chips was for

1534: 626:

developed by Robert Norman. By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher

12973: 12430: 12346: 12341: 12242: 12215: 12173: 12151: 11879: 11721: 11659: 11620: 11580: 11512: 11497: 11341: 11185: 11148: 10426: 10363: 10185: 10170: 10024: 9981: 9629: 9425: 9289: 7187: 7145: 5390:

Rabaey, Jan M.; Chandrakasan, Anantha; Nikolic, Borivoje (2003).

3232:(1998-2014) Loewe 3NF Multi-valve - The first integrated circuit. 3038: 2426: 2422: 2034: 1972: 1770: 1644: 1612: 1399: 1297: 1281: 970: 946: 888:, "monolithic 3D", stacked wire bonding, and other methodologies. 829:

Since the early 2000s, the integration of optical functionality (

669:

integrated circuits, was developed at Fairchild Semiconductor by

506: 425: 383: 103: 30:"Silicon chip" redirects here. For the electronics magazine, see 4748:

Davari, Bijan, Robert H. Dennard, and Ghavam G. Shahidi (1995).

3999:

Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer

3970:"1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented" 3823:. 9 September 1997. Archived from the original on 18 April 2000. 2620: 2025:(DIP), first in ceramic and later in plastic, which is commonly 13295: 13267: 13048: 12653: 12556: 12519: 12188: 12139: 11943: 11864: 11817: 11748: 11738: 11524: 11457: 11403: 11273: 11240: 11228: 11223: 11202: 11163: 10779: 10767: 10749: 10737: 10665: 10653: 10499: 10190: 10154: 10119: 9679: 9651: 9624: 9599: 9274: 7202: 7167: 7132: 6642: 5450: 5343: 5262:"Wire Bond Vs. Flip Chip Packaging | Semiconductor Digest" 4897:

Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC)

3118: 2833: 2644: 2572: 2492: 2469:

still accounted for 37% of the $ 312 million total production.

2026: 1980: 1815: 1710: 1685: 1681: 1550:, with the vertical pillars being contacts, typically plugs of 1289: 1273: 1230: 1202:. Programmability comes in various forms – devices that can be 1182:(ASICs) are examples of other families of integrated circuits. 1048:(AI) to help engineers save time and improve chip performance. 869: 845: 823: 749: 592: 510: 59: 9059: 5577:"TSMC to build 5nm fab in arizona, set to come online in 2024" 5197:"To Keep Pace With Moore's Law, Chipmakers Turn to 'Chiplets'" 4478:"Milestones:First Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (IC), 1958" 3284:

The Race for Wireless: How Radio was Invented (Or Discovered?)

1983:) only design and sell ICs and outsource all manufacturing to 1040:, including integrated circuits. The tools work together in a 474: 12846: 12799: 12744: 12583: 12568: 12485: 12210: 12198: 12168: 12156: 11928: 11792: 11787: 11765: 11706: 11699: 11541: 11428: 11386: 11295: 11233: 11218: 11158: 10731: 10725: 10719: 10713: 10639: 10576: 10487: 10246: 10019: 9812: 9674: 9669: 9514: 9420: 7660: 7192: 7162: 6369:, Klaas, Jeff, "System-on-a-chip", published 2000 5987:

Economic impact of large public programs: the NASA Experience

5248:"Startup shrinks Peltier cooler, puts it in the chip package" 4389: 4387: 3769:

Vintage Computer Chip Collectibles, Memorabilia & Jewelry

3142: 3108: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2837: 2811: 2171: 1968: 1636: 1293: 1223: 1207: 1149: 1079:, consisting of analog and digital signaling on the same IC. 791: 544: 534: 482: 245:'s original integrated circuit; the world's first. Made from 208: 4106:"Explore Intel's history- The World's First EPROM: The 1702" 12561: 12497: 12369: 12247: 12032: 11960: 11916: 11824: 11807: 11677: 11585: 11452: 11398: 11346: 11329: 11305: 11209: 11173: 11153: 10707: 10701: 10695: 10519: 9902: 9848: 9749: 9702: 9640: 9533: 8524: 7672: 7592: 7182: 4132:"Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future" 3944: 2664: 2640:

continue to grow beyond 5.3 trillion transistors per chip.

2633: 2508: 2484:

by the turn of the 1970s decade. A typical application was

2266:(MOS) technology progressed, millions and then billions of 2109:

When multiple dies are put in one package, the result is a

2061: 1988: 1807: 1722: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1277: 666: 5754:

Legal Protection of Topographies of Semiconductor Products

5504:"16nm/14nm FinFETs: Enabling The New Electronics Frontier" 5057:"Samsung's Eight-Stack Flash Shows up in Apple's iPhone 4" 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4384: 4325:"The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen" 2836:), and the fully-backward compatible (with the 8088/8086) 2495:

chips were small-scale integration (SSI) chips. Following

2017:

The earliest integrated circuits were packaged in ceramic

1056: 12893: 12814: 12794: 12789: 12680: 12401: 12376: 11435: 11351: 11324: 11245: 7112: 7102: 6661:

including access to most of the datasheets for the parts.

6576: 4911:"Optical chipmaker focuses on high-performance computing" 2820:, generally regarded as the first commercially available 2651:. The path of process improvements was summarized by the 2504: 2430: 2005: 1942: 1729:

is formed wherever the gate layer (polysilicon or metal)

1665:

which includes three key process steps –

1546:

has been removed). The sand-colored structures are metal

1145: 1141: 693:(VLSI) of more than 10,000 transistors on a single chip. 615: 55: 5464: 4962: 4923: 4529:"Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race – CHM Revolution" 2488:

inter-carrier sound processing in television receivers.

2136:

parts often bear only a number used in a manufacturer's

1920:

where copper wiring replaces aluminum for interconnects.

132:

capability, reliability, and building-block approach to

62:

are the dark circles surrounding the integrated circuit.

6205:"Engineering for systems using large scale integration" 4514: 3789:

Dummer, G.W.A.; Robertson, J. Mackenzie (16 May 2014).

1705:

is used to mark different areas of the substrate to be

1578:(back-end of line) and first parts of back-end process. 6285:

Meindl, J.D. (1984). "Ultra-large scale integration".

6260:"Samsung First to Mass Produce 16Gb NAND Flash Memory" 4553: 4551: 3964: 3962: 3270:(04.05.2006) The first "integrated circuit" from 1926! 2716:

To reflect further growth of the complexity, the term

2609: 2224:

Australia passed the Circuit Layouts Act of 1989 as a

704:. Computers built entirely from TTL, such as the 1970 6550:

Hodges, David; Jackson, Horace; Saleh, Resve (2003).

3589:"Diffusion of Donor and Acceptor Elements in Silicon" 3340:. @CHM Blog. Computer History Museum. 20 August 2014. 3332: 3330: 2810:, the CMOS counterpart to the 7400 series (see also: 2781:, silicon art, silicon graffiti or silicon doodling. 868:

As of 2018, the vast majority of all transistors are

6577:

Rabaey, J.M.; Chandrakasan, A.; Nikolic, B. (2003).

5458: 5073: 5024:"Why SOI is the Future Technology of Semiconductors" 3199:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 2893: 2741:

on die, reducing the length of wiring and therefore

2680: 2590:-tape or similar. For large or complex ICs (such as 2221:

are summarized in further chip rights developments.

2213:

British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents Co.

1769:

can be built as tiny on-chip coils, or simulated by

1206:, devices that can be erased and then re-programmed 1160:

Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the

1082:

Digital integrated circuits can contain billions of

158:

was made practical by technological advancements in

98:. These components are etched onto a small piece of 11083: 6202: 4813:"Inside Pascal: NVIDIA's Newest Computing Platform" 4587:"The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors" 4548: 4191:Huff, Howard; Riordan, Michael (1 September 2007). 4071: 3959: 3542:"Diffusivity and Solubility of Copper in Germanium" 2653:

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors

1907:up to 300 mm in diameter (wider than a common 1701:are used). The wafer need not be entirely silicon. 1594:were identified as the most likely materials for a 1067:Integrated circuits can be broadly classified into 921:

modifications to the substrate, typically to make "

769:

