1447:
831:, which gave Mieszko control over the mouth of the Odra River. The German margraves had not opposed Mieszko's activities in Pomerania, perhaps even supported them; the death of the rebellious Wichmann, who succumbed to his wounds soon after the battle, may have been in line with their interests. A telling incident took place after the battle, a testimony to Mieszko's high standing among the Empire's dignitaries, just one year after his baptism: Widukind of Corvey reported that the dying Wichmann asked Mieszko to hand over Wichmann's weapons to Emperor Otto I, to whom Wichmann was related. For Mieszko the victory had to be a satisfying experience, especially in light of his past defeats inflicted by Wichmann.
805:
1120:'s mother died his father married, without permission from the Church, a nun from the monastery in Kalbe, daughter of Margrave Dietrich. Oda was her name and her guilt was great. For she scorned her vows to God, and gave preference to the man of war before him (...). But because of the concern for the well-being of the homeland and the necessity to secure its peace, the event caused no break of relations, instead a proper way was found to restore concord. For thanks to Oda the legion of followers of Christ became augmented, many prisoners returned to their country, the shackled had their chains taken off, and the gates of prisons were opened for the trespassers.
683:
738:
780:. The belief that the baptism was accomplished through the Czechs in order to avoid the dependence on Germany and the German Church is incorrect, because Bohemia would not have its own church organization until 973. At the time of the baptism of Mieszko the existing Bohemian church establishment was a part of the Regensburg diocese. Thus, if the Polish ruler accepted the baptism through Prague's mediation, it had to be sanctioned in Regensburg. However, the religious vocabulary (words like baptism, sermon, prayer, church, apostle, bishop or confirmation) were adopted from the
228:
639:
the majority of modern historians, Thietmar made an error summarizing the chronicle of
Widukind, placing the Gero raid there instead of the fighting that Mieszko conducted at that time against Wichmann the Younger. Other sources make no mention of such conquest and of putting the Polans state on the same footing with the Polabian Slavs. On the other hand, the supporters of the Gero's invasion theory believe that the Margrave did actually carry out a successful invasion, as a result of which Mieszko I was forced to pay tribute to
413:
519:
921:
1019:
1382:
761:, who claimed that it was Dobrawa who convinced her husband to change his religion. Likewise chronicler Thietmar attributes Mieszko's conversion to Dobrawa's influence. There are no reasons to negate Dobrawa's role in Mieszko's acceptance of Roman Catholicism; however, crediting rulers' wives with positive influence over their husbands' actions was a common convention at that time.
31:
1288:
depopulation". It is not clear which Slavic territory was invaded. Perhaps another raid against the
Polabians took place. However, there are indications that it was an expedition against the Czechs, Mieszko's first against his southern neighbors. Possibly on this occasion the Duke of the Polans accomplished the most significant expansion of his state, the takeover of
3016:, Kraków 1895) stated that Mieszko I had at least one son born from a pagan wife. The theory was based on the allegation that Mieszko's son, who was to be placed by order of Otto I in 973 as a hostage after the Imperial Diet of Quedlinburg, could not be Bolesław I the Brave because he was too young. This argument is refuted by Jan Widajewicz (
846:) it is written that Mieszko I had his daughter married to a Pomeranian prince, who previously voluntarily "was washed with the holy water of the baptism" in Poland. The above information, as well as the fact that Bolesław lost Western Pomerania, suggest that the region was not truly incorporated into the Polish state, but only became a
511:. Soon the new ruler faced the task of integrating the relatively large, ethnically and culturally heterogeneous territory. Although the residents of areas controlled by Mieszko spoke mostly one language, had similar beliefs and reached a similar level of economic and general development, they were socially connected primarily by
1256:. Like in 973, Mieszko and the Czech duke Boleslaus II took the side of the Bavarian duke. This fact is confirmed in the chronicle of Thietmar, which noted that "There arrived also, among many other princes: Mieszko, Mściwoj and Boleslaus and promised to support him under oath as the king and ruler".
434:
gives the date of his birth as somewhere between the years 920–931 (depending on the version of the manuscript); however, modern researchers do not recognize the chronicle as a reliable source. Several historians on the basis of their investigations postulated the date of
Mieszko's birth to have been
1511:
Mieszko is chiefly credited with the unification of Polish lands. His state was the first state that could be called Poland. He is often considered the founder, the principal creator and builder of the Polish state. His acceptance of Roman
Catholicism led to the inclusion of Poland in the mainstream
1266:
The role played by
Mieszko I in the subsequent struggles is unclear because the contemporary sources are scarce and not in agreement. Probably in 985 the Polish ruler ended his support for the Bavarian duke and moved to the side of the Emperor. It is believed that Mieszko's motivation was the threat
1199:
autonomous entity. The Danish were defeated c. 991 and their ruler was expelled however this event (recorded by Adam of Bremen)is not seen as entirely reliable and accurate,the claimed 14 years of exile that Sweyn supposedly went through,does not seem to agree with him building churches in rosklide
1051:
was documented in only one source, the chronicles of the monastery in
Altaich in its entry for the year 974. The Duke of Bavaria was defeated, and Emperor Otto II regained full power. Shortly afterwards, the young emperor waged a retaliatory expedition against Bohemia, in 978 forcing Duke Boleslaus
889:
defeated the
Germans in the decisive stage, inflicting great losses among their troops. It may be that Mieszko intentionally staged the retreat, which was followed by a surprise attack on the flank of the German pursuing troops. After this battle, Mieszko and Odo were called to the Imperial Diet in
638:
The chronicle of
Thietmar poses some problems of interpretation of the information regarding the attack of Margrave Gero on the Slavic tribes, as a result of which he purportedly "subordinated to the authority of the Emperor Lusatia and the Selpuli and also Mieszko with his subjects". According to
1073:
in
December of that year. It is uncertain whether the invasion actually took place. The chronicle only stated that it was an expedition "against the Slavs". Archaeological discoveries appear to support the thesis of Otto's invasion. In the last quarter of the 10th century there had been a radical
1006:) were indeed annexed by Mieszko's state in the 970s, as lands valuable for trade reasons and as a starting point for a future attack against what was to become Lesser Poland, then in the hands of Bohemia. Sandomierz under this scenario was the central hub of the area, with Czerwień, Przemyśl and
1354:
is also not completely resolved. Possibly
Mieszko took the region before 990, which is indicated by the vague remark of Thietmar, who wrote of a country taken by Mieszko from Boleslaus. In light of this theory, the conquest of Lesser Poland could be a reason for the war, or its first stage. Many
729:
area. At the same time, the baptism decreased the likelihood of future attacks by German margraves and deprived them of the opportunity to attempt Christianization of Mieszko's lands by force. An additional reason could be Mieszko's desire to remove from power the influential pagan priest class,
1373:, believe that the conquest of the lands around the lower Vistula River took place after Mieszko's death, specifically in 999. There is also a theory according to which during this transition period Lesser Poland was governed by Bolesław, whose authority was granted to him by the Bohemian duke.
876:
There are different hypotheses concerning the reasons for this invasion. Possibly Margrave Odo wanted to stop the growing power of the Polish state. Very likely Odo wanted to protect the Wolinian state, which he considered his zone of influence, from the Polish take-over. Possibly the Wolinians
733:
A different hypothesis is linked with the above-mentioned acceptance of the veracity of Gero's invasion of Poland. According to it, it was the attack of the Margrave that forced the Catholicization, which was to be an act of subordination to the Emperor, done without the mediation of the Pope.
