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59:
701:
837:
716:. The Avila Camacho brothers shared ill health, and Maximino died in February 1945, following a banquet. His death averted a possible political crisis of succession. "There were some who wondered whether something more than seasoning had been added to Maximino's food" the day he died. Among the civilians were Javier Rojo Gómez, the head of government of the Federal District; Marte R. Gómez, Secretary of Agriculture; Dr. Gustavo Baz, secretary of Health; and
1178:
773:
432:
764:
defeating former foreign minister
Ezequiel Padilla. He became the first non-military candidate to win the presidency of Mexico, although he was the son of a revolutionary army general. His own skills within the party that brought him the post of Ministry of the Interior played a key role in his selection. There was no violence surrounding the election and the transfer of power took place peacefully.
624:. He won two notable legal victories in representing workers against corporations—the first was in securing compensation for dependents of railroad workers who were killed in revolutionary battles, the second was to gain indemnities for miners injured at work. These victories gained him considerable favor with Mexico's labor unions.
1069:
rightward turn of the party and the government. Among those who supported Henríquez were the
Mexican ambassador to the U.S.; an ex-governor of the important state of Mexico; and a number of military officers. He gathered further support from some students, peasant groups, and discontented workers. According to historian
1065:(1940–46). But in contrast to Calles, Cárdenas stepped away from power, and Avila Camacho was a fully empowered president. When the rumors of Alemán surfaced about seeking to hold onto power, Cárdenas vigorously objected, so although he did not directly take part in politics, he maintained a level of influence.
1093:
ran as well. In the end, the PRI defeated the opposition parties, taking 74.3% of votes cast, but opposition parties on the left and right showed that the PRI was not completely dominant. This election was the last until the election in 2000 with an open PRI campaign prior to president revealing his
645:
Alemán started public service with a relatively minor appointment as legal adviser to the
Secretary of Agriculture and Livestock (1928–30). Other positions followed, including the Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration in 1930. In 1933, he served as the President of the Unifying Committee for
463:
and Tomasa Valdés
Ledezma. Both had been married before, with Alemán González having a son by his first wife. They had two sons together, Carlos and Miguel. The family lived in straitened circumstances, with Miguel remembering when he was young that when huaraches hurt his feet, he would urinate on
763:
He followed the pattern established by Lázaro Cárdenas's campaign in 1934, so that Alemán campaigned in all parts of the country, a means by which the candidate sees all areas of the republic and voters make contact with the candidate. He was the winner of the elections held on 7 July of that year,
1068:
Unlike the peaceful change of power in 1946, 1952 was another contested presidential election. Career military officer Miguel Henríquez Guzmán sought to be the candidate of the PRI. Henriquez was backed by some important politicians, including members of the Cárdenas family, who objected to the
780:
Alemán was inaugurated as
President of the Republic on 1 December 1946 and served until 1952, when barred from running from re-election, he returned to civilian life. He was enormously popular prior to his presidency and in his early years as president, but lost support in the waning days of his
848:
Alemán directed government spending to state-sponsored industrial development and reduced military spending as had his predecessors. That development included investments in infrastructure, especially public works. Dam-building helped control flooding, expand irrigation, which allowed for the
638:
788:
in Mexico and was very friendly toward business. This stance on economic development was a key reason he was tapped to be the party's candidate rather than possible candidates with ideas similar to Cárdenas'. This period of rapid growth and industrialization has been dubbed the
711:
President Avila
Camacho chose Alemán as the official candidate of the party in 1945, running for president in 1946. There were many possibilities for the president to choose among, both civilian and military, including Avila Camacho's older brother,
553:(UNAM) until 1928, completing his law degree with his thesis on occupational diseases and accidents among workers. At UNAM, he was the leader of a group of classmates, all of whom went on the prominence in Mexican life. They included
403:
1061:. However, Cárdenas won the power struggle with Calles, exiling him. When Cárdenas's term was nearing its end in 1940, he did continue the tradition of the president choosing his successor and picked the more conservative
517:
Young Miguel had experienced first-hand the disruption of the impacts of the continuing violence in Mexico. Alemán's schooling was sporadic in his early years, because of needing to move frequently; he attended schools in
823:, Héctor Pérez Martínez; Secretary of Public works, Ángel Carvajal; and Secretary of Labor, both Manuel Ramirez Vázquez and Andrés Serra Rojas had all been part of his close-knit group from the Faculty of Law at UNAM.
