1554:, this saving and restoring process may take more time, increasing the latency. (If an ISR does not require the use of some registers, it may simply leave them alone rather than saving and restoring them, so in that case those registers are not involved with the latency.) Ways to reduce such context/restore latency include having relatively few registers in their central processing units (undesirable because it slows down most non-interrupt processing substantially), or at least having the hardware not save them all (this fails if the software then needs to compensate by saving the rest "manually"). Another technique involves spending silicon gates on "shadow registers": One or more duplicate registers used only by the interrupt software, perhaps supporting a dedicated stack.
469:
32-bit devices steadily grabbing a greater share of sales and unit volumes. By 2017, 32-bit MCUs are expected to account for 55% of microcontroller sales In terms of unit volumes, 32-bit MCUs are expected account for 38% of microcontroller shipments in 2017, while 16-bit devices will represent 34% of the total, and 4-/8-bit designs are forecast to be 28% of units sold that year. The 32-bit MCU market is expected to grow rapidly due to increasing demand for higher levels of precision in embedded-processing systems and the growth in connectivity using the
Internet. In the next few years, complex 32-bit MCUs are expected to account for over 25% of the processing power in vehicles.
737:(ISR, or "interrupt handler") which will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt, before returning to the original instruction sequence. Possible interrupt sources are device-dependent and often include events such as an internal timer overflow, completing an analog-to-digital conversion, a logic-level change on an input such as from a button being pressed, and data received on a communication link. Where power consumption is important as in battery devices, interrupts may also wake a microcontroller from a low-power sleep state where the processor is halted until required to do something by a peripheral event.
89:
5932:
46:
942:
1707:
907:
852:(PIT). A PIT may either count down from some value to zero, or up to the capacity of the count register, overflowing to zero. Once it reaches zero, it sends an interrupt to the processor indicating that it has finished counting. This is useful for devices such as thermostats, which periodically test the temperature around them to see if they need to turn the air conditioner on/off, the heater on/off, etc.
418:
ceramic packages with quartz windows, they were significantly more expensive than the OTP versions, which could be made in lower-cost opaque plastic packages. For the erasable variants, quartz was required, instead of less expensive glass, for its transparency to ultraviolet light—to which glass is largely opaque—but the main cost differentiator was the ceramic package itself.
603:
841:(ADC). Since processors are built to interpret and process digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they are not able to do anything with the analog signals that may be sent to it by a device. So the analog-to-digital converter is used to convert the incoming data into a form that the processor can recognize. A less common feature on some microcontrollers is a
834:). GPIO pins are software configurable to either an input or an output state. When GPIO pins are configured to an input state, they are often used to read sensors or external signals. Configured to the output state, GPIO pins can drive external devices such as LEDs or motors, often indirectly, through external power electronics.
1147:: separate memory buses for instructions and data, allowing accesses to take place concurrently. Where a Harvard architecture is used, instruction words for the processor may be a different bit size than the length of internal memory and registers; for example: 12-bit instructions used with 8-bit data registers.
1210:
will typically have some restrictions as well as enhancements to better support the unique characteristics of microcontrollers. Some microcontrollers have environments to aid developing certain types of applications. Microcontroller vendors often make tools freely available to make it easier to adopt
1132:
space that would be needed to produce equivalent systems using separate chips. Furthermore, on low pin count devices in particular, each pin may interface to several internal peripherals, with the pin function selected by software. This allows a part to be used in a wider variety of applications than
1573:
that needs to be interrupted. Entry to a critical section restricts concurrent data structure access. When a data structure must be accessed by an interrupt handler, the critical section must block that interrupt. Accordingly, interrupt latency is increased by however long that interrupt is blocked.
1150:
The decision of which peripheral to integrate is often difficult. The microcontroller vendors often trade operating frequencies and system design flexibility against time-to-market requirements from their customers and overall lower system cost. Manufacturers have to balance the need to minimize the
417:
was used, standing for "one-time programmable". In an OTP microcontroller, the PROM was usually of identical type as the EPROM, but the chip package had no quartz window; because there was no way to expose the EPROM to ultraviolet light, it could not be erased. Because the erasable versions required
468:
Historically, the 8-bit segment has dominated the MCU market 16-bit microcontrollers became the largest volume MCU category in 2011, overtaking 8-bit devices for the first time that year IC Insights believes the makeup of the MCU market will undergo substantial changes in the next five years with
397:
on the same chip with a microprocessor. Among numerous applications, this chip would eventually find its way into over one billion PC keyboards. At that time Intel's
President, Luke J. Valenter, stated that the microcontroller was one of the most successful products in the company's history, and he
989:
Integrating the memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip, but often results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole. Even if the cost of a CPU that has integrated peripherals is slightly more than the cost of a CPU and
463:
A typical home in a developed country is likely to have only four general-purpose microprocessors but around three dozen microcontrollers. A typical mid-range automobile has about 30 microcontrollers. They can also be found in many electrical devices such as washing machines, microwave ovens, and
1154:
Microcontroller architectures vary widely. Some designs include general-purpose microprocessor cores, with one or more ROM, RAM, or I/O functions integrated onto the package. Other designs are purpose-built for control applications. A microcontroller instruction set usually has many instructions
1270:
will show the internal processor state and also that of the outputs, as well as allowing input signals to be generated. While on the one hand most simulators will be limited from being unable to simulate much other hardware in a system, they can exercise conditions that may otherwise be hard to
1526:
Many others exist, some of which are used in very narrow range of applications or are more like applications processors than microcontrollers. The microcontroller market is extremely fragmented, with numerous vendors, technologies, and markets. Note that many vendors sell or have sold multiple
1159:(bit-wise operations) to make control programs more compact. For example, a general-purpose processor might require several instructions to test a bit in a register and branch if the bit is set, where a microcontroller could have a single instruction to provide that commonly required function.
1580:
A more complex technique just blocks the interrupts that may trigger access to that data structure. This is often based on interrupt priorities, which tend to not correspond well to the relevant system data structures. Accordingly, this technique is used mostly in very constrained
349:. All of these processors required several external chips to implement a working system, including memory and peripheral interface chips. As a result, the total system cost was several hundred (1970s US) dollars, making it impossible to economically computerize small appliances.
882:(UART) block makes it possible to receive and transmit data over a serial line with very little load on the CPU. Dedicated on-chip hardware also often includes capabilities to communicate with other devices (chips) in digital formats such as Inter-Integrated Circuit (
1671:
memory, which used a translucent window to allow erasure via UV light, while production versions had no such window, being OTP (one-time-programmable). Firmware updates were equivalent to replacing the microcontroller itself, thus many products were not upgradeable.
261:; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a
1597:
Interrupt nesting. Some microcontrollers allow higher priority interrupts to interrupt lower priority ones. This allows software to manage latency by giving time-critical interrupts higher priority (and thus lower and more predictable latency) than less-critical
437:. (EEPROM technology had been available prior to this time, but the earlier EEPROM was more expensive and less durable, making it unsuitable for low-cost mass-produced microcontrollers.) The same year, Atmel introduced the first microcontroller using
1561:
Cycles needed to complete current CPU activities. To minimize those costs, microcontrollers tend to have short pipelines (often three instructions or less), small write buffers, and ensure that longer instructions are continuable or restartable.
990:
external peripherals, having fewer chips typically allows a smaller and cheaper circuit board, and reduces the labor required to assemble and test the circuit board, in addition to tending to decrease the defect rate for the finished assembly.
