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903:.Significant subduction zones were active along practically all of the continental edges surrounding Pangea, as well as in southern Tibet, southeastern Europe, and other locations, to allow the formation of fresh seabed in the proto-Atlantic Ocean. Plate tectonic activity in subduction zones caused the construction of north-south mountain ranges such as the Rocky Mountains and the Andes all along the west coast of North, Central, and South America.
25:
205:
1112:
Cresta, S.; Goy, A.; Arias, C.; Barrón, E.; Bernad, J.; Canales, M.; García-Joral, F.; García-Romero, E; Gialanella, P.; Gómez, J.; González, J.; Herrero, C.; Martínez2, G.; Osete, M.; Perilli, N.; Villalaín, J. (September 2001).
1201:
1014:
and mammals. Mammals remained quite small, but were diverse and numerous in faunas from around the world. Tritylodonts were larger, and also had an almost global distribution.
1366:
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R.L., and Luo, Z.-X. 2004. Mammals from the age of dinosaurs: origins evolution and structure. 630 pp. Columbia
University Press, New York.
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first appeared. In the
Jurassic seas, a wide range of animals swam. Cartilaginous and bony fish were plentiful. Large fish and marine reptiles were plentiful.
1569:
1379:
1264:"Considerations on the age of the Tiouaren Formation (Iullemmeden Basin, Niger, Africa): Implications for Gondwanan Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas"
665:
659:
1216:"Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae"
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Stratigraphic framework for the Middle
Jurassic strata of Great Britain and the adjoining continental shelf: research report RR/11/06
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Rates of dinosaur body mass evolution indicate 170 million years of sustained ecological innovation on the avian stem lineage
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1115:"The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Toarcian-Aalenian Boundary (Lower-Middle Jurassic)"
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811:. Fossils of land-dwelling animals, such as dinosaurs, from the Middle Jurassic are relatively rare, but
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1312:
Benson RBJ, Campione NE, Carrano MT, Mannion PD, Sullivan C, Upchurch P, and Evans DC. 2014.
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1016:
The first crown-group mammals appeared in the late Early
Jurassic. A group of cynodonts, the
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Second part of the
Jurassic geological period, from 174 to 161 million years ago
2193:
2012:
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1170:"Evolutionary Transitions Among Dinosaurs: Examples from the Jurassic of China"
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Close, Roger A.; Friedman, Matt; Lloyd, Graeme T.; Benson, Roger B.J. (2015).
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continued to collide with
Laurasia's southern coast, completely closing the
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Middle
Jurassic strata of the San Rafael Group, Colorado Plateau.
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on the coast of western North
America continued to create the
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1328:"Evidence for a mid-Jurassic adaptive radiation in mammals"
1234:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0548:DOMDTI]2.0.CO;2
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formed. Eastern
Laurasia was tectonically active as the
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The Middle
Jurassic is one of the key periods in the
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221:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1204:. British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham.
1269:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
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983:emerged during the Middle Jurassic, (including
915:on Earth. Many groups, including dinosaurs and
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548:Subdivision of the Jurassic according to the
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1306:
1032:were dominant in the Middle Jurassic. Other
1262:Rauhut; Lopez-Arbarello (15 January 2009).
1153:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1101:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
815:containing land animal fossils include the
555:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
209:Map of the world during the Middle Jurassic
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1096:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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748:Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
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807:. It lasted from about 174.1 to 161.5
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734:Upper boundary definition candidates
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2169:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
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1397:The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
1316:. PLoS Biology 12, no. 5: e1001853.
974:
13:
2173:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1221:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1194:
871:During the Middle Jurassic Epoch,
535:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
14:
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2177:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1200:British Geological Survey. 2011.
1174:Evolution: Education and Outreach
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2198:
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1214:Allain, Ronan (24 August 2010).
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967:became common at this time, and
919:, diversified during this time.
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34:needs additional citations for
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1:
1616:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
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1290:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.019
979:Many of the major groups of
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1579:Geological history of Earth
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346:
10:
2250:
1852:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1847:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1611:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1399:. Oxford University Press.
