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1940:, which only wounded him, in November 1927, provided the state with a pretext for arresting Pro again, this time with his brothers Humberto and Roberto. A young engineer who confessed his part in the attempted assassination testified that the Pro brothers were not involved. Miguel and his brothers were taken to the Detective Inspector's Office in
1821:
religious orders. Article 24 forbade public worship outside of church buildings, while
Article 27 restricted religious organizations' rights to own property. Finally, Article 130 revoked basic civil rights of clergy members: priests and religious workers were prevented from wearing their habits, were
1783:
One of his companions, Pulido, said that he "had never seen such an exquisite wit, never coarse, always sparkling." He was noted for his charity and ability to speak about spiritual subjects without boring his audience. Pulido remarked that there were two Pros: the playful Pro and the prayerful Pro.
1947:
On
November 23, 1927, Pro was executed without trial. President Calles gave orders to have Pro executed for the assassination attempt. Calles had the execution meticulously photographed, and the newspapers throughout the country carried photos on the front page the following day. Presumably, Calles
2000:
Calles is reported to have looked down upon a throng of 40,000 which lined Pro's funeral procession. Another 20,000 waited at the cemetery where he was buried without a priest present, his father saying the final words. The
Cristeros became more animated and fought with renewed enthusiasm, many of
1988:
in the other and held his arms out in imitation of the crucified Christ and shouted out, "May God have mercy on you! May God bless you! Lord, Thou knowest that I am innocent! With all my heart I forgive my enemies!" Before the firing squad was ordered to shoot, Pro raised his arms in imitation of
2032:
Neither suffering nor serious illness, nor the exhausting ministerial activity, frequently carried out in difficult and dangerous circumstances, could stifle the radiating and contagious joy which he brought to his life for Christ and which nothing could take away. Indeed, the deepest root of
1979:
Pro and his brothers were visited by
Generals Roberto Cruz and Palomera Lopez around 11 p.m. on November 22, 1927. The next day, as Pro walked from his cell to the courtyard and the firing squad, he blessed the soldiers, knelt, and briefly prayed quietly. Declining a blindfold, he faced his
1905:, had closed all the churches and cleared the entire state of openly serving priests, killing many of them, forcing a few to marry, the remaining few serving covertly at risk of their lives. On his return Pro served a Church which was forced to go "underground". He celebrated the
62:
1929:
1845:, the words of the consecration. After the ceremony the new priests gave their first blessing to their parents. I went to my room, laid out all the photographs of my family on the table, and then blessed them from the bottom of my heart."
1837:, where the French Jesuits (also in exile) had their faculty of Theology. His health continued to deteriorate. There he was ordained a priest on August 31, 1925. He wrote on that occasion: "How can I explain to you the sweet grace of the
1898:, which provided specific penalties for priests who criticized the government (five years' imprisonment) or wore clerical garb in certain situations outside their churches (500 pesos). This law went into effect on July 31, 1926.
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1479:. He was the third of eleven children, four of whom had died as infants or young children. From a young age, he was called "Cocol" as a nickname. Two of his sisters joined a convent. He entered the Jesuit
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1841:, which invades my poor miner's soul with such heavenly joys? I could not hold back the tears on the day of my ordination, above all at the moment when I pronounced, together with the
1867:
Three months after ordination, he was forced to undergo several operations for ulcers. He remained cheerful and courageous, explaining that the source of his strength was his prayer.
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1822:
denied the right to vote, and were forbidden from commenting on public affairs to the press. Most of the anti-clerical provisions of the constitution were removed in 1998.
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SOLENNE BEATIFICAZIONE DI SEI SERVI DI DIO: MIGUEL PRO, GIUSEPPE BENEDETTO DUSMET, FRANCESCO FAÀ DI BRUNO, JUNÍPERO SERRA, FRÉDÉRIC JANSSOONE E MARÍA JOSEFA NAVAL GIRBÉS
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was now president of Mexico. Unlike his predecessors, Calles vigorously enforced the anti-Catholic provisions of the 1917 constitution, implementing the so-called
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Pro's spiritual writings were approved by theologians on 1 June 1947, and his cause was formally opened on 11 January 1952, granting him the title of
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1817:. Article 3 mandated secular education in schools, prohibiting the Church from participating in primary and secondary education. Article 5 outlawed
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Pro studied in Mexico until 1914 when a massive wave of governmental anti-Catholicism forced the novitiate to dissolve and the
Jesuits to flee to
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self-sacrificing surrender for the lowly was his passionate love for Jesus Christ and his ardent desire to be conformed to him, even unto death.