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors

521:integrated circuits, either TTL or the even faster 481:, an Israeli electrical engineer who developed the 6552:Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits 6549: 5104:MEMS applications of Ball Semiconductor Technology 5076:"Spherical semiconductor radio temperature sensor" 3895:"Texas Instruments – 1961 First IC-based computer" 3586: 3493:Fuller, C. S.; Ditzenberger, J. A. (1 July 1953). 3492: 3327: 2140:to find the integrated circuit's characteristics. 1307:often further sub-categorize integrated circuits: 6384: 6183: 5661:"AMD's 'TR4' Threadripper CPU socket is gigantic" 5367:Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits 5030:. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. 4658:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs" 4631:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs" 4601:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 4193:"Frosch and Derick: Fifty Years Later (Foreword)" 3683:"Diffusion of Aluminum in Single Crystal Silicon" 3587:Fuller, C. S.; Ditzenberger, J. A. (1 May 1956). 3495:"Diffusion of Lithium into Germanium and Silicon" 2866:series of computer-related chips, leading to the 2517: 1979:). In the foundry model, fabless companies (like 1967:. IDMs are vertically integrated companies (like 844:Integrated circuits are also being developed for 681:, as engineers began recognizing that a complete 557:MOSFET applications § MOS integrated circuit 14769: 5962:Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight 2771: 2737:). Further, signal sources and destinations are 2606:memories and second-generation microprocessors. 2578: 2416: 1991:. These foundries may offer IC design services. 657:and John Sarace at Bell Labs in 1967, the first 350: 37:"Microchip" redirects here. For other uses, see 6235:"Intel enters billion-transistor processor era" 5857:"Intel enters billion-transistor processor era" 5658: 5514: 4828:"International Roadmap for Devices and Systems" 4055: 4053: 3788: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3310:Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits 304:(1909–2002), a radar scientist working for the 6014: 4322: 3634:Fuller, C. S.; Whelan, J. M. (1 August 1958). 2655:(ITRS), which has since been succeeded by the 1790:, CMOS devices consume much less current than 1777:Since a CMOS device only draws current on the 293:arrangement. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap 14688: 14587: 14426: 13430:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 13406: 11069: 10615: 9565: 9075: 8628: 6685: 5823: 5686:"Federal Statutory Protection for Mask Works" 5274: 4890: 4759:. Vol. 83, no. 4. pp. 595–606. 4171: 4079:"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced" 3792:American Microelectronics Data Annual 1964–65 3681:Miller, R. C.; Savage, A. (1 December 1956). 3413: 3250: 3155: 2657:International Roadmap for Devices and Systems 2262:were also quite low by today's standards. As 2078:(BGA) packages have existed since the 1970s. 1276:could not be fabricated in the same low-cost 773:International Roadmap for Devices and Systems 760:to around 600 mm, with up to 25 million 673:in 1968. The application of MOS LSI chips to 274:, that would be seen decades later with ICs. 6453:CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation 6098:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter 5416: 4917: 4769:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4229: 4050: 3817:"The Chip That Jack Built Changed the World" 3721: 3680: 3633: 3432: 3262: 3185: 1875:, usually found around the edge of the die. 1170:", used in personal computers, cell-phones, 740:go up, through the relationships defined by 50:A microscope image of an integrated circuit 7690:Computer performance by orders of magnitude 6659:A large chart listing ICs by generic number 6079:U. Mich. EECS Presentation / ECE Recordings 6072: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5678: 4731:"Moore's Law to roll on for another decade" 4559:"1964 – First Commercial MOS IC Introduced" 4393: 4190: 3809: 3221: 3114:Thermal simulations for integrated circuits 2697: 2154:Integrated circuit layout design protection 1959:ICs can be manufactured either in-house by 1631:are used for specialized applications like 1210:, devices that can be (re)programmed using 436:, developed in early 1959 by his colleague 300:Another early proponent of the concept was 14695: 14681: 14594: 14580: 14433: 14419: 13413: 13399: 11076: 11062: 11017:List of integrated circuit packaging types 10629: 10622: 10608: 9572: 9558: 9082: 9068: 8635: 8621: 6699: 6692: 6678: 6605: 6327: 6134: 6035: 5989:. Olympus Publishing Company. p. 57. 5520: 4956: 4867: 4329:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 3640:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 3366: 3280: 3158:"The first monolithic integrated circuits" 2228:form of chip protection. Korea passed the 1734: 550: 446: 9579: 6504: 6423: 6140: 6041: 5303: 4998: 4988: 4807: 4805: 4685: 4439: 4408: 4355: 4267:Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories 3372: 2164:Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 2122: 2114: 1859:) is then connected into a package using 1511:Learn how and when to remove this message 603:which required a number of steps for the 14503:Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding 6654:The first monolithic integrated circuits 6426:Nanometer CMOS ICs, from Basics to ASICs 6340: 6003: 5984: 5792: 4837: 4817:. 15,300,000,000 transistors in 610 mm. 4728: 4584: 4263:"Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device" 3457: 2619: 2547:he designed, with a then-incredible 120 2147: 2004: 1561: 1533: 1180:application-specific integrated circuits 1120: 1055: 999: 891:transistors built from other materials: 653:(silicon-gate) MOSFET by Robert Kerwin, 646:on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s. 473: 374: 237: 45: 10674:(SOD-123 / SOD-323 / SOD-523 / SOD-923) 8807:Application-specific integrated circuit 8642: 6387:IBM Journal of Research and Development 6346: 5959: 5830:IDEA: The Journal of Law and Technology 5610: 5574: 5340:Electronic Design Automation Consortium 5216:"This is the year of the CPU 'chiplet'" 5021: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4445: 4414: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3866: 3795:. Elsevier. pp. 392–397, 405–406. 3258:(20 Nov 2010) Loewe 3NF Integrated Lamp 3089:Monolithic microwave integrated circuit 2600:verify the correctness and completeness 2274:, or EDA. Some SSI and MSI chips, like 1245:, and perform analog functions such as 901:carbon nanotube field-effect transistor 864:of the exposed semiconductor materials. 432:, and Noyce's was fabricated using the 289:on a common substrate in a three-stage 14: 14798:Computer-related introductions in 1949 14770: 14130:Knowledge representation and reasoning 11097: 6284: 6232: 5933:"System on Chip – Integrated Circuits" 5854: 5435: 5213: 4802: 4729:Kanellos, Michael (11 February 2003). 4236:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 3439:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 3074:Heat generation in integrated circuits 2784: 1947:Strained silicon directly on insulator 1314:are categorized as logic ICs (such as 1028:(EDA), also referred to as electronic 591:(MOS) integrated circuits, built from 140:. Computers, mobile phones, and other 14808:Discovery and invention controversies 14676: 14575: 14414: 14155:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 13394: 13207: 12941: 11096: 11057: 10603: 9553: 9063: 8616: 6673: 6665:The History of the Integrated Circuit 6612:. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. 6477: 6450: 6365: 6287:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 6184:Kanellos, Michael (16 January 2002). 6091: 5930: 5765: 5611:Moammer, Khalid (16 September 2016). 5534:. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. 5277:"FinFET Rollout Slower Than Expected" 5214:Schodt, Christopher (16 April 2019). 4368:Springer Science & Business Media 4361: 4323:Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960). 4297: 4260: 4197:The Electrochemical Society Interface 4139:The Electrochemical Society Interface 3989: 3847: 3470:Springer Science & Business Media 3463: 3393:"The Hapless Tale of Geoffrey Dummer" 2675:, avoiding a prohibitive increase in 1806:photographic process, although light 1406:Three-dimensional integrated circuits 1144:running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of 951:three-dimensional integrated circuits 715:Advances in IC technology, primarily 13474:Energy consumption (Green computing) 13420: 13208: 10004:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 8742:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 7661:Floating-point operations per second 5756:, art. 1(1)(b), 1987 O.J. (L 24) 36. 5289: 4571: 4364:History of Semiconductor Engineering 4300:History of Semiconductor Engineering 3995: 3927: 3735:"Micromodules: the ultimate package" 3466:History of Semiconductor Engineering 3352:"Integrated circuits help Invention" 2824:, which led to the 8008, the famous 2766:three-dimensional integrated circuit 2712:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 2571:, leading to chips with hundreds of 2242:List of semiconductor scale examples 2091:Intel transitioned away from PGA to 1449:adding citations to reliable sources 1420: 1284:processes. Examples include Intel's 882:three-dimensional integrated circuit 732:per transistor goes down, while the 575:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 563:List of semiconductor scale examples 14160:Distributed artificial intelligence 13432:ACM Computing Classification System 9785:Programmable unijunction transistor 6606:Mead, Carver; Conway, Lynn (1991). 5824:Kukkonen, Carl A. III (1997–1998). 5766:Stern, Richard (1985). "MicroLaw". 4891:Narasimha, A.; et al. (2008). 4129: 4123: 4031:"Computer Pioneers – James L. Buie" 2610:Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) 2532:and lower manufacturing costs than 2441:SSI circuits were crucial to early 1412:(TSV) ICs and Cu-Cu connection ICs. 630:and lower manufacturing costs than 357:Invention of the integrated circuit 24: 13665:Integrated development environment 9686:Multi-gate field-effect transistor 8754:Erasable programmable logic device 6417: 6347:Edwards, Benj (14 November 2022). 5877: 5100: 4849:, Nobel Foundation, 6 October 2009 4184: 3732: 2543:demonstrated a single-chip 16-bit 1914:As of 2022, 5 nm transistors. 1733:a diffusion layer (this is called 790:, are chips that are sensitive to 328:to separate them from each other. 25: 14829: 14140:Automated planning and scheduling 13670:Software configuration management 13175:Social construction of technology 9664:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor 8789:Complex programmable logic device 6635: 6233:Clarke, Peter (14 October 2005). 6163:10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 5867:from the original on 8 June 2011. 5855:Clarke, Peter (14 October 2005). 5419:CMOS: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design 5022:Or-Bach, Zvi (23 December 2013). 4708:10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 4230:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). 3917:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000" 3433:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). 2551:on a single chip. The same year, 2286:chips, for example, has become a 1818:of higher frequencies (typically 1623:used for ICs although some III-V 1305:electronic component distributors 649:Following the development of the 14394: 14384: 14375: 14374: 13371: 13359: 13348: 13347: 12942: 9908:Heterostructure barrier varactor 9635:Chemical field-effect transistor 9193:Failure of electronic components 8587:Semiconductor device fabrication 6641: 6378: 6359: 6321: 6278: 6252: 6226: 6196: 6177: 6116: 6085: 6066: 5978: 5953: 5924: 5908: 5871: 5848: 5817: 5786: 5759: 5746: 5638:"Ryzen 5 2500U – AMD – WikiChip" 4585:Shirriff, Ken (30 August 2016). 3399:. 1 October 2005. Archived from 3008: 2994: 2980: 2966: 2952: 2938: 2924: 2910: 2896: 2632:"Very-large-scale integration" ( 2624:Upper interconnect layers on an 2555:introduced the first commercial 2055:small-outline integrated circuit 1425: 1416: 1372:Mixed-signal integrated circuits 597:high-density integrated circuits 160:semiconductor device fabrication 14717:and second source/clone vendors 14612:and second source/clone vendors 14385: 13788:Computational complexity theory 13360: 13163:Timeline of historic inventions 9956:Mixed-signal integrated circuit 9089: 8801:Field-programmable object array 8737:Mixed-signal integrated circuit 8562:History of general-purpose CPUs 6789:Nondeterministic Turing machine 6186:"Intel's Accidental Revolution" 6073:Boysel, Lee (12 October 2007). 