1011:
894:
354:
1019:
1510:
1356:
807:
1456:
851:
1161:
483:– were damaged by Michael the Brave's achievements. Although he acknowledged the suzerainty of Rudolf II, Michael the Brave continued to negotiate his official position in Transylvania, pleading for direct rule instead of being imperial governor. Michael kept the control of all three provinces for less than a year before the Hungarian nobility of Transylvania rose against him in a series of revolts with the support of the Austrian army commanded by the Italian General
724:
1118:
1696:
1217:
886:
77:
1344:
1264:
1601:
909:, was preparing to cross the Danube and undertake a major attack. Michael was quickly forced to retreat and the Ottoman forces started to cross the Danube on 4 August 1595. As his army was outnumbered, Michael avoided carrying the battle in open field, and decided to give battle on a marshy field located near the village of Călugăreni on the
1502:, attributed to the chronicler Radu Popescu (1655–1729), which bundles together all Michael's adversaries without distinction. Romanians and foreigners alike: "He subjected the Turks, the Moldavians, and the Hungarians to his rule, as if they were his asses." The picturesque flavor of the expression serves only to confirm the absence of any
874:) and his own relatives on his mother's side, the Cantacuzinos. He consequently protected their interests throughout his reign; for example, he passed a law binding serfs to lands owned by aristocrats. From the standpoint of religious jurisdiction, the Treaty of Gyulafehérvár had another important consequence: it placed all the
835:. Sigismund was forced to justify his actions before the European powers, since Aron had played an active role in the anti-Ottoman coalition. Later on, in the same city of Gyulafehérvár, Wallachian boyars signed a treaty with Sigismund on Michael's behalf. From the point of view of Wallachian internal politics, the
1187:, but he did not recognize the rights of the Romanians. Indeed, while he brought some of his Wallachian aides to Transylvania, he also invited some Székelys and other Transylvanian Hungarians to assist in the administration of Wallachia, where he wished to transplant Transylvania's far more advanced feudal system.
428:, resulting in a victory against an army nearly three times the size of the army of Michael the Brave, considered one of the most important battles of his reign. Although the Wallachians emerged victorious from the battle, Michael was forced to retreat with his troops and wait for aid from his allies, Prince
984:
1598 a formal treaty was reached between
Michael and Rudolf II. According to the treaty, the Austrian ruler would give Wallachia sufficient money to maintain a 5,000-man army, as well as armaments and supplies. Shortly after the treaty was signed, the war with the Ottomans resumed and Michael besieged
2444:
An example in this sense is
Michael's demands addressed to Emperor Rudolf II, in July 1600. The document is very suggestively titled: "Demands of Michael Voivode, Prince of Transylvania, Moldova and Wallachia, to His Highness the Emperor of Rome. These are His Majesty's wishes". This Document entered
1537:
states that in Mihai's time, the concept of the
Romanian nation and the desire for unification did not yet exist. A. D. Xenopol firmly states the absence of any national element in Michael's politics, holding that Michael's lack of desire to join the principalities' administrations proved his actions
1292:
together with his family, a handful of faithful boyars and the former
Transylvanian Prince, Sigismund Báthory. The Moldavian soldiers in the castle deserted, leaving a small Polish contingent as sole defenders. Under the cover of dark, sometime before 11 June, Movilă managed to sneak out of the walls
1274:
On 28 February 1600 Michael met with Polish envoys in Brassó. He was willing to recognise the Polish King as his sovereign in exchange for the crown of
Moldavia and the recognition of his male heirs' hereditary right over the three principalities, Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia. This did not
983:
declared the independence of
Wallachia under Michael's rule, but Michael knew that this was only an attempt to divert him from preparing for another future attack. Michael again requested Rudolf II's support and Rudolf finally agreed to send financial assistance to the Wallachian ruler. On 9 June
1086:
Having to face this new threat, Michael asked
Emperor Rudolf to become the sovereign of Wallachia. On 25 September (5 October) Báthory issued an ultimatum demanding that Michael abandon his throne. Michael decided to attack Andrew Cardinal Báthory immediately to prevent invasion. He would later
858:
Boyars could no longer be executed without the knowledge and approval of the
Transylvanian Prince and, if convicted for treason, their fortunes could no longer be confiscated. Apparently Michael was displeased with the final form of the treaty negotiated by his envoys, but was forced to comply.
1157:. As the Diet was assembled, Michael demanded that the estates swear loyalty to Emperor Rudolf, then to himself and thirdly to his son. Even if he was recognized by the Transylvanian diet as only imperial governor subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, he was nonetheless ruler of Transylvania.