1287:
According to Thietmar and other contemporary chronicles the gift given by Mieszko to the Emperor was a camel. The meeting cemented the Polish-German alliance, with Mieszko joining Otto's expedition against a Slavic land, which "together they wholly devastated (...) with fire and tremendous
1691:
According to one hypothesis there was another daughter of Mieszko, married to a Pomeranian Slavic prince; she could be a daughter of Dobrawa or of one of the previous pagan wives. According to one theory, this unnamed daughter of Mieszko I and her Pomeranian husband were the parents of
1577:
According to Gallus Anonymus, before becoming a Christian Mieszko had seven pagan wives, whom he was required to relinquish, leaving Dobrawa as his only spouse. Nothing is known of the fates of any possible children from these relationships. In 965, before his baptism, Mieszko married
1322:
Whether or not the German-Polish invasion of Bohemia actually happened, the friendly relations between the Czechs and the Poles came to an end. Bohemia resumed its earlier alliance with the Lutici, which, in 990, resulted in a war with Mieszko, who was supported by Empress
1414:
According to the first theory the document was an effort to transform the existing missionary bishopric into a regular organization of the Catholic Church, that would cover all of Mieszko's state. This understanding implies that the arrangement led to payment by Poland of
894:
in 973 to explain and justify their conduct. The exact judgment of the Emperor is unknown, but it is certain that the sentence was not carried out because he died a few weeks after the Diet. It is commonly assumed that the sentence was unfavorable to the Polish ruler. The
867:. According to the chronicles of Thietmar, Odo acted unilaterally, without the Emperor's consent: "Meanwhile, the noble Margrave Hodo, having collected his army attacked Mieszko, who has been faithfully paying tribute to the Emperor (for the lands) up the Warta river."
1047:. Mieszko may have been motivated by revenge because of the (presumably) negative verdict of the Quedlinburg summit, but, more importantly, he may have wanted more favorable terms for his cooperation with Germany. The participation of Mieszko in the conspiracy against
904:
Mieszko's conflict with Odo I was a surprising event because, according to Thietmar, Mieszko respected the Margrave highly. Thietmar wrote that "Mieszko would never wear his outdoor garment in a house where Odo was present, or remain seated after Odo had gotten up."
854:
concerning the Pomeranians: "Although often the leaders of the forces defeated by the Polish duke sought salvation in baptism, as soon as they regained their strength, they repudiated the Christian faith and started the war against Christian anew".
1135:
aristocracy. As a son-in-law of Margrave Dietrich, he gained an ally in one of the most influential politicians of the Holy Roman Empire. As the Margrave was a distant relative of the Emperor, Mieszko became a member of the circle connected to the
2933:
examined the alleged resting place of Mieszko, but found no signs of burial. It is not certain that the Cathedral had already been built before Mieszko's death, and the first mention of this as his burial place comes only from the chronicles of
654:
River). In all probability Mieszko decided to pay tribute in order to avoid an invasion similar to the one that Lusatia had suffered. This homage would take place in 965, or in 966 at the latest. Very likely the tribute applied only to the
1422:
The second theory assumes that the document was created in order to protect the interests of Mieszko's second wife Oda and their sons (who were named in the document) after Mieszko's death. Bolesław, Mieszko's eldest son, whose mother was
1127:
Although Thietmar made no mention of warfare that possibly took place on this occasion, the information on the return of the accord, acting for the good of the country and release of prisoners indicate that a conflict actually did occur.
280:
According to existing sources, Mieszko I was a potent politician, a talented military leader and a charismatic ruler. Through both alliances and military force, he extended ongoing Polish conquests and early in his reign subjugated
1472:
Mieszko died on 25 May 992. Sources give no reasons to believe that his death occurred from causes other than natural. According to Thietmar the Polish ruler died "in an old age, overcame with fever". Probably he was buried in the
1175:
The King of the Swedes, Erik, entered into an alliance with the very powerful King of the Polans, Bolesław. Bolesław gave Erik his daughter or sister. Because of this cooperation the Danes were routed by the Slavs and the
796:, who developed and performed the liturgy in the Slavic rite, more readily understood by Mieszko and his subjects. The Slavic rite church branch had survived in Bohemia for another hundred years after Mieszko's baptism.
618:, a Saxon nobleman who was then a leader of a band of Polabian Slavs, defeated Mieszko twice, and around 963 a brother of Mieszko, whose name is unknown, was killed in the fighting. The frontiers at the mouth of the
659:
land, which was in the German sphere of influence. This understanding of the tribute issue explains why already in 967 Mieszko I was described in the Saxon chronicles as the Emperor's friend (or ally, supporter,
1295:
Thietmar's narrative, however, raises doubts as to whether the joined military operation actually happened. The chronicler claims that a settlement was then concluded between the Emperor and the Bohemian ruler
1303:
Another debatable point is Thietmar's claim that Mieszko "subordinated himself to the King". Most historians believe that it was only a matter of recognition of Otto's royal authority. Some suggest that a
720:
The next step was the baptism of Mieszko. There are different hypotheses concerning this event. Most often it is assumed that it was a political decision, intended to bring Mieszko's state closer to the
1236:
in 983. German authority in the area ceased to exist and the Polabian tribes began to threaten the Empire. The death of Otto II at the end of that year contributed further to the unrest. Ultimately the
229:
3036:"Świętosława, Sygryda, Gunhilda. Tożsamość córki Mieszka I i jej skandynawskie związki [Świętosława, Sygryda, Gunhilda. The identity of Mieszko I's daughter and her Scandinavian relationships"
643:
and also was compelled to adopt Catholicism through the German Church. The thesis that proposes the introduction of Catholicism as a result of this war finds no confirmation in German sources.
1359:
and perhaps a few other important centers. This theory is based on the lack of archaeological discoveries, which would indicate major building investments undertaken by the Bohemian state.
483:–960, probably closer to the latter date. Due to the lack of sources it is not possible to determine exactly which lands he inherited. Certainly among them were the areas inhabited by the
549:"kings", reigning over a vast "northern" area, with a highly regarded and substantial military force at his disposal. More precise contemporary records regarding Mieszko were compiled by
320:
In foreign policy, Mieszko I placed the interests of his country foremost and entered into agreements with his former foes. He successfully used diplomacy by concluding alliances with
568:
had for some time been actively expanding. Continuing this process, perhaps in the first years of Mieszko's reign, if it had not been done already by his father, Mieszko I conquered
1065:
from the 11th century. The effects of this expedition are unknown, but it is suspected that the Emperor did not succeed. Due to bad weather, the Emperor was back at the border of
1082:, which may be associated with the Polish-German war, or the expectation of such. The duration of the expedition suggests that it may have reached as far east as the vicinity of
979:
word "Lachy" meant both the Poles in general and the southeastern Lendians. Mieszko's conquest of Sandomierz could also have taken place later, together with the takeover of the
3336:
1465:, where he participated in the customary exchange of gifts with Otto III and Empress Theophanu. In the same year he took part in a joint expedition with the young king to
1403:, where the Polish ruler placed his lands under the protection of the pope and described their borders. Only a later imprecise summary of the document has been preserved.
1531:
At the end of his rule, Mieszko I left to his sons a territory at least twice as large as what he inherited from his father. The most significant were the additions of
1517:
1474:
1200:
and Lund along with numerous forts.The dynastic alliance with Sweden had probably affected the equipment and composition of Mieszko's troops. Perhaps at that time the
947:
became incorporated into the Polish state. None of it is certain for the lack of written sources. It is possible that especially the Przemyśl area, also inhabited the
1708:
in 1002–1003, was a son of Mieszko and Dobrawa. Although most modern historians reject this claim, Bohemian historiography supported the Piast parentage of Vladivoj.
1492:
According to Thietmar Mieszko I divided his state before his death among a number of princes. They were probably his sons: Bolesław I the Brave, Mieszko and Lambert.