720:, Secretary of Foreign Relations, and Alemán, who headed the most powerful ministry. Military men were also strong contenders, and all previous post-revolutionary presidents had participated in the Mexican Revolution.
1118:
Alemán accumulated a fortune during his lifetime. In his post-presidential years, he directed Mexico's tourism agency and a significant figure in the ownership of
Mexican media, including the large television channel
909:
would mark his administration, however, and this would shape the relationship of politics and big business in Mexico until the present day. His successful economic policy led to talk about the
419:, but also for a high level of personal enrichment for himself and his associates. His presidency was the first of a new generation of Mexican leaders who had not directly participated in the
1031:), there were rumors that Alemán wanted to hold onto power and the a constitutional amendment to allow re-election or extension of his existing term was in the works. The PRI party founder,
809:
925:
864:
Extending the nation's rail network, building and improving highways brought remote regions into the national economy. In Mexico City an existing airfield was enlarged and became the
562:
2326:
1123:. In politics, he was the leader of the right wing of the PRI. In 1961, he was named the president of the national tourist commission, and was influential in bringing the
537:
He recalled his father advised him of "the usefulness of returning to my studies and choosing an occupation more stable than the military." Alemán did that, attending the
168:
721:
732:
933:
During his administration the close relationship with the US developed during World War II continued, although he refused to send
Mexican troops to participate in the
603:
243:
2351:
224:
1271:
Camp, Roderic Ai. "Education and political recruitment in México: the Alemán generation." Journal of
Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 18.3 (1976): 295–321.
1085:
mobilized their hundreds of thousands of members behind Ruiz. The PRI offered an opening to some
Catholics, which was aimed at undermining the candidate for the
819:
members were similar in profile to the president himself, relatively young and without military experience, and highly educated, with personal ties to him. His
682:
after directing Ávila's national presidential campaign. As Secretary of the Interior during World War II, he dealt with Axis espionage and the clerical fascist
573:
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584:
1543:
504:
187:
477:
338:
1027:, with a reputation for honesty and probity, a sharp contrast to his own record of considerable self-enrichment in office. Before the announcement (
1281:
Gil, Jorge, Samuel Schmidt, and Jorge Castro. "La red de poder mexicana. El caso de Miguel Alemán." Revista Mexicana de Sociología (1993): 103–117.
1023:
In party tradition, Alemán designated his successor as PRI presidential candidate—and the foregone expectation of the next president. He selected
750:(CTM). Avila Camacho paved the way with the military for Mexico's first civilian president in the modern era. Prior to the summer election, the
1901:
814:
2336:
1073:, Alemán was in contact with former President Cárdenas, warning that the Henríquez challenge was a danger to the new system. Alemán chose
871:
913:, but only a small elite benefited from economic growth. His administration took an anti-communist stance and supported the US during the
2331:
662:
was assassinated, Alemán accepted appointment as governor from 1936 to 1939. The appointment can be seen as a political reward from the
2321:
1308:
Sanchez, Mario Raul Mijares. Mexico: the Genesis of Its Political Decomposition:(Miguel Alemán Valdés: 1936 to 1952). Palibrio, 2013.
884:
550:
1339:
451:
Miguel Alemán Valdés, president of Mexico (left) and Harry S. Truman, president of the United States (right) in Washington, D.C.