6021:. Basic Books. pp. 47–48. 5799:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 5737: 5724: 5706: 5659:Ung, Gordon Mah (30 May 2017). 5652: 5630: 5604: 5583: 5568: 5556: 5496: 5410: 5383: 5358: 5328: 5283: 5275:LaPedus, Mark (16 April 2015). 5268: 5254: 5240: 5226: 5207: 5189: 5171: 5153: 5135: 5121: 5094: 5067: 5049: 5015: 4903: 4884: 4870:A decade of MEMS and its future 4861: 4846:The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 4820: 4777: 4741: 4722: 4679: 4650: 4623: 4496: 4470: 4394:Laws, David (4 December 2013). 4316: 4291: 4254: 4223: 4165: 4098: 4023: 3909: 3887: 3860: 3841: 3782: 3757: 3674: 3627: 3580: 3533: 3486: 3426: 3407: 3385: 3344: 3079:High-temperature operating life 2808:4000-series integrated circuits 2803:7400-series integrated circuits 2518:Medium-scale integration (MSI) 1961:integrated device manufacturers 1625:compounds of the periodic table 1436:needs additional citations for 913:organic field-effect transistor 719:and larger chips, have allowed 587:Nearly all modern IC chips are 567:Mixed-signal integrated circuit 13572:Network performance evaluation 10656:(DO-7 / DO-26 / DO-35 / DO-41) 6742:Deterministic finite automaton 6042:Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016). 5693:United States Copyright Office 4454:Johns Hopkins University Press 4423:Johns Hopkins University Press 4396:"Who Invented the Transistor?" 3301: 3274: 3236: 3179: 3149: 3131: 2855:microprocessors, used in many 2734: 2649:cleaner fabrication facilities 2579:Large-scale integration (LSI) 2417:Small-scale integration (SSI) 2235: 1523: 1408:(3D ICs) are categorized into 1216:field-programmable gate arrays 804:microelectromechanical systems 513:minicomputers and the desktop 428:, whereas Kilby's was made of 182: 13: 1: 13943:Multimedia information system 13928:Geographic information system 13918:Enterprise information system 13507:Computer systems organization 8927:Hardware description language 8795:Field-programmable gate array 7533:Simultaneous and heterogenous 5591:"145 series ICs (in Russian)" 5314:10.1080/09747338.2019.1657787 5074:Yamatake Corporation (2002). 3124: 2885:of analog integrated circuits 2772:Silicon labeling and graffiti 2575:on a chip by the late 1960s. 2563:transistors. It was a 20-bit 2400:ultra-large-scale integration 2037:. In the 1980s pin counts of 1955:such as tri-gate transistors. 1743:, in form very much like the 1651:in semiconducting materials' 992:Hardware description language 794:. They have largely replaced 351:The first integrated circuits 249:with gold-wire interconnects. 205:monolithic integrated circuit 14302:Computational social science 13890:Theoretical computer science 13703:Software development process 13479:Electronic design automation 13464:Very Large Scale Integration 11046:in transistor packages, etc. 11012:Integrated circuit packaging 9987:Silicon controlled rectifier 9849:Organic light-emitting diode 9739:Diffused junction transistor 9188:List of emerging electronics 8217:Integrated memory controller 8199:Translation lookaside buffer 7398:Memory dependence prediction 6841:Random-access stored program 6794:Probabilistic Turing machine 6609:Introduction to VLSI systems 6455:(3rd ed.). Wiley-IEEE. 5531:Introduction to VLSI systems 5443:"Stratix 10 Device Overview" 5279:. Semiconductor Engineering. 4349:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 3660:10.1016/0022-3697(58)90091-X 3281:Malanowski, Gregory (2011). 2616:Very-large-scale integration 2380:very large-scale integration 2272:electronic design automation 2001:Integrated circuit packaging 1994: 1899:. Such a facility features: 1747:of a traditional electrical 1270:digital-to-analog converters 1266:analog-to-digital converters 1026:Electronic design automation 988:Electronic design automation 907:transistor, transistor-like 835:Photonic integrated circuits 691:very large-scale integration 677:was the basis for the first 583:Very Large Scale Integration 156:Very-large-scale integration 7: 14561:Wafer bond characterization 14125:Natural language processing 13913:Information storage systems 13187:Technology acceptance model 9791:Static induction transistor 9728:Bipolar junction transistor 9680:MOS field-effect transistor 9652:Fin field-effect transistor 8939:Formal equivalence checking 7673:Synaptic updates per second 6580:Digital Integrated Circuits 5931:Safir, Ruben (March 2015). 5393:Digital Integrated Circuits 4482:IEEE Global History Network 4446:Bassett, Ross Knox (2007). 4415:Bassett, Ross Knox (2002). 4130:Kuo, Yue (1 January 2013). 3354:. Integratedcircuithelp.com 3002:Computer programming portal 2889: 2290:and remains in production. 2083:packages allow an array of 1792:bipolar junction transistor 909:nanowire electronic devices 730:switching power consumption 461:Transistor–transistor logic 456:Transistor–transistor logic 322:Electrotechnical Laboratory 10: 14834: 14041:Human–computer interaction 14011:Intrusion detection system 13923:Social information systems 13908:Database management system 9998:Static induction thyristor 8959:Hierarchical state machine 8917:Transaction-level modeling 8077:Heterogeneous architecture 6999:Orthogonal instruction set 6769:Alternating Turing machine 6757:Quantum cellular automaton 6478:Marsh, Stephen P. (2006). 6424:Veendrick, H.J.M. (2017). 6110:10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785580 5960:Mindell, David A. (2008). 4930:WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotech 4878:10.1109/MEMSYS.1997.581729 4609:10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 4275:10.1142/9789814503464_0076 3873:. Routledge. p. 221. 3687:Journal of Applied Physics 3593:Journal of Applied Physics 3064:Integrated passive devices 3059:Integrated injection logic 2701: 2613: 2476:market and eventually the 2239: 2151: 2066:thin small-outline package 1998: 1826:are essential tools for a 1745:parallel conducting plates 1527: 1358:linear integrated circuits 1187:programmable logic devices 985: 822:used to deploy automobile 786:, and the closely related 665:, the basis of all modern 560: 554: 532: 453: 360: 354: 253: 229:hybrid integrated circuits 39:Microchip (disambiguation) 36: 29: 14722: 14617: 14553: 14516: 14508:Surface activated bonding 14498:Thermocompression bonding 14460: 14370: 14307:Computational engineering 14282:Computational mathematics 14259: 14206: 14168: 14115: 14077: 14039: 13981: 13898: 13844: 13806: 13751: 13688: 13621: 13585: 13542: 13506: 13439: 13428: 13342: 13321:Technological convergence 13286: 13218: 13214: 13203: 13180:Technological determinism 13136: 13121:Technological singularity 13089: 13031: 12994: 12952: 12948: 12937: 12770: 12609: 12471: 12355: 12263: 12130: 12013: 11833: 11668: 11601: 11466: 11372: 11256: 11107: 11103: 11092: 11040: 10999: 10947: 10916: 10879: 10823: 10807: 10681: 10637: 10535: 10435: 10402: 10334: 10271: 10199: 10167:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode) 10105: 10037: 9919:Hybrid integrated circuit 9883: 9811: 9762:Light-emitting transistor 9716: 9598: 9587: 9388: 9246: 9163: 9097: 9036: 8969: 8885: 8860:Digital signal processing 8845:Logic in computer science 8822: 8771:Programmable logic device 8731:Hybrid integrated circuit 8650: 8567:Microprocessor chronology 8554: 8530:Dynamic frequency scaling 8503: 8439: 8377: 8331: 8283: 8238: 8158: 8085: 8054: 7959: 7880: 7844: 7798: 7698: 7685:Cache performance metrics 7624: 7558: 7508: 7419: 7410: 7383: 7338: 7305: 7277: 7268: 7088: 6991: 6980: 6851: 6707: 6583:(2nd ed.). Pearson. 5396:(2nd ed.). Pearson. 5292:IETE Journal of Education 5165:Semiconductor Engineering 5147:Semiconductor Engineering 5040:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3833:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3268:Clive Maxfield, EE Times 3139:"Integrated circuit (IC)" 2974:History of science portal 2777:sometimes referred to as 2264:metal–oxide–semiconductor 2080:Flip-chip Ball Grid Array 1671:chemical vapor deposition 1566:Schematic structure of a 1542:with three metal layers ( 1530:Semiconductor fabrication 1235:power management circuits 1060:A-to-D converter IC in a 1032:(ECAD), is a category of 1019:non-recurring engineering 996:Integrated circuit design 981: 752:in the early 1970s to 10 589:metal–oxide–semiconductor 306:Royal Radar Establishment 134:integrated circuit design 14473:Plasma-activated bonding 14317:Computational healthcare 14312:Differentiable computing 14231:Graphics processing unit 13650:Domain-specific language 13519:Computational complexity 13316:Research and development 13146:Diffusion of innovations 13111:Technological utopianism 13004:Environmental technology 11027:Surface-mount technology 10214:Backward-wave oscillator 9924:Light emitting capacitor 9780:Point-contact transistor 9750:Junction Gate FET (JFET) 8872:Switching circuit theory 8777:Programmable Array Logic 8765:Programmable logic array 8582:Hardware security module 7925:Digital signal processor 7902:Graphics processing unit 7714:Graphics processing unit 6505:Camenzind, Hans (2005). 6203:O'Donnell, C.F. (1968). 5336:"About the EDA Industry" 2946:Telecommunication portal 2698:ULSI, WSI, SoC and 3D-IC 2559:chip, consisting of 120 2553:General Microelectronics 2455:Apollo Guidance Computer 2341:medium-scale integration 2134:surface-mount technology 1847:. Each good die (plural 1661:ICs are fabricated in a 1334:memory), interface ICs ( 1116:"one" and "zero" signals 1051: 933:, possibly leading to a 620:General Microelectronics 528: 14788:20th-century inventions 14292:Computational chemistry 14226:Photograph manipulation 14117:Artificial intelligence 13933:Decision support system 13039:Government by algorithm 13021:Sustainable engineering 12986:Precautionary principle 12780:Artificial intelligence 11032:Through-hole technology 10225:Crossed-field amplifier 9744:Field-effect transistor 9431:Electromagnetic warfare 8922:Register-transfer level 8535:Dynamic voltage scaling 8318:Memory address register 8212:Branch target predictor 8176:Address generation unit 7919:Physics processing unit 7708:Central processing unit 7667:Transactions per second 7655:Instructions per second 7578:Array processing (SIMT) 6722:Stored-program computer 6307:10.1109/T-ED.1984.21752 6015:Johnstone, Bob (1999). 5793:Radomsky, Leon (2000). 5730:On 1 January 1995, the 5575:Chafkin (15 May 2020). 5475:IEEE Entity Web Hosting 5086:: 58–59. Archived from 4757:Proceedings of the IEEE 4666:Computer History Museum 4636:Computer History Museum 4564:Computer History Museum 4534:Computer History Museum 4401:Computer History Museum 4084:Computer History Museum 3996:Hall, Eldon C. (1996). 3975:Computer History Museum 3867:Winston, Brian (1998). 3566:10.1103/PhysRev.93.1182 3069:Interconnect bottleneck 3024:Central processing unit 2724:Wafer-scale integration 2704:Wafer-scale integration 2685:functional verification 2661:Electronic design tools 2360:large-scale integration 2322:small-scale integration 1834:a fabrication process. 1735:"the self-aligned gate" 1617:monocrystalline silicon 1340:serializer/deserializer 1046:artificial intelligence 897:molybdenite transistors 712:until the early 1980s. 661:MOS IC technology with 642:(LSI) with hundreds of 640:large-scale integration 609:list of IEEE milestones 551:MOS integrated circuits 463:(TTL) was developed by 422:Fairchild Semiconductor 225:thick-film technologies 177:high production volumes 14544:Tape-automated bonding 14357:Educational technology 14188:Reinforcement learning 13938:Process control system 13836:Computational geometry 13826:Algorithmic efficiency 13821:Analysis of algorithms 13469:Systems on Chip (SoCs) 13104:Technology forecasting 13071:Strategy of Technology 12962:Appropriate technology 11843:Agricultural machinery 10662:(MELF / SOD-80 / LL34) 10631:Semiconductor packages 10394:Voltage-regulator tube 9961:MOS integrated circuit 9826:Constant-current diode 9802:Unijunction transistor 9401:Automotive electronics 9350:Robotic vacuum cleaner 9310:Information technology 9115:Electronic engineering 8813:Tensor Processing Unit 8341:Hardwired control unit 8223:Memory management unit 8188:Memory management unit 7937:Secure cryptoprocessor 7931:Tensor Processing Unit 7913:Vision processing unit 7647:Cycles per instruction 7641:Instructions per cycle 7588:Associative processing 7279:Instruction pipelining 6701:Processor technologies 6544:invented the 555 timer 6508:Designing Analog Chips 5985:Ginzberg, Eli (1976). 