979:. By the time Michael gathered his army to counterattack, the Tatars had speedily retreated and so no battle was fought. Michael was determined to continue the war against the Ottomans, but he was prevented because he lacked support from Sigismund Báthory and Rudolf II. On 7 January 1597
519:
1178:
When
Michael entered Transylvania, he did not immediately free or grant rights to the Romanian inhabitants, who were primarily peasants but, nevertheless, constituted a significant proportion of the population. Michael demonstrated his support by upholding the
436:. The war continued until a peace finally emerged in January 1597, but this lasted for only a year and a half. Peace was again reached in late 1599, when Michael was unable to continue the war due to lack of support from his allies. In 1599, Michael won the
1531:(written in the 1790s): "In the year 1593, Michael, who is called the Brave, succeeded to the lordship of Wallachia. He was a great warrior, who fought the Turks and defeated the Transylvanians. And he took Transylvania and gave it to Emperor Rudolf".
1287:
on 6 May. The garrison surrendered the citadel the next day and
Michael's forces caught up with the fleeing Ieremia Movilă, who was saved from being captured only by the sacrifice of his rear-guard. Movilă took refuge in the castle of
1444:, as well as a catalyst for various Romanian forces to achieve a single Romanian state. To Romanian Romantic nationalists, he was regarded as one of Romania's greatest national heroes. He is known in Romanian historiography as
2075:
Michael was the son of Pătrașcu cel Bun ('the Good'), voivode from 1553 to 1557, and that Michael's mother, Tudora, was a member of the powerful Kantakouzinos family. This would neatly explain the Kantakouzini's support for
830:
arrested Aron on charges of treason on the night of 24 April (5 May) and sent him to the Transylvanian capital at (Gyulafehérvár with his family and treasure. Aron would die poisoned by the end of May in the castle of
1479:
and his close relations with Emperor Rudolf. The conqueror's ambition is likewise frequently cited as a motivation for his action, occupying in the interpretative schema the place that was later to be occupied by the
546:
after receiving substantial military support. This led to Emperor Rudolf II accepting Michael the Brave's audience and providing him with 100,000 florins to rebuild his army. Meanwhile, forces loyal to Michael in
1431:
The rule of Michael the Brave, with its break with Ottoman rule, tense relations with other European powers and the leadership of the three states, was considered in later periods as the precursor of a modern
1673:
668:
that he was not of princely descent. Still, in May 1593 conflict did break out between Alexandru and Michael, who was forced to flee to Transylvania. He was accompanied by his half-brother Radu Florescu,
3279:
1190:
Michael began negotiating with the Emperor over his official position in Transylvania. The latter wanted the principality under direct Imperial rule with Michael acting as governor. The Wallachian
3254:
1173:
Michael Valachiae Transalpinae Woivoda, Sacrae Caesareae Regiae Majestatis Consiliarius per Transylvaniam Locumtenens, cis transylvaniam partium eius super exercitu Generalis Capitaneus".
1491:, Michael the Brave appears in the role of conqueror of Transylvania and Moldavia, "the cause of much spilling of blood among Christians", and not even highly appreciated by his own
1328:
1678:
836:
925:
because he had too few troops to mount a full-scale war against the remaining Ottoman forces. He subsequently joined forces with Sigismund Báthory's 40,000-man army (led by
2207:
Martin Fumée, Historia von den Empörungen, so sich im Königreich Vngarn, auch in Siebenbürgen, Moldaw, in der Bergische Walachey vnd andern örthern zugetragen haben, 1596.
1175:("Michael, voivode of Wallachia, the councillor of His Majesty the Emperor and the King, his deputy in Transylvania and General Captain of his troops from Transylvania.")
1785:
1471:
towards the middle of the 19th century. Such an interpretation is completely lacking in the historiography of the 17th-century chroniclers, and even in that of the
2397:
992:. The war with the Ottomans continued until 26 June 1599, when Michael, lacking the resources and support to continue prosecuting the war, signed a peace treaty.
2807:
1236:, claimed the Wallachian throne for himself and had used the title of Voivode since 1595. Aware of the threat the Movilăs represented, Michael had created the
1275:
significantly delay his attack, however; on 14 April 1600 Michael's troops entered Moldavia on multiple routes, the Prince himself leading the main thrust to
1153:, keeper of the Archives at the time, recorded the event in great detail. He also wrote that two days before the Diet met on 10 October, Transylvanian nobles
870:
During his reign, Michael relied heavily on the loyalty and support of a group of Oltenian lords, the most important of whom were Buzescu Brothers (Romanian:
2596:
843:, reinforcing the already important political power of the noble elite. According to the treaty, a council of 12 great boyars was to take part alongside the
591:
621:
2889:
3314:
1665:
1991 (only 3 pieces of this type were minted and the coin was not entered into circulation), and on 100 Lei, which circulated through the 1990s.