849:
expansion of large-scale agriculture, and provided hydroelectric power. In 1947 he initiated a huge project in the state of
704:
Logo of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. Alemán was the first president of the modern iteration of the party founded by
1996:
785:
503:, Alemán González continued in opposition to the government. He was implicated in the murder of one of Obregón's commanders,
650:, which brought him into prominence. He then served as a Senator from his home state of Veracruz 1934–36, representing the
137:
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against the Díaz regime. In 1920 the family moved to Mexico City, but with the accession to power of the Sonoran generals
2356:
1894:
820:
671:
2289:
1724:
1296:
1274:
Camp, Roderic Ai. "The Revolution’s Second Generation: The Miracle, 1946-1982 and Collapse of the PRI, 1982-2000.”."
1266:
1191:
1040:
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757:
751:
655:
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423:, and many in his cabinet were also young, university-educated civilians, close friends from his days at university.
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747:
567:
531:
2341:
1086:
514:, and was on the run. The general met his end in March 1929 in a hail of bullets, probably committing suicide.
1981:
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2011:
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371:
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1956:
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them to soften the leather. His father, Miguel Alemán González, began fighting before the outbreak of the
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that attracted an estimated 600,000 well-wishers. Internationally, he signed peace agreements with
952:. Its stated mission was "preserving the internal stability . . . against all forms of subversion".
713:
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2087:
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1544:"The reasons for the sinarquista: The organization and ideology of the National Union Synarchists"
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to state status. Also during his term, he asserted power by forced imposition of state governors.
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2006:
1951:
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408:; 29 September 1900 – 14 May 1983) was a Mexican politician who served a full term as the
118:
2021:
887:(UNAM) in the south of the city, moving it from its previous location in downtown Mexico City.
2205:
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509:
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1756:
Latin American Collection, University of Texas Libraries, the University of Texas at Austin,
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1057:. He had expected his control to continue during the presidency of his hand-picked candidate
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His administration was characterized by Mexico's rapid industrialization, often called the
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from 1946 to 1952, the first civilian president after a string of revolutionary generals.
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As a successful attorney, his first practice was in representing miners suffering from
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1946:
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468:, a so-called "precursor" in a region of Veracruz state. He avidly read the tracts of
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Vicente Lombardo Toledano y Miguel Alemán: Una bifurcación en la Revolución mexicana
1036:
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had remained the power behind the presidency in the six years after president-elect
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717:
396:
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2077:
1976:
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1201:
960:
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790:
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58:
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2016:
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1936:
1871:
Alemán Valdés, Miguel. Remembranzas y testimonios. Mexico City: Grijalbo 1987.
2315:
1559:
1183:
1132:
956:
523:
1688:
Smith, Peter H. "Mexico Since 1946: Dynamics of an Authoritarian Regime" in
1692:, Leslie Bethell, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 339-40
980:
683:
440:
27:
1238:. "Education and Political Recruitment in Mexico: The Alemán Generation,"
929:
Banner in Washington, D.C. welcoming Alemán on his official visit in 1947.
2240:
1313:
Historia de la Revolución Mexicana, 1940-1952: Hacia la utopia industrial
1136:
1111:
1039:'s assassination in 1928. That power void had led to the creation of the
1016:
858:
836:
542:
295:
1879:
1081:(unveiling of the official candidate), the CTM under the leadership of
934:
1107:
897:
He played a major role in the development and support of the city of
621:
1303:
El sexenio alemanista. Ideologíaí y praxis política de Miguel Alemán
700:
472:, of the Mexican Liberal Party and opposed the repressive regime of
1758:
Dirección Federal de Seguridad (Mexico) Security Reports, 1970-1977
1163:
1131:
in 1964, which celebrates the bi-national friendliness between the
1120:
984:
941:
914:
898:
519:
456:
1655:
Proceedings of University Seminar on Pollution and Water Resources
1015:
Former President Miguel Alemán Valdés meeting with Prime Minister
637:
1436:. Second edition. Tucson: University of Tucson Press 1982, p. 10.