5880:"Les Microprocesseurs" 5780:10.1109/MM.1985.304489 5477:. IEEE. Archived from 3519:10.1103/PhysRev.91.193 3338:"Who Invented the IC?" 3196:The Art of Electronics 3156:Wylie, Andrew (2009). 2832:(used in the original 2683:tools to perform most 2629: 2557:MOS integrated circuit 2501:MOS integrated circuit 2491:The first application 2246:MOS integrated circuit 2062:plastic quad flat pack 2014: 1882:Industrial CT scanning 1869:thermosonically bonded 1830:engineer who might be 1669:, deposition (such as 1579: 1559: 1388:digital potentiometers 1239:operational amplifiers 1157: 1064: 1009: 784:Charge-coupled devices 605:p–n junction isolation 486: 467:in the early 1960s at 387: 367:p–n junction isolation 341:p–n junction isolation 250: 197: 63: 14818:Semiconductor devices 14327:Electronic publishing 14297:Computational biology 14287:Computational physics 14183:Unsupervised learning 14097:Distributed computing 13973:Information retrieval 13880:Mathematical analysis 13870:Mathematical software 13753:Theory of computation 13718:Software construction 13708:Requirements analysis 13586:Software organization 13514:Computer architecture 13484:Hardware acceleration 13449:Printed circuit board 13076:Technology assessment 13061:Persuasive technology 13044:Intellectual property 13032:Policy & politics 11648:Interchangeable parts 11022:Printed circuit board 10463:Electrolytic detector 10236:Inductive output tube 10052:Low-dropout regulator 9967:Organic semiconductor 9898:Printed circuit board 9734:Darlington transistor 9581:Electronic components 9335:Portable media player 9208:Molecular electronics 9203:Low-power electronics 9028:Electronic literature 8982:Hardware acceleration 8850:Computer architecture 8748:Emitter-coupled logic 8685:Printed circuit board 8424:Sum-addressed decoder 8170:Arithmetic logic unit 7297:Classic RISC pipeline 7251:Epiphany architecture 7098:Motorola 68000 series 6480:Practical MMIC design 6367:US patent 6816750 6329:US patent 4866501 6220:10.1109/AFIPS.1968.93 6124:US Patent 3138743 6092:Kilby, J. S. (2007). 6050:John Wiley & Sons 5417:Baker, Jacob (2008). 4036:IEEE Computer Society 3940:"Integrated circuits" 3849:US Patent 3138743 3765:"The RCA Micromodule" 3229:Mike's Electric Stuff 3034:CHIPS and Science Act 2798:Operational amplifier 2702:Further information: 2690:In 1986, one-megabit 2623: 2148:Intellectual property 2104:printed circuit board 2047:leadless chip carrier 2008: 1941:in a process used by 1891:(commonly known as a 1741:Capacitive structures 1574:(front-end of line), 1565: 1538:Rendering of a small 1537: 1300:and other companies. 1124: 1059: 1030:computer-aided design 1003: 959:High Bandwidth Memory 555:Further information: 523:emitter-coupled logic 477: 409:. Kilby won the 2000 378: 314:Washington, D.C. 241: 221:thin-film transistors 193: 49: 14087:Concurrent computing 14059:Ubiquitous computing 14031:Application security 14026:Information security 13855:Discrete mathematics 13831:Randomized algorithm 13783:Computability theory 13761:Model of computation 13733:Software maintenance 13728:Software engineering 13690:Software development 13640:Programming language 13635:Programming paradigm 13552:Network architecture 13326:Technology lifecycle 13116:Technocracy movement 12874:Programming language 12547:Particle accelerator 12421:Laboratory glassware 11087:and related concepts 11007:Electronic packaging 10281:Beam deflection tube 9950:Metal-oxide varistor 9843:Light-emitting diode 9697:Thin-film transistor 9658:Floating-gate MOSFET 9529:Terahertz technology 9510:Open-source hardware 9466:Consumer electronics 9436:Electronics industry 9198:Flexible electronics 9105:Analogue electronics 8954:Finite-state machine 8932:High-level synthesis 8867:Circuit minimization 8545:Performance per watt 8123:replacement policies 7789:Package on a package 7679:Performance per watt 7583:Pipelined processing 7353:Tomasulo's algorithm 7158:Clipper architecture 7014:Application-specific 6727:Finite-state machine 6650:at Wikimedia Commons 6514:. Virtual Bookworm. 6451:Baker, R.J. (2010). 6052:. pp. 165–167. 5508:electronicdesign.com 5129:"Advanced Packaging" 5063:. 13 September 2010. 3374:DE patent 833366 3094:Multi-threshold CMOS 2692:random-access memory 2276:discrete transistors 2260:Manufacturing yields 2198:and by R.F. Stewart 2023:dual in-line package 1963:(IDMs) or using the 1933:Silicon on insulator 1918:Copper interconnects 1889:fabrication facility 1824:electron microscopes 1799:random-access memory 1767:inductive structures 1692:Mono-crystal silicon 1460:"Integrated circuit" 1445:improve this article 1348:programmable devices 1344:power management ICs 1229:Analog ICs, such as 1204:programmed only once 963:through-silicon vias 931:flexible electronics 923:flexible transistors 893:graphene transistors 788:active-pixel sensors 326:electrical isolation 14803:Digital electronics 14793:American inventions 14778:Integrated circuits 14539:Thermosonic bonding 14444:techniques used in 14362:Document management 14352:Operations research 14277:Enterprise software 14193:Multi-task learning 14178:Supervised learning 13900:Information systems 13723:Software deployment 13680:Software repository 13534:Real-time computing 13151:Technology transfer 12842:Client–server model 12293:CRISPR gene editing 12288:Genetic engineering 11875:Internal combustion 10257:Traveling-wave tube 10057:Switching regulator 9893:Printed electronics 9870:Step recovery diode 9647:Depletion-load NMOS 9505:Nuclear electronics 9330:Networking hardware 9233:Quantum electronics 9218:Organic electronics 9140:Printed electronics 9110:Digital electronics 9001:Digital photography 8783:Generic Array Logic 8705:Combinational logic 8680:Printed electronics 8644:Digital electronics 8577:Digital electronics 8230:Instruction decoder 8182:Floating-point unit 7836:Soft microprocessor 7783:System in a package 7358:Reservation station 6888:Transport-triggered 6648:Integrated circuits 6399:10.1147/rd.504.0491 6299:1984ITED...31.1555M 6155:1973SciAm.229b..48H 6143:Scientific American 5454:. 12 December 2015. 5264:. 10 December 2016. 5185:. 28 February 2021. 4981:2011Senso..11.4943G 4868:Fujita, H. (1997). 4700:1973SciAm.229b..48H 4688:Scientific American 4341:1960JPCS...14..131L 4151:2013ECSIn..22a..55K 4065:Ken Shirriff's blog 3699:1956JAP....27.1430M 3652:1958JPCS....6..173F 3605:1956JAP....27..544F 3558:1954PhRv...93.1182F 3511:1953PhRv...91..193F 2849:MOS Technology 6502 2785:ICs and IC families 2499:'s proposal of the 2388:20 000 to 1 000 000 2060:In the late 1990s, 1985:pure play foundries 1877:Thermosonic bonding 1556:crystalline silicon 1410:through-silicon via 1398:(SC) circuits, and 1374:are categorized as 1356:are categorized as 1296:) chips created by 1288:cordless phone, or 1241:(op-amps), process 1006:copper interconnect 886:through-silicon via 601:bipolar transistors 499:mainframe computers 450:integrated circuits 371:Surface passivation 310:Ministry of Defence 272:discrete components 146:computer processors 74:), also known as a 14488:Glass frit bonding 14145:Search methodology 14092:Parallel computing 14049:Interaction design 13958:Computing platform 13885:Numerical analysis 13875:Information theory 13660:Software framework 13623:Software notations 13562:Network components 13459:Integrated circuit 13016:Sustainable design 12750:Integrated circuit 12574:Telecommunications 12530:Optical instrument 11626:Injection moulding 11313:Musical instrument 11098:Major technologies 11044:voltage regulators 10562:Crystal oscillator 10422:Variable capacitor 10097:Switched capacitor 10039:Voltage regulators 9913:Integrated circuit 9797:Tetrode transistor 9775:Pentode transistor 9768:Organic LET (OLET) 9755:Organic FET (OFET) 9483:Marine electronics 9456:Integrated circuit 9375:Video game console 9173:2020s in computing 9155:Thermal management 8949:Asynchronous logic 8725:Integrated circuit 8690:Electronic circuit 8449:Integrated circuit 8293:Processor register 7947:Baseband processor 7292:Operand forwarding 6752:Cellular automaton 5920:(in French). 1973. 5510:. 17 January 2013. 5484:on 23 October 2016 5250:. 10 January 2008. 5090:on 7 January 2009. 4990:10.3390/s110504943 4662:The Silicon Engine 4510:. 9 December 2020. 4456:. pp. 22–25. 4362:Lojek, Bo (2007). 4298:Lojek, Bo (2007). 4261:KAHNG, D. (1961). 4209:10.1149/2.F02073IF 4159:10.1149/2.F06131if 4110:timeline.intel.com 4067:. 25 October 1970. 3923:. 10 October 2000. 3464:Lojek, Bo (2007). 3313:. S. Chand. 2016. 3044:Czochralski method 2960:Engineering portal 2904:Electronics portal 2859:of the early 1980s 2630: 2628:microprocessor die 2530:transistor density 2459:United States Navy 2407:1 000 000 and more 2015: 1721:In a self-aligned 1580: 1560: 1396:switched capacitor 1243:continuous signals 1158: 1096:manufacturing cost 1065: 1038:electronic systems 1010: 967:advanced packaging 955:package on package 943:multi-chip modules 935:roll-away computer 702:pocket calculators 683:computer processor 663:self-aligned gates 628:transistor density 487: 401:Newly employed by 388: 251: 201:integrated circuit 189:integrated circuit 102:material, usually 68:integrated circuit 64: 14813:German inventions 14783:1949 in computing 14765: 14764: 14670: 14669: 14569: 14568: 14524:Compliant bonding 14461:Substrate bonding 14408: 14407: 14337:Electronic voting 14267:Quantum Computing 14260:Applied computing 14246:Image compression 14016:Hardware security 14006:Security services 13963:Digital marketing 13743:Open-source model 13655:Modeling language 13567:Network scheduler 13388: 13387: 13338: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13311:Mature technology 13199: 13198: 13195: 13194: 12933: 12932: 12929: 12928: 12899:Graphics software 12278:Blood transfusion 11939:Epicyclic gearing 11771:Archimedes' screw 11051: 11050: 10800:(Super-247) (SMT) 10794:(Super-220) (SMT) 10668:(SMA / SMB / SMC) 10597: 10596: 10557:Ceramic resonator 10369:Mercury-arc valve 10321:Video camera tube 10273:Cathode-ray tubes 10033: 10032: 9641:Complementary MOS 9547: 9546: 9524:Radio electronics 9150:Schematic capture 9135:Power electronics 9057: 9056: 9006:Digital telephone 8977:Computer hardware 8944:Synchronous logic 8610: 8609: 8499: 8498: 8118:Instruction cache 8108:Scratchpad memory 7955: 7954: 7942:Network processor 7871:Network on a chip 7826:Ultra-low-voltage 7777:Multi-chip module 7620: 7619: 7406: 7405: 7393:Branch prediction 7370:Register renaming 7264: 7263: 7246:VISC architecture 7068:Quantum computing 7063:VISC architecture 6945:Secondary storage 6861:Microarchitecture 6821:Register machines 6646:Media related to 6619:978-0-201-04358-7 6590:978-0-13-090996-1 6561:978-0-07-228365-5 6539:on 12 June 2017. 6521:978-1-58939-718-7 6489:978-1-59693-036-0 6462:978-0-470-88132-3 6435:978-3-319-47595-0 6293:(11): 1555–1561. 6028:978-0-465-09118-8 5996:978-0-913420-68-3 5971:978-0-262-13497-2 5964:. The MIT Press. 5541:978-0-201-04358-7 5428:978-0-470-29026-2 5403:978-0-13-090996-1 5376:978-0-470-24599-6 5117:on 1 January 2015 4942:10.1002/wnan.1367 4432:978-0-8018-6809-2 4425:. pp. 53–4. 4309:978-3-540-34258-8 4284:978-981-02-0209-5 4248:10.1149/1.2428650 4009:978-1-56347-185-8 3880:978-0-415-14230-4 3802:978-1-4831-8549-1 3745:on 7 January 2010 3707:10.1063/1.1722283 3693:(12): 1430–1432. 3613:10.1063/1.1722419 3451:10.1149/1.2428650 3320:978-81-219-4000-9 3294:978-1-4634-3750-3 3210:978-0-521-37095-0 3099:Silicon–germanium 3016:Telephones portal 2932:Technology portal 2759:bus architectures 2739:physically closer 2677:power consumption 2647:design rules and 2638:transistor counts 2497:Mohamed M. Atalla 2482:consumer products 2447:Minuteman missile 2414: 2413: 2410:100 000 and more 2391:10 000 to 99 999 2288:de facto standard 2119:multi-chip module 2111:system in package 1977:fabless companies 1953:Multigate devices 1893:semiconductor fab 1653:crystal structure 1592:chemical elements 1521: 1520: 1513: 1495: 831:optical computing 796:photographic film 651:self-aligned gate 599:. In contrast to 403:Texas Instruments 320:and Yasuo Tarui ( 318:Sidney Darlington 199:In strict usage, 179:are anticipated. 