1496:
515:
structures. It appears that the elders cooperating with the Duke first felt the need for super-tribal unity, as expansion allowed them to broaden their influence.
441:
has traditionally been thought to be a diminutive of Mieczysław but this is refuted by the majority of modern historians. According to a legend first described by
2930:
3750:
602:
and Słupian tribes, and as a result came into direct contact with the Polish state. At the same time (about 960) Mieszko I began his expansion against the
1208:..All hostilities with Denmark ended with Sweyn marrying the polish princess’s Gunhild and Swietoslawa along with the queen of Sweden,Sigrid the haughty.
1089:
The Polish-German agreement was concluded in the spring or possibly summer of 980, because in November of that year Otto II left his country and went to
877:
themselves called the Margrave and asked his help. In any event, Odo's forces moved in and on 24 June 972 twice engaged Mieszko's army at the village of
764:
It is generally recognized that the baptism of Mieszko I took place in 966. The place is unknown; it could have had happened in any of the cities of the
2116:
3243:
1274:, in the entry for the year 985 it is noted that Mieszko came to help the Saxons in their fight against some Slavic forces, presumably the Polabians.
1477:. The remains of the first historical ruler of Poland have never been found and the place of his burial is not known with certainty. In 1836–1837 a
1055:
In 977 Mieszko's wife, Dobrawa, died. At first there were no apparent repercussions, as the Polish ruler had maintained his alliance with Bohemia.
1164:. The content of the treaty is known from the traditional account—not entirely reliable, but originating directly from the Danish court—given by
646:
The homage is then a separate issue, since, according to the chronicle of Thietmar, Mieszko actually paid tribute to the Emperor from the lands
788:. It could be that the reason for the Czech preference of Mieszko was the existence in Bohemia of a mission which followed the precepts of the
3471:
3466:
3024:, vol. XVI, 1947, pp. 243–250). Modern historians have no doubts that the Polish prince who was placed as the imperial hostage was Bolesław I.
819:
After the normalization of relations with the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia, Mieszko I returned to his plans to conquer the western part of
784:
and had to come from Dobrawa's entourage and the church elements that arrived with her. Perhaps with her also came the first Polish bishop,
3135:
1267:
posed to his interests by the Polabian Slavs uprising. The upheaval was a problem for both Poland and Germany, but not for Bohemia. In the
1461:
During his last years of life Mieszko remained loyal to the alliance with the Holy Roman Empire. In 991 he arrived at a gathering in
901:
indicates that Mieszko was not present in Quedlinburg during the gathering; instead, he had to send his son Bolesław as a hostage.
3725:
1331:
was taken over by Poland. However, the annexation of Silesia possibly took place around 985, because during this year the major
717:
is likely to have been initiated by the Polish ruler. It is probable that the marriage was officially arranged in February 965.
3730:
3705:
1934:
1890:
1860:
1846:
834:
The exact result of Mieszko's fighting in the west of Pomerania is not known. Subsequent loss of the region by Mieszko's son
1355:
historians suggested that the Czech rule over Lesser Poland was only nominal and likely limited to the indirect control of
864:
435:
between 922–945; the activity of the Duke in his final years of life puts the date of his birth closer to the latter year.
838:
suggests that the conquest was difficult and the hold over that territory rather tenuous. In one version of the legend of
356:
of Poland" for his role in laying the foundations for a Christian Poland. On his death, he left to his son and successor,
3740:
3441:
459:
document, though its origin is uncertain. Historians speculate that it was derived from Mieszko's adopted Christian name
2559:
2532:
2505:
2011:
1300:, which is not mentioned in any other source and is contrary to the realities of the political situation at that time.
2001:
1976:
1878:
1838:
1824:
1810:
3461:
2985:
1446:
1168:. In this text, probably as a result of confusion, he gives instead of Mieszko's name the name of his son Bolesław:
3735:
3635:
3376:
3128:
1900:
1516:
was constructed during Mieszko's rule. It is very likely the Duke also founded the church at Ostrów Tumski and the
1362:
After its incorporation, Lesser Poland supposedly became the part of the country assigned to Mieszko's oldest son,
3446:
3152:
1438:
because it gives a general description of the Polish state's geographical location at the end of Mieszko's reign.
3557:
2883:
This theory has been presented in various forms by historians, including Robert Holtzmann, Stanisław Zakrzewski (
1895:
3660:
804:
242:
3715:
2062:
1427:, was not named in the document. However, one of Mieszko's and Oda's sons, Świętopełk, also was not mentioned.
1684:
1489:) at the Poznań Cathedral, where the damaged remains found in the 14th-century tomb of Bolesław were placed.
1297:
1040:
398:
1949:
ca. 922 (O. Balzer), between 930–932 (A.F. Grabski), ca. 935 (K. Jasiński), between 940–945 (S. Kętrzyński).
1737:
1524:, though according to S. Suchodolski, the monetary system was installed by Mieszko's grandson and namesake,
157:
3562:
2385:
1512:
civilization and political structures of Roman Catholic Europe. He sponsored the erection of churches. The
1249:
1131:
The marriage with Oda considerably affected the position and prestige of Mieszko, who entered the world of
694:
542:
333:
3511:
1750:
After a struggle for power between Bolesław I and Oda with her minor sons (Bolesław's half-brothers), the
416:
According to a legend, Mieszko was blind during the first seven years of life and gained his sight during
3745:
3351:
3121:
1536:
1048:
972:
909:
622:
were also desired by the German margraves. In addition, the Veleti Bohemia, which at that time possessed
614:. According to him, Mieszko I had fought against the Weltaba tribe, commonly identified with the Veleti.
294:
1284:, which reported that "Otto the boy-king ravaged Bohemia, but received Mieszko who arrived with gifts".
3755:
3710:
3650:
2066:
1693:
793:
640:
1204:
warriors were recruited; their presence is indicated by archaeological excavations in the vicinity of
682:
3597:
3493:
1701:
1317:
1253:
1044:
850:. This conjecture seems to be confirmed in the introduction of the first volume of the chronicles of
785:
750:
202:
148:
3406:
3300:
1277:
One year later, the Polish ruler had a personal meeting with the Emperor, an event mentioned in the
381:, which often features in historical writing. Most sources also identify Mieszko I as the father of
3488:
3161:
1716:
1098:
839:
714:
3411:
3356:
3326:
1754:
took control over all of his father's state and expelled his stepmother and her sons from Poland.
576:
was obtained. Mieszko's interests were then concentrated mainly on areas occupied by the eastern (
430:
There is no certain information on Mieszko's life before he took control over his lands. Only the
3526:
3316:
3144:
3095:
2333:, "Kwartalnik Historyczny", Vol. 95, 1988, No. 1. The same argument was also given by S. Szczur,
1981:. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich Wydawn. Polskiej Akademii Nauk. pp. 84, 94.
1183:
Mieszko decided on the alliance with Sweden probably in order to help protect his possessions in
975:
and other strongholds (...)". The exact interpretation of this passage is uncertain, because the
3311:
3284:
357:
140:
69:
3720:
3655:
3645:
3625:
3306:
2472:
1455:
1924:
823:. On 21 September 967 the Polish-Bohemian troops prevailed in the decisive battle against the
753:, the first Polish bishop. It arrived in Poland in around 968, following Mieszko's conversion.
377:
almost a hundred years earlier. The term possibly refers to Mieszko's adopted Christian name,
3587:
3516:
3386:
3381:
3361:
3233:
1547:. He was the first ruler to conduct efficient foreign policy, which included agreements with
812:
554:
3105:
2357:
1751:
1586:
1451:
1363:
1117:
835:
3695:
3630:
3567:
3549:
1724:
1672:
1106:
828:
615:
349:
3481:
2551:
Anatomy of a Duchy: The Political and Ecclesiastical Structures of Early P?emyslid Bohemia
8:
3700:
3605:
3582:
3577:
3416:
3391:
3366:
1712:
1394:
1161:
1094:
390:
360:, a country with greatly expanded territories and a well-established position in Europe.
