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86:). This may or may not eliminate the need for supplementary lubrication when pulling cable into the duct. Before using a supplementary lubricant with a pre-lubricated duct, the user should check with the manufacturer to determine if the added lubricant is compatible with the pre-lubricated surface of the duct. Failure to do this may result in the cable seizing up rather than reducing the friction coefficient of the duct.
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Today the microduct cabling technology is used more and more, all over the world. The fibre counts have grown up to 144 per cable and can be installed in microducts of only 8 mm inner diameter. Bundles of microducts can be jetted over 1500 m or more. Microduct cables can even be jetted over 3.5 km in
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Traditional cable pulling methods are very sensitive to the condition of the duct and to the number of bends and undulations throughout the duct route. Therefore, for microducts, air-blown cable installation techniques are expected to be the most useful. Air-blown cable installation requires the use
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GR-3155 states that the basic types of duct are smoothwall, corrugated, and ribbed. The selection of a particular duct design is dependent on those characteristics that are important to the end user. The need for a specific characteristic or combination of characteristics such as pulling strength,
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A common cable installation technique for fiber cables remains cable pulling. After the duct is placed, a high-strength pull line is blown into the duct (if one has not already been pre-installed by the duct manufacturer). The pull line is attached to one end of the cable and is used to pull the
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When cable is pre-installed, the duct manufacturer extrudes the duct directly over the optical cable. Tight control of the duct temperature during the manufacturing process is essential to ensure that the duct does not stick to the cable as it cools. At the completion of the process, all of the
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for example. Bundles of microducts can also be factory pre-installed. The microducts can be branched very easily in the network. At any place of choice, a window cut is made in the protective duct and the microduct of choice is cut. This microduct is then connected, using a simple push/pull
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connector, to a microduct that branches to the desired location. After all connections are made, an individual microduct path has been created in the network. A microduct cable can then be jetted through the microduct, without the need to make a splice.
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Microducts are typically small-diameter, flexible, or semi-flexible ducts designed to provide clean, continuous, low-friction paths for placing optical cables that have relatively low pulling tension limits. As stated in industry requirements document
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of a device that injects a high volume of air into the duct, at pressures as high as 20-25 psi. The viscous drag forces generated by the rushing air along the length of the cable act to reduce or overcome the friction between the cable and the duct.
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Ducts can be purchased with a variety of options or features. One such enhancement is pre-lubrication. Pre-lubricated ducts may be either permanently impregnated with anti-friction compounds or coated with liquid lubricant during manufacture (see
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Griffioen, W., Nijstad, H., Grooten, A.T.M., Van
Wingerden, A., Brown, G., Hawkins, D.F., Plumettaz, G., "A new, extremely versatile, access network cabling concept for migration to optical fiber", Proc. 45th IWCS, November 1996, page
361:
Nothofer, K., Griffioen, W., Van
Wingerden, A., Berkers, A., Garcia Emeterio, M., Tatat, O., Weiss, A., Storaasli, O., “Experience in the application of various microduct cable designs”, Proc 54th IWCS, November 2005, page
162:. They have a size ranging from typically 25 mm to 100 mm. Sometimes they are installed as subducts in larger ducts. These larger ducts can also consist of other materials, like concrete. The installation of
150:, cables can be installed in water, in air or underground. In the latter case, the cables might be direct buried or installed in ducts. The first is more common for copper balanced cables; the latter for
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Griffioen, W., Nijstad, H., Grooten, A.T.M., Van
Wingerden, A., Brown, G., Hawkins, D.F., Plumettaz, G., "A copper-in-tube access network, easy to migrate to optical fibre", Proc. EC'97 June 1997, page
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Griffioen, W., Van
Wingerden, A., Van 't Hul, C., Lock, P., Van der Tuuk, A., "Innovative solutions for optical access networks", CANTO conference, Willemstad (Curaçao), 28 June - 1 July 2000
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Allow cables to be safely deployed through pull lines or strings using less than 50 lbs of force, and through cable blowing techniques at typical deployment speeds of 100-200 feet per minute.