16:(Redirected from 14825: 14697: 14690: 14683: 14674: 14673: 14596: 14589: 14582: 14573: 14572: 14493:Adhesive bonding 14483:Eutectic bonding 14435: 14428: 14421: 14412: 14411: 14398: 14397: 14388: 14387: 14378: 14377: 14198:Cross-validation 14170:Machine learning 14054:Social computing 14021:Network security 13816:Algorithm design 13738:Programming team 13698:Control variable 13675:Software library 13613:Software quality 13608:Operating system 13557:Network protocol 13422:Computer science 13415: 13408: 13401: 13392: 13391: 13375: 13363: 13362: 13351: 13350: 13216: 13215: 13209:Related concepts 13205: 13204: 13009:Clean technology 12950: 12949: 12939: 12938: 12904:Operating system 12510:Magnetic storage 12473:Electromagnetism 12103:Air conditioning 12052:Geothermal power 11798:Block and tackle 11744:Four-bar linkage 11631:Lost-wax casting 11508:Horseback riding 11105: 11104: 11094: 11093: 11078: 11071: 11064: 11055: 11054: 10624: 10617: 10610: 10601: 10600: 10451:electrical power 10336:Gas-filled tubes 10220:Cavity magnetron 10047:Linear regulator 9596: 9595: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9551: 9550: 9519:Radio navigation 9416:Data acquisition 9125:Microelectronics 9084: 9077: 9070: 9061: 9060: 8710:Sequential logic 8637: 8630: 8623: 8614: 8613: 8572:Processor design 8464:Power management 8346:Instruction unit 8207:Branch predictor 8156: 8155: 7854:System on a chip 7796: 7795: 7636:Transistor count 7560:Flynn's taxonomy 7417: 7416: 7275: 7274: 7078:Addressing modes 6989: 6988: 6935:Memory hierarchy 6799:Hypercomputation 6717:Abstract machine 6694: 6687: 6680: 6671: 6670: 6645: 6631: 6602: 6573: 6546: 6538: 6532:. Archived from 6513: 6501: 6482:. Artech House. 6474: 6447: 6411: 6410: 6393:(4.5): 491–506. 6382: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6209: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6012: 6001: 6000: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5896:on 9 August 2017 5895: 5889:. 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Archived from 3733:Rostky, George. 3730: 3719: 3718: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3552:(6): 1182–1189. 3537: 3531: 3530: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3403:on 26 July 2011. 3389: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3256:Anton Pankratov 3254: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3160:. 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Starting with 1516: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1453: 1429: 1421: 1392:clock/timing ICs 1376:data acquisition 1320:microcontrollers 1251:active filtering 1156:in the same chip 1148:, 2048 bytes of 1140:that includes a 1108:microcontrollers 927:flexible display 884:(3DIC), such as 850:medical implants 848:applications in 717:smaller features 579:Transistor count 517:were built from 172:photolithography 150:microcontrollers 123:transistor count 54:used to control 21: 14833: 14832: 14828: 14827: 14826: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14768: 14767: 14766: 14761: 14718: 14701: 14671: 14666: 14613: 14600: 14570: 14565: 14549: 14512: 14456: 14439: 14409: 14404: 14395: 14366: 14347:Word processing 14255: 14241:Virtual reality 14202: 14164: 14135:Computer vision 14111: 14107:Multiprocessing 14073: 14035: 14001:Security hacker 13977: 13953:Digital library 13894: 13845:Mathematics of 13840: 13802: 13778:Automata theory 13773:Formal language 13747: 13713:Software design 13684: 13617: 13603:Virtual machine 13581: 13577:Network service 13538: 13529:Embedded system 13502: 13435: 13424: 13419: 13389: 13384: 13383: 13330: 13282: 13220:Applied science 13210: 13191: 13132: 13099:Futures studies 13085: 13027: 12990: 12944: 12925: 12766: 12639:Electrical grid 12629:Circuit breaker 12605: 12467: 12351: 12315:Medical imaging 12298:Genetic testing 12259: 12126: 12009: 11897:Heavy equipment 11858:Washing machine 11829: 11754:Rack and pinion 11664: 11638:Mass production 11597: 11462: 11368: 11252: 11099: 11088: 11082: 11052: 11047: 11036: 10995: 10943: 10912: 10875: 10819: 10803: 10677: 10633: 10628: 10598: 10593: 10531: 10446:audio and video 10431: 10398: 10330: 10267: 10195: 10176:Photomultiplier 10101: 10029: 9977:Quantum circuit 9885: 9879: 9821:Avalanche diode 9807: 9719: 9712: 9601: 9590: 9583: 9578: 9548: 9543: 9476:Small appliance 9471:Major appliance 9451:Home automation 9441:Embedded system 9396:Audio equipment 9384: 9380:Washing machine 9305:Home theater PC 9261:Central heating 9256:Air conditioner 9248: 9242: 9213:Nanoelectronics 9165: 9159: 9130:Optoelectronics 9120:Instrumentation 9093: 9088: 9058: 9053: 9032: 8965: 8900:Place and route 8895:Logic synthesis 8881: 8877:Gate equivalent 8840:Logic synthesis 8835:Boolean algebra 8818: 8760:Macrocell array 8720:Boolean circuit 8646: 8641: 8611: 8606: 8592:Tick–tock model 8550: 8506: 8495: 8435: 8419:Address decoder 8373: 8327: 8323:Program counter 8298:Status register 8279: 8234: 8194:Load–store unit 8161: 8154: 8081: 8050: 7951: 7908:Image processor 7883: 7876: 7846: 7840: 7816:Microcontroller 7806:Embedded system 7794: 7694: 7627: 7616: 7554: 7504: 7402: 7379: 7363:Re-order buffer 7334: 7315:Data dependency 7301: 7260: 7090: 7084: 6983: 6982:Instruction set 6976: 6962:Multiprocessing 6930:Cache hierarchy 6923:Register/memory 6847: 6747:Queue automaton 6703: 6698: 6638: 6620: 6591: 6562: 6554:. McGraw-Hill. 6536: 6522: 6511: 6490: 6463: 6436: 6420: 6418:Further reading 6415: 6414: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6283: 6279: 6269: 6267: 6266:. 30 April 2007 6258: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6231: 6227: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6182: 6178: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6090: 6086: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6013: 6004: 5997: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5929: 5925: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5791: 5787: 5764: 5760: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5729: 5725: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5542: 5519: 5515: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5470: 5463: 5459: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5288: 5284: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5203:. 11 June 2018. 5195: 5194: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5107: 5101:Takeda, Nobuo, 5099: 5095: 5072: 5068: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5033: 5032: 5020: 5016: 4961: 4957: 4922: 4918: 4913:. 7 April 2022. 4909: 4908: 4904: 4889: 4885: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4815:. 5 April 2016. 4811: 4810: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4762: 4761: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4727: 4723: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4583: 4572: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4527: 4526: 4515: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4413: 4409: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4370:. p. 120. 4360: 4356: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4259: 4255: 4228: 4224: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3938: 3937: 3928: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3826: 3825: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3722: 3679: 3675: 3632: 3628: 3585: 3581: 3546:Physical Review 3538: 3534: 3499:Physical Review 3491: 3487: 3480: 3472:. p. 120. 3462: 3458: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3287:. AuthorHouse. 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227:Mike Harrison, 3226: 3222: 3211: 3184: 3180: 3167: 3165: 3154: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2828:CPU, the 8086, 2787: 2774: 2755:Network-on-Chip 2714: 2700: 2618: 2612: 2581: 2549:MOS transistors 2520: 2419: 2268:MOS transistors 2252: 2238: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2156: 2150: 2093:land grid array 2076:Ball grid array 2070:microprocessors 2003: 1997: 1532: 1526: 1517: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1454: 1452: 1442: 1430: 1419: 1378:ICs (including 1366:radio frequency 1316:microprocessors 1172:microwave ovens 1162:microprocessors 1138:microcontroller 1112:boolean algebra 1100:microprocessors 1054: 998: 986:Main articles: 984: 905:gallium nitride 820:MEMS gyroscopes 812:inkjet printers 742:Dennard scaling 734:memory capacity 725:MOS transistors 687:microcontroller 679:microprocessors 671:Federico Faggin 585: 559: 553: 537: 531: 458: 452: 373: 359: 353: 308:of the British 302:Geoffrey Dummer 283:Siemens AG 256: 191:is defined as: 185: 142:home appliances 130:mass production 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14831: 14821: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14715:MOS Technology 14700: 14699: 14692: 14685: 14677: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14610:MOS Technology 14599: 14598: 14591: 14584: 14576: 14567: 14566: 14564: 14563: 14557: 14555: 14551: 14550: 14548: 14547: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14520: 14518: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14478:Anodic bonding 14475: 14470: 14468:Direct bonding 14464: 14462: 14458: 14457: 14438: 14437: 14430: 14423: 14415: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14402: 14392: 14382: 14371: 14368: 14367: 14365: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14263: 14261: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14253: 14251:Solid modeling 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14212: 14210: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14174: 14172: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14150:Control method 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14121: 14119: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14109: 14104: 14102:Multithreading 14099: 14094: 14089: 14083: 14081: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14045: 14043: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13996:Formal methods 13993: 13987: 13985: 13979: 13978: 13976: 13975: 13970: 13968:World Wide Web 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13904: 13902: 13896: 13895: 13893: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13851: 13849: 13842: 13841: 13839: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13812: 13810: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13769: 13768: 13757: 13755: 13749: 13748: 13746: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13694: 13692: 13686: 13685: 13683: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13631: 13629: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13589: 13587: 13583: 13582: 13580: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13548: 13546: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13510: 13508: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13500: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13445: 13443: 13437: 13436: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13418: 13417: 13410: 13403: 13395: 13386: 13385: 13382: 13381: 13369: 13357: 13344: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13336: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13292: 13290: 13284: 13283: 13281: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13224: 13222: 13212: 13211: 13201: 13200: 13197: 13196: 13193: 13192: 13190: 13189: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13177: 13167: 13166: 13165: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13142: 13140: 13134: 13133: 13131: 13130: 13129: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13108: 13107: 13106: 13095: 13093: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13066:Science policy 13063: 13058: 13057: 13056: 13051: 13041: 13035: 13033: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13023: 13013: 13012: 13011: 13000: 12998: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12988: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12967:Low technology 12958: 12956: 12946: 12945: 12935: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12927: 12926: 12924: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12919:Word processor 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12876: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12867:World Wide Web 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12834: 12833: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12782: 12776: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12764: 12762:Superconductor 12759: 12758: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12721: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12690: 