120:
1676:
1596:
737:
573:
508:
286:
144:
3620:
3534:
3401:
3345:
3321:
3294:
2475:(1976). "Problematyka początków państwa polskiego w nowszych badaniach historycznych".
1743:
1731:
1600:
1579:
1525:
1157:
964:
897:
698:
550:
382:
341:
250:
161:
153:
116:
106:
3615:
3456:
1327:. Duke Boleslaus II was probably the first one to attack. As a result of the conflict
1079:
777:
686:
3640:
3539:
3396:
2555:
2528:
2501:
2007:
1982:
1930:
1905:
1874:
1856:
1842:
1834:
1820:
1806:
1632:
1604:
1513:
1481:
was built for Mieszko I and his successor Bolesław I the Brave in the Golden Chapel (
1435:
1225:
1058:
In 979 Otto II supposedly attacked Poland. Mention of this event can be found in the
960:
871:
765:
677:
611:
530:
345:
329:
246:
127:
885:. At first, the Margrave defeated Mieszko's forces; subsequently the Duke's brother
453:
rather than an actual disability. Another name of Mieszko, "Dagome", appears in the
418:
3421:
3371:
2389:
2256:
ed. by A. Bielowski, vol. II, Lwów 1872; in 966 according to Tadeusz Wojciechowski.
2136:(VIII w. – 1370) (History of Piast Poland (8th century – 1370)), Kraków 1999, p. 77
2123:(VIII w. – 1370) (History of Piast Poland (8th century – 1370)), Kraków 1999, p. 76
1631:. Some researchers, comparing Scandinavian, Polish and German sources state it was
1416:
1370:
1188:
1137:
976:
561:
522:
484:
394:
386:
306:
1311:
1043:, joined the German opposition in support of the attempted imperial succession of
412:
3451:
3436:
2549:
2522:
2495:
2456:
2452:
2436:
1636:
1612:
1482:
1221:
1192:
1022:
851:
789:
758:
450:
442:
423:
222:
196:
1563:
1039:
After the death of Emperor Otto I in 973 Mieszko, like his brother-in-law, Duke
463:
or an abbreviation of the two names – "Dago" for Dagobert and "me" for Mieszko.
445:, Mieszko was blind during his first seven years of life. This typical medieval
3610:
3189:
1720:
1652:
1635:
who was the daughter of Mieszko I and Oda (not Dobrawa) and who became wife of
1620:
1280:
1233:
1165:
1102:
781:
746:
742:
730:
which may have been blocking his efforts to establish a more centralized rule.
726:
722:
661:
585:
565:
546:
301:. His internal reforms were aimed at expanding and improving the so-called war
41:
3426:
2935:
1245:
were able to liberate themselves from German rule for the next two centuries.
293:. For most of his reign, Mieszko I was involved in warfare for the control of
3689:
3572:
3503:
3271:
3009:
2432:
2039:
1986:
1697:
1540:
1351:
1332:
1289:
1263:, but in the same year Henry II gave up his pretension to the German throne.
984:
968:
627:
534:
314:
274:
254:
173:
2384:
The limits were described in the document issued by the bishop of Prague to
1851:
Philip Earl Steele, Homo religiosus: the phenomenon of Poland’s Mieszko I,
518:
2279:
1853:
The dawning of Christianity in Poland and across Central and Eastern Europe
1771:
1399:
1386:
1013:
1003:
948:
496:
455:
369:
3261:
3228:
3088:
2458:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Adminstrando Imperio: Volume 2, Commentary
337:
266:
183:
59:
2639:
It is understood that the marriage took place around 979–980 (S. Szczur,
1520:. Possibly during Mieszko's reign Poland began minting its own coin, the
1466:
1462:
1344:
987:). However, Widukind in the 10th century mentions Mieszko ruled over the
891:
951:, belonged at that time to Bohemia, which supposedly extended up to the
940:
3210:
2947:
1869:, chap. 2.2.1 Państwo gnieźnieńskie Mieszka I (pp. 47–57) i 2.4.1
1696:. Also, a theory exists (apparently based on Thietmar and supported by
1393:
At the end of his life (c. 991–992), Mieszko I, together with his wife
1270:
1201:
956:
936:
769:
633:
298:
1336:
1143:
3203:
3175:
3113:
1406:
There are two main theories concerning reasons behind the issuing of
1324:
1242:
1184:
1066:
980:
952:
908:
It is believed that in practical terms the victory at Cedynia sealed
820:
603:
258:
245:
from 960 until his death in 992 and the founder of the first unified
1544:
1500:
1381:
1356:
1228:. The resulting weakness of the imperial power was exploited by the
1205:
1083:
102:
3251:
3217:
3196:
3035:
1566:
1521:
1478:
944:
920:
592:
460:
446:
378:
353:
302:
1156:. The alliance was sealed with the marriage of Mieszko's daughter
1007:
3289:
3182:
1705:
1680:
1660:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1552:
1548:
1532:
1424:
1328:
1260:
1217:
1153:
1075:
1061:
1018:
886:
882:
773:
630:
regions, constituted a danger for the young state of the Polans.
623:
599:
569:
504:
500:
492:
488:
438:
321:
310:
290:
282:
168:
3256:
3223:
3168:
2346:
According to the reconstruction of the battle by W. Filipiowak.
1723:. She was abducted by her future husband from the monastery of
1668:
1664:
1648:
1624:
1608:
1556:
1312:
War against Bohemia; incorporation of Silesia and Lesser Poland
1305:
1238:
1229:
1149:
1132:
1070:
999:
656:
607:
538:
404:
It is roughly to his borders that Poland was returned in 1945.
373:, which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the
325:
270:
262:
1366:, which is indirectly indicated in the chronicle of Thietmar.
572:. Likely also during that period or earlier, at least part of
1340:
1196:
1090:
824:
651:
512:
364:
344:, who is said to have brought the Christian faith. Mieszko's
809:
Wichmann the Younger Surrenders to the Polish Prince Mieszko
348:
in 966 placed him and his country in the cultural sphere of
3018:
Czy Bolesław Chrobry był w młodości zakładnikiem u Niemców?
2844:, vol. IV chap. 58; this theory is presented by G. Labuda,
2069:, Portal Wiedzy www.portalwiedzy.pan.pl "Nauka", April 2007
1619:. From her second marriage, she probably was the mother of
1148:
Probably in the early 980s Mieszko allied his country with
1010:
assuming the function of defensive borderland strongholds.
847:
619:
595:
581:
374:
30:
1499:
located what's left of Mieszko's palace-chapel complex in
935:
According to archaeological research, during the 970s the
671:
598:
of Meissen conquered territories occupied by the Polabian
1671:(the Anglo-Scandinavian or North Sea Empire), as well as
305:
system. During the last years of his life, he fought the
2030:, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. 37, 1996, pp. 58–59.
1014:
Involvement in German internal disputes; Second marriage
998:
Some historians suggest that the regions of Sandomierz,
971:"went towards the Lachy and took their towns: Przemyśl,
858:
363:
Mieszko I also enigmatically appeared as "Dagome" in a
2527:. Veritas Foundation Publication Centre. p. 114.
1109:. Chronicler Thietmar described the event as follows:
476:
Mieszko I took over the rule after his father's death
35:
Mieszko as imagined by Jan Matejko in the 19th century
2986:"Narodowy Bank Polski - Internet Information Service"
1093:. It appears that during this time Mieszko I married
560:
By the time Mieszko I took over from his father, the
2744:, vol IV, chap. 9; Chronicles of Hildesheim, p. 986.
