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151:. The female may be up to 12 cm (almost 5 inches) long, and releases microfilariae which measure 207 by 13 Ξm (or 0.008 by 0.00051 inches) into the bloodstream of the host. The blood flow carries the microfilariae away from the female in the carotid artery, and directly into the branching arteries of the head and face. Because of their size, the microfilariae pass easily through successively smaller vessels, becoming physically lodged in the small capillaries near the skin surface of the face and head.
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by the horse fly. Once inside the horse fly, the microfilariae bore through the stomach wall, and mature into infective larvae about two weeks later. These larvae migrate to the head and mouthparts of the horse fly, and enter the bloodstream of another vertebrate host when the horse fly feeds again.
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often lands on the head or face to feed. The horse fly uses its scissor-like mouthparts to cut the surface of the skin, creating a pool of blood which it takes in through its sucking mouthparts. The microfilariae, which were just under the surface of the skin, are small enough to be ingested whole
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Most recent parasitology textbooks consider the microfilariae to be "pre-larvae or advanced embryos" which will develop into the first stage larvae (L1) in the arthropod vector (p. 364). Some consider them to be the first larval stage, such as "microfilariae; i.e. first larva (= L1)"
208:, the release of microfilariae by the adult female is periodic - occurring daily at a particular time of the day or night. This timing increases the chance that they will be picked up by a blood-feeding arthropod vector, which are often more active at certain times of the day.
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of individual cells have been followed from the microfilaria stage to the adult worm. The microfilariae of many species undergo a development phase called the "sausage stage", becoming temporarily shorter and thicker, while the first-stage (L1) larval organs develop.
29:(heartworms) in a lymph node impression smear from a dog with lymphoma. This baby nematode is snuggled down in a pillow of intermediate-to-large, immature lymphocytes, exhibiting multiple criteria of malignancy (1,000X magnification; courtesy Lance Wheeler)
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may also refer to an informal "collective group" genus name, proposed by
Cobbold in 1882. While a convenient category for newly discovered microfilariae which can not be assigned to a known species because the adults are unknown, it is seldom used today.
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Kolte SS, Satarkar RN, Mane PM. Microfilaria concomitant with metastatic deposits of adenocarcinoma in lymph node fine needle aspiration cytology: A chance finding. J Cytol 2010 ;27:78-80. Available from:
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eradication programs is typically gauged by the reduction in numbers of circulating microfilariae in infested individuals within a geographic area.
115:), rely on new hosts eating the tissues of their current host. For members of the family Onchocercid whose adults live in the "closed" vertebrate
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79:"). In the intermediate host the microfilariae develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to a new vertebrate host.
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A critical appraisal of molecular xenomonitoring as a tool for assessing progress toward elimination of lymphatic filariasis.
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In either case, the microfilaria is the stage which develops from the egg. In most tissue-dwelling species the eggs hatch
68:). They release microfilariae into the bloodstream of the vertebrate host. The microfilariae are taken up by blood-feeding
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microfilariae are released. In most blood-dwelling species, embryonated eggs (or, microfilariae which are said to be
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in the intermediate and definitive hosts with some observations on their pathogenesis in abnormal definitive hosts
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in the envelope of the egg) are released; and they will only exsheath ("hatch") after being ingested by the
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Many of the organs of microfilariae are in a very early stage of development. For some species, the
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The presence of microfilariae in the host bloodstream is called "microfilaraemia". The success of
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All parasites need a mechanism for spreading to new individual hosts. Parasites in the
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Early stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic nematodes in the family
Onchocercidae
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Farid, H.A., Z.S. Morsy, H. Helmy, R.M.R. Ramzy, M. El
Setouhy, and G.J. Weil (2007) "
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269:-like parasite (Filarioidea: Onchocerciae) from the blood of the horseshoe bat (
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Microfilaria found in blood slides LACEN State
Laboratory of Amazonas Brazil
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usually shed eggs in the host feces. Tissue-dwelling parasites, such as
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Encyclopedic
Reference of Parasitology: Biology, Structure and Function
228:. Second Edition. CABI Publishing: Wallingford, England, pp. 472â475.
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Nematode
Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission
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Attracted by the carbon dioxide exhaled by the mule deer,
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Bogitsh, B.J., C.E. Carter and T.N. Oeltmann (2005)
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342:http://www.jcytol.org/text.asp?2010/27/2/78/70759
250:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
53:) is an early stage in the life cycle of certain
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311:. 3rd Edition. Elsevier: Burlington, MA.
129:This system is seen in the life cycle of
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286:Hibler, C.P. and C.J. Metzger (1974)
166:Microfilaria as a developmental stage
145:parasitic life cycles definitive host
288:Morphology of the larval stages of
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273:) in Flores, Indonesia".
328:Mehlhorn, H. (ed) (2001)
157:the blood-feeding female
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263:Microfilaria sundaicus
224:Anderson, R.C. (2000)
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290:Elaeophora Schneider
204:In some species of
132:Elaeophora Schneider
108:Trichinella spiralis
271:Rhinolophus affinis
198:developmental fates
26:Dirofilaria immitis
309:Human Parasitology
117:circulatory system
77:intermediate hosts
66:"definitive hosts"
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267:Chabfilaria
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212:References
180:unsheathed
111:(cause of
84:filariasis
356:Spirurida
265:sp.n., a
188:arthropod
159:horse fly
149:Mule deer
121:arthropod
70:arthropod
58:nematodes
55:parasitic
350:Category
184:sheathed
45:(plural
143:of its
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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