1168:Clark, James (June 2009).
131:174.7 ± 0.8 – 161.5 ± 1.0
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2136:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
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1187:10.1007/s12052-009-0137-0
901:Ancestral Rocky Mountains
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1976:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1821:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1673:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1663:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
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906:
740:Cardioceras redcliffense
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2126:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2091:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2086:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2029:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1919:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1826:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1637:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
875:began to separate into
817:Forest Marble Formation
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2229:Jurassic geochronology
2096:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2065:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2024:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1971:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1816:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1642:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
947:, grew to the size of
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2101:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2060:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1981:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1668:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1386:Palaeontology Online.
813:geological formations
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2141:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2034:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1914:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1904:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1450:Lower/Early Jurassic
1375:Panciroli, E. 2017.
737:Horizon of Ammonite
729:Not formally defined
43:improve this article
2196: •
2185: •
2183:Geologic time scale
1945:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1909:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1878:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1773:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1742:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1460:Upper/Late Jurassic
1282:2009PPP...271..259R
1080:Paleontology portal
1002:Descendants of the
857:Isalo III Formation
849:Tiouraren Formation
821:Kilmaluag Formation
718:Lower GSSP ratified
698: /
673:Lower boundary GSSP
640:Time span formality
2194:Geology portal
2055:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1950:Early (470–485 Ma)
1883:Early (393–419 Ma)
1778:Early (247–252 Ma)
1747:Early (174–201 Ma)
1716:Early (100–145 Ma)
1711:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1382:2020-08-03 at the
1048:were also common.
927:During this time,
893:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
790:
702:41.1708°N 1.8333°W
666:Leioceras lineatum
660:Leioceras opalinum
630:Stratigraphic unit
620:Chronological unit
607:Time scale(s) used
2234:Geological epochs
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1873:Late (359–383 Ma)
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1737:Late (145–164 Ma)
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1602:(present–2.58 Ma)
1590:(present–66.0 Ma)
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1377:The First Mammals
1338:(16): 2137–2142.
951:and larger (e.g.
809:million years ago
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1066:Geology portal
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995:and primitive
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867:Paleogeography
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841:Itat Formation
839:in China, the
796:is the second
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512:
508:
507:
501:
500:
494:
493:
487:
486:
480:
479:
473:
472:
466:
465:
459:
458:
452:
451:
445:
444:
438:
437:
431:
430:
424:
423:
415:
414:
406:
405:
397:
396:
390:
389:
381:
380:
370:
369:
359:
358:
348:
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345:
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335:
330:
325:
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315:
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305:
300:
295:
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285:
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275:
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255:
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245:
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230:
225:
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217:
216:
212:
211:
208:
200:
199:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2246:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2112:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2010:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1792:Paleozoic Era
1789:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:(66.0–145 Ma)
1697:
1694:
1692:
1690:(66.0–252 Ma)
1684:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Pliensbachian
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1018:trithelodonts
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:
956:
955:
950:
949:killer whales
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
920:
918:
914:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:Daohugou Beds
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
786:
776:
772:
768:
765:
763:
759:
755:
752:
751:
750:
746:
742:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
682:
678:
675:
671:
668:
667:
662:
661:
657:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
635:
632:
628:
625:
622:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
565:
553:
552:, as of 2022.