1211:
634:
Margrave Gero's war; Mieszko's homage to the Emperor
529:
Mieszko and his people were described around 966 by
2331:
Niemcy, Polska a Pomorze Zachodnie w latach 971–972
1441:
1144:
Cooperation with Sweden and the war against Denmark
697:. As a result, in 965 Mieszko married his daughter
273:, who initiated a process of unification among the
2392:and is considered a reliable copy; from G. Labuda
2388:. This document is preserved in the Chronicles of
1369:Some historians, on the basis of the chronicle of
757:Still other motives were responsible according to
525:strongholds under Mieszko's rule, mid-10th century
2812:, vol. I p. 33; argument presented by G. Labuda,
2278:Probably not the main stronghold of the region –
2061:(The beginnings of Poland in new perspective) by
545:. Abraham presented Mieszko I as one of the four
3687:
693:Probably in 964 Mieszko began negotiations with
2487:
1873:(pp. 83–84), Wydawnictwo Literackie 2002,
503:. It is possible that this state included also
336:was strengthened by his marriage in 965 to the
2465:
2362:(in German). Berlin: Franz Duncker. p. 5.
1195:. They may have acted in cooperation with the
610:tribes. The war was recorded by the traveller
265:and continued the policies of both his father
16:Duke of Poland (c. 930–992) (ruled c. 960–992)
3751:Converts to Christianity from pagan religions
3129:
2948:The Warsaw Voice – In brief (30 October 2008)
1582:(b. 940/45 – d. 977). They had two children:
1562:Mieszko is featured on the obverse of the 10
1559:, and prudently used his military resources.
3027:
1105:, after abducting her from the monastery of
772:), but also in one of the Polish towns like
297:and annexed it to the vicinity of the lower
3676:indicates monarch of questioned historicity
2831:Małopolska "czeska" i Małopolska "polańska"
2576:Małopolska "czeska" i Małopolska "polańska"
2541:
2493:
2445:
1819:, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Kraków 1989,
1603:(b. 968/72 – d. c. 1016), married first to
915:
385:, a Scandinavian queen, the grandfather of
332:. Mieszko's alliance with the Czech prince
3136:
3122:
2471:
2425:
2295:At that time, Emperor Otto I was in Italy.
2054:
2052:
1791:, Warszawa-Wrocław (1992), pp. 54–70.
29:
2798:Archeologia Polski wczesnośredniowiecznej
2514:
1397:and their sons, issued a document called
995:, which is identified with the Lendians.
2003:The archaeology of early medieval Poland
1970:
1968:
1445:
1380:
1232:, who initiated a great uprising of the
1017:
919:
803:
799:
736:
725:and to facilitate his activities in the
681:
537:traveller, who at that time visited the
517:
411:
133:
2960:Studia nad początkami państwa polskiego
2547:
2451:
2441:. Polonia Publishing House. p. 47.
2355:
2049:
1917:
1308:relationship could have been involved.
672:Marriage and conversion to Christianity
553:, and, half a century later, by Bishop
3688:
3143:
2431:
1974:
1572:
367:document dating to about 1085, called
3117:
2520:
1965:
1891:Prehistory and protohistory of Poland
859:War against Margrave Odo I of Ostmark
221:
2887:, pp. 21–23) and Henryk Łowmiański (
2359:Die grösseren Jahrbücher von Altaich
1999:
1929:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1996.
1770:One source identifies her father as
1248:The Emperor left a minor successor,
865:Odo I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark
2461:. Athlone Press. pp. 139, 216.
2158:see for example Henryk Łowmianski,
1715:(b. 955/60 – d. 1023), daughter of
1074:expansion of the fortifications at
13:
3033:
2438:The Beginnings of the Polish State
1679:. She was also the grandmother of
1350:The issue of the incorporation of
14:
3767:
2252:Between 965–967 according to the
1805:, Wyd. Ossolineum, Wrocław 2002,
1450:Monumental tomb of Mieszko I and
1212:Participation in German civil war
912:'s fate as Mieszko's dependency.
277:and the creation of statehood.
2757:, pp. 180–185; Marian Jedlicki,
2524:Poland in Christian Civilization
2500:. Greenwood Press. p. 359.
2497:The Making of the Russian Nation
1442:Late reign, death and succession
3042:
3003:
2978:
2965:
2952:
2941:
2923:
2911:
2894:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2835:
2819:
2803:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2747:
2735:
2722:
2709:
2696:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2646:
2633:
2620:
2607:
2594:
2581:
2568:
2412:
2399:
2378:
2366:
2349:
2340:
2323:
2310:
2298:
2289:
2272:
2259:
2246:
2233:
2220:
2207:
2194:
2177:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2126:
2110:
2089:
2072:
2059:Początki Polski w nowym świetle
1926:Historical dictionary of Poland
1896:Poland in the Early Middle Ages
1781:
1376:
2187:, chap. III.2.; A.F. Grabski,
2033:
2020:
2006:. Boston: Brill. p. 184.
1993:
1952:
1943:
1831:Nawrócenie i Chrzest Mieszka I
1764:
863:In 972 Poland was attacked by
745:, a religious relic gifted by
689:, ruins of palatium and chapel
471:
352:; he is sometimes called the "
1:
2704:Historia Polski średniowiecze
2641:Historia Polski średniowiecze
2589:Historia Polski średniowiecze
2373:Historia Polski średniowiecze
2335:Historia Polski średniowiecze
2103:, vol. V, p. 502; G. Labuda,
2097:Historia Polski średniowiecze
2084:Historia Polski średniowiecze
1911:
1867:Historia Polski średniowiecze
1746:(b. c. 981 – d. aft. 992/95).
1685:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
1434:is of capital importance for
1252:. His regency was claimed by
1030:
925:
924:Poland under Mieszko's rule,
477:
422:(first haircut), which was a
407:
399:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
389:and the great-grandfather of
235:
83:
3731:10th-century dukes in Europe
3706:10th-century Polish monarchs
3661:Stanisław August Poniatowski
2494:Paszkiewicz, Henryk (1977).
2453:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald
2386:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
2254:Monumenta Poloniae Historica
2099:, p. 34; Henryk Łowmiański,
1901:History of Poland (966–1385)
1734:(b. c. 979 – d. aft. 992/95)
1259:In 984 the Czechs took over
1060:Chronicle of the Bishops of
695:Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
7:
3726:Burials at Poznań Cathedral
3636:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
3377:Władysław III Spindleshanks
2145:see for example G. Labuda,
1884:
1796:Polski Słownik Biograficzny
1794:Labuda G., Mieszko I, (in)
1740:(b. ca. 980 – d. bef. 991?)
1711:In 978/79, Mieszko married
1593:(b. 967 – d. 17 June 1025).
881:, commonly identified with
313:and lands now constituting
10:
3772:
3741:10th-century Polish people
2134:Dzieje Polski piastowskiej
2121:Dzieje Polski piastowskiej
2067:Polish Academy of Sciences
1789:Rodowód pierwszych Piastów
1694:Zemuzil, Duke of Pomerania
1347:were already being built.
1315:
869:
794:saints Cyril and Methodius
675:
3669:
3596:
3548:
3525:
3501:
3480:
3467:Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania
3346:Senior or Supreme Princes
3335:
3270:
3242:
3151:
3102:
3093:
3085:
3060:
3052:, Prague 1997, pp. 72–73.
2554:. Brill. pp. 94–96.