1254:
993:
972:
670:
during the intra-party struggle. From 1940 to 1945, he served as
527:
476:. Alemán González left his family with his parents to fight with
31:
19:"Miguel Aleman" redirects here. For other people and places, see
1223:
Sons of the Mexican Revolution: Miguel Alemán and His Generation
772:
431:
1250:
1045:, and Calles called the shots during three the presidencies of
857:
in 1955. In 1951 he oversaw completion of the diversion of the
850:
1089:, Efraín González Luna. Marxist politician and labor leader,
988:
976:
968:
558:
1784:"Mexico Since 1946: Dynamics of an Authoritarian Regime" in
1850:
1768:"Aleman Greeted by Huge Throngs in Washington", AP Report,
1711:
Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History
746:
were in consideration. Alemán received the backing of the
1752:
Dirección Federal de Seguridad (Mexico) Security Reports,
1127:
to Mexico. In addition, he was the first president of the
861:, bringing to an end Mexico City's water supply problems.
534:, where he first learned English and became fluent in it.
1827:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1995, vol. 1, p. 54.
1792:, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 344.
1636:, vol. 4, p. 20. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
594:, who became rector of UNAM during Alemán's presidency;
784:
As president he pushed the program of state-supported
1597:"Aleman Takes Oath Today, First Civilian Executive",
2327:
Candidates in the 1946 Mexican presidential election
1173:
557:; Manuel Sánchez Cuen, who served as subdirector of
1645:
1225:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2016.
1162:is the CEO of Grupo Alemán (Galem), which included
883:His administration also built a new campus for the
435:Mexican president Miguel Alemán Valdés and his son
1825:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1634:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1240:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
901:as an international tourist destination. Rampant
805:Alemán Valdés (front row, center) and his cabinet.
1514:. New York: Oxford University Press 1963, p. 158.
654:(an earlier name of the party later known as the
2313:
1368:. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 157-58.
2352:National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
1840:, vol. 1, p. 39. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn.
1588:Smith, Peter H. "Mexico Since 1946", pp. 338-39
38: and the second or maternal family name is
2347:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
1895:
1648:"Some Problems of the Papaloapan River Basin"
1542:Flores, González; Gustavo, José (June 2015).
1541:
875:New campus of the National University in the
530:. For a time, he worked at the British-owned
1823:Camp, Roderic Ai. "Miguel Alemán Valdés" in
1524:
1522:
1520:
1340:Official website of the Presidency of Mexico
1245:Camp, Roderic Ai. "Miguel Alemán Valdés" in
1077:as the PRI candidate. Once announced in the
549:. He then went to the School of Law at the
1902:
1888:
1836:Jones, Errol D. "Miguel Alemán Valdés" in
1702:
1700:
1698:
1632:Gentleman, Judith ""Mexico Since 1910" in
1512:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, 1940-1960
1390:
1388:
1352:"Miguel Alemán | president of Mexico"
1276:A Companion to Mexican History and Culture
776:Miguel Alemán Valdés. President of Mexico.
545:from 1920 to 1925, founding the newspaper
455:Alemán was born in Sayula in the state of
57:
1733:
1517:
1366:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution 1940-1960
1315:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1979.
1909:
1579:, New York: Harper Collins 1997, p. 500.
1434:Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-1981
1247:Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-1981
1101:
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924:
870:
835:
800:
771:
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636:
446:
430:
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1706:
1695:
1385:
991:and worked with the US on the issue of
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360: 1931; died 1981)
214:1 December 1936 – 6 April 1939
150:1 December 1940 – 18 June 1945
2314:
1814:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946" pp. 344-346
853:, culminating with the opening of the
101: – 30 November 1952
1883:
615:Confederación de Cámaras Industriales
395:
16:President of Mexico from 1946 to 1952
1305:. Mexico City: Edicisiones Era 1990.
955:He negotiated a major loan from the
890:In 1952 his administration elevated
2337:Mexican secretaries of the interior
1151:. In 1987, his memoirs, entitled
1000:
689:
627:
13:
2332:Mexican people of Asturian descent
1610:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 343
1207:
1097:
826:
632:
14:
2398:
2322:20th-century presidents of Mexico
1192:Institutional Revolutionary Party
959:in 1947. Alemán and US President
920:
866:Mexico City International Airport
831:
758:Institutional Revolutionary Party
753:Partido de la Revolución Mexicana
327:Institutional Revolutionary Party
317:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
2270:
1379:"Mexico - World War II, 1941–45"
1291:. New York: HarperCollins 1997.