459:
Over two billion 8-bit microcontrollers were sold in 1997, and according to Semico, over four billion 8-bit microcontrollers were sold in 2006. More recently, Semico has claimed the MCU market grew 36.5% in 2010 and 12% in 2011.
2077:
It typically takes a global economic recession to upset the diverse MCU marketplace, and that's exactly what occurred in 2009, when the microcontroller business suffered its worst-ever annual sales decline of 22% to $ 11.1
788:
Other versions may be available where the ROM is accessed as an external device rather than as internal memory, however these are becoming rare due to the widespread availability of cheap microcontroller programmers.
505:
In 2012, following a global crisis—a worst ever annual sales decline and recovery and average sales price year-over-year plunging 17%—the biggest reduction since the 1980s—the average price for a microcontroller was
656:. Because they are too small to have conventional radio antennae, they receive and transmit data with visible light. A base station provides light for power and programming, and it receives the data." The device is
2174:
582:
In 2018, the low-priced microcontrollers above from 2015 were all more expensive (with inflation calculated between 2018 and 2015 prices for those specific units) at: the 8-bit microcontroller could be bought for
745:
Typically microcontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip memory, since it would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable memory. Compilers and assemblers are used to convert both
713:, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a
359:. Their chief aim was to reduce this cost barrier but these microprocessors still required external support, memory, and peripheral chips which kept the total system cost in the hundreds of dollars.
2196:
666:
th the size of IBM's previously claimed world-record-sized computer from months back in March 2018, which is "smaller than a grain of salt", has a million transistors, costs less than
1266:
are available for some microcontrollers. These allow a developer to analyze what the behavior of the microcontroller and their program should be if they were using the actual part. A
1584:
Processors may have hardware support for some critical sections. Examples include supporting atomic access to bits or bytes within a word, or other atomic access primitives like the
796:
or permit late factory revisions to products that have been assembled but not yet shipped. Programmable memory also reduces the lead time required for deployment of a new product.
1290:. A real-time ICE may allow viewing and/or manipulating of internal states while running. A tracing ICE can record executed program and MCU states before/after a trigger point.
1574:
When there are hard external constraints on system latency, developers often need tools to measure interrupt latencies and track down which critical sections cause slowdowns.
2140:
1577:
One common technique just blocks all interrupts for the duration of the critical section. This is easy to implement, but sometimes critical sections get uncomfortably long.
2210:
2182:
1633:
From the earliest microcontrollers to today, six-transistor SRAM is almost always used as the read/write working memory, with a few more transistors per bit used in the
198:
products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys, and other
375:, which became commercially available in 1974. It combined read-only memory, read/write memory, processor and clock on one chip and was targeted at embedded systems.
1695:
to store the firmware. Today's microcontrollers almost all use flash memory, with a few models using FRAM and some ultra-low-cost parts still using OTP or Mask ROM.
690:. The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems.
2157:
1546:
the intermediate results (registers) have to be saved before the software responsible for handling the interrupt can run. They must also be restored after that
1170:
has been performed by software. However, some recent designs do include FPUs and DSP-optimized features. An example would be
Microchip's PIC32 MIPS-based line.
4325:
2382:
Mazzei, Daniele; Montelisciani, Gabriele; Baldi, Giacomo; Fantoni, Gualtiero (2015). "Changing the programming paradigm for the embedded in the IoT domain".
2002:
2093:
385:
Partly in response to the existence of the single-chip TMS 1000, Intel developed a computer system on a chip optimized for control applications, the
3297:
1640:
In addition to the SRAM, some microcontrollers also have internal EEPROM and/or NVRAM for data storage; and ones that do not have any (such as the
1496:
1566:
design principles ensure that most instructions take the same number of cycles, helping avoid the need for most such continuation/restart logic.
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In addition to the converters, many embedded microprocessors include a variety of timers as well. One of the most common types of timers is the
4436:
3619:
4138:
378:
During the early-to-mid-1970s, Japanese electronics manufacturers began producing microcontrollers for automobiles, including 4-bit MCUs for
371:
engineers Gary Boone and
Michael Cochran with the successful creation of the first microcontroller in 1971. The result of their work was the
3416:
1775:
799:
Where hundreds of thousands of identical devices are required, using parts programmed at the time of manufacture can be economical. These "
781:
light, ready for reprogramming after a programming ("burn") and test cycle. Since 1998, EPROM versions are rare and have been replaced by
4295:
3861:
3678:
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over instruction throughput. Issues include both reducing the latency, and making it be more predictable (to support real-time control).
879:
729:(predictable, though not necessarily fast) response to events in the embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur, an
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4649:
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2431:
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1218:, which prevent using standard tools (such as code libraries or static analysis tools) even for code unrelated to hardware features.
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210:
microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. In the context of the
806:
A customized microcontroller incorporates a block of digital logic that can be personalized for additional processing capability,
444:
Nowadays microcontrollers are cheap and readily available for hobbyists, with large online communities around certain processors.
6031:
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4644:
4115:
1977:
179:(SoC). A SoC may include a microcontroller as one of its components but usually integrates it with advanced peripherals like a
17:
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Trigger rate. When interrupts occur back-to-back, microcontrollers may avoid an extra context save/restore cycle by a form of
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A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as an
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While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no
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light. These erasable chips were often used for prototyping. The other variant was either a mask-programmed ROM or a
206:, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make digital control of more devices and processes practical.
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program memory, with a transparent quartz window in the lid of the package to allow it to be erased by exposure to
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1644:), or where the internal memory is insufficient, are often connected to an external EEPROM or flash memory chip.
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Manufacturers have often produced special versions of their microcontrollers in order to help the hardware and
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reproduce at will in the physical implementation, and can be the quickest way to debug and analyze problems.
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discrete input and output bits, allowing control or detection of the logic state of an individual package pin
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Advance
Information, 8-Bit Microcomputers MC68HC05B6, MC68HC05B4, MC68HC805B6, Motorola Document EADI0054RI
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In contrast to general-purpose computers, microcontrollers used in embedded systems often seek to optimize
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for storage in the microcontroller's memory. Depending on the device, the program memory may be permanent,
234:
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on the same chip as the CPU. Using fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package.
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system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an
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to store the firmware. EEPROM microcontrollers became more popular in 1993 when
Microchip introduced
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versions that have a "window" on the top of the device through which program memory can be erased by
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Microcontrollers with specialty hardware may require their own non-standard dialects of C, such as
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910:
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Many embedded systems need to read sensors that produce analog signals. This is the purpose of the
262:
180:
50:
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Lower end microcontrollers tend to support fewer interrupt latency controls than higher end ones.
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in 1970, were developed with multiple MOS LSI chips. The first single-chip microprocessor was the
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1230:, has looked to move hardware dependencies to libraries and have the language adhere to a more
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803:" parts have the program laid down in the same way as the logic of the chip, at the same time.
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289:
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Microcontrollers usually contain from several to dozens of general purpose input/output pins (
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and flash, which are easier to use (can be erased electronically) and cheaper to manufacture.
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Microcontrollers may not implement an external address or data bus as they integrate RAM and
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processor and optical communication for cellular temperature measurement." It "measures just
434:
35:
2386:. Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on. Milan: IEEE. pp. 239–244.
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441:, a special type of EEPROM. Other companies rapidly followed suit, with both memory types.