1978:Polska przed tysiącem lat
1506:
1495:In 1999 the archeologist
1318:Polish-Bohemian War (990)
1045:Henry II, Duke of Bavaria
223:[ˈmjɛʂkɔˈpjɛrfʂɨ]
203:Chalcedonian Christianity
189:
179:
167:
149:Vladivoj, Duke of Bohemia
126:
112:
92:
79:
75:
65:
55:
47:
40:
28:
23:
3462:Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
2904:, pp. 11–12; G. Labuda,
2356:Weiland, Ludwig (1871).
1817:Pierwsze państwo polskie
1757:
1717:Dietrich of Haldensleben
1099:Dietrich of Haldensleben
916:Acquisitions in the east
840:Saint Adalbert of Prague
715:Polish-Bohemian alliance
466:
426:right of passage ritual.
397:'s daughter and wife of
3736:10th-century Christians
3442:Dukes of Greater Poland
3014:Genealogy of the Piasts
2891:, vol. V, pp. 602–603).
2548:Kalhous, David (2012).
1975:Hensel, Witold (1967).
1752:eldest son of Mieszko I
1727:. They had three sons:
1704:, who ruled as Duke of
1041:Boleslaus II of Bohemia
564:' tribal federation of
432:Lesser Poland Chronicle
3646:Augustus II the Strong
3563:Władysław III of Varna
3447:Dukes of Little Poland
3352:Władysław II the Exile
3307:Casimir I the Restorer
3301:Bolesław the Forgotten
2929:In 1951 the historian
2761:, Poznań, 1939, p. 33.
2759:Stosunek prawny Polski
2000:Buko, Andrzej (2008).
1587:Bolesław I the Brave (
1486:
1458:
1456:Christian Daniel Rauch
1390:
1298:Boleslaus II the Pious
1160:with the Swedish king
1036:
1002:and Czerwień (western
943:area inhabited by the
932:
816:
754:
690:
648:usque in Vurta fluvium
526:
427:
3588:Sigismund II Augustus
3558:Władysław II Jagiełło
3535:Louis I the Hungarian
3517:Casimir III the Great
3412:Bolesław V the Chaste
3387:Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
3357:Bolesław IV the Curly
3327:Bolesław III Wrymouth
3234:Piast the Wheelwright
2931:Helena Zoll-Adamikowa
2857:In favor: G. Labuda,
2521:Braun, Jerzy (1985).
1449:
1384:
1187:from the Danish King
1138:imperial ruling house
1021:
983:(western and central
923:
813:Franciszek Smuglewicz
807:
800:Conquest of Pomerania
740:
685:
555:Thietmar of Merseburg
543:Boleslaus I the Cruel
521:
415:
219:Polish pronunciation:
205:(966–until his death)
51:960 – 25 May 992
3631:John II Casimir Vasa
3550:Jagiellonian dynasty
3512:Władysław I Łokietek
3312:Bolesław II the Bold
3285:Bolesław I the Brave
3106:Bolesław I the Brave
3050:Čechy v době knižecí
3022:Roczniki Historyczne
2082:, p. 85; S. Szczur,
1855:, Peter Lang, 2020,
1841:; 2nd edition 2016,
842:(known in Polish as
829:Wichmann the Younger
616:Wichmann the Younger
358:Bolesław I the Brave
350:Western Christianity
141:Bolesław I the Brave
70:Bolesław I the Brave
3583:Sigismund I the Old
3527:Capet-Anjou dynasty
3417:Leszek II the Black
3407:Bolesław the Horned
3367:Casimir II the Just
3362:Mieszko III the Old
2918:Thietmari chronicon
2902:Najdawniejsza bulla
2885:Najdawniejsza bulla
2870:Henryk Łowmiański,
2842:Thietmari chronicon
2829:, vol. V; A. Buko,
2825:Henryk Łowmiański,
2810:Thietmari chronicon
2770:Henryk Łowmiański,
2742:Thietmari chronicon
2691:Thietmari chronicon
2653:Thietmari chronicon
2305:Thietmari chronicon
2172:Thietmari chronicon
2132:Jerzy Wyrozumski –
1829:Philip Earl Steele
1713:Oda of Haldensleben
1623:, King of Denmark,
1605:Eric the Victorious
1573:Marriages and issue
1254:Henry II of Bavaria
963:states that in 981
792:brothers and later
391:Gunhilda of Denmark
334:Boleslaus the Cruel
257:, he was the first
121:Oda of Haldensleben
3746:Christian monarchs
3716:People from Poznań
3621:Sigismund III Vasa
3472:Dukes of Pomerania
3402:Henry II the Pious
3317:Władysław I Herman
3295:Mieszko II Lambert
3145:Monarchs of Poland
3096:Duke of the Polans
2920:, vol. IV chap. 58
2800:", 2007, Ed. Trio.
2473:Łowmiański, Henryk
2174:, vol. II chap. 29
1958:Jerzy Strzelczyk "
1719:, Margrave of the
1601:Sigrid the Haughty
1580:Dobrawa of Bohemia
1526:Mieszko II Lambert
1459:
1391:
1101:, Margrave of the
1037:
1027:Registrum Gregorii
933:
817:
755:
713:). This political
691:
666:amicus imperatoris
584:) branches of the
551:Widukind of Corvey
527:
428:
383:Sigrid the Haughty
253:. A member of the
251:Civitas Schinesghe
241:– 25 May 992) was
117:Dobrawa of Bohemia
3756:Founding monarchs
3711:Polish Christians
3683:
3682:
3641:John III Sobieski
3626:Władysław IV Vasa
3598:Elective monarchy
3482:Přemyslid dynasty
3397:Henry the Bearded
3112:
3111:
3103:Succeeded by
3100:960 – 25 May 992
3034:Prinke, Rafał T.
2774:, vol. V, p. 563.
2693:, vol. IV chap. 2
2655:, vol. IV cap. 57
2329:J.P. Sobolewski,
1936:978-0-313-26007-0
1861:978-3-631-78725-0
1847:978-83-7730-966-7
1633:Gunhild of Wenden
1537:Western Pomerania
1514:Gniezno Cathedral
1497:Hanna Kóčka-Krenz
1226:Emirate of Sicily
1222:disastrous defeat
1052:into submission.
961:Primary Chronicle
910:Western Pomerania
898:Annals of Altaich
872:Battle of Cedynia
678:Baptism of Poland
612:Abraham ben Jacob
531:Abraham ben Jacob
491:, as well as the
330:Holy Roman Empire
295:Western Pomerania
212:
211:
100:(aged 61–62)
3763:
3457:Dukes of Kuyavia
3452:Dukes of Masovia
3437:Dukes of Silesia
3422:Henryk IV Probus
3382:Władysław Odonic
3372:Leszek the White
3138:
3131:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3086:Preceded by
3081:
3074:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2898:
2892:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2839:
2833:
2823:
2817:
2807:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2666:Bolesław Chrobry
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2390:Cosmas of Prague
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2189:Bolesław Chrobry
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2117:Jerzy Wyrozumski
2114:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2076:
2070:
2056:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1963:
1960:Mieszko pierwszy
1956:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1921:
1871:Drużyna książęca
1798:, vol. 21, 1976.
1775:
1768:
1518:Poznań Cathedral
1475:Poznań Cathedral
1371:Cosmas of Prague
1189:Harald Bluetooth
1035:
1032:
930:
927:
574:Gdańsk Pomerania
509:Gdańsk Pomerania
482:
479:
449:referred to his
395:Canute the Great
387:Canute the Great
287:Gdańsk Pomerania
269:and grandfather
240:
237:
233:
232:
231:
225:
220:
137:
99:
88:
85:
33:
21:
20:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3665:
3616:Stephen Báthory
3606:Henry of Valois
3592:
3544:
3521:
3497:
3476:
3338:
3331:
3266:
3238:
3147:
3142:
3108:
3099:
3091:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3043:
3032:
3028:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2942:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2900:S. Zakrzewski,
2899:
2895:
2889:Początki Polski
2882:
2878:
2872:Początki Polski
2869:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2840:
2836:
2827:Początki Polski
2824:
2820:
2808:
2804:
2796:Andrzej Buko, "
2795:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2772:Początki Polski
2769:
2765:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2492:
2488:
2470:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2409:, pp. 160, 174.