1197:List of heads of state of Mexico
1176:
983:, had a hand in a truce between
748:Confederation of Mexican Workers
666:administration for helping oust
459:, the son of revolutionary Gen.
1865:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1808:
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1604:
1591:
1582:
1566:
1535:
1504:
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1465:
1452:
1395:Current Biography 1946 Yearbook
1042:Partido Nacional Revolucionario
652:Party of the Mexican Revolution
532:Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company
357:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1371:
1358:
1344:
1333:
1242:18 no. 3 (Aug. 1976): 295–321.
948:to support and cooperate with
561:in the Alemán administration;
21:Miguel Alemán (disambiguation)
1:
1621:Mexican Political Biographies
1499:Mexican Political Biographies
1486:Mexican Political Biographies
1473:Mexican Political Biographies
1460:Mexican Political Biographies
1327:
1218:. Mexico City: Grijalbo 1987.
1007:1952 Mexican general election
696:1946 Mexican general election
372:National University of Mexico
64:
1646:Gerardo Cruickshank (1972).
840:Miguel Alemán Valdés in the
30:, the first or paternal
7:
2256:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
1982:Francisco Javier Echeverría
1962:Antonio López de Santa Anna
1675:"Water, Water Everywhere",
1169:
1106:Statue of Miguel Alemán in
940:In 1947, on the eve of the
539:National Preparatory School
10:
2403:
2108:Francisco León de la Barra
1577:Mexico: Biography of Power
1447:Mexico: Biography of Power
1421:Mexico: Biography of Power
1408:Mexico: Biography of Power
1289:Mexico: Biography of Power
1216:Remembranzas y testimonios
1153:Remembranzas y testimonios
1004:
796:
693:
600:Fondo de Cultura Económica
598:, who was director of the
583:; Manuel Ramírez Vázquez;
439:signing the guest book at
25:
18:
2357:Politicians from Veracruz
2279:
2268:
2231:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
2083:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
1917:
1786:Mexico since Independence
1690:Mexico Since Independence
1232:. Mexico City: UNAM 1994.
1091:Vicente Lombardo Toledano
944:, he created the Mexican
821:Secretary of the Interior
744:Francisco Castillo Nájera
672:Secretary of the Interior
382:
367:
332:
322:
312:
302:
285:
265:
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154:
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138:Secretary of the Interior
136:
124:
112:
93:1 December 1946
86:
78:
74:
56:
49:
2178:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
1803:La sucesión presidencial
1801:Cosío Villegas, Daniel,
1707:Coerver, Don M. (2004).
950:CIA operations in Mexico
658:). When governor-elect
303:Cause of death
2387:Mexican Roman Catholics
2382:Mexican anti-communists
2148:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
2027:Manuel María Lombardini
1992:José Joaquín de Herrera
1853:. Mr. Amigo Association
1772:, April 30, 1947, p. 1.
1214:Alemán Valdés, Miguel.
946:DFS intelligence agency
722:Miguel Henriquez Guzmán
660:Manlio Favio Altamirano
596:Antonio Carrillo Flores
397:[miˈɣelaleˈman]
2103:Manuel González Flores
2022:Juan Bautista Ceballos
1851:"About Us - Mr. Amigo"
1838:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1601:, Dec. 1, 1946, p. 12.
1228:Bernal Tavares, Luis.