2890:"Structura și restructurarea marii boierimi din Țara Românească de la începutul secolului al XVI-LEA până la mijlocul secolului al XVII-LEA"
3033:
1902:
1647:
410:
235:
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2175:
413:(1599–1600). He is considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes. Since the 19th century, Michael the Brave has been regarded by
2655:
1684:
555:
out of Moldavia and prepared to reenter Transylvania. Michael the Brave, allied with Giorgio Basta, defeated the Hungarian army at the
417:
as a symbol of Romanian unity, as his reign marked the first time all principalities inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler.
2951:
2119:
2754:
1232:
had been an old enemy of Michael, having incited Andrew Báthory to send Michael the ultimatum demanding his abdication. His brother,
1141:. With his enemy dead, Michael entered the Transylvanian capital at Gyulafehérvár and received the keys to the fortress from Bishop
1010:
865:... they did not proceed as stated in their instructions but as their own good required and obtained privileges for themselves.
3294:
1331:). The Polish army also entered eastern Wallachia and established Simion Movilă as ruler. Forces loyal to Michael remained only in
682:
468:. During this period, Michael the Brave changed his seal to represent his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania.
1083:, one of Michael's greatest enemies. Movilă had deposed Ștefan Răzvan with the help of Polish hetman Jan Zamoyski in August 1595.
3244:
3234:
2058:
2120:"Mama lui Mihai Viteazul, unul dintre cele mai controversate personaje din istorie. Povestea de viaţă nespusă a doamnei Tudora"
1804:
1138:
3289:
3284:
2731:
2697:
2565:
2099:
2068:
1973:
1912:
1814:
686:
617:
3249:
3269:
2235:
38:
1618:
for his great contributions in the form of land and money to rebuilding the monastery that had been destroyed by a fire.
586:; some historians believe he merely invented his descent in order to justify his rule. His real father was most likely a
1703:
The seal comprises the coats of arms of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania: in the middle, on a shield the Moldavian
3309:
2606:
2407:
1072:
860:
697:
support for his accession to the Wallachian throne. He was supported by the English ambassador in the Ottoman capital,
543:
480:
2445:
Romanian historiography and under title: "Şi hotarul Ardealului(...)pohta ce-am pohtit(...)Moldova, Ţara Rumânească"
3274:
3239:
731:
Not long after Michael became Prince of Wallachia, he turned against the Ottoman Empire. The next year he joined the
2824:
1765:~60% in 1600 according to George W. White and ~28.4% in 1595 according to Károly Kocsis & Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi
1576:
3229:
1741:". Second, placed along a circular arc separating the Wallachian coat from the rest of the heraldic composition, "
1658:
1129:, giving him control of Transylvania. As he retreated from the battle, Andrew Báthory was killed by anti-Báthory
1001:
126:
63:
1958:
L'empire ottoman au nord du Danube et l'autonomie des principautés roumaines au XVIe siècle. études et document.
3304:
1475:
around 1800. What they emphasized, apart from the exceptional personality of Michael himself, were the idea of
1297:
1034:
31:
17:
3224:
3219:
1736:
1375:
1307:
in Transylvania, who rose against Michael in rebellion. With the help of Basta, they defeated Michael at the
1042:
944:
The fight against the Ottomans continued in 1596 when Michael made several incursions south of the Danube at
791:
and other parts of Moldavia. Mihai continued his attacks deep within the Ottoman Empire, taking the forts of
756:
690:
433:
2234:
Diaconescu, Marius (2004) "Gândirea politică a lui Ștefan Jósika, cancelarul principelui Sigismund Báthory"
2893:
2723:
893:
714:
530:, seeking audience with Emperor Rudolf II; however, the emperor refused to allow him audience. But General
1311:, forcing the prince to leave Transylvania together with his remaining loyal troops. A Polish army led by
1996:
1953:
572:
91:
59:
2580:
1422:
Never in Romanian history was a moment of such highness and glory so closely followed by bitter failure.
3214:
3076:
Szádeczky Kardoss, Lajos: Erdély és Mihály vajda története. . Temesvár 1893. Második, bővitett kiadás.