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As of 2008, there are several dozen microcontroller architectures and vendors including:
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The use of field-programmable devices on a microcontroller may allow field update of the
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607:
356:
2045:
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Pipelined 8-bit 8051 microcontrollers and mixed-signal ARM-based 32-bit microcontrollers
382:, automatic wipers, electronic locks, and dashboard, and 8-bit MCUs for engine control.
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1877:"Oral History Panel on the Development and Promotion of the Intel 8048 Microcontroller"
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In modern terminology, a microcontroller is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a
125:
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This integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and
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many include analog-to-digital converters, some include digital-to-analog converters
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variant which was only programmable once. For the latter, sometimes the designation
88:
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697:, and low software complexity. Typical input and output devices include switches,
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1108: – often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or
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1005:
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487:
429:) to be electrically erased quickly without an expensive package as required for
339:
332:
328:
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A few microcontrollers beginning in 2003 have "self-programmable" flash memory.
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Interpreter firmware is also available for some microcontrollers. For example,
1100:
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203:
195:
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or microwatts). They generally have the ability to retain functionality while
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845:(DAC) that allows the processor to output analog signals or voltage levels.
814:
that are adapted to the requirements of the application. One example is the
172:
or other general-purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips.
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1692:
1688:
1519:
1385:
1343:
1314:
1052:
1038:
956:
949:
763:
755:
438:
316:
308:
141:
81:
202:. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate
5947:
5643:
5575:
5414:
5407:
5330:
5310:
4992:
4956:
4667:
4639:
4497:
4352:
3275:
2949:
2894:
2876:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2792:
2767:
1745:
1641:
1617:
Two different kinds of memory are commonly used with microcontrollers, a
1440:
1223:
1056:
807:
778:
762:
that can only be programmed at the factory, or it may be field-alterable
474:
IC Insights, MCU Market on
Migration Path to 32-bit and ARM-based Devices
406:
227:
188:
31:
5790:
5773:
5756:
5715:
5675:
5668:
4878:
4868:
4863:
4845:
4745:
4718:
3980:
3813:
3783:
3503:
2954:
2817:
2787:
2735:
2713:
2708:
2620:
2553:
2296:
IBM Built a
Computer the Size of a Grain of Salt. Here's What It's For.
1367:
1195:
1109:
1088:
671:
386:
346:
342:
335:
320:
300:
250:
45:
623:
On 21 June 2018, the "world's smallest computer" was announced by the
5912:
5778:
5763:
5585:
5560:
4969:
4966:
4708:
3778:
3756:
3167:
3040:
2966:
2851:
2846:
2782:
2757:
2578:
1602:
1466:
1325:
1267:
1256:
as well as some modern devices. Typically these interpreters support
934:
730:
258:
2653:
941:
401:
Most microcontrollers at this time had concurrent variants. One had
5700:
5633:
5511:
5494:
5435:
5325:
4984:
3803:
2777:
2480:
2433:
2256:
University of
Michigan outdoes IBM with world's smallest 'computer'
1908:"Chip Hall of Fame: Microchip Technology PIC 16C84 Microcontroller"
1706:
1684:
1656:
1426:
LPC1000, LPC2000, LPC3000, LPC4000 (32-bit), LPC900, LPC700 (8-bit)
1317:
cores are specifically targeted toward microcontroller applications
1287:
1253:
1203:
953:
922:
895:
800:
793:
702:
636:
456:
sold in the world were 8-bit microcontrollers and microprocessors.
426:
372:
223:
121:
1810:
State of the Art: A Photographic History of the Integrated Circuit
648:
to a side—dwarfed by a grain of rice. In addition to the RAM and
6003:
5610:
5580:
5484:
3793:
3751:
2998:
2917:
2322:. EDN series for design engineers (2 ed.). Newnes. pp.
1776:"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip"
1434:
1393:
1333:
1231:
815:
324:
303:, released on a single MOS LSI chip in 1971. It was developed by
156:
is also often included on the chip, as well as a small amount of
2416:
5540:
3808:
3773:
3738:
3015:
3003:
2625:
2588:
2475:
2381:
1680:
1513:
1505:
1458:
1034:
914:
906:
782:
525:
In 2012, worldwide sales of 8-bit microcontrollers were around
422:
355:
introduced its sub-$ 100 microprocessors in 1975, the 6501 and
219:
2456:
2439:(Technical report). Martin Marietta. p. 3. Archived from
2073:"MCU Market on Migration Path to 32-bit and ARM-based Devices"
1420:, (8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit dsPIC33 / PIC24), (32-bit PIC32)
1074:
883:
425:
memory allowed microcontrollers (beginning with the Microchip
4266:
3798:
3768:
2976:
2944:
2927:
2912:
2638:
1668:
1492:
1397:
1381:
1329:
1275:
1242:
1092:
1030:
960:
918:
819:
774:
698:
602:
430:
402:
312:
296:
184:
77:
54:
1659:. Later microcontrollers (such as the early versions of the
1198:, are now also in common use to target microcontrollers and
398:
expanded the microcontroller division's budget by over 25%.
389:, with commercial parts first shipping in 1977. It combined
5130:
4278:
4198:
3788:
3161:
3030:
2971:
2866:
2772:
2752:
2280:
2260:
1509:
1488:
1484:
1462:
1450:
1283:
1245:
1060:
926:
674:
technology, is intended for logistics and "crypto-anchors"—
246:
2276:
IBM fighting counterfeiters with world's smallest computer
2169:
2167:
1542:
When an electronic device causes an interrupt, during the
1406:
MAX32600, MAX32620, MAX32625, MAX32630, MAX32650, MAX32640
1274:
Recent microcontrollers are often integrated with on-chip
214:, microcontrollers are an economical and popular means of
3718:
3708:
2861:
2725:
2593:
2031:
1470:
1020:
891:
2384:
2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)
2348:
Digital Design and Computer Architecture, Second Edition
871:, etc., without using many CPU resources in tight timer
2164:
2124:"Zilog Buys Microcontroller Product Lines from Samsung"
1806:"The Most Widely Used Computer on a Chip: The TMS 1000"
640:
wireless and batteryless sensor system with integrated
265:(DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.
717:, and may lack human interaction devices of any kind.
1655:
The earliest microcontrollers used mask ROM to store
1136:
Microcontrollers have proved to be highly popular in
859:(PWM) block makes it possible for the CPU to control
2197:"MSP430FR2000IPW16R Texas Instruments | Mouser"
1951:
1702:
1178:
Microcontrollers were originally programmed only in
591:(1,000 units) or 21% higher, and the 32-bit one for
555:
In 2018, 8-bit microcontrollers could be bought for
536:
In 2015, 8-bit microcontrollers could be bought for
2158:"MSP430G2001IPW14R Texas Instruments | Mouser"
2046:"Momentum Carries MCUs Into 2011 | Semico Research"
1557:Other factors affecting interrupt latency include:
2315:
2236:U-M researchers create world's smallest 'computer'
1954:"Atmel's Self-Programming Flash Microcontrollers"
1004: – ranging from small and simple
825:
587:(1,000 units) or 2.6% higher, the 16-bit one for
6172:
2211:"CY8C4013SXI-400 Cypress Semiconductor | Mouser"
2175:"CY8C4013SXI-400 Cypress Semiconductor | Mouser"
2141:"EFM8BB10F2G-A-QFN20 Silicon Labs | Mouser"
1812:. New Haven and New York: Ticknor & Fields.