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1920:. In October 1926, a warrant for his arrest was issued. He was arrested and released from prison the next day, but kept under surveillance.
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Blessed Miguel Agustín Pro, Mexican Jesuit, executed by a firing squad in Mexico (1927) for exercising his priestly ministry
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Miguel Pro, whose full name was José Ramón Miguel Agustín, was born into a mining family on
January 13, 1891, in
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The Holy Jester: Martyrdom, Social
Cohesion and Meaning in Mexico The story of Miguel Agustin Pro SJ, 1927–1988
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Miguel
Augustin Pro of the Society of Jesus: martyr of Christ the King, executed in Mexico, November 23, 1972
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Miguel
Augustin Pro of the Society of Jesus: martyr of Christ the King, executed in Mexico, November 23, 1972
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Details of Pro's ministry in the underground church come from his many letters, signed with the nickname
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On 23 November 1927, Miguel Agustín Pro, Mexican Jesuit, is executed by a firing squad (in Mexico City).
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In summer 1926 – his studies in Europe completed – Pro returned to Mexico. On the way he visited
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Back in Mexico, a new constitution for the country had been signed (1917). Five articles of the
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1993:!". When the initial shots of the firing squad failed to kill him, a soldier shot him at
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on the false charges of bombing and attempted assassination of former
Mexican President
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tendencies of the workers, he was able to win them over and preach the Gospel to them.
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Christ and shouted the defiant cry of the Cristeros, "¡Viva Cristo Rey!" – "Long live
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1994:
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was ousted in 1911 after staging a rigged reelection, and a struggle for power – the
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called the "fiercest persecution of religion anywhere since the reign of Elizabeth."
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Pro's arrest, without a trial or evidential support, gained prominence during the
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Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum
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2010:
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2017:
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By this time, some states, such as Tabasco under the notorious anti-Catholic
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rebels who were fighting against his troops, particularly in the state of
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When the firing squad shots failed to kill him, a soldier administered a
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Catholic web site dedicated to Miguel Pro including numerous photographs
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Miguel Pro: Martyrdom, Politics, and Society in Twentieth-Century Mexico
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Last and Near-Last Words of the Famous, Infamous and Those In-Between
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2296:(in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 174.
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them carrying the newspaper photo of Pro before the firing squad.
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His first assignment as a priest was to work with the miners of
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Jesuit life in Mexico, persecution, exile abroad, and ordination
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Miguel Pro's last request was to be allowed to kneel and pray.
1806:, Spain (1915–19), and from 1919 to 1922 taught in Nicaragua.
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thought that the sight of the pictures would frighten the
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He was known for the long periods he spent in the chapel.
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At the time of Pro's death, Mexico was ruled by fiercely
482:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
2175:
Br. Dominic, M.I.C.M., Tert. "Padre Pro, A Modern Martyr
317:
Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques
1427:. Known for his religious piety and innocence, he was
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People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
3496:
2674:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
1408:(January 13, 1891 – November 23, 1927) was a Mexican
2154:. William Heinemann and the Bodley Head. p. 9.
2359:
By Br. Dominic, M.I.C.M., Tert., at Catholicism.org
1879:where he celebrated Mass and visited the grotto of
1117:
List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation
2749:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat
2714:Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era
2669:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany
2547:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam
664:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany
1802:, in the United States. He then went to study in
837:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland
3556:
2784:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
2192:. Boston College. Montreal: The Messenger press.
2133:"An Assailed Missionary To America Is Beatified"
2097:. Boston College. Montreal: The Messenger press.
997:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
2502:Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1343:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions
31: and the second or maternal family name is
2240:"Blessed Miguel Agustín Pro", Franciscan Media
2185:
2107:
2090:
2065:
1813:were particularly aimed at suppression of the
2384:
1764:
1378:
247:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
2754:1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district
2186:Dragon, Antonio; Drummond, Lawrence (1930).
2091:Dragon, Antonio; Drummond, Lawrence (1930).
3640:20th-century Mexican Roman Catholic priests
3615:Victims of anti-Catholic violence in Mexico
2253:Blessed Miguel Pro, SJ -- Biographical Data
417:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State
227:Persecution of Christians in the modern era
2391:
2377:
2271:, p. 593, Cambridge University Press, 1986
1956:. However, they had the opposite effect.