2447:
1904:
The Constantinian Order of Saint George: and the Angeli, Farnese and Bourbon families which governed it
1727:
1661:, was named after Michael. Mihai Viteazul's name and portrait appear on at least two Romanian coins: 5
1654:
1221:
1125:
On 18 October Michael won a decisive victory against the army of prince-cardinal Andrew Báthory at the
1050:
763:). He started a campaign against the Turks in the autumn of 1594, conquering several citadels near the
606:
465:
168:
67:
1841:
1723:
supporting a sword, treading on seven mountains. The Moldavian shield is held by two crowned figures.
1018:
3264:
3259:
3130:
1005:
914:
425:
2925:
1509:
1194:, on the other hand, wanted the title of Prince of Transylvania for himself and equally claimed the
3299:
3157:
1622:
1390:, who accepted Ottoman protection. Meanwhile, forces loyal to Michael in Wallachia led by his son,
1220:
Michael the Brave and his daughter Florica at Rudolf's court (detail of a contemporary painting by
980:
698:
657:
579:
342:
314:
3077:
1874:
1833:
1355:
922:
889:
A contemporary illustration of Michael the Brave defeating the Turks at Târgovişte in October 1595
2557:
1879:
1402:
and prepared to reenter Transylvania. Michael, allied with Basta, defeated the Hungarian army in
1308:
1126:
1068:
875:
784:
488:
437:
353:
3061:
3016:
2741:
1415:
1211:
1150:
965:
718:
596:
575:
324:
2551:
1183:, which recognized only the traditional rights and privileges of the Hungarians, Székelys and
261:
2912:
1391:
609:
298:
274:
2652:
1403:
1382:
between 23 February and 5 March 1601, which was granted when the emperor heard that General
1348:
822:
staged an elaborate plot and had Aaron the Tyrant, voivode of Moldavia, removed from power.
556:
302:
3209:
3204:
2975:
1711:
between sun and moon holding cross in beak, below Byzantine coat of arms, belonging to the
1699:
Seal of Michael the Brave during his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania
1554:
1524:
1472:
1441:
1184:
538:
faced significant opposition from the Hungarian nobility, leading to the reinstallation of
456:
suzerainty. A few months later, Michael's troops invaded Moldavia and reached its capital,
414:
3123:
2758:
2581:
Original text: "Să urîse muntenilor cu domniia lui Mihai-vodă, toții cu oști și războaie."
1387:
1303:
Neighboring states were alarmed by this upsetting of the balance of power, especially the
1091:
I rose with my country, my children, taking my wife and everything I had and with my army
819:
744:
674:
661:
539:
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with his remaining troops, while the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth entered
429:
161:
109:
8:
2663:
1563:
1545:
1534:
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626:
82:
2851:
2236:
https://www.semperfidelis.ro/e107_files/public/1263591828_2323_FT38854_stefan_josica.doc
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1514:
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1304:
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823:
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602:
214:
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3045:
3008:
3000:
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2816:
2791:
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Ionașcu, Ion (1962). "Mihai Viteazul și autorii tratatului de la Alba Iulia (1595)".
2727:
2703:
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2403:
2095:
2064:
2022:
1969:
1908:
1810:
1627:
1520:
1276:
1199:
1107:
985:
953:
898:
792:
740:
571:
Michael was born in 1558. He claimed to have been the illegitimate son of Wallachian
472:
453:
385:
374:
366:
293:
3167:
3150:
1594:
1229:
1080:
1053:
1026:
806:
500:
461:
441:
196:
186:
151:
2041:
2012:
1961:
918:
748:
583:
420:
His rule over Wallachia began in the autumn of 1593. Two years later, war with the
3140:
2809:Ștefan-cel-mare și Mihai-Viteazul: ca întemeietorii bisericii Românilor din Ardeal
1411:
1395:
1364:
1260:
moves, although Michael had been planning a Moldavian campaign for several years.
1245:
1233:
552:
508:
3186:
3100:
2659:
2454:. nstitutul de Lingvistică şi Istorie Literară „Sextil Puşcariu" din Cluj-Napoca.
1324:
1046:
930:
926:
879:
653:
613:
270:
1455:
1241:
867:
He would try to avoid the obligations imposed on him for the rest of his reign.