773:of the target system. Originally these included
652:, the new computing devices have processors and
486:Cost has plummeted over time, with the cheapest
1222:may also contain nonstandard features, such as
57:8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a
5248:
1927:
1925:
1588:exclusive access primitives introduced in the
5963:
5234:
3291:
2496:
2369:"Easy Way to build a microcontroller project"
2152:
2150:
2135:
2133:
1902:
1900:
533:microcontrollers also saw significant sales.
27:Small computer on a single integrated circuit
2121:
1871:
1869:
1151:chip size against additional functionality.
4296:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
2414:
1922:
1173:
1162:Microcontrollers historically have not had
880:universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
490:microcontrollers being available for under
144:peripherals. Program memory in the form of
5977:
5970:
5956:
5241:
5227:
3305:
3298:
3284:
2503:
2489:
2147:
2130:
1897:
1884:Computer History Museum Oral History, 2008
1691:microcontroller that was first one to use
288:The first multi-chip microprocessors, the
1866:
1286:, allow debugging of the firmware with a
128:. A microcontroller contains one or more
2346:David Harris & Sarah Harris (2012).
2000:
1803:
997:, commonly with the following features:
940:
905:
601:
571:for full reel of 2,000), and 32-bit for
87:
44:
2429:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1140:since their introduction in the 1970s.
433:, allowing both rapid prototyping, and
233:Some microcontrollers may use four-bit
14:
6173:
2067:
2065:
1975:
1845:"Trends in the Semiconductor Industry"
5951:
5222:
3279:
2484:
2313:
2088:
2086:
1849:Semiconductor History Museum of Japan
1741:List of open-source hardware projects
1679:was the first microcontroller to use
901:
610:18F8720 microcontroller in an 80-pin
237:and operate at frequencies as low as
4267:Floating-point operations per second
2510:
1940:
1931:
1612:
1530:
913:of a PIC12C508 8-bit, fully static,
618:
160:. Microcontrollers are designed for
2062:
1278:circuitry that when accessed by an
670:to manufacture, and, combined with
654:wireless transmitters and receivers
24:
2083:
681:
447:
25:
6192:
3125:High voltage parallel programming
2465:
1363:based on the Motorola 6800 family
1133:if pins had dedicated functions.
974:(CEC) functions. Manufactured by
479:Cost to manufacture can be under
164:applications, in contrast to the
5931:
5930:
5193:Semiconductor device fabrication
1705:
1184:high-level programming languages
929:microcontroller manufactured by
886:), Serial Peripheral Interface (
257:such as a button press or other
5168:History of general-purpose CPUs
3395:Nondeterministic Turing machine
3209:List of common microcontrollers
3119:High-voltage serial programming
2450:
2423:
2408:
2375:
2361:
2340:
2307:
2287:
2267:
2247:
2227:
2203:
2189:
2115:
2038:
2024:
1731:List of common microcontrollers
1550:is finished. If there are more
1311:core processors (many vendors)
1300:List of common microcontrollers
1045:and operating parameter storage
3348:Deterministic finite automaton
3239:List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers
1994:
1969:
1837:
1797:
1768:
1736:List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers
993:A microcontroller is a single
826:Other microcontroller features
766:or erasable read-only memory.
725:Microcontrollers must provide
544:(1,000 units), and 32-bit for
362:
13:
1:
4139:Simultaneous and heterogenous
3260:Programmable logic controller
3101:In-circuit serial programming
2417:"8052-Basic Microcontrollers"
2122:Bill Giovino (June 7, 2013).
1952:Odd Jostein Svendsli (2003).
1761:
1751:Programmable logic controller
1241:on the early microcontroller
720:
421:In 1993, the introduction of
273:
194:Microcontrollers are used in
4823:Integrated memory controller
4805:Translation lookaside buffer
4004:Memory dependence prediction
3447:Random-access stored program
3400:Probabilistic Turing machine
2526:Single-board microcontroller
1756:Single-board microcontroller
1400:Tricore Bit microcontrollers
1143:Some microcontrollers use a
972:Consumer Electronics Control
7:
4279:Synaptic updates per second
3113:Program and Debug Interface
2392:10.1109/WF-IoT.2015.7389059
2350:, p. 515. Morgan Kaufmann.
1698:
1650:
1621:for storing firmware and a
1079:Serial Peripheral Interface
850:programmable interval timer
843:digital-to-analog converter
839:analog-to-digital converter
740:
311:MOS technology, along with
92:Two ATmega microcontrollers
10:
6197:
5681:Personal digital assistant
4683:Heterogeneous architecture
3605:Orthogonal instruction set
3375:Alternating Turing machine
3363:Quantum cellular automaton
2094:"The really low cost MCUs"
1978:"The Two Percent Solution"
1374:, Infineon and many others
1342:'s M8C core used in their
1297:
952:3 microcontroller with 16
599:for 5,000) or 33% higher.
540:(1,000 units), 16-bit for
452:In 2002, about 55% of all
277:
268:
29:
6104:
6075:
6040:
5986:
5926:
5861:
5830:
5807:
5742:
5714:
5619:
5596:
5539:
5530:
5423:
5363:
5356:
5276:
5269:
5260:
5173:Microprocessor chronology
5160:
5136:Dynamic frequency scaling
5109:
5045:
4983:
4937:
4889:
4844:
4764:
4691:
4660:
4565:
4486:
4450:
4404:
4304:
4291:Cache performance metrics
4230:
4164:
4114:
4025:
4016:
3989:
3944:
3911:
3883:
3874:
3694:
3597:
3586:
3457:
3313:
3247:
3201:
3149:
3093:
3086:
3054:
2885:
2808:
2662:
2611:
2602:
2539:
2531:Special function register
2518:
1208:general-purpose languages
1168:floating-point arithmetic
890:), Universal Serial Bus (
735:interrupt service routine
331:. It was followed by the
284:Microprocessor chronology
6134:Digital signal processor
6011:Graphics processing unit
5188:Hardware security module
4531:Digital signal processor
4508:Graphics processing unit
4320:Graphics processing unit
2430:Edwards, Robert (1987).
2003:"Microchip on the March"
1687:and Atmel introduced an
1392:(ARM based Cortex M4F),
1293:
1174:Programming environments
502:for similar quantities.
498:microcontrollers around
263:digital signal processor
196:automatically controlled
181:graphics processing unit
5918:Wireless sensor network
5141:Dynamic voltage scaling
4924:Memory address register
4818:Branch target predictor
4782:Address generation unit
4525:Physics processing unit
4314:Central processing unit
4273:Transactions per second
4261:Instructions per second
4184:Array processing (SIMT)
3328:Stored-program computer
3265:List of microprocessors
3162:Joint Test Action Group
2318:Embedded systems design
1804:Augarten, Stan (1983).
1784:Computer History Museum
1628:
1370:, also manufactured by
1258:interactive programming
1085:for system interconnect
1083:Controller Area Network
1002:central processing unit
964:central processing unit
711:liquid-crystal displays
187:module, or one or more
5691:Portable data terminal
4947:Hardwired control unit
4829:Memory management unit
4794:Memory management unit
4543:Secure cryptoprocessor
4537:Tensor Processing Unit
4519:Vision processing unit
4253:Cycles per instruction
4247:Instructions per cycle
4194:Associative processing
3885:Instruction pipelining
3307:Processor technologies
2241:University of Michigan
2001:Cantrell, Tom (1998).