1115:
1020:
930:
880:
845:
806:
777:
714:Maximino Ávila Camacho
708:
642:
461:Miguel Alemán González
452:
444:
393:Spanish pronunciation:
225:Ignacio Herrera Tejeda
63:Miguel Alemán Valdés,
2342:Governors of Veracruz
2163:Plutarco Elías Calles
2128:Francisco S. Carvajal
2060:Manuel Robles Pezuela
1957:Valentín Gómez Farías
1805:. Mexico 1975, p. 112
1657:. Columbia University
1259:University of Arizona
1160:Miguel Alemán Velasco
1145:Matamoros, Tamaulipas
1143:celebrations held in
1129:Mr. Amigo Association
1105:
1094:choice of successor.
1087:National Action Party
1071:Daniel Cosío Villegas
1055:Abelardo L. Rodríguez
1033:Plutarco Elías Calles
1014:
1005:Further information:
928:
874:
839:
804:
775:
706:Plutarco Elías Calles
703:
694:Further information:
668:Plutarco Elías Calles
648:Plutarco Elías Calles
640:
604:Alfonso Noriega Cantú
563:Héctor Pérez Martínez
555:Ángel Carvajal Bernal
501:Plutarco Elías Calles
450:
437:Miguel Alemán Velasco
434:
427:Early life and career
307:Myocardial infarction
244:Fernando Casas Alemán
169:Ignacio García Téllez
2201:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
2196:Miguel Alemán Valdés
2191:Manuel Ávila Camacho
2143:Roque González Garza
2042:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
2007:Pedro María de Anaya
1952:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
1942:Anastasio Bustamante
1932:José María Bocanegra
1911:Presidents of Mexico
1715:. ABC-CLIO. p.
1679:, September 17, 1951
1125:1968 Summer Olympics
1075:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
1063:Manuel Avila Camacho
1025:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
963:rode in a parade in
903:political corruption
877:Ciudad Universitaria
768:Presidency 1946-1952
733:Jesús Agustín Castro
731:, Enrique Calderón,
680:Manuel Ávila Camacho
487:, the son-in-law of
470:Ricardo Flores Magón
389:Miguel Alemán Valdés
202:Governor of Veracruz
158:Manuel Ávila Camacho
131:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
119:Manuel Ávila Camacho
51:Miguel Alemán Valdés
2285:President of Mexico
2226:Miguel de la Madrid
2221:José López Portillo
2206:Adolfo López Mateos
2173:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
2153:Adolfo de la Huerta
2133:Venustiano Carranza
2113:Francisco I. Madero
2088:José María Iglesias
2055:Félix María Zuloaga
1599:San Antonio Express
1320:El México de Alemán
1221:Alexander, Ryan M.
1051:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
885:National University
551:National University
493:Adolfo de la Huerta
489:Venustiano Carranza
410:President of Mexico
81:President of Mexico
2251:Enrique Peña Nieto
2211:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
2070:José Ignacio Pavón
2002:José Mariano Salas
1922:Guadalupe Victoria
1770:Joplin (Mo.) Globe
1445:quoted in Krauze,
1432:Camp, Roderic Ai.
1155:, were published.
1149:Brownsville, Texas
1135:and Mexico in the
1116:
1021:
931:
881:
846:
807:
778:
709:
643:
574:Andrés Serra Rojas
466:Mexican Revolution
453:
445:
421:Mexican Revolution
281:, Veracruz, Mexico
188:Primo Villa Michel
2309:
2308:
2296:Emperor of Mexico
2263:(President-elect)
2261:Claudia Sheinbaum
2168:Emilio Portes Gil
2138:Eulalio Gutiérrez
2123:Victoriano Huerta
2047:Ignacio Comonfort
2012:Manuel de la Peña
1987:Valentín Canalizo
1754:Nettie Lee Benson
1510:Cline, Howard F.
1364:Cline, Howard F.
1141:Sombrero Festival
1047:Emilio Portes Gil
855:Miguel Alemán Dam
786:industrialization
585:Luis Garrido Díaz
386:
385:
276:29 September 1900
2394:
2274:
2273:
1972:José Justo Corro
1927:Vicente Guerrero
1904:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1731:
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1714:
1704:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1623:, pp. 10-11, 246
1617:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1539:
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1526:
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1495:
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1424:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1318:Wise, George S.