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Griffioen, W., Zandberg, S., Versteeg, P. M., Keijzer, M., "Blow
Simulation Test to Measure coefficient of Friction between (Micro)Duct and cable", Proc. 54th IWCS, November 2005
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Griffioen, W., Van
Wingerden, A., Van ’t Hul, C., “UniverzálnĂ optická pĹ™Ăstupová sĂĹĄ pro komerÄŤnĂ a budoucĂ spotĹ™ebnĂ trh”, Proc. Telecom Symposium, Budweiss (CZ), 8-9 June 1999
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Griffioen, W., Van 't Hul, C., Eype, I., Sugito, T., Greven, W., Pothof, T., Khiar, R., De Jonge, L.K., “Microduct cabling at CERN”, Proc 53rd IWCS, November 2004, page 204-211
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Griffioen, W., Nijstad, H., Grooten, A.T.M., Van
Wingerden, A., Brown, G., Hawkins, D.F., Plumettaz, G., "JETnet: versatile access network solutions" Proc. ANCIT Workshop (
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networks in the access network than it is for copper balanced cables. Splicing optical fibres is much more difficult than connecting copper wires. In Fibre to the Home (
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Griffioen, W., Van
Wingerden, A., Van 't Hul, C., Van der Tuuk, A., Crowe, K., "Versatile access to homes using microduct-cabling", FttH Conference (New Orleans), 2003
340:
Griffioen, W., Van
Wingerden, A., Van 't Hul, C., Lock, P., Van der Tuuk, A., "Innovative solutions for access networks", Proc. 49th IWCS, November 2000, page 538-542
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Griffioen, W., Greven, W., Pothof, T, "Upgrading old ducts for new optical connections", ITG Factagung "Kommunikationskabelnetze", 10-11 December 2002, Köln, Germany
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Griffioen, W., Van
Wingerden, A., Van 't Hul, C., "Versatile optical access network for business and future consumer market, Proc. EC'99, June 1999, page 69-75
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Griffioen, W., Van Wingerden, A., Van 't Hul, C., "Versatile outside plant solution for optical access networks", Proc. 48th IWCS, November 1999, page 152-156
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Be compatible with existing construction designs and building configurations for both riser- and plenum-rated applications, including cable blowing apparatus.
352:
Griffioen, W., Van Wingerden, A., Van 't Hul, C., Keijzer, M., "Microduct cabling: Fiber to the Home", Proc 52nd IWCS, November 2003, page 431-437
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With microduct cabling, bundles of small microducts may be installed in larger protective duct (e.g., PVC conduit). This can be done by
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375:
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Griffioen, W., Greven, W., Pothof, T. "A new fiber optic life for old ducts", Proc. 51st IWCS, November 2002, page 244-250
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Griffioen, W., De Oliveira, J., "Metronet - Uma Versátil Rede Óptica de Acesso", Proc. I SIMCRO, Campinas, Brazil (1999)
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cables. They have a typical size ranging from 3 to 16 mm and are installed as bundles within larger ducts.
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one single shot. More length without splice is reached by placing jetting equipment in tandem.
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flexibility, or the lowest coefficient of friction will dictate the type of duct required.
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Griffioen, W., "Installation of optical cables in ducts", Plumettaz, PTT Research 1993 (
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As indicated in GR-3155, cable is typically placed into the duct in one of three ways:
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It may be pulled into the duct using a mechanically assisted or hand-drawn pull line.
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fibers in the optical cable must be tested to ensure that no damage has occurred.
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It may be blown into the duct using a high air volume cable blowing apparatus.
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It may be pre-installed by the duct manufacturer during the extrusion process.
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Microduct fiber cable being installed by Cosmote in Athens, Greece.
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Generic Requirements for Microducts for Fiber Optic Cables,
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or pit that contains optical equipment and is fed from the
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Generic Requirements for Microducts for Fiber Optic Cables,
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Possibility to migrate from copper balanced cables to
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A branch can be made simply, any place, at any time.
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Easy to install microduct routes in occupied ducts.
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Protective duct with bundle of microducts and cable
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239:Easy to replace old cables through the network.
166:cables in ducts can be done by pulling or by
27:are small ducts used for the installation of
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178:It is more difficult to make branching
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222:Advantages over traditional cabling
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174:Problems with fibre optic cables
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233:The network can grow on demand.
154:cables. The ducts in which the
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209:Jetting a bundle of microducts
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142:Traditional duct installation
376:Telecommunications equipment
188:Optical Distribution Network
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322:), Torino, 30-31 March 1998
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259:Jetting a microduct cable
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123:cable through the duct.
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109:Pre-installed cable
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230:Low initial costs.
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148:telecommunications
90:Placement of cable
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201:Microduct cabling
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168:cable jetting
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133:Cable Jetting
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160:polyethylene
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77:Duct options
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244:fibre optic
180:fibre optic
164:fibre optic
156:fibre optic
152:fibre optic
43:Description
29:fibre optic
370:Categories
294:References
286:Telcordia.
25:Microducts
50:Telcordia
320:Eurescom
251:Practice
52:GR-3155
362:437-442
311:485-489
246:cables.
215:jetting
84:GR-3155
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315:20-24
268:Notes
301:ISBN
184:FTTH
146:For
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