1936:. Motorola Ltd., 1988.
1118:in-circuit programming
1008:processors to complex
979:
938:
857:pulse-width modulation
625:University of Michigan
615:
477:
290:Four-Phase Systems AL1
280:MOS integrated circuit
226:the physical world as
93:
85:
18:Microprocessor control
6150:List of SoC suppliers
5874:Information appliance
5696:Portable media player
5639:Handheld game console
5030:Sum-addressed decoder
4776:Arithmetic logic unit
3903:Classic RISC pipeline
3857:Epiphany architecture
3704:Motorola 68000 series
3107:In-system programming
2314:Heath, Steve (2003).
1340:Cypress Semiconductor
1068:serial communications
944:
909:
605:
595:(1,000 units, but at
575:(1,000 units, but at
563:(1,000 units, but at
548:(1,000 units, but at
466:
435:in-system programming
278:Further information:
91:
48:
36:printed circuit board
6095:Package on a package
5649:Mobile data terminal
5629:Electronic organizer
5301:Intelligent terminal
5151:Performance per watt
4729:replacement policies
4395:Package on a package
4285:Performance per watt
4189:Pipelined processing
3959:Tomasulo's algorithm
3764:Clipper architecture
3620:Application-specific
3333:Finite-state machine
3176:In-circuit debugging
2457:www.infineon.com/mcu
2415:Jan Axelson (1994).
1976:Turley, Jim (2002).
1665:PIC microcontrollers
1625:for temporary data.
1476:Silicon Laboratories
1415:Microchip Technology
1361:(8-bit), and others
1323:Microchip Technology
1145:Harvard architecture
1122:in-circuit debugging
948:of a STM32F100C4T6B
931:Microchip Technology
771:software development
754:code into a compact
709:'s, small or custom
380:in-car entertainment
114:microcontroller unit
6089:System in a package
5183:Digital electronics
4836:Instruction decoder
4788:Floating-point unit
4442:Soft microprocessor
4389:System in a package
3964:Reservation station
3494:Transport-triggered
3232:Renesas Electronics
3182:In-circuit emulator
2446:on 24 January 2023.
1619:non-volatile memory
1552:processor registers
1499:(automotive 32-bit)
1447:Renesas Electronics
1280:in-circuit emulator
1226:, although a fork,
984:non-volatile memory
676:digital fingerprint
627:. The device is a "
6054:Multiprocessor SoC
5906:Computer-on-module
5764:Digital wristwatch
5566:Mobile workstation
5336:Video game console
5296:Internet appliance
5055:Integrated circuit
4899:Processor register
4553:Baseband processor
3898:Operand forwarding
3358:Cellular automaton
2371:. 14 January 2009.
2215:Mouser Electronics
2179:Mouser Electronics
2075:. April 25, 2013.
1910:. IEEE. 2017-06-30
1780:The Silicon Engine
1713:Electronics portal
1569:The length of any
1482:STMicroelectronics
1430:Parallax Propeller
1424:NXP Semiconductors
1372:NXP Semiconductors
1349:Freescale ColdFire
1095:, event counters,
1023:) for data storage
995:integrated circuit
980:
976:STMicroelectronics
939:
902:Higher integration
616:
494:in 2018, and some
294:Garrett AiResearch
212:Internet of Things
170:personal computers
126:integrated circuit
94:
86:
6168:
6167:
6083:Multi-chip module
6048:Network on a chip
5945:
5944:
5894:Rugged smartphone
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5480:Small form factor
5306:Interactive kiosk
5216:
5215:
5105:
5104:
4724:Instruction cache
4714:Scratchpad memory
4561:
4560:
4548:Network processor
4477:Network on a chip
4432:Ultra-low-voltage
4383:Multi-chip module
4226:
4225:
4012:
4011:
3999:Branch prediction
3976:Register renaming
3870:
3869:
3852:VISC architecture
3674:Quantum computing
3669:VISC architecture
3551:Secondary storage
3467:Microarchitecture
3427:Register machines
3273:
3272:
3197:
3196:
3082:
3081:
2763:PIC10/12/16/17/18
2401:978-1-5090-0366-2
2032:"Semico Research"
1819:978-0-89919-195-9
1623:read–write memory
1613:Memory technology
1548:interrupt handler
1537:interrupt latency
1531:Interrupt latency
1503:Texas Instruments
1216:SDCC for the 8051
1180:assembly language
1164:math coprocessors
1019:volatile memory (
752:assembly language
715:personal computer
619:Smallest computer
367:One book credits
243:power consumption
154:ferroelectric RAM
140:and programmable
16:(Redirected from
6188:
6181:Microcontrollers
6155:Mobile computing
6140:Embedded systems
6060:Programmable SoC
5979:System on a chip
5972:
5965:
5958:
5949:
5948:
5934:
5933:
5769:Calculator watch
5752:Activity tracker
5537:
5536:
5361:
5360:
5274:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5220:
5219:
5178:Processor design
5070:Power management
4952:Instruction unit
4813:Branch predictor
4762:
4761:
4460:System on a chip
4402:
4401:
4242:Transistor count
4166:Flynn's taxonomy
4023:
4022:
3881:
3880:
3684:Addressing modes
3595:
3594:
3541:Memory hierarchy
3405:Hypercomputation
3323:Abstract machine
3300:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3213:By manufacturer
3157:Nexus (standard)
3091:
3090:
2609:
2608:
2512:Microcontrollers
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2321:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2181:. Archived from
2171:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2100:. Archived from
2090:
2081:
2080:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2009:. Archived from
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1949:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1851:. Archived from
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1822:. Archived from
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1772:
1726:System on a chip
1715:
1710:
1709:
1693:NOR Flash memory
1661:Freescale 68HC11
1571:critical section
1520:Toshiba TLCS-870
1404:Maxim Integrated
1359:Freescale 68HC11
1211:their hardware.
1200:embedded systems
1157:bit manipulation
1138:embedded systems
861:power converters
760:read-only memory
695:operating system
669:
665:
664:
660:
647:
639:
633:
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
547:
543:
539:
528:
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
493:
482:
475:
345:, and the 8-bit
292:in 1969 and the
240:
200:embedded systems
177:system on a chip
84:in the same chip
75:
67:
64:
21:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6100:
6071:
6066:Microcontroller
6036:
6022:Media processor
6017:Image processor
5982:
5976:
5946:
5941:
5922:
5879:Microcontroller
5869:Embedded system
5857:
5826:
5795:
5738:
5710:
5706:Ultra-mobile PC
5615:
5592:
5518:
5419:
5352:
5256:
5247:
5217:
5212:
5198:Tick–tock model
5156:
5112:
5101:
5041:
5025:Address decoder
4979:
4933:
4929:Program counter
4904:Status register
4885:
4840:
4800:Load–store unit
4767:
4760:
4687:
4656:
4557:
4514:Image processor
4489:
4482:
4452:
4446:
4422:Microcontroller
4412:Embedded system
4400:
4300:
4233:
4222:
4160:
4110:
4008:
3985:
3969:Re-order buffer
3940:
3921:Data dependency
3907:
3866:
3696:
3690:
3589:
3588:Instruction set
3582:
3568:Multiprocessing
3536:Cache hierarchy
3529:Register/memory
3453:
3353:Queue automaton
3309:
3304:
3274:
3269:
3255:Embedded system
3243:
3193:
3188:In-target probe
3145:
3078:
3050:
2881:
2804:
2658:
2598:
2535:
2514:
2509:
2472:Microcontroller
2468:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2312:
2308:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2098:www.additude.se
2092:
2091:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1930:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1653:
1631:
1615:
1533:
1527:architectures.