2404:
2400:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2307:, vol. II p. 29
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2241:Początki Polski
2239:H. Łowmiański,
2238:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:, Warsaw, 1973.
2160:Początki Polski
2157:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2115:
2111:
2101:Początki Polski
2094:
2090:
2077:
2073:
2063:Tomasz Jasiński
2057:
2050:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2021:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1887:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1647:, and parts of
1637:Sweyn Forkbeard
1613:Sweyn Forkbeard
1575:
1539:, and probably
1509:
1444:
1379:
1335:strongholds in
1320:
1314:
1216:In 982 Emperor
1214:
1146:
1080:Ostrów Lednicki
1033:
1023:Emperor Otto II
1016:
939:region and the
928:
918:
874:
861:
852:Gallus Anonymus
815:(early 19th c.)
802:
790:Byzantine Greek
778:Ostrów Lednicki
759:Gallus Anonymus
687:Ostrów Lednicki
680:
674:
636:
535:Sephardi Jewish
480:
474:
469:
443:Gallus Anonymus
410:
238:
227:
226:
218:
208:
197:Slavic paganism
160:
156:
152:
147:
143:
131:
130:
119:
101:
97:
86:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3769:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Anna Jagiellon
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:Wenceslaus III
3491:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3343:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3244:Proto-historic
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3041:
3026:
3002:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2940:
2922:
2910:
2908:, pp. 193–195.
2893:
2876:
2863:
2861:, pp. 172–173.
2850:
2834:
2818:
2802:
2789:
2776:
2763:
2746:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2695:
2683:
2670:
2657:
2645:
2632:
2619:
2606:
2593:
2580:
2567:
2561:978-9004229808
2560:
2540:
2534:978-0901215796
2533:
2513:
2507:978-0837187570
2506:
2486:
2477:Slavia Antiqua
2464:
2444:
2433:Hensel, Witold
2424:
2411:
2398:
2377:
2365:
2348:
2339:
2322:
2309:
2297:
2288:
2271:
2258:
2245:
2243:, pp. 342–345.
2232:
2219:
2206:
2193:
2176:
2164:
2151:
2149:, chap. III.2.
2138:
2125:
2109:
2088:
2071:
2048:
2032:
2019:
2013:978-1281936776
2012:
1992:
1964:
1951:
1942:
1935:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1863:
1849:
1827:
1813:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1721:Northern March
1700:in 1895) that
1689:
1688:
1683:, the wife of
1653:Cnut the Great
1621:Cnut the Great
1594:
1574:
1571:
1508:
1505:
1443:
1440:
1436:Polish history
1429:
1428:
1420:
1378:
1375:
1313:
1310:
1234:Polabian Slavs
1213:
1210:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1166:Adam of Bremen
1145:
1142:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1103:Northern March
1097:, daughter of
1015:
1012:
917:
914:
860:
857:
801:
798:
782:Czech language
749:to Mieszko or
747:Pope John XIII
743:Sword of Peter
727:Polabian Slavs
673:
670:
635:
632:
586:Polabian Slavs
566:Greater Poland
541:court of Duke
473:
470:
468:
465:
439:Mieszko's name
409:
406:
307:Bohemian state
243:Duke of Poland
210:
209:
207:
206:
200:
193:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
165:
164:
138:
124:
123:
114:
110:
109:
94:
90:
89:
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
42:Duke of Poland
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3768:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Piast dynasty
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:John I Albert
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3504:Piast dynasty
3500:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Wenceslaus II
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3337:Fragmentation
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3272:Piast dynasty
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3066:Piast Dynasty
3059:
3051:
3048:J. Žemlička,
3045:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:Oswald Balzer
3006:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2604:, chap. VI.4.
2603:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2422:, cap. VII.4.
2421:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2343:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2285:
2282:. G. Labuda,
2281:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2230:, chap. IV.3.
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2107:, pp. 121–122
2106:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2065:, p. 17. The
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2040:Gerard Labuda
2036:
2029:
2026:K. Jasiński,
2023:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1906:List of Poles
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1879:83-08-03272-9
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:83-922344-8-0
1836:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:83-03-02969-X
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1811:83-04-04619-9
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:Jasiński K.,
1786:
1785:
1773:
1772:Skoglar Toste
1767:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:Oswald Balzer
1695:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:and parts of
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:and later to
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:Lesser Poland
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:Złota Kaplica
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1417:Peter's Pence
1413:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:Lesser Poland
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1290:Lesser Poland
1285:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1269:Chronicle of
1264:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
985:Lesser Poland
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:Rurik Dynasty
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
922:
913:
911:
906:
902:
900:
899:
893:
888:
884:
880:
873:
868:
866:
856:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
814:
810:
806:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
728:
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
688:
684:
679:
669:
667:
663:
658:
653:
649:
644:
642:
631:
629:
628:Lesser Poland
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
524:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
464:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
425:
421:
420:
414:
405:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
315:Lesser Poland
312:
309:and captured
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
278:
276:
275:Polish tribes
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Piast dynasty
252:
248:
244:
230:
224:
216:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
172:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
135:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
95:
91:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3673:
3656:Augustus III
3433:
3344:
3299:
3279:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3094:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3049:
3044:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3005:
2995:17 September
2993:. Retrieved
2989:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2943:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2706:, pp. 54–55.
2703:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2583:
2578:pp. 153–158.
2575:
2570:
2550:
2543:
2523:
2516:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2396:pp. 148–151.
2393:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2283:
2274:
2269:, pp. 92–97.
2266:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2214:
2209:
2204:, pp. 43–45.
2201:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2058:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2022:
2002:
1995:
1977:
1959:
1954:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1870:
1866:
1852:
1830:
1816:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1782:Bibliography
1766:
1749:
1710:
1690:
1651:, mother of
1588:
1576:
1564:Polish złoty
1561:
1530:
1510:
1494:
1491:
1471:
1460:
1432:Dagome iudex
1431:
1430:
1408:Dagome iudex
1407:
1405:
1400:Dagome iudex
1398:
1392:
1387:Dagome iudex
1385:
1377:Dagome iudex
1368:
1361:
1349:
1321:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1265:
1258:
1247:
1224:against the
1215:
1191:and his son
1182:
1174:
1147:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1088:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1038:
1026:
1004:Red Ruthenia
997:
992:
988:
949:White Croats
934:
907:
903:
896:
878:
875:
862:
843:
833:
818:
808:
763:
756:
732:
719:
710:
706:
702:
701:(also named
692:
665:
647:
645:
637:
590:
577:
559:
528:
475:
456:Dagome iudex
454:
437:
431:
429:
417:
403:
370:Dagome iudex
368:
362:
319:
279:
247:Polish state
214:
213:
199:(before 966)
132:
18:
3696:930s births
3651:Stanisław I
3427:Przemysł II
2971:G. Labuda,
2958:G. Labuda,
2936:Jan Długosz
2783:G. Labuda,
2753:G. Labuda,
2728:G. Labuda,
2715:G. Labuda,
2702:S. Szczur,
2677:G. Labuda,
2664:G. Labuda,
2626:G. Labuda,
2613:G. Labuda,
2600:G. Labuda,
2587:S. Szczur,
2418:G. Labuda,
2405:G. Labuda,
2316:G. Labuda,
2286:, cap. V.3.