1771:
1757:
1522:
1385:
1371:
3610:People executed by Mexico by firing squad
2789:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka
217:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism
16:Mexican Jesuit Priest, Martyr and Blessed
2201:
2199:
2152:The Collected Edition: The lawless roads
1966:
1958:
1927:
1494:
1446:
1412:priest executed under the presidency of
847:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990
2061:
2059:
1923:
1909:clandestinely and ministered the other
1628:List of Jesuit educational institutions
3557:
2268:The Cambridge History of Latin America
2149:
1112:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
212:Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958
2372:
2286:
2196:
3471:
2769:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
2130:
2056:
1398:José Ramón Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez
1338:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union
992:Violence against Christians in India
207:Historical persecution of Christians
3620:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
2131:Suro, Roberto (26 September 1988).
1870:
628:Burning of convents in Spain (1931)
13:
3373:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
2570:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari
1431:in Rome on September 25, 1988, by
1122:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
741:Persecution of Christians in China
14:
3656:
3625:20th-century venerated Christians
2779:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case
2330:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3480:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3388:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
2108:Lopez-Menendez, Marisol (2012).
2066:López-Menéndez, Marisol (2016).
2004:
1936:A failed attempt to assassinate
1740:
1354:
571:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
169:
60:
3585:Martyred Roman Catholic priests
2565:Constantinople massacre of 1821
2363:Padre Pro, Martir de Cristo Rey
2314:
2300:
2274:
2259:
2244:
2233:
2221:
1179:Oregon Compulsory Education Act
1142:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2759:1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence
2507:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
2179:
2168:
2143:
2124:
2101:
2084:
2044:
1913:to small groups of Catholics.
1787:Long-time President of Mexico
1268:Catholic Church in North Korea
1132:Dissolution of the Monasteries
272:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
66:Miguel Pro's execution in 1927
1:
3443:Eastern Catholics in the USSR
2627:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon
2595:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
2037:
1308:2021 Canadian church burnings
1070:Religious violence in Nigeria
603:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate
222:Eastern Catholic persecutions
2230:Encyclopædia Britannica 2007
2024:on September 25, 1988, Pope
1470:
1443:("in hatred of the faith").
1185:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
357:Christianity in Saudi Arabia
23:, the first or paternal
7:
2365:By Capellania del Padre Pro
2283:By Joseph W. Lewis Jr. M.D.
2255:(Creighton University 2006)
1811:1917 Constitution of Mexico
1333:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy
1193:Philadelphia nativist riots
10:
3661:
3403:Saints of the Cristero War
3363:Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac
2794:2010 Manila hostage crisis
2357:Padre Pro, A Modern Martyr
1463:who had begun what writer
1288:Anti-Catholicism in Norway
857:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs
546:Anti-clericalism in Mexico
18:
3456:
3343:Massacre of the Innocents
3325:
3263:
3085:
2990:
2944:
2913:
2877:
2836:
2820:
2811:
2724:Maluku sectarian conflict
2555:
2515:
2477:
2444:
2426:
2417:
2403:Persecution of Christians
450:European wars of religion
154:
133:
119:
102:
78:
71:
59:
40:
3600:Mexican beatified people
3293:Violence against Mormons
2469:Diocletianic Persecution
2408:Anti-Christian sentiment
2251:Buck, Ray and Ball, Ann
1829:studies Pro was sent to
1248:Murder of Andrea Santoro
761:Ad Apostolorum principis
497:Massacre in the Rue Haxo
252:Diocletianic Persecution
3605:Executed Mexican people
2774:2008 Kandhamal violence
2150:Greene, Graham (1970).