1463:V850 32-bit MCU
1451:RL78 16-bit MCU
1302:
1296:
1176:
1106:clock generator
904:
828:
801:mask-programmed
743:
723:
688:embedded system
684:
682:Embedded design
667:
662:
658:
657:
645:
634:
628:
621:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
545:
541:
537:
526:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
491:
480:
476:
473:
450:
448:Volume and cost
365:
329:Masatoshi Shima
305:Federico Faggin
286:
276:
271:
238:
216:data collection
166:microprocessors
134:processor cores
98:microcontroller
73:
65:
62:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6194:
6184:
6183:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6160:Unified memory
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6131:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6027:AI accelerator
6024:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5994:Microprocessor
5990:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5975:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5952:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5545:
5543:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5391:Personal super
5383:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5286:Arcade cabinet
5282:
5280:
5271:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5250:Computer sizes
5246:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5223:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5203:Pin grid array
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5037:Barrel shifter
5034:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5020:Binary decoder
5017:
5016:
5015:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Stack register
4906:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4802:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4772:
4770:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:AI accelerator
4500:
4494:
4492:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4469:
4466:Multiprocessor
4463:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4417:Microprocessor
4414:
4408:
4406:
4405:By application
4399:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Tile processor
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4134:Hyperthreading
4126:
4120:
4118:
4116:Multithreading
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4029:
4027:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Pipeline stall
3889:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3842:z/Architecture
3839:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3592:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3546:Virtual memory
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3370:Turing machine
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2466:External links
2464:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2422:
2407:
2400:
2374:
2360:
2339:
2332:
2306:
2286:
2266:
2246:
2226:
2202:
2188:
2185:on 2015-02-18.
2163:
2146:
2129:
2114:
2082:
2061:
2037:
2023:
2007:Circuit Cellar
1993:
1968:
1939:
1921:
1896:
1865:
1836:
1818:
1796:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:Microprocessor
1717:
1716:
1700:
1697:
1652:
1649:
1630:
1627:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1578:
1567:
1544:context switch
1532:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:(8-bit/16-bit)
1517:
1500:
1479:
1473:
1471:R8C 16-bit MCU
1444:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1394:32-bit TriCore
1390:32-bit XMC4000
1375:
1365:
1356:
1346:
1337:
1332:(32-bit), and
1320:
1319:
1318:
1295:
1292:
1182:, but various
1175:
1172:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1097:PWM generators
1086:
1064:
1049:
1046:
1024:
1017:
903:
900:
827:
824:
742:
739:
722:
719:
683:
680:
678:applications.
620:
617:
514:for 4-/8-bit,
471:
449:
446:
364:
361:
353:MOS Technology
275:
272:
270:
267:
245:(single-digit
204:microprocessor
34:computer on a
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6193:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5973:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5938:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Smart speaker
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5291:Diskless node
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5239:
5237:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5108:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Demultiplexer
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Memory buffer
4917:
4915:
4914:Register file
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Combinational
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
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4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Scoreboarding
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3936:False sharing
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:Stanford MIPS
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:architectures
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Heterogeneous
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3509:Memory access
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Random-access
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Stack machine
3420:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:with datapath
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:NXP/Freescale
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
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2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2799:
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2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
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2779:
2776:
2774:
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2759:
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2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
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2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
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2688:
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2675:
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2647:
2645:
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2640:
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2607:
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2601:
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2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2541:Architectures
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2458:
2453:
2442:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2335:
2333:9780750655460
2329:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2118:
2104:on 2020-08-03
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2013:on 2007-09-27
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1914:September 16,
1909:
1903:
1901:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1855:on 2019-06-27
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1826:on 2010-02-17
1825:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
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1757:
1754:
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1742:
1739:
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1714:
1708:
1703:
1696:
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1690:
1686:
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1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1635:register file
1626:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1605:optimization.
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:architecture.
1591:
1587:
1583:
1581:environments.
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:RX 32-bit MCU
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:(32-bit) and
1350:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:CircuitPython
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1155:intended for
1152:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1130:circuit board
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
996:
991:
987:
985:
977:
973:
969:
968:motor control
965:
962:
958:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:using a 1200
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
840:
835:
833:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
738:
736:
732:
728:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
679:
677:
673:
655:
651:
650:photovoltaics
643:
638:
632:
626:
613:
609:
604:
600:
580:
559:, 16-bit for
553:
534:
532:
527:US$ 4 billion
523:
522:for 32-bit).
503:
497:
489:
484:
470:
465:
461:
457:
455:
445:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
396:
392:
388:
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376:
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370:
360:
358:
354:
350:
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344:
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334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
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291:
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266:
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252:
248:
244:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
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209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:) along with
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:) is a small
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:
83:
79:
71:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
40:microcomputer
37:
33:
19:
6076:Alternatives
6065:
5901:Single-board
5878:
5786:Smartglasses
5729:Programmable
5654:Mobile phone
5507:Blade server
5346:Microconsole
5341:Home console
5208:Chip carrier
5146:Clock gating
5065:Mixed-signal
4962:Write buffer
4939:Control unit
4751:Clock signal
4490:accelerators
4472:Cypress PSoC
4421:
4129:Simultaneous
3946:Out-of-order
3578:Neuromorphic
3459:Architecture
3417:Belt machine
3410:Zeno machine
3343:Hierarchical
3069:ARM Cortex-R
2940:ARM Cortex-R
2511:
2452:
2441:the original
2432:
2425:
2410:
2383:
2377:
2363:
2347:
2342:
2317:
2309:
2303:, 2018-03-19
2295:
2289:
2283:, 2018-03-19
2275:
2269:
2263:, 2018-06-22
2255:
2249:
2243:, 2018-06-21
2235:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2191:
2183:the original
2178:
2117:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:the original
2097:
2076:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:
2040:
2026:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:the original
2006:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:
1960:. Retrieved
1933:
1912:. Retrieved
1888:. Retrieved
1883:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:the original
1848:
1839:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:the original
1809:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1779:
1770:
1674:
1654:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1616:
1608:
1556:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1398:32-bit Aurix
1386:16-bit XE166
1344:Cypress PSoC
1315:ARM Cortex-M
1303:
1273:
1262:
1248:; BASIC and
1236:
1220:Interpreters
1213:
1177:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1057:serial ports
1053:input/output
1039:Flash memory
992:
988:
981:
957:flash memory
950:ARM Cortex-M
877:
855:A dedicated
854:
847:
836:
829:
805:
798:
791:
787:
768:
756:machine code
744:
724:
692:
685:
622:
581:
579:for 5,000).
554:
552:for 5,000).
535:
524:
518:for 16-bit,
504:
485:
478:
467:
464:telephones.