12689: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12666:Electric light 12663: 12662: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12615: 12613: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12571: 12566: 12565: 12564: 12562:Motion picture 12559: 12549: 12544: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12515:Microwave oven 12512: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12483: 12477: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12441:Chromatography 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12406: 12405: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12379: 12374: 12373: 12372: 12361: 12359: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12327: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12269: 12267: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12255: 12253:Spinning wheel 12250: 12240: 12239: 12238: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12136: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12123: 12122: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12105: 12095: 12094: 12093: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12057:Heat exchanger 12054: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12040:Energy storage 12037: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12019: 12017: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12007: 12006: 12005: 12000: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11963: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11899: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11870:Electric motor 11862: 11861: 11860: 11855: 11845: 11839: 11837: 11831: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11822: 11821: 11820: 11815: 11813:Potter's wheel 11810: 11805: 11800: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11779: 11778: 11773: 11763: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11680: 11674: 11672: 11670:Simple machine 11666: 11665: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11635: 11634: 11633: 11628: 11618: 11613: 11607: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11573: 11572: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11551: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11534: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11517: 11516: 11515: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11472: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11433: 11432: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11389: 11378: 11376: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11357:Printing press 11354: 11349: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11303: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11276: 11266: 11260: 11258: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11207: 11206: 11205: 11200: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11142:Sewing machine 11134: 11133: 11132: 11130:Working animal 11127: 11122: 11111: 11109: 11101: 11100: 11090: 11089: 11081: 11080: 11073: 11066: 11058: 11049: 11048: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11003: 11001: 11000:Related topics 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10960: 10957: 10953: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10920: 10918: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10873: 10868: 10866:TSSOP / HTSSOP 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10817: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10795: 10789: 10783: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10741: 10735: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10705: 10699: 10693: 10687: 10685: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10657: 10651: 10644: 10642: 10635: 10634: 10627: 10626: 10619: 10612: 10604: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10541: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10525:Wollaston wire 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10439: 10437: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10406: 10404: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10340: 10338: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10306:Selectron tube 10303: 10298: 10296:Magic eye tube 10293: 10288: 10283: 10277: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10233: 10228: 10222: 10217: 10210: 10208: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10111: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10043: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10001: 9995: 9990: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9958: 9953: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9921: 9916: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9889: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9865:Schottky diode 9862: 9857: 9852: 9846: 9840: 9834: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9815: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9805: 9799: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9724: 9722: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9694: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9606: 9604: 9593: 9585: 9584: 9577: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9554: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9540:Communications 9531: 9526: 9521: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9461:Home appliance 9458: 9453: 9448: 9446:Home appliance 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9411:Control system 9408: 9403: 9398: 9392: 9390: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9320:Microwave oven 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9183:Bioelectronics 9180: 9175: 9169: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9087: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9064: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9016:cinematography 9008: 9003: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8986: 8985: 8984: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8919: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8897: 8891: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8855:Digital signal 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8830:Digital signal 8826: 8824: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8640: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8597:Pin grid array 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8511: 8509: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8445: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8431:Barrel shifter 8428: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8414:Binary decoder 8411: 8410: 8409: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8303:Stack register 8300: 8295: 8289: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8196: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8166: 8164: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8095: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7897:AI accelerator 7894: 7888: 7886: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7868: 7863: 7860:Multiprocessor 7857: 7850: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7811:Microprocessor 7808: 7802: 7800: 7799:By application 7793: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7742:Tile processor 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7711: 7704: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7570: 7564: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7528:Hyperthreading 7520: 7514: 7512: 7510:Multithreading 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7446: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7423: 7421: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7389: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7287:Pipeline stall 7283: 7281: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7236:z/Architecture 7233: 7228: 7223: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6986: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6940:Virtual memory 6932: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6764:Turing machine 6761: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6651: 6637: 6636:External links 6634: 6633: 6632: 6618: 6603: 6589: 6574: 6560: 6547: 6542:Hans Camenzind 6520: 6502: 6488: 6475: 6461: 6448: 6434: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6377: 6358: 6339: 6320: 6277: 6251: 6225: 6195: 6176: 6133: 6115: 6084: 6065: 6058: 6034: 6027: 6002: 5995: 5977: 5970: 5952: 5945: 5923: 5907: 5887:IUT de Bayonne 5870: 5847: 5816: 5785: 5758: 5745: 5736: 5723: 5705: 5677: 5651: 5640:. wikichip.org 5629: 5603: 5582: 5567: 5555: 5540: 5513: 5495: 5457: 5434: 5427: 5409: 5402: 5382: 5375: 5357: 5327: 5282: 5267: 5253: 5239: 5225: 5206: 5188: 5170: 5152: 5134: 5120: 5093: 5066: 5048: 5014: 4955: 4936:(3): 355–377. 4916: 4902: 4883: 4860: 4836: 4819: 4801: 4776: 4740: 4721: 4678: 4649: 4622: 4570: 4547: 4513: 4495: 4469: 4462: 4438: 4431: 4407: 4383: 4376: 4354: 4315: 4308: 4290: 4283: 4253: 4222: 4183: 4164: 4122: 4097: 4070: 4049: 4022: 4008: 3988: 3958: 3926: 3921:NobelPrize.org 3908: 3886: 3879: 3859: 3840: 3808: 3801: 3781: 3756: 3720: 3673: 3646:(2): 173–177. 3626: 3599:(5): 544–553. 3579: 3532: 3485: 3478: 3456: 3425: 3406: 3397:epn-online.com 3384: 3365: 3343: 3326: 3319: 3300: 3293: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3235: 3220: 3209: 3191:Hill, Winfield 3187:Horowitz, Paul 3178: 3148: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3005: 2991: 2977: 2963: 2949: 2935: 2921: 2918:Physics portal 2907: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2860: 2857:home computers 2845: 2840:, 80386/i386, 2822:microprocessor 2815: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2786: 2783: 2773: 2770: 2699: 2696: 2626:Intel 80486DX2 2614:Main article: 2611: 2608: 2602:of each mask. 2580: 2577: 2565:shift register 2545:shift register 2526:MOSFET scaling 2519: 2516: 2451:Apollo program 2418: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2237: 2234: 2152:Main article: 2149: 2146: 2113:, abbreviated 2043:pin grid array 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1936: 1930: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1887:As of 2022, a 1803:microprocessor 1775: 1774: 1763: 1760:logic circuits 1758:, though most 1752: 1738: 1719: 1663:planar process 1588:periodic table 1584:semiconductors 1528:Main article: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1433: 1431: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1403: 1384:D/A converters 1380:A/D converters 1369: 1351: 1336:level shifters 1208:using UV light 1185:In the 1980s, 1129:from an Intel 1053: 1050: 1036:for designing 1034:software tools 983: 980: 939: 938: 919: 916: 889: 874:planar process 866: 865: 862:biodegradation 842: 827: 816:accelerometers 808:DLP projectors 800: 746:MOSFET scaling 706:Datapoint 2200 624:shift register 552: 549: 533:Main article: 530: 527: 515:Datapoint 2200 454:Main article: 451: 445: 434:planar process 363:Planar process 355:Main article: 352: 349: 333:planar process 255: 252: 184: 181: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14830: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14773: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14724: 14721: 14716: 14712: 14709: 14705: 14698: 14693: 14691: 14686: 14684: 14679: 14678: 14675: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14616: 14611: 14607: 14604: 14597: 14592: 14590: 14585: 14583: 14578: 14577: 14574: 14562: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14552: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14521: 14519: 14515: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14465: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14451: 14447: 14443: 14442:Wafer bonding 14436: 14431: 14429: 14424: 14422: 14417: 14416: 14413: 14401: 14393: 14391: 14383: 14381: 14373: 14372: 14369: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14258: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14236:Mixed reality 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14209: 14205: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14171: 14167: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14114: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14080: 14076: 14070: 14069:Accessibility 14067: 14065: 14064:Visualization 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14042: 14038: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13988: 13986: 13984: 13980: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13905: 13903: 13901: 