1852:, Belgium. Despite the
1553:Congregatio de Auxiliis
1052:1989 murders of Jesuits
3398:North American Martyrs
2744:Maspero demonstrations
2699:Mountain War (Lebanon)
2487:Homs revolts (854–855)
2035:
1976:
1964:
1933:
1747:Catholicism portal
1604:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
1500:
1361:Catholicism portal
1198:Ursuline Convent riots
1127:Irish Catholic Martyrs
1022:Four U.S. missionaries
731:Martyr Saints of China
397:Maspero demonstrations
292:Massacre of the Latins
3635:Religious persecution
3013:Tomás Garrido Canabal
3008:Plutarco Elías Calles
2926:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
2764:1999 Ranalai violence
2739:Boko Haram insurgency
2580:1860 Lebanon conflict
2210:(Angelus Online 20070
2030:
1970:
1962:
1931:
1903:Tomás Garrido Canabal
1892:Plutarco Elías Calles
1800:Los Gatos, California
1498:
1461:Plutarco Elías Calles
1447:Historical background
1414:Plutarco Elías Calles
868:In Poloniae annalibus
817:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn
767:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
377:Christianity in Sudan
124:Roman Catholic Church
3073:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
3003:Mwanga II of Buganda
2729:Nag Hammadi massacre
2530:Revolt in the Vendée
2208:Father Pro of Mexico
2022:Saint Peter's Square
1980:executioners with a
1924:Arrest and execution
1575:General Congregation
1487:on August 15, 1911.
1477:Guadalupe, Zacatecas
691:Bernhard Lichtenberg
670:Mit brennender Sorge
608:José María of Manila
541:José Sánchez del Río
523:Iniquis afflictisque
492:Martyrs of Compiègne
141:Saint Peter's Square
139:25 September, 1988,
3448:21 Martyrs of Libya
3428:522 Spanish Martyrs
3423:498 Spanish Martyrs
3418:233 Spanish Martyrs
2459:Persecution in Lyon
2070:. Lexington Books.
1881:Our Lady of Lourdes
1731:Jesuit philosophers
1706:Frederick Copleston
1691:Pierre-Jean De Smet
1597:Spiritual Exercises
1546:Regimini militantis
1328:Martyrs of Pratulin
1037:Ignacio Martín-Baró
736:Auguste Chapdelaine
623:522 Spanish Martyrs
618:498 Spanish Martyrs
613:233 Spanish Martyrs
3438:Martyrs of Daimiel
3413:Vietnamese Martyrs
3353:Carthusian Martyrs
2952:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
2821:Early Christianity
2664:Red Terror (Spain)
2600:Hamidian massacres
2497:Bashmurian revolts
2492:Martyrs of Córdoba
2464:Decian persecution
2454:Great Fire of Rome
2428:Early Christianity
2323:Article in Italian
2308:Blessed Miguel Pro
2215:2007-09-28 at the
2137:The New York Times
1984:in one hand and a
1977:
1965:
1934:
1793:Mexican Revolution
1726:Jesuit theologians
1646:Ignatius of Loyola
1501:
1402:Blessed Miguel Pro
1002:Devasahayam Pillai
797:Vietnamese Martyrs
593:Martyrs of Daimiel
582:Dilectissima Nobis
265:Neo-Persian Empire
3645:Beatified Jesuits
3494:
3493:
3300:Oriental Orthodox
3081:
3080:
2854:Septimius Severus
2807:
2806:
2637:Assyrian genocide
2632:Armenian genocide
2540:Kakure Kirishitan
2525:French Revolution
2346:Video reenactment
2310:American Catholic
2265:Bethell, Leslie,
2228:Miguel Pro Juárez
2206:Gentges, Mary E.
2161:978-0-370-30111-2
2077:978-1-4985-0426-3
1995:point-blank range
1890:on July 8, 1926.