462:
458:
451:
443:
439:Flash memory
420:
414:
400:
384:
377:
366:
351:
317:Marcian Hoff
309:silicon-gate
307:, using his
287:
232:
228:edge devices
208:Mixed-signal
193:
189:coprocessors
174:
142:input/output
124:on a single
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
95:
6004:controllers
5644:Handheld PC
5576:Subnotebook
5554:Convertible
5415:Workstation
5408:Home server
5331:Thin client
5311:Rich client
4993:Multiplexer
4957:Data buffer
4668:Single-core
4640:bit slicing
4498:Coprocessor
4353:Coprocessor
4234:performance
4156:Cooperative
4146:Speculative
4106:Distributed
4065:Superscalar
4050:Instruction
4018:Parallelism
3991:Speculative
3823:System/3x0
3695:Instruction
3472:Von Neumann
3385:Post–Turing
3094:Programming
2857:PIC24/dsPIC
2793:Rabbit 2000
2604:Word length
1886:. p. 4
1746:Microbotics
1642:BASIC Stamp
1586:LDREX/STREX
1441:Rabbit 2000
1382:8-bit XC800
1224:MicroPython
1089:peripherals
808:peripherals
779:ultraviolet
646:0.3 mm
567:for 100 or
407:ultraviolet
363:Development
61:running at
38:(PCB), see
6117:chronology
5987:Components
5791:Smart ring
5779:Sportwatch
5774:Smartwatch
5757:Smart band
5734:Scientific
5716:Calculator
5676:Palmtop PC
5669:Smartphone
5606:Detachable
5431:All-in-one
5381:Industrial
5278:Appliances
5113:management
5008:Multiplier
4869:Logic gate
4859:Sequential
4766:Functional
4746:Clock rate
4719:Data cache
4692:Components
4673:Multi-core
4661:Core count
4151:Preemptive
4055:Pipelining
4038:Bit-serial
3981:Wide-issue
3926:Structural
3848:Tilera ISA
3814:MicroBlaze
3784:ETRAX CRIS
3679:Comparison
3524:Load–store
3504:Endianness
3131:Bootloader
3087:Interfaces
2356:0123944244
2220:2018-07-11
2108:2019-01-16
2055:2018-07-11
2050:semico.com
2017:2018-07-11
1987:2018-07-11
1962:2024-06-18
1932:Motorola.
1890:2016-04-04
1859:2019-06-27
1830:2009-12-23
1762:References
1663:and early
1512:(32-bit),
1508:(16-bit),
1495:(32-bit),
1491:(16-bit),
1368:Intel 8051
1298:See also:
1282:(ICE) via
1264:Simulators
1234:standard.
1196:JavaScript
1186:, such as
1110:RC circuit
1071:interfaces
1016:processors
959:, 24
812:interfaces
748:high-level
721:Interrupts
672:blockchain
642:Cortex-M0+
629:0.04
483:per unit.
387:Intel 8048
347:Intel 8080
343:Intel 8008
336:Intel 4040
321:Stan Mazor
315:engineers
301:Intel 4004
274:Background
247:milliwatts
74:2048 bytes
6112:Processor
5913:Smartdust
5848:Minisuper
5843:Mainframe
5822:Supermini
5586:Smartbook
5561:Cloudbook
5463:Pizza box
5357:Computers
5316:Simulator
5047:Circuitry
4967:Microcode
4891:Registers
4734:coherence
4709:CPU cache
4567:Word size
4232:Processor
3876:Execution
3779:DEC Alpha
3757:Power ISA
3573:Cognitive
3380:Universal
3168:debugWIRE
3150:Debugging
3074:PowerPC64
3011:Propeller
2719:MELPS 740
1689:8051-core
1677:MC68HC805
1675:Motorola
1603:tail call
1506:TI MSP430
1487:(8-bit),
1328:(8-bit),
1326:Atmel AVR
1268:simulator
1204:Compilers
954:kilobytes
935:nanometer
865:resistive
731:interrupt
727:real-time
703:solenoids
597:US$ 0.466
593:US$ 0.503
589:US$ 0.464
585:US$ 0.319
577:US$ 0.466
573:US$ 0.503
569:US$ 0.349
565:US$ 0.563
561:US$ 0.393
546:US$ 0.378
542:US$ 0.385
538:US$ 0.311
327:engineer
259:interrupt
224:actuating
183:(GPU), a
146:NOR flash
66:128 bytes
6175:Category
5937:Category
5809:Midrange
5744:Wearable
5724:Graphing
5701:Siftable
5634:E-reader
5621:Handheld
5571:Notebook
5512:Blade PC
5495:Stick PC
5475:Portable
5458:Deskside
5441:Tabletop
5386:Personal
5326:Smart TV
4985:Datapath
4678:Manycore
4650:variable
4488:Hardware
4124:Temporal
3804:OpenRISC
3499:Cellular
3489:Dataflow
3482:modified
3248:See also
3227:Infineon
3021:TLCS-900
2987:ColdFire
2908:Cortex-M
2872:TLCS-900
2798:TLCS-870
2078:billion.
1982:Embedded
1699:See also
1685:PIC16C84
1657:firmware
1651:Firmware
1516:(32-bit)
1378:Infineon
1336:(32-bit)
1288:debugger
1254:Zilog Z8
1101:watchdog
1091:such as
1055:such as
896:Ethernet
794:firmware
741:Programs
635:16
557:US$ 0.03
550:US$ 0.35
529:, while
520:US$ 1.76
516:US$ 0.59
512:US$ 0.69
508:US$ 0.88
492:US$ 0.03
481:US$ 0.10
472:—
427:PIC16C84
373:TMS 1000
241:for low
168:used in
162:embedded
122:computer
53:from an
6105:Related
6056:(MPSoC)
5664:Feature
5611:Phablet
5581:Netbook
5485:Mini PC
5453:Desktop
5446:Surface
5424:By size
5254:classes
5161:Related
5092:Quantum
5082:Digital
5077:Boolean
4975:Counter
4874:Quantum
4635:512-bit
4630:256-bit
4625:128-bit
4468:(MPSoC)
4453:on chip
4451:Systems
4269:(FLOPS)
4082:Process
3931:Control
3913:Hazards
3799:Itanium
3794:Unicore
3752:PowerPC
3477:Harvard
3437:Pointer
3432:Counter
3390:Quantum
3170:(Atmel)
3164:(JTAG)
3026:TriCore
2999:PowerPC
2895:Am29000
2768:ST6/ST7
2649:TMS1000
2644:TLCS-47
2301:Fortune
1789:22 July
1443:(8-bit)
1435:PowerPC
1355:(8-bit)
1334:AT91SAM
1252:on the
1232:CPython
1124:support
1051:serial
1043:program
966:(CPU),
937:process
925:-based
894:), and
867:loads,
816:AT91CAP
661:⁄
614:package
325:Busicom
269:History