701:, and aided by a loan of 200,000 florins. Michael was invested Prince by Sultan
2872:
2374:
1965:
1558:
1280:
1146:
972:
906:
694:
678:
632:
476:
421:
2043:
Cronicarul Szamosközy şi însemnările lui privitoare la români : 1566-1608
1630:, a well-known Romanian film director, is a representation of the life of the
1049:); reversed his decision in October 1598; and then resigned again in favor of
3198:
3049:
3004:
2963:
2880:
2843:
2803:
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2553:
Nationalism and territory: constructing group identity in Southeastern Europe
2399:
Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
2026:
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1383:
1360:
850:
531:
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286:
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Matau Family History & Related Lineages: With a Brief History of Romania
1171:
In Transylvania Michael used the following signature on official documents:
1134:
3057:
3012:
2971:
2859:
1726:
There are two inscriptions on the seal. First, circular, in Slavonic using
1716:
1662:
1635:
1604:
1488:
1460:
1407:
1312:
1268:
1064:
878:
bishops in Transylvania under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Seat of
832:
776:
732:
670:
560:
535:
504:
1165:
1160:
1137:(today Sândominic, Romania) and Michael gave him a princely burial in the
826:(Báthory's chancellor and an ethnic Romanian) masterminded the operation.
542:, who turned his back on Emperor Rudolf II and declared submission to the
2639:
1615:
1612:
1549:
1476:
1216:
723:
639:
265:
119:
2124:
1130:
1111:
1022:
1014:
The three principalities under Michael's authority, May – September 1600
1695:
1406:. A few days later, Basta, who sought to control Transylvania himself,
1117:
971:
During late 1596, Michael was faced with an unexpected attack from the
961:
673:
and several other supporters. After spending two weeks at the court of
445:
257:
2046:(in Romanian). Cluj: Universitatea Regele Ferdinand I. pp. 20–36.
2017:
1495:: "The Wallachians became tired of the warful rule of Voivode Mihai".
1410:
Michael by order of the Habsburg Emperor; the killing took place near
605:, present in Wallachia and Moldavia, and allegedly descended from the
559:. A few days later Basta, who sought to control Transylvania himself,
1639:
1631:
1492:
1399:
934:
702:
548:
492:
394:
222:
2424:
Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin
1103:
938:
772:
522:
Map of Wallachia (yellow) over modern-day Romania (blue and yellow).
1643:
1257:
780:
752:
496:
402:
218:
131:
2216:
Marco Venier, correspondence with the Doge of Venice, 16 July 1595
2094:(in Romanian). Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. p. 239.
1997:"Ο Ρουμάνος ηγεμόνας Μιχαήλ ο Γενναίος (1593-1601) και οι Έλληνες"
1386:
had lost control of Transylvania to the Hungarian nobility led by
1316:
976:
917:
started on 13 August and Michael defeated the Ottoman army led by
448:(today Alba Iulia, Romania), becoming the imperial governor (i.e.
3096:
1954:"New Turkish Documents Concerning Michael the Brave and His Time"
1704:
1433:
1332:
1320:
1195:
1191:
1099:
1098:
He left Târgoviște on 2 October, and 9 by October he had reached
957:
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885:
844:
768:
648:
638:
Michael's political rise was quite spectacular, as he became the
512:
309:
243:
1498:
The perspective of the Wallachians themselves is to be found in
1284:
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in September 1593 and started his effective rule on 11 October.
457:
76:
3280:
Romanian people in the Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
2001:
The Romanian noble Michael the Brave (1593-1601) and the Greeks
1739:
Michael Wallachian Voivode of Transylvanian and Moldavian Lands
1668:
At least four major high schools in Romania bear his name: the
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1294:
1289:
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1253:
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in southern Transylvania, where he met envoys from the city of
1061:
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796:
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587:
527:
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and defeated the forces loyal to Michael the Brave, restoring
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and she may have been the sister of the famous Greek magnate
239:
1315:
drove the Wallachians from Moldavia and defeated Michael at
743:
against the Turks, and signed treaties with his neighbours:
1720:
1513:
Michael the Brave and his troops, 19th-century painting by
518:
471:
The interests of the three neighbouring great powers – the
27:
16th-century ruler of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania
3078:
Erdély és Mihály vajda története, 1595–1601. oklevéltárral
2776:
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie și Arheologie, Cluj-Napoca
1960:(in French and English), Gorgias Press, pp. 129–156,
1806:
Jihad: Islam's 1,300 Year War Against Western Civilisation
1198:
region. Michael was, nevertheless, willing to acknowledge
1106:(today Brașov, Romania). Sparing the city, he moved on to
941:, temporarily removing Wallachia from Ottoman suzerainty.
921:. Despite the victory, he retreated to his winter camp in
491:, forcing the prince to leave Transylvania and retreat to
2869:
Conflicted Memories: Europeanizing Contemporary Histories
2345:. University of Wisconsin – Madison, Gateway Press, 2002.