13897: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13852: 13850: 13848: 13843: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13813: 13811: 13809: 13805: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13759: 13758: 13756: 13754: 13750: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13691: 13687: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13590: 13588: 13584: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13541: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13524:Dependability 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13505: 13499: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13438: 13433: 13427: 13423: 13416: 13411: 13409: 13404: 13402: 13397: 13396: 13393: 13380: 13379: 13374: 13370: 13368: 13367: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13346: 13345: 13341: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13289: 13285: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13206: 13202: 13188: 13185: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13168: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13156: 13152: 13149: 13148: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13139: 13135: 13127: 13126:Transhumanism 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13112: 13109: 13105: 13102: 13101: 13100: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13091:Progressivism 13088: 13082: 13081:Technorealism 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13030: 13022: 13019: 13018: 13017: 13014: 13010: 13007: 13006: 13005: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12997: 12996:Ecotechnology 12993: 12987: 12984: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12975: 12972: 12968: 12965: 12964: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12955: 12951: 12947: 12940: 12936: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12835: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12769: 12763: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12740:Semiconductor 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12725:Lightning rod 12723: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12703:Circuit board 12701: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12668: 12667: 12664: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12620: 12617: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12608: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12532: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12525:Optical fiber 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12496: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12481:Electromagnet 12479: 12478: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12415: 12414:Haber process 12412: 12411: 12410: 12407: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12384: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12354: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12273:Birth control 12271: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12265:Biotechnology 12262: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12241: 12237: 12236:Vulcanization 12234: 12233: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12206:Nanomaterials 12204: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12164:Chipped stone 12162: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12146: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12129: 12121: 12120:Photovoltaics 12118: 12117: 12116: 12113: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12099: 12098:Refrigeration 12096: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12084: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12038: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12025: 12024: 12021: 12020: 12018: 12016: 12012: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11925: 11922: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11863: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11832: 11826: 11823: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11730: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11685: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11667: 11661: 11658: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11643:Assembly line 11641: 11640: 11639: 11636: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11623: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11603:Manufacturing 11600: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11564:Space station 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11532:Motor vehicle 11530: 11526: 11523: 11522: 11521: 11518: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11437: 11434: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11414:Fortification 11412: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11371: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11343: 11340: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11311: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11255: 11247: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11191: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11179: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11150: 11147: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11135: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11120:Domestication 11118: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11106: 11102: 11095: 11091: 11086: 11079: 11074: 11072: 11067: 11065: 11060: 11059: 11056: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10961: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10915: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10878: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10822: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10806: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10788:(D3PAK) (SMT) 10787: 10784: 10782:(D2PAK) (SMT) 10781: 10778: 10776:(I2PAK) (SMT) 10775: 10772: 10769: 10766: 10763: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10742: 10739: 10736: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10715: 10712: 10709: 10706: 10703: 10700: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10680: 10673: 10670: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10658: 10655: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10636: 10632: 10625: 10620: 10618: 10613: 10611: 10606: 10605: 10602: 10588: 10587:mercury relay 10585: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10410:Potentiometer 10408: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10333: 10327: 10326:Williams tube 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10145:Fleming valve 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10005: 10002: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9972:Photodetector 9970: 9968: 9965: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9940:Memtransistor 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9882: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9850: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9810: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9792: 9789: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9715: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9659: 9656: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9642: 9639: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589:Semiconductor 9586: 9582: 9575: 9570: 9568: 9563: 9561: 9556: 9555: 9552: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9266:Clothes dryer 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9145:Semiconductor 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9085: 9080: 9078: 9073: 9071: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9044:Metastability 9042: 9041: 9039: 9037:Design issues 9035: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9011:Digital video 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8989:Digital audio 8987: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8631: 8626: 8624: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8502: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8392:Demultiplexer 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8313:Memory buffer 8311: 8309: 8308:Register file 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8248:Combinational 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7879: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7623: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7348:Scoreboarding 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7330:False sharing 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123:Stanford MIPS 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7087: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6984:architectures 6979: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6952:Heterogeneous 6950: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6903:Memory access 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6836:Random-access 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6816:Stack machine 6814: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6732:with datapath 6730: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6510: 6509: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6368: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6330: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6125: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6059:9780470508923 6055: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6038: 6030: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5973: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5946:9781312995512 5942: 5938: 5937:NYLXS Journal 5934: 5927: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5749: 5740: 5733: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5694: 5687: 5681: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5639: 5633: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5438: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5257: 5249: 5243: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5130: 5124: 5113: 5106: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5043: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4848: 4847: 4840: 4833:. IEEE. 2016. 4829: 4823: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4772: 4766: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4592:IEEE Spectrum 4588: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4463:9780801886393 4459: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4411: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4377:9783540342588 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4174: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4011: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3896: 3890: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3863: 3850: 3844: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3479:9783540342588 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3375: 3369: 3353: 3347: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3175: 3164:on 4 May 2018 3163: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2978: 2975: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2894: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2864:Motorola 6800 2861: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2812:74HC00 series 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:p-channel MOS 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541:Frank Wanlass 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2435:Rolf Landauer 2432: 2428: 2425:SL201 or the 2424: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2367:500 to 20 000 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2219:chip industry 2215: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130:serial number 2126: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2051:Surface mount 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2009:A Soviet MSI 2007: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:foundry model 1962: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1839:wafer testing 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1772: 1768: 1765:More rarely, 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Semiconductor 1656: 1654: 1650: 1647:with minimal 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540:standard cell 1536: 1531: 1515: 1512: 1504: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: – 1461: 1457: 1456:Find sources: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1434:This section 