253:for an
251:waiting
220:sensing
150:OTP ROM
63:12 MHz,
6122:design
6062:(PSoC)
5935:
5889:Rugged
5862:Others
5686:Pocket
5659:Camera
5598:Tablet
5549:2-in-1
5541:Laptop
5532:Mobile
5403:Server
5398:Public
5371:Gaming
5364:By use
5270:Static
5097:Switch
5087:Analog
4825:(IMC)
4796:(MMU)
4645:others
4620:64-bit
4615:48-bit
4610:32-bit
4605:24-bit
4600:16-bit
4595:15-bit
4590:12-bit
4427:Mobile
4343:Stream
4338:Barrel
4333:Vector
4322:(GPU)
4281:(SUPS)
4249:(IPC)
4101:Memory
4094:Vector
4077:Thread
4060:Scalar
3862:Others
3809:RISC-V
3774:SuperH
3743:Power
3739:MIPS-X
3714:PDP-11
3563:Fabric
3315:Models
3127:(HVPP)
3121:(HVSP)
3103:(ICSP)
3056:64-bit
3046:Z80000
3041:Xtensa
3016:SuperH
3004:MPC5xx
2887:32-bit
2852:MSP430
2842:CR16/C
2823:68HC12
2818:65C816
2810:16-bit
2714:65C265
2709:65C134
2687:68HC11
2682:68HC08
2677:68HC05
2654:ÎĽCOM-4
2626:COP400
2621:Am2900
2589:RISC-V
2579:MPS430
2476:Curlie
2398:
2354:
2330:
1816:
1681:EEPROM
1667:) had
1510:MSP432
1459:SuperH
1192:Python
1099:, and
1093:timers
1066:other
1035:EEPROM
1014:64-bit
1010:32-bit
915:EEPROM
869:motors
783:EEPROM
699:relays
668:$ 0.10
496:32-bit
423:EEPROM
338:, the
323:, and
138:memory
80:, and
30:For a
6136:(DSP)
6097:(PoP)
6091:(SiP)
6085:(MCM)
6068:(MCU)
6050:(NoC)
6041:Types
6013:(GPU)
5999:cores
5981:(SoC)
5853:Super
5831:Large
5468:Tower
5436:Panel
5262:Micro
5153:(PPW)
5111:Power
5003:Adder
4879:Array
4846:Logic
4807:(TLB)
4790:(FPU)
4784:(AGU)
4778:(ALU)
4768:units
4704:Cache
4585:8-bit
4580:4-bit
4575:1-bit
4539:(TPU)
4533:(DSP)
4527:(PPU)
4521:(VPU)
4510:(GPU)
4479:(NoC)
4462:(SoC)
4397:(PoP)
4391:(SiP)
4385:(MCM)
4326:GPGPU
4316:(CPU)
4306:Types
4287:(PPW)
4275:(TPS)
4263:(IPS)
4255:(CPI)
4026:Level
3837:S/390
3832:S/370
3827:S/360
3769:SPARC
3747:POWER
3630:TRIPS
3598:Types
3217:Intel
3202:Lists
3190:(ITP)
3184:(ICE)
3178:(ICD)
3141:aWire
3115:(PDI)
3109:(ISP)
2994:PIC32
2982:68000
2977:MN103
2945:AVR32
2928:STM32
2913:EFM32
2877:Z8000
2832:80186
2741:XC800
2664:8-bit
2639:S1C6x
2634:PPS-4
2630:MARC4
2613:4-bit
2549:68000
2444:(PDF)
2437:(PDF)
2326:–12.
1957:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1669:EPROM
1598:ones.
1590:ARMv6
1514:C2000
1493:STM32
1396:and,
1330:AVR32
1294:Types
1276:debug
1250:FORTH
1243:Intel
1239:BASIC
1166:, so
1073:like
1061:UARTs
1031:EPROM
1006:4-bit
919:EPROM
873:loops
820:Atmel
818:from
775:EPROM
764:flash
531:4-bit
500:US$ 1
488:8-bit
431:EPROM
403:EPROM
340:8-bit
333:4-bit
313:Intel
297:MP944
255:event
239:4 kHz
235:words
185:Wi-Fi
152:, or
112:) or
108:, or
78:EPROM
55:Intel
32:small
6145:FPGA
6129:CPLD
6032:ASIC
5884:Nano
5838:Grid
5817:Mini
5502:Rack
5490:Plug
5376:Home
5252:and
5131:ACPI
4864:Glue
4756:FIFO
4699:Core
4437:ASIP
4378:CPLD
4373:FPOA
4368:FPGA
4363:ASIC
4216:SPMD
4211:MIMD
4206:MISD
4199:SWAR
4179:SIMD
4174:SISD
4089:Data
4072:Task
4043:Word
3789:M32R
3734:MIPS
3697:sets
3664:ZISC
3659:NISC
3654:OISC
3649:MISC
3642:EPIC
3637:VLIW
3625:EDGE
3615:RISC
3610:CISC
3519:HUMA
3514:NUMA
3031:V850
2972:M32R
2967:H8SX
2960:FR-V
2867:RL78
2837:C166
2788:eZ80
2773:STM8
2753:COP8
2736:8051
2731:8048
2704:6502
2697:RS08
2672:6800
2574:MIPS
2554:8051
2519:Main
2396:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2281:CNET
2261:CNET
1916:2018
1814:ISBN
1791:2019
1629:Data
1564:RISC
1497:SPC5
1489:ST10
1485:STM8
1410:MIPS
1284:JTAG
1246:8052
1206:for
1194:and
1120:and
1081:and
1041:for
970:and
927:CMOS
832:GPIO
810:and
750:and
612:TQFP
454:CPUs
411:PROM
393:and
357:6502
319:and
282:and
222:and
130:CPUs
49:The
5126:APM
5121:PMU
5013:CPU
4970:ROM
4741:Bus
4358:PAL
4033:Bit
3819:LMC
3724:ARM
3719:x86
3709:VAX
3136:ROM
3064:ARC
2950:CRX
2933:XMC
2923:SAM
2918:LPC
2905:ARM
2900:ARC
2862:R8C
2847:H8S
2783:Z80
2748:AVR
2726:78K
2692:S08
2594:x86
2584:PIC
2569:AVR
2564:ARM
2559:ARC
2474:at
2388:doi
1437:ISE
1418:PIC
1353:S08
1309:ARM
1075:I²C
1037:or
1027:ROM
1021:RAM
1012:or
961:MHz
946:Die
923:ROM
911:Die
892:USB
888:SPI
884:I²C
707:LED
608:PIC
415:OTP
395:ROM
391:RAM
158:RAM
118:MCU
82:I/O
76:of
70:RAM
68:of
59:CPU
51:die
6177::
5060:3D
3036:RX
2955:FR
2827:16
2778:Z8
2758:H8
2394:.
2324:11
2299:,
2279:,
2259:,
2239:,
2213:.
2177:.
2166:^
2149:^
2132:^
2096:.
2085:^
2064:^
2048:.
2005:.
1980:.
1942:^
1924:^
1899:^
1882:.
1868:^
1847:.
1808:.
1782:.
1778:.
1637:.
1469:;
1467:H8
1465:;
1461:;
1457:;
1453:;
1449::
1388:,
1384:,
1380::
1260:.
1202:.
1190:,
1077:,
1033:,
1029:,
898:.
878:A
875:.
863:,
822:.
705:,
701:,
663:10
637:nW
631:mm
606:A
369:TI
230:.
218:,
191:.
148:,
110:ÎĽC
106:UC
104:,
102:MC
96:A
72:,
5971:e
5964:t
5957:v
5242:e
5235:t
5228:v
3299:e
3292:t
3285:v
2825:/
2504:e
2497:t
2490:v
2419:.
2404:.
2390::
2358:.
2336:.
2223:.
2199:.
2160:.
2143:.
2126:.
2111:.
2058:.
2034:.
2020:.
1990:.
1965:.
1918:.
1893:.
1862:.
1833:.
1793:.
1188:C
1063:)
1059:(
978:.
921:/
917:/
659:1
510:(
132:(
116:(
100:(
42:.
20:)
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