2265:G. Labuda,
2226:G. Labuda,
2213:G. Labuda,
2200:G. Labuda,
2183:G. Labuda,
2095:S. Szczur,
2086:, pp. 34–35
2078:G. Labuda,
2046:, pp. 18–22
1865:Szczur S.,
1815:Labuda G.,
1801:Labuda G.,
1677:Świętosława
1597:Świętosława
1467:Brandenburg
1463:Quedlinburg
1220:suffered a
1158:Świętosława
892:Quedlinburg
650:(up to the
641:the Emperor
580:, near the
472:Early reign
419:postrzyżyny
285:and likely
145:Świętosława
98:(992-05-25)
56:Predecessor
3701:992 deaths
3690:Categories
3568:Casimir IV
3211:Leszko III
3080:25 May 992
3062:Mieszko I
2990:www.nbp.pl
2483:: 105–106.
1962:", vol. IV
1912:References
1738:Świętopełk
1655:, king of
1639:, king of
1615:, King of
1607:, King of
1543:including
1452:Bolesław I
1316:See also:
1279:Annals of
1271:Hildesheim
1034: 983
993:Licicaviki
957:Styr River
937:Sandomierz
929: 960
870:See also:
770:Regensburg
768:(possibly
676:See also:
620:Oder River
582:Oder River
499:lands and
481: 950
408:Early life
299:Oder River
239: 930
158:Świętopełk
96:25 May 992
87: 930
3578:Alexander
3502:Restored
3434:See also:
3280:Mieszko I
3262:Siemomysł
3229:Chościsko
3224:Popiel II
3204:Leszko II
3176:Krakus II
3153:Legendary
3089:Siemomysł
2975:, p. 201.
2973:Mieszko I
2906:Mieszko I
2859:Mieszko I
2848:, p. 176.
2846:Mieszko I
2816:, p. 171.
2814:Mieszko I
2787:, p. 171.
2785:Mieszko I
2755:Mieszko I
2732:, p. 174.
2730:Mieszko I
2719:, p. 168.
2717:Mieszko I
2681:, p. 134.
2679:Mieszko I
2643:, p. 53).
2630:, p. 153.
2628:Mieszko I
2617:, p. 158.
2615:Mieszko I
2602:Mieszko I
2574:A. Buko,
2420:Mieszko I
2407:Mieszko I
2394:Mieszko I
2320:, p. 122.
2318:Mieszko I
2284:Mieszko I
2267:Mieszko I
2228:Mieszko I
2215:Mieszko I
2202:Mieszko I
2185:Mieszko I
2147:Mieszko I
2105:Mieszko I
2080:Mieszko I
2044:Mieszko I
2028:Siemomysł
1987:749450364
1803:Mieszko I
1673:Harald II
1325:Theophanu
1243:Obotrites
1202:Varangian
1185:Pomerania
1067:Thuringia
991:tribe of
981:Vistulans
977:Ruthenian
953:Bug River
825:Wolinians
821:Pomerania
707:Doubravka
604:Velunzani
340:princess
338:Přemyslid
267:Siemomysł
261:ruler of
259:Christian
215:Mieszko I
184:Siemomysł
66:Successor
60:Siemomysł
24:Mieszko I
3392:Konrad I
3322:Zbigniew
3252:Siemowit
3218:Popiel I
3197:Leszko I
3169:Krakus I
2962:, p. 324
2874:, vol. V
2591:, p. 52.
2455:(1962).
2435:(1960).
2375:, p. 35.
2337:, p. 51.
1885:See also
1702:Vladivoj
1567:banknote
1522:denarius
1479:cenotaph
1364:Bolesław
1281:Hersfeld
1250:Otto III
1241:and the
1197:Wolinian
1152:against
1118:Bolesław
973:Czerwień
965:Vladimir
945:Lendians
941:Przemyśl
844:Wojciech
836:Bolesław
711:Dąbrówka
600:Lusatian
593:Margrave
461:Dagobert
451:paganism
447:allegory
379:Dagobert
328:and the
303:monarchy
190:Religion
3674:Italics
3540:Jadwiga
3290:Bezprym
3183:Lech II
3073:920/945
2217:, p. 92
2191:, p. 25
1744:Lambert
1732:Mieszko
1706:Bohemia
1681:Gunhild
1661:England
1657:Denmark
1645:England
1641:Denmark
1629:England
1617:Denmark
1589:Chrobry
1553:Bohemia
1549:Germany
1533:Silesia
1425:Dobrawa
1337:Wrocław
1329:Silesia
1261:Meissen
1218:Otto II
1176:Swedes.
1154:Denmark
1076:Gniezno
1062:Cambrai
1049:Otto II
1025:, from
967:of the
887:Czcibor
883:Cedynia
827:led by
774:Gniezno
703:Dobrava
699:Dobrawa
624:Silesia
591:In 963
570:Masovia
505:Masovia
501:Kuyavia
497:Łęczyca
493:Sieradz
489:Goplans
346:baptism
342:Dobrawa
322:Bohemia
311:Silesia
291:Masovia
283:Kuyavia
169:Dynasty
162:Lambert
154:Mieszko
134:more...
3339:period
3257:Lestek
3162:Lech I
3076:
2668:p. 44.
2558:
2531:
2504:
2010:
1985:
1933:
1877:
1859:
1845:
1837:
1833:2005,
1823:
1809:
1669:Sweden
1665:Norway
1649:Norway
1625:Norway
1609:Sweden
1557:Sweden
1545:Kraków
1507:Legacy
1501:Poznań
1483:Polish
1357:Kraków
1345:Głogów
1306:fealty
1239:Lutici
1230:Lutici
1206:Poznań
1150:Sweden
1084:Poznań
1071:Saxony
1000:Lublin
989:Sclavi
959:. The
879:Cidini
786:Jordan
766:Empire
751:Jordan
723:Czechs
657:Lubusz
608:Lutici
562:Polans
547:Slavic
539:Prague
513:tribal
485:Polans
354:Clovis
326:Sweden
271:Lestek
263:Poland
249:, the
180:Father
113:Spouse
107:Poland
103:Poznań
3190:Wanda
3078:Died:
3071:Born:
2280:Wolin
1758:Notes
1725:Kalbe
1341:Opole
1333:Piast
1193:Sweyn
1133:Saxon
1116:When
1107:Kalbe
1091:Italy
1008:Chełm
662:Latin
652:Warta
523:Polan
467:Reign
424:pagan
365:papal
174:Piast
128:Issue
48:Reign
2997:2022
2556:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1983:OCLC
1931:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1835:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1675:and
1627:and
1555:and
1343:and
1162:Erik
1078:and
1069:and
955:and
931:–992
848:fief
741:The
626:and
606:and
596:Gero
578:i.e.
533:, a
507:and
487:and
375:Pope
289:and
93:Died
80:Born
1454:by
1395:Oda
1095:Oda
811:by
776:or
709:or
668:).
317:.
151:(?)
3692::
3020:,
2988:.
2481:23
2479:.
2119:–
2051:^
2042:,
1967:^
1663:,
1659:,
1643:,
1569:.
1551:,
1535:,
1528:.
1503:.
1485::
1469:.
1410::
1339:,
1292:.
1140:.
1086:.
1031:c.
1029:,
926:c.
705:,
664::
588:.
557:.
478:c.
401:.
393:,
324:,
236:c.
234:;
105:,
84:c.
3137:e
3130:t
3123:v
3038:.
3012:(
2999:.
2938:.
2564:.
2537:.
2510:.
2016:.
1989:.
1939:.
1774:.
1687:.
1599:/
1591:)
1419:.
495:-
217:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