1781:
1780:
1676:Robert Bellarmine
1433:Pope John Paul II
1395:
1394:
1027:Ignacio Ellacuría
938:Aloysius Stepinac
908:József Mindszenty
888:Jerzy Popiełuszko
875:Gloriosam Reginam
842:Maksymilian Kolbe
802:Andrew of Phú Yên
747:Ad Sinarum gentem
696:Max Josef Metzger
487:War in the Vendée
457:Thirty Years' War
410:Islamic terrorism
327:Assyrian genocide
322:Armenian genocide
164:
163:
149:Pope John Paul II
120:Venerated in
106:November 23, 1927
3652:
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3433:Martyrs of Turon
3383:Martyrs of Japan
3336:
3283:Eastern Orthodox
3266:persecuted group
2818:
2817:
2799:Genocide by ISIL
2734:Kosheh massacres
2704:Beer Hall Putsch
2590:Kucheng massacre
2585:Tianjin Massacre
2535:Martyrs of Japan
2424:
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2063:
2054:
2048:
1871:Return to Mexico
1773:
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1759:
1745:
1744:
1701:Aloysius Gonzaga
1696:Augustin Barruel
1671:Francisco Suárez
1580:Superior General
1526:
1516:Society of Jesus
1503:
1502:
1400:, also known as
1387:
1380:
1373:
1359:
1358:
918:Severian Baranyk
913:Eugene Bossilkov
882:Invicti athletae
852:Stefan Wyszyński
807:Nguyễn Văn Thuận
754:Cupimus Imprimis
598:Bartolomé Blanco
588:Martyrs of Turon
437:Martyrs of Japan
337:Kosheh massacres
312:Muslim conquests
285:Byzantine Empire
173:
166:
165:
109:
89:January 13, 1891
88:
86:
64:
38:
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3595:Mexican Jesuits
3575:Christ the King
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3358:Chinese Martyrs
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3063:Abubakar Shekau
2986:
2957:Tokugawa Ieyasu
2940:
2909:
2873:
2859:Maximinus Thrax
2832:
2813:
2803:
2694:Damour massacre
2689:Chouf massacres
2679:Istanbul pogrom
2659:Shusha massacre
2647:İzmit massacres
2617:Boxer Rebellion
2612:Candia massacre
2551:
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1991:Christ the King
1926:
1886:Pro arrived at
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1815:Catholic Church
1777:
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1637:Notable Jesuits
1532:
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944:Meminisse iuvat
933:Zynoviy Kovalyk
903:
893:
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832:
822:
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812:Trương Bửu Diệp
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2982:Queen Jeongsun
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2878:Late Antiquity
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2719:Sumgait pogrom
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2684:Black Thursday
2681:
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2642:Greek genocide
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2011:Servant of God
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1938:Álvaro Obregón
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1441:in odium fidei
1435:as a Catholic
1418:Álvaro Obregón
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3135:German Empire
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2436:New Testament
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2429:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:of Miguel Pro
2352:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2051:2010 Calendar
2047:
2043:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:beatification
2014:
2012:
2005:Beatification
2002:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1973:coup de grâce
1969:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:Porfirio Díaz
1785:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Jesuit saints
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1465:Graham Greene
1462:
1458:
1457:anti-Catholic
1454:
1453:anti-clerical
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:United States
1151:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:Great Britain
1097:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
986:
981:
980:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
962:Walter Ciszek
960:
958:
955:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:Drina Martyrs
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
902:
897:
896:
889:
886:
884:
883:
879:
877:
876:
872:
870:
869:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
826:
825:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
791:
786:
785:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
762:
758:
756:
755:
751:
749:
748:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:
667:
665:
662:
661:
658:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
636:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
560:
559:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
531:
527:
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
506:
505:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
446:
445:
438:
435:
434:
431:
426:
425:
418:
415:
414:
411:
406:
405:
398:
395:
394:
391:
386:
385:
378:
375:
374:
371:
366:
365:
358:
355:
354:
351:
346:
345:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
306:
301:
300:
293:
290:
289:
286:
281:
280:
273:
270:
269:
266:
261:
260:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
241:
236:
235:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
198:
197:
194:
189:
186:
185:
181:
177:
176:
172:
168:
167:
159:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
105:
101:
97:
93:
81:
77:
74:
70:
63:
58:
54:
44:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3580:Cristero War
3225:Soviet Union
3215:Saudi Arabia
3140:Nazi Germany
3043:Adolf Hitler
3028:Three Pashas
2998:Ranavalona I
2945:Early modern
2837:Roman Empire
2709:Eastern Bloc
2654:Cristero War
2517:Early modern
2446:Roman Empire
2342:(in Spanish)
2316:
2307:
2302:
2293:
2288:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2207:
2188:
2181:
2170:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2126:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2086:
2067:
2046:
2031:
2026:John Paul II
2015:
2008:
1999:
1978:
1946:
1935:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1885:
1874:
1866:
1847:
1824:
1808:
1797:
1786:
1782:
1716:Pope Francis
1661:Pedro Arrupe
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:Spirituality
1551:
1544:
1474:
1450:
1440:
1425:Cristero War
1422:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1218:Lorenzo Ruiz
1183:
1172:
1167:Know Nothing
1047:Óscar Romero
967:Pietro Leoni
949:
942:
880:
873:
866:
777:Dominic Tang
759:
752:
745:
701:Karl Leisner
686:Rupert Mayer
668:
580:
550:
530:Acerba animi
528:
521:
517:Cristero War
350:Saudi Arabia
305:Muslim world
240:Roman Empire
188:Persecutions
108:(1927-11-23)
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
3570:1927 deaths
3565:1891 births
3537:Catholicism
3393:New Martyrs
3317:Protestants
3273:Anabaptists
3200:North Korea
3095:Afghanistan
3058:Kim Il-sung
3023:Enver Hoxha
3018:Bai Chongxi
2967:Tipu Sultan
2931:Hulagu Khan
2914:Middle Ages
2575:1850 Aleppo
2479:Middle Ages
2053:Calendar.SK
1942:Mexico City
1839:Holy Spirit
1827:theological
1711:Karl Rahner
1656:Peter Faber
1559:Suppression
1529:Christogram
1261:North Korea
1211:Philippines
1162:James Coyle
1015:El Salvador
923:Josef Beran
711:Kulturkampf
681:Alois Grimm
676:Alfred Delp
641:Netherlands
462:Reformation
160:23 November
113:Mexico City
3559:Categories
3180:Madagascar
3105:Azerbaijan
3068:Xi Jinping
3048:Mao Zedong
2885:Diocletian
2814:persecutor
2605:Diyarbekir
2112:(Thesis).