551:
544:
536:
532:
527:
526:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
448:
447:Pliensbachian
441:
434:
427:
419:
410:
401:
393:
386:
385:
377:
375:
366:
365:
355:
353:
223:
218:
213:
206:
201:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
134:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
99:February 2024
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2179:
2115:Archean Eon
2077:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
1962:(485–539 Ma)
1931:(444–485 Ma)
1895:(419–444 Ma)
1864:(359–419 Ma)
1838:(299–359 Ma)
1807:(252–299 Ma)
1795:(252–539 Ma)
1759:(201–252 Ma)
1741:
1728:(145–201 Ma)
1687:Mesozoic Era
1587:Cenozoic Era
1527:Kimmeridgian
1454:
1391:
1371:
1362:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1293:. Retrieved
1273:
1267:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1225:
1219:
1209:
1196:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1149:cite journal
1137:. Retrieved
1125:
1121:
1107:
1090:
1028:
1012:tritylodonts
1001:
989:brachiosaurs
978:
960:Liopleurodon
958:
952:
941:Ichthyosaurs
926:
910:
870:
793:
791:
738:
664:
658:
547:
496:Kimmeridgian
408:
382:
371:
360:
349:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2151:Hadean Eon
1929:Ordovician
1700:Cretaceous
1600:Quaternary
1139:13 December
997:ornithopods
993:megalosaurs
965:Plesiosaurs
931:(including
929:marine life
923:Marine life
859:of western
705: /
2218:Categories
2153:(4–4.6 Ga)
2117:(2.5–4 Ga)
2046:(1–1.6 Ga)
1652:Paleogene
1475:Sinemurian
1470:Hettangian
1052:References
1036:, such as
1004:therapsids
985:cetiosaurs
954:Pliosaurus
883:, and the
861:Madagascar
855:, and the
690:41°10′15″N
677:Fuentelsaz
615:Definition
440:Sinemurian
433:Hettangian
215:Chronology
69:newspapers
2180:See also:
1960:Cambrian
1893:Silurian
1862:Devonian
1757:Triassic
1726:Jurassic
1532:Tithonian
1522:Oxfordian
1511:Callovian
1506:Bathonian
1008:cynodonts
981:dinosaurs
945:pliosaurs
933:ammonites
693:1°50′00″W
656:Ammonites
567:Etymology
503:Tithonian
489:Oxfordian
482:Callovian
475:Bathonian
1805:Permian
1626:Neogene
1501:Bajocian
1496:Aalenian
1485:Toarcian
1380:Archived
1354:26190074
1295:12 April
1247:10 April
1242:85751613
1122:Episodes
1038:ginkgoes
1030:Conifers
937:bivalves
881:Gondwana
877:Laurasia
825:Scotland
802:Jurassic
771:Provence
767:Savouron
598:Global (
468:Bajocian
461:Aalenian
454:Toarcian
374:Jurassic
352:Mesozoic
1278:Bibcode
917:mammals
873:Pangaea
800:of the
654:of the
529:←
426:Early K
342:–
332:–
322:–
312:–
302:–
292:–
282:–
272:–
262:–
252:–
242:–
232:–
83:scholar
2159:
1352:
1240:
1044:, and
1042:cycads
1034:plants
1006:, the
847:, the
845:Russia
835:, the
833:France
827:, the
805:Period
775:France
758:Dorset
643:Formal
634:Series
575:Formal
519:
514:
509:
409:Middle
392:Late T
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1238:S2CID
1118:(PDF)
1099:(PDF)
1046:ferns
1025:Flora
907:Fauna
853:Niger
798:epoch
681:Spain
624:Epoch
589:Earth
400:Early
90:JSTOR
76:books
1350:PMID
1297:2023
1249:2023
1155:link
1141:2020
935:and
895:. A
879:and
792:The
721:2000
663:and
418:Late
139:PreꞒ
62:news
1340:doi
1286:doi
1274:271
1230:doi
1182:doi
1130:doi
999:).
963:).
851:of
843:in
831:of
823:in
652:FAD
600:ICS
550:ICS
45:by
2220::
2175:Ga
2171:Ma
2167:ka
1348:.
1336:25
1334:.
1330:.
1305:^
1284:.
1272:.
1266:.
1236:.
1226:22
1224:.
1218:.
1176:.
1172:.
1151:}}
1147:{{
1126:24
1124:.
1120:.
1040:,
991:,
987:,
957:,
863:.
773:,
769:,
762:UK
760:,
756:,
679:,
189:Pg
133:Ma
1571:e
1564:t
1557:v
1429:e
1422:t
1415:v
1356:.
1342::
1299:.
1288::
1280::
1251:.
1232::
1190:.
1184::
1178:2
1157:)
1143:.
1132::
743:.
602:)
384:K
363:T
194:N
184:K
179:J
174:T
169:P
164:C
159:D
154:S
149:O
144:Ꞓ
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