1079:. He was also a trusted ally of the new Moldavian Prince
929:) and counterattacked the Ottomans, freeing the towns of
2155:
According to the 18th-century chronicle of Radu Popescu.
1110:(today Cârța, Romania), where he joined forces with the
3255:
Burials at Dealu Monastery, Viforâta (Dâmboviţa County)
2057:
Brown, Amelia Robertson; Neil, Bronwen (20 July 2017).
1786:"Târgul de Floci, locul unde s-a născut Mihai Viteazul"
1541:
Several Romanian settlements named after him, such as:
2687:
1933:
1855:
1732:
IO MIHAILI UGROVLAHISCOI VOEVOD ARDEALSCOI MOLD ZEMLI
1155:
elected Michael the voivode as Prince of Transylvania
2952:"Mihail Viteazul: Cele patru itinerarii transilvane"
1436:, a thesis which was argued with noted intensity by
854:
Michael the Brave, early 20th-century mural painting
563:
Michael by order of the Habsburg Emperor Rudolf II.
30:"Mihai Viteazu" redirects here. For other uses, see
3034:"Legenda și substratul ei istoric. Mihail Viteazul
2692:(3rd ed.). Iași: Center for Romanian Studies.
2225:
C. Rezachevici – "Legenda și substratul ei istoric"
1067:and placed Transylvania under the influence of the
511:as ruler. Forces loyal to Michael remained only in
507:also advanced in eastern Wallachia and established
2621:Petre Panaitescu – Mihai Viteazul, București, 1936
2179:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 832.
1414:on 9 August 1601. According to Romanian historian
1252:was charged of keeping an alert eye on Moldavian,
2426:, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19)
1611:Michael is also commemorated by the monks of the
1529:Short Explanation of the History of the Romanians
1338:
1029:to Michael the Brave after the Battle of Șelimbăr
424:began, a conflict in which the Prince fought the
3196:
1145:, later depicted as a seminal event in Romanian
2518:
2516:
2497:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2327:
2325:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2247:
2245:
2243:
1634:ruler and his will to unite the three Romanian
975:, who had destroyed the towns of Bucharest and
905:During this period, the Ottoman army, based in
859:Prince Michael said in a conversation with the
2340:
1687:and Mihai Viteazul National College (Galați)
1440:. This theory became a point of reference for
812:Prince of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia
379:
1164:Michael the Brave at Alba Iulia, portrait by
1056:, his cousin. Báthory had strong ties to the
2513:
2492:
2478:
2375:"History of Transylvania by Akadémiai Kiadó"
2322:
2299:
2240:
1828:
1826:
1487:In the writings of the Moldavian chronicler
1347:Michael defeating the Hungarian nobility in
3031:
2990:
2949:
2937:(in Romanian). Bucharest: Fundația Regală.
2651:The 100 Lei of 1992 and 1993 are listed as
2448:"Testamentul politic al lui Mihai Viteazul"
1907:. Boletín Oficial del Estado. p. 564.
1670:Mihai Viteazul National College (Bucharest)
1607:coin of Romania depicting Michael the Brave
2932:
2642:, tracesofwar.com, Retrieved 10 April 2008
2598:History and myth in Romanian consciousness
1685:Mihai Viteazul National College (Slobozia)
1674:Mihai Viteazul National College (Ploiești)
783:, while his Moldavian allies defeated the
75:
2950:Rezachevici, Constantin (November 1999).
2464:
2056:
2016:
1823:
1139:Roman Catholic Cathedral of Gyulafehérvár
1094:so that the foe should not crush me here.
988:on 10 September 1598 and took control of
3032:Rezachevici, Constantin (October 2000).
2993:"Mihail Viteazul: Itinerariul moldovean"
2866:
2740:
2720:A Brief Illustrated History of Romanians
2117:
1694:
1599:
1538:were not motivated by any such concept.
1508:
1454:
1371:Michael asked again for assistance from
1354:
1342:
1262:
1215:
1159:
1116:
1017:
1009:
901:in October 1595, first published in 1596
892:
884:
849:
805:
722:
551:led by his son, Nicolae Pătrașcu, drove
517:
464:fled to Poland and Michael was declared
3315:People assassinated in the 17th century
2773:
2714:
2688:Bolovan, Ioan; Kurt W. Treptow (1997).
2422:Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi,
2039:
1939:
1861:
1500:The History of the Princes of Wallachia
432:of Transylvania and Holy Roman Emperor
14:
3197:
2748:(in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura All.