1432: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1417:Manufacturing 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:floating-gate 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:amplification 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1063: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1007: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 979: 977: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 917: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 887: 883: 879: 878: 877: 875: 871: 863: 859: 855: 854:bioelectronic 851: 847: 843: 840: 836: 832: 828: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 782: 781: 780: 776: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 638:, leading to 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 558: 548: 546: 542: 536: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:minicomputers 492: 484: 480: 476: 472: 470: 466: 465:James L. Buie 462: 457: 449: 444: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 385: 381: 377: 372: 368: 364: 358: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 279:Werner Jacobi 275: 273: 269: 265: 264:tax avoidance 261: 248: 244: 240: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 196: 192: 190: 180: 178: 173: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 124: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 100:semiconductor 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 80:computer chip 77: 73: 69: 61: 57: 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 14710: 14605: 14534:Ball bonding 14529:Wire bonding 14445: 14332:Cyberwarfare 13991:Cryptography 13458: 13377: 13365: 13353: 13238:Construction 13233:Architecture 13054:Trade secret 12943:Perspectives 12862:Social media 12857:Peer-to-peer 12749: 12735:Oscilloscope 12676:Incandescent 12579:Mobile phone 12491:Optical disc 12458:Spectrometer 12446:Distillation 12221:Rammed earth 12108:Refrigerator 12086:Oil drilling 11934:Differential 11688:Ball bearing 11653:Machine tool 11448:Stonemasonry 11374:Construction 11291:Lock and key 11286:Cryptography 11181:Food storage 10991:WL-CSP / WLP 10861:TSOP / HTSOP 10770:(DPAK) (SMT) 10764:(IPAK) (SMT) 10758:(TH / Panel) 10752:(TH / Panel) 10746:(TH / Panel) 10740:(TH / Panel) 10728:(TH / Panel) 10698:(TH / Panel) 10344:Cold cathode 10311:Storage tube 10201:Vacuum tubes 10150:Neutron tube 10125:Beam tetrode 10107:Vacuum tubes 9912: 9692:Power MOSFET 9455: 9389:Applications 9370:Water heater 9345:Refrigerator 9325:Mobile phone 9228:Piezotronics 8970:Applications 8724: 8602:Chip carrier 8540:Clock gating 8459:Mixed-signal 8448: 8356:Write buffer 8333:Control unit 8145:Clock signal 7884:accelerators 7866:Cypress PSoC 7523:Simultaneous 7340:Out-of-order 6972:Neuromorphic 6853:Architecture 6811:Belt machine 6804:Zeno machine 6737:Hierarchical 6608: 6579: 6551: 6540: 6534:the original 6507: 6479: 6452: 6428:. Springer. 6425: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6361: 6353:Ars Technica 6352: 6342: 6323: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6268:. Retrieved 6263: 6254: 6242:. Retrieved 6238: 6228: 6211: 6198: 6189: 6179: 6149:(2): 48–59. 6146: 6142: 6136: 6118: 6104:(2): 44–54. 6101: 6097: 6087: 6078: 6068: 6044: 6037: 6017: 5986: 5980: 5961: 5955: 5936: 5926: 5916: 5910: 5898:. Retrieved 5891:the original 5886: 5873: 5860: 5850: 5840:13 September 5838:. Retrieved 5833: 5829: 5819: 5809:13 September 5807:. Retrieved 5802: 5798: 5788: 5774:(4): 90–92. 5771: 5767: 5761: 5753: 5748: 5739: 5731: 5726: 5718:www.wipo.int 5717: 5708: 5696:. Retrieved 5692: 5680: 5668:. Retrieved 5664: 5654: 5642:. Retrieved 5632: 5620:. Retrieved 5616: 5606: 5594:. Retrieved 5585: 5579:. Anandtech. 5570: 5558: 5530: 5526:Conway, Lynn 5522:Mead, Carver 5516: 5507: 5498: 5486:. Retrieved 5479:the original 5474: 5460: 5449: 5437: 5418: 5412: 5392: 5385: 5366: 5360: 5348:. Retrieved 5344:the original 5330: 5298:(2): 51–64. 5295: 5291: 5285: 5270: 5256: 5242: 5228: 5219: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5123: 5112:the original 5103: 5096: 5088:the original 5083: 5079: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5027: 5017: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4905: 4896: 4886: 4869: 4863: 4851:, retrieved 4845: 4839: 4822: 4792:. Retrieved 4788: 4779: 4756: 4743: 4734: 4724: 4694:(2): 48–59. 4691: 4687: 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4661: 4652: 4640:. Retrieved 4634: 4625: 4596: 4590: 4562: 4538:. Retrieved 4532: 4507: 4498: 4486:. Retrieved 4481: 4472: 4448: 4441: 4417: 4410: 4399: 4363: 4357: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4299: 4293: 4266: 4256: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4167: 4145:(1): 55–61. 4142: 4138: 4125: 4113:. Retrieved 4109: 4100: 4088:. Retrieved 4082: 4073: 4064: 4040:. Retrieved 4034: 4025: 4013:. Retrieved 3998: 3991: 3979:. Retrieved 3973: 3949:. Retrieved 3943: 3920: 3911: 3899:. Retrieved 3889: 3869: 3862: 3843: 3820: 3811: 3791: 3784: 3772:. Retrieved 3768: 3759: 3747:. Retrieved 3743:the original 3738: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3465: 3459: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3409: 3401:the original 3396: 3387: 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3346: 3309: 3303: 3283: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3238: 3228: 3223: 3214: 3195: 3181: 3173: 3166:. Retrieved 3162:the original 3151: 3133: 3049:Dark silicon 3029:Chip carrier 2792:555 timer IC 2775: 2763: 2747:transmission 2728: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2689: 2642: 2631: 2604: 2585: 2582: 2538: 2524: 2521: 2490: 2471: 2440: 2420: 2399: 2378: 2370:100 to 9999 2359: 2340: 2321: 2253: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2206: 2176: 2168: 2157: 2142: 2138:lookup table 2127: 2108: 2097: 2090: 2085:input-output 2074: 2059: 2031:formaldehyde 2016: 1958: 1909:dinner plate 1892: 1886: 1872: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1796: 1778: 1776: 1690: 1657: 1619:is the main 1605:copper oxide 1595: 1581: 1548:interconnect 1507: 1498: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1467: 1455: 1443:Please help 1438:verification 1435: 1324:memory chips 1302: 1263: 1255:demodulation 1228: 1212:flash memory 1184: 1176:memory chips 1165: 1159: 1092:multiplexers 1081: 1077:mixed signal 1066: 1023: 1012:The cost of 1011: 940: 867: 777: 766: 714: 695: 659:silicon-gate 655:Donald Klein 648: 613: 586: 538: 509:mainframes, 488: 485:in 1969-1971 459: 442: 418:Robert Noyce 415: 407:US Air Force 400: 392:micromodules 391: 389: 380:Robert Noyce 345:Kurt Lehovec 330: 299: 295:hearing aids 276: 257: 235:is obsolete. 204: 200: 198: 194: 188: 186: 168: 154: 127: 120: 83: 82:, or simply 79: 75: 71: 67: 65: 43: 32:Silicon Chip 14737:6567 VIC-II 14517:Connections 14342:Video games 14322:Digital art 14079:Concurrency 13948:Data mining 13860:Probability 13593:Interpreter 13243:Engineering 12979:Neo-Luddism 12914:Web browser 12909:Spreadsheet 12830:Touchscreen 12805:Motherboard 12718:Vacuum tube 12693:Electronics 12671:Fluorescent 12659:Transformer 12611:Electricity 12552:Photography 12194:Ironworking 12115:Solar power 11986:Vacuum pump 11954:Whippletree 11611:3D printing 11424:Scaffolding 11269:Calculation 11115:Agriculture 11108:Necessities 10909:QUIP / QUIL 10510:Transformer 10252:Sutton tube 10092:Charge pump 9945:Memory cell 9875:Zener diode 9837:Laser diode 9720:transistors 9602:transistors 9496:electronics 9300:Home cinema 9238:Spintronics 9178:Atomtronics 9091:Electronics 8700:Memory cell 8387:Multiplexer 8351:Data buffer 8062:Single-core 8034:bit slicing 7892:Coprocessor 7747:Coprocessor 7628:performance 7550:Cooperative 7540:Speculative 7500:Distributed 7459:Superscalar 7444:Instruction 7412:Parallelism 7385:Speculative 7217:System/3x0 7089:Instruction 6866:Von Neumann 6779:Post–Turing 6239:EETimes.com 5878:Dalmau, M. 4794:11 February 4335:: 131–136. 4269:: 583–596. 2569:Moore's law 2311:Logic gates 2280:7400 series 2256:transistors 2236:Generations 2226:sui generis 2201:US3,138,747 2195:US3,434,015 2189:US3,261,081 2183:US3,138,743 2174:agreement. 2064:(PQFP) and 1820:ultraviolet 1725:process, a 1641:solar cells 1600:vacuum tube 1597:solid-state 1524:Fabrication 1362:RF circuits 1312:Digital ICs 1220:frequencies 1192:logic gates 1133:, an 8-bit 1114:to process 1084:logic gates 1042:design flow 762:transistors 758:millimeters 644:transistors 636:Moore's law 571:Moore's law 541:Dov Frohman 479:Dov Frohman 438:Jean Hoerni 411:Nobel Prize 337:Jean Hoerni 287:transistors 233:Moore's Law 183:Terminology 164:Moore's law 138:electronics 116:televisions 112:smartphones 88:transistors 14772:Categories 14652:6530 RRIOT 14400:Glossaries 14272:E-commerce 13865:Statistics 13808:Algorithms 13766:Stochastic 13598:Middleware 13454:Peripheral 13288:Innovation 13273:Navigation 13170:Philosophy 12837:Networking 12755:Transistor 12730:Multimeter 12599:Television 12535:Microscope 12503:Eyeglasses 12451:Filtration 12436:Separation 12409:Fertilizer 12337:Prosthesis 12330:Antibiotic 12325:Anesthesia 12320:Medication 12179:Metallurgy 11976:Jackhammer 11971:Compressor 11966:Pneumatics 11902:Hydraulics 11885:Waterwheel 11853:Dishwasher 11576:Watercraft 11569:Space suit 11554:Spacecraft 11520:Jet engine 11419:Foundation 11392:Irrigation 11362:Typewriter 11335:Video game 11318:Phonograph 11264:Accounting 11193:Sanitation 11085:Technology 10917:Grid array 10856:SOP / SSOP 10808:Single row 10691:SOT / TSOT 10582:reed relay 10572:Parametron 10505:Thermistor 10483:resettable 10442:Connector 10403:Adjustable 10379:Nixie tube 10349:Crossatron 10316:Trochotron 10291:Iconoscope 10286:Charactron 10263:X-ray tube 10135:Compactron 10115:Acorn tube 10072:Buck–boost 9993:Solaristor 9855:Photodiode 9832:Gunn diode 9828:(CLD, CRD) 9610:Transistor 9500:Multimedia 9490:technology 9365:Television 9295:Home robot 9285:Dishwasher 9247:Electronic 9049:Runt pulse 9021:television 8715:Logic gate 8660:Transistor 8652:Components 8507:management 8402:Multiplier 8263:Logic gate 8253:Sequential 8160:Functional 8140:Clock rate 8113:Data cache 8086:Components 8067:Multi-core 8055:Core count 7545:Preemptive 7449:Pipelining 7432:Bit-serial 7375:Wide-issue 7320:Structural 7242:Tilera ISA 7208:MicroBlaze 7178:ETRAX CRIS 7073:Comparison 6918:Load–store 6898:Endianness 6498:1261968369 6212:Afips 1968 5768:IEEE Micro 5698:22 October 5488:22 October 5305:1908.10674 5061:Siliconica 5028:semimd.com 4671:13 October 4242:(9): 547. 4173:US2802760A 3505:(1): 193. 3445:(9): 547. 3415:US2802760A 3125:References 3104:Sound chip 2818:Intel 4004 2751:waste heat 2596:processors 2512:satellites 2474:industrial 2433:scientist 2240:See also: 2179:J.S. Kilby 2160:photomasks 2045:(PGA) and 2019:flat packs 1927:insulators 1897:Rock's law 1867:which are 1865:bond wires 1863:(or gold) 1780:transition 1727:transistor 1679:multi-gate 1544:dielectric 1471:newspapers 1368:circuits). 1354:Analog ICs 1328:MOS memory 1088:flip-flops 754:nanometers 721:the number 710:Intel 8008 561:See also: 491:processors 396:Jack Kilby 361:See also: 243:Jack Kilby 96:capacitors 14727:6545 CRTC 14662:6551 ACIA 14657:6532 RIOT 14603:Interface 14221:Rendering 14216:Animation 13847:computing 13798:Semantics 13489:Processor 13306:Invention 13301:High tech 13278:Surveying 13258:Logistics 13248:Forensics 12954:Criticism 12698:Capacitor 12649:Generator 12594:Telephone 12589:Telegraph 12540:Telescope 12463:Synthesis 12426:Pesticide 12397:Gunpowder 12392:Fireworks 12382:Explosive 12365:Detergent 12283:Dentistry 12226:Recycling 12062:Heat pump 11981:Rivet gun 11949:Gyroscope 11924:Mechanism 11848:Appliance 11835:Machinery 11776:Propeller 11616:Carpentry 11591:Submarine 11559:Satellite 11549:Scuba set 11468:Transport 11214:Equipment 10971:Flip Chip 10890:QIP / QIL 10851:SO / SOIC 10841:Flat Pack 10836:DIP / DIL 10815:SIP / SIL 10683:3...5-pin 10545:Capacitor 10389:Trigatron 10384:Thyratron 10374:Neon lamp 10301:Monoscope 10181:Phototube 10165:Pentagrid 10130:Barretter 10015:Trancitor 10010:Thyristor 9935:Memristor 9860:PIN diode 9637:(ChemFET) 9488:Microwave 9360:Telephone 9249:equipment 9223:Photonics 8905:Placement 8695:Flip-flop 8675:Capacitor 8441:Circuitry 8361:Microcode 8285:Registers 8128:coherence 8103:CPU cache 7961:Word size 7626:Processor 7270:Execution 7173:DEC Alpha 7151:Power ISA 6967:Cognitive 6774:Universal 6628:634332043 6599:893541089 6570:840380650 6530:926613209 6471:699889340 6444:990149326 5550:634332043 5421:. 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