1311:Torres, Blanca.
1278:(2011): 468-479.
1249:Second edition.
1236:Camp, Roderic Ai
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1001:Election of 1952
907:crony capitalism
818:
810:Alemán's cabinet
741:
730:
718:Ezequiel Padilla
690:Election of 1946
628:Political career
612:
593:
582:
571:
513:
505:Arnulfo R. Gómez
486:
407:
406:
405:
399:
394:
361:
359:
347:
292:
279:Sayula de Alemán
275:
273:
261:Personal details
252:
240:
233:
221:
212:
196:
184:
177:
165:
148:
127:
115:
108:
106:
100:
98:
91:
69:
66:
61:
47:
46:
2402:
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2397:
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2395:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2246:Felipe Calderón
2236:Ernesto Zedillo
2216:Luis Echeverría
2186:Lázaro Cárdenas
2182:
2118:Pedro Lascuráin
2074:
2051:
1997:Mariano Paredes
1967:Miguel Barragán
1947:Melchor Múzquiz
1913:
1908:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1796:
1782:Smith, Peter H.
1780:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1670:
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1658:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1573:Krauze, Enrique
1571:
1567:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1479:
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1377:
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1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1285:Krauze, Enrique
1210:
1208:Further reading
1202:Mexican Miracle
1182:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1100:
1098:Post-presidency
1083:Fidel Velázquez
1059:Lázaro Cárdenas
1009:
1003:
961:Harry S. Truman
923:
911:Mexican miracle
892:Baja California
834:
829:
827:Domestic policy
812:
799:
791:Mexican miracle
770:
735:
724:
698:
692:
635:
633:First positions
630:
606:
587:
576:
565:
507:
480:
478:Cándido Aguilar
429:
417:Mexican Miracle
401:
400:
392:
363:
355:
351:
348:
341:
339:Beatriz Velasco
323:Political party
294:
290:
277:
271:
269:
246:
238:
227:
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190:
182:
171:
163:
149:
144:
125:
113:
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96:
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70:
67:
52:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2400:
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2349:
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2306:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2290:Vice president
2280:
2277:
2276:
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2267:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Álvaro Obregón
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:Juan N. Méndez
2090:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2065:Miguel Miramón
2062:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:Martín Carrera
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Mariano Arista
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1842:
1829:
1816:
1807:
1794:
1790:Leslie Bethell
1774:
1761:
1745:
1741:Mexico 1940-60
1732:
1725:
1694:
1681:
1668:
1638:
1625:
1612:
1603:
1590:
1581:
1565:
1534:
1530:Mexico 1940-60
1516:
1503:
1490:
1477:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1384:
1370:
1357:
1343:
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1326:
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1323:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1282:
1279:
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1226:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1171:
1168:
1099:
1096:
1037:Alvaro Obregón
1002:
999:
922:
921:Foreign policy
919:
833:
832:Infrastructure
830:
828:
825:
798:
795:
769:
766:
691:
688:
634:
631:
629:
626:
613:, head of the
497:Álvaro Obregón
428:
425:
384:
383:
380:
379:
369:
365:
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353:
349:
337:
336:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
293:(aged 82)
287:
283:
282:
267:
263:
262:
258:
257:
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253:
241:
235:
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222:
216:
215:
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185:
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140:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
84:
83:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68: 1946-52
62:
54:
53:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2399:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Alemán family
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
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2301:
2297:
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2278:
2262:
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2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
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2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Porfirio Díaz
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Benito Juárez
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
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2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Nicolás Bravo
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1728:
1726:9781576071328
1722:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1677:TIME Magazine
1672:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1475:, pp. 10, 276
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:Medin, Tzvi.