2416:
1900:
1875:"Michael | Ruler, Conqueror, Reformer"
1467:The prince began to be perceived as a
847:in the executive rule of the country.
503:on the throne. The Polish army led by
2887:
2842:
2802:
2752:
2601:. Central European University Press.
2549:
2395:
2163:
2161:
2113:
2111:
2087:
1951:
1901:Sainty, Guy Stair (1 December 2018).
1121:Michael the Brave entering Alba Iulia
1033:In April 1598, Sigismund resigned as
960:, where he was assisted by the local
664:. The latter had him swear before 12
601:, a member of the Greek noble family
487:, defeating Michael the Brave at the
384:
373:
232:9 August 1601 (aged 42–43)
2991:Rezachevici, Constantin (May 2000).
2594:
1994:
1802:
839:officialized what could be called a
2815:(in Romanian). Bucharest: Minerva.
24:
2158:
2118:Sofronie, Mădălin (30 June 2015).
2108:
810:Sigismund Báthory using the title
687:Michael "Şeytanoğlu" Kantakouzenos
681:, where with help from his cousin
25:
3326:
3083:
389:; 1558 – 9 August 1601), born as
64:Imperial governor of Transylvania
2060:Byzantine Culture in Translation
761:Holy League of Pope Clement VIII
618:Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu
526:Michael the Brave then left for
352:
3295:16th-century monarchs in Europe
2755:"Elements of Romanian Heraldry"
2681:
2645:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2588:
2574:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2504:
2458:
2438:
2429:
2389:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2334:
2313:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2149:
2140:
2081:
2050:
2033:
1988:
1759:
1002:Transylvania in the Middle Ages
995:
631:. Michael could probably speak
39:Mihai Pătrașcu (disambiguation)
3245:People of the Long Turkish War
3235:17th-century murdered monarchs
2888:Manea, Cristina Anton (2003).
2867:Jarausch, Konrad Hugo (2007).
1945:
1924:
1894:
1867:
1796:
1778:
1339:Last victory and assassination
727:Engraving of Michael the Brave
544:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
481:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
452:ruler) of Transylvania, under
32:Mihai Viteazu (disambiguation)
13:
1:
2933:Panaitescu, Petre P. (1936).
2892:(in Romanian). Archived from
1772:
1747:Through The Very Grace of God
660:in 1593 – during the rule of
566:
143:October 1599 – September 1600
3290:17th-century Romanian people
3285:16th-century Romanian people
2402:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1919:Michael (Pătraşcu) the Brave
1834:"Michael Prince of Walachia"
1792:(in Romanian). 22 July 2011.
1329:Battle of the Teleajăn River
1283:. He reached the capital of
799:and even reaching as far as
755:and the Holy Roman Emperor,
715:Wallachia in the Middle Ages
708:
578:(Pătrașcu the Good), of the
236:Principality of Transylvania
101:September 1593 – August 1601
7:
3270:1590s in the Ottoman Empire
1593:, a village in the commune
1584:, a village in the commune
1575:, a village in the commune
1293:and across the Dniester to
1205:
1025:bring the head of cardinal
620:, as well as the cousin of
10:
3331:
2850:(in Romanian). Bucharest:
2848:Istoria lui Mihai Viteazul
2091:Istoria românilor: Vitejii
1966:10.31826/9781463233365-005
1728:Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
1655:Order of Michael the Brave
1222:Frans Francken the Younger
1209:
1181:Union of the Three Nations
999:
712:
375:[miˈhajviˈte̯azul]
36:
29:
3310:Eastern Orthodox monarchs
3250:People from Vâlcea County
3183:
3174:
3164:
3155:
3147:
3137:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3090:
2550:White, George W. (2000).
2465:Szádeczki, Lajos (1893).
2396:White, George W. (2000).
2040:Crăciun, Ioachim (1928).
1930:Giurescu, p. 180.; Iorga.
1426:
1248:in July 1598 and the new
1006:Early Modern Transylvania
590:merchant. His mother was
348:
338:
330:
320:
308:
292:
282:
250:
228:
206:
202:
192:
182:
174:
167:
157:
147:
139:
125:
115:
105:
97:
90:
74:
57:
48:
3275:16th century in Moldavia
2558:Rowman & Littlefield
1752:
1745:", could be translated "
1719:: two meeting, standing
1363:of Michael the Brave at
683:Andronikos Kantakouzenos
656:by the end of 1588, and
401:, 1593–1601), Prince of
3230:Princes of Transylvania
2742:Giurescu, Constantin C.