2038:References
1911:sacraments
1896:Calles Law
1459:President
1173:The Menace
1137:Penal Laws
951:Anni sacri
772:Beda Chang
576:Red Terror
551:Miguel Pro
85:1891-01-13
48:Miguel Pro
3525:Biography
3305:Armenians
3278:Catholics
3150:Indonesia
2972:Minh Mạng
2905:Athanaric
2900:Shapur II
2828:Agrippa I
2118:924485046
2016:At Pro's
1907:Eucharist
1862:anarchist
1858:communist
1854:socialist
1850:Charleroi
1795:– began.
1567:Hierarchy
1481:novitiate
1471:Childhood
1439:, killed
1429:beatified
1081:Guatemala
135:Beatified
96:Zacatecas
92:Guadalupe
3466:Category
3240:Thailand
3210:Pakistan
3185:Malaysia
3115:Cambodia
2895:Galerius
2890:Maximian
2869:Valerian
2849:Domitian
2420:incident
2213:Archived
2114:ProQuest
1982:crucifix
1950:Cristero
1888:Veracruz
1825:For his
1819:monastic
1508:a series
1506:Part of
1485:El Llano
1228:Gomburza
862:Policies
201:Overview
180:a series
178:Part of
115:, Mexico
98:, Mexico
19:In this
3499:Portals
3476:Commons
3327:Martyrs
3288:Mormons
3250:Vietnam
3220:Somalia
3195:Nigeria
3175:Lebanon
3100:Algeria
3088:country
3053:Pol Pot
2351:YouTube
1954:Jalisco
1877:Lourdes
1835:Belgium
1831:Enghien
1804:Granada
1537:History
1105:Ireland
1065:Nigeria
790:Vietnam
657:Germany
191:of the
43:Blessed
25:surname
3549:Mexico
3513:Saints
3486:Portal
3245:Turkey
3190:Mexico
3130:France
2991:Modern
2977:Tự Đức
2962:Kangxi
2864:Decius
2557:Modern
2158:
2116:
2074:
2028:said:
1986:rosary
1860:, and
1843:bishop
1510:on the
1437:martyr
1410:Jesuit
1321:Russia
1301:Canada
1281:Norway
1241:Turkey
830:Poland
536:Saints
510:Mexico
475:France
73:Martyr
33:Juárez
3310:Copts
3255:Yemen
3235:Sudan
3230:Spain
3165:Japan
3145:India
3125:Egypt
3120:China
3110:Burma
2936:Timur
1918:Cocol
1620:Works
1611:Magis
985:India
724:China
564:Spain
430:Japan
390:Egypt
370:Sudan
156:Feast
3333:list
3170:Laos
3160:Iraq
3155:Iran
2844:Nero
2156:ISBN
2072:ISBN
1455:and
1103:and
145:Rome
103:Died
79:Born
2349:on
2020:in
1483:at
147:by
29:Pro
27:is
3561::
3264:By
3086:By
2812:By
2418:By
2198:^
2135:.
2058:^
2013:.
1997:.
1944:.
1883:.
1856:,
1833:,
1420:.
1406:SJ
1404:,
182:on
143:,
94:,
53:SJ
3501::
3335:)
3331:(
2392:e
2385:t
2378:v
2164:.
2139:.
2120:.
2080:.
1975:.
1772:e
1765:t
1758:v
1386:e
1379:t
1372:v
87:)
83:(
35:.
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