1300:
1298:
1297:0-06-016325-9
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:0-8165-0743-0
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:Mexico portal
1174:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:United States
1130:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1008:
998:
996:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:United States
953:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
927:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
888:
886:
878:
873:
869:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
843:
838:
824:
822:
816:
811:
803:
794:
792:
787:
782:
774:
765:
761:
759:
755:
754:
749:
745:
739:
734:
728:
723:
719:
715:
707:
702:
697:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:Miguel Alemán
639:
625:
623:
618:
616:
610:
605:
601:
597:
591:
586:
580:
575:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
524:Coatzacoalcos
521:
515:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
484:
479:
475:
474:Porfirio Díaz
471:
467:
462:
458:
449:
442:
438:
433:
424:
422:
418:
413:
411:
404:
398:
390:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
345:
340:
335:
331:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
313:Resting place
311:
308:
305:
301:
297:
288:
284:
280:
268:
264:
259:
255:
250:
245:
242:
236:
231:
226:
223:
217:
211:
206:
203:
199:
194:
189:
186:
180:
175:
170:
167:
161:
157:
153:
147:
142:
139:
135:
132:
129:
123:
120:
117:
111:
90:
85:
82:
77:
73:
60:
55:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2283:
2195:
1876:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1748:
1740:
1735:
1710:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1654:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1554:(1): 49–76.
1551:
1547:
1537:
1529:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1423:, pp. 530-33
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1346:
1335:
1319:
1312:
1302:
1288:
1275:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1157:
1152:
1128:
1117:
1078:
1067:
1041:
1028:
1022:
992:
981:World War II
954:
939:
932:
896:
889:
882:
863:
847:
808:
783:
779:
762:
752:
710:
684:Sinarquistas
675:
644:
619:
614:
546:
536:
516:
454:
441:Mount Vernon
414:
388:
387:
291:(1983-05-14)
239:Succeeded by
209:
183:Succeeded by
145:
126:Succeeded by
88:
44:
39:
35:
28:Spanish name
2367:1983 deaths
2362:1900 births
2241:Vicente Fox
2037:Rómulo Díaz
1937:Pedro Vélez
1488:, pp. 10-11
1137:Charro Days
1112:Mexico City
1017:Levi Eshkol
859:Lerma River
813: [
756:became the
736: [
725: [
676:Gobernación
607: [
588: [
577: [
566: [
543:Mexico City
508: [
481: [
342: [
296:Mexico City
289:14 May 1983
247: [
228: [
220:Preceded by
191: [
172: [
164:Preceded by
114:Preceded by
2316:Categories
1857:6 November
1548:Culturales
1328:References
979:following
965:Washington
935:Korean War
272:1900-09-29
105:1952-11-30
97:1946-12-01
1743:, p. 159.
1560:1870-1191
1532:, p. 158.
1449:, p. 532.
1108:Los Pinos
622:silicosis
368:Education
210:In office
155:President
146:In office
89:In office
79:53rd
2377:Interjet
1462:, p. 10.
1419:Krauze,
1410:, p. 531
1406:Krauze,
1322:. (1952)
1261:, 1982.
1170:See also
1164:Interjet
1158:His son
1121:Televisa
994:braceros
985:Pakistan
942:Cold War
915:Cold War
899:Acapulco
842:Congress
678:) under
664:Cárdenas
520:Acayucan
457:Veracruz
298:, Mexico
26:In this
1739:Cline,
1661:30 June
1528:Cline,
1501:, p. 10
1397:, p. 9.
1255:Arizona
1079:destape
1029:destape
1019:, 1963.
973:Germany
797:Cabinet
528:Orizaba
362:
354:
350:
103: (
95: (
32:surname
2300:Regent
1723:
1619:Camp,
1558:
1497:Camp,
1484:Camp,
1471:Camp,
1458:Camp,
1295:
1265:
1251:Tucson
1053:, and
851:Oaxaca
781:term.
742:, and
602:; and
547:Eureka
526:, and
499:, and
333:Spouse
40:Valdés
36:Alemán
1651:(PDF)
989:India
977:Italy
969:Japan
817:]
740:]
729:]
611:]
592:]
581:]
570:]
559:PEMEX
512:]
485:]
356:(
352:
346:]
251:]
232:]
195:]
176:]
1859:2011
1721:ISBN
1663:2010
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