2176:Encyclopædia Britannica
2088:Iorga, Nicolae (1988).
1880:Encyclopedia Britannica
1842:Encyclopædia Britannica
1690:
837:Treaty of Gyulafehérvár
635:too, besides Romanian.
460:. The Moldavian leader
2920:Cite journal requires
2640:Ordinul Mihai Viteazul
2540:Giurescu, pp. 211–213.
2531:Giurescu, pp. 201–205.
2468:Erdély és Mihály Vaida
2435:Giurescu, pp. 196–197.
2063:. BRILL. p. 231.
1700:
1608:
1517:
1464:
1424:
1416:Constantin C. Giurescu
1368:
1352:
1271:
1225:
1212:Moldavian Magnate Wars
1168:
1122:
1096:
1035:Prince of Transylvania
1030:
1015:
966:First Tarnovo Uprising
902:
890:
855:
815:
728:
719:Early Modern Wallachia
614:Greek region of Epirus
612:. She was born in the
523:
380:
370:
127:Prince of Transylvania
3305:Stolnici of Wallachia
2595:Boia, Lucian (2001).
1952:Maxim, Mihai (2011),
1803:Kemp, Arthur (2008).
1698:
1616:Simonopetra Monastery
1603:
1512:
1458:
1420:
1358:
1346:
1266:
1228:The Moldavian Prince
1219:
1163:
1120:
1089:
1087:describe the events:
1021:
1013:
896:
888:
853:
809:
726:
691:Patriarch Jeremiah II
610:John VI Kantakouzenos
592:Theodora Kantakouzene
521:
415:Romanian nationalists
3225:Princes of Wallachia
3220:Monarchs of Moldavia
3177:Notes and references
3092:Mihai I of Wallachia
3019:on 26 September 2007
2690:A History of Romania
2341:Helen Matau Powell.
2269:Panaitescu; Bolovan.
1995:Dinu, Tudor (2011).
1657:, Romania's highest
1577:Vlad Țepeș, Călărași
1555:Mihai Bravu, Giurgiu
1525:Transylvanian School
1473:Transylvanian School
1298:Stanisław Żółkiewski
915:Battle of Călugăreni
814:in a 1595 engraving.
426:Battle of Călugăreni
393:, was the Prince of
178:May – September 1600
37:For other uses, see
3240:House of Drăculești
3187:Regnal Chronologies
3131:Prince of Wallachia
3064:on 22 December 2007
2753:Homutescu, Adrian.
2658:28 May 2014 at the
2474:. pp. 347–352.
1707:, above Wallachian
1659:military decoration
1564:Mihai Bravu, Tulcea
1535:Petre P. Panaitescu
1448:or, less commonly,
1133:on 3 November near
863:envoy Lubieniecki:
685:(the eldest son of
334:Teodora Cantacuzino
92:Prince of Wallachia
83:Aegidius Sadeler II
60:Prince of Wallachia
3158:Prince of Moldavia
2978:on 10 October 2007
2899:on 8 February 2008
1838:www.britannica.com
1701:
1609:
1527:wrote in his work
1523:, a member of the
1518:
1515:Nicolae Grigorescu
1465:
1404:Battle of Guruslău
1378:during a visit in
1369:
1353:
1349:Battle of Guruslău
1309:Battle of Mirăslău
1305:Hungarian nobility
1272:
1226:
1169:
1127:Battle of Șelimbăr
1123:
1077:Sigismund III Vasa
1045:(who was also the
1039:Holy Roman Emperor
1031:
1016:
903:
891:
856:
816:
729:
557:Battle of Guruslău
524:
489:Battle of Mirăslău
466:Prince of Moldavia
438:Battle of Șelimbăr
343:Orthodox Christian
169:Prince of Moldavia
68:Prince of Moldavia
3215:Michael the Brave
3193:
3192:
3189:
3179:
3165:Succeeded by
3138:Succeeded by
3124:Alexandru cel Rău
3101:Drăculești branch
3036:Restituror Daciae
2746:Istoria Românilor
2733:978-973-50-4334-6
2699:978-973-98091-0-8
2630:Boia 1997, p. 133
2567:978-0-8476-9809-7
2522:Giurescu, p. 200.
2510:Giurescu, p. 201.
2501:Giurescu, p. 199.
2489:Giurescu, p. 198.
2364:Giurescu, p. 196.
2355:Giurescu, p. 195.
2331:Giurescu, p. 194.
2319:Giurescu, p. 192.
2310:Giurescu, p. 193.
2296:Giurescu, p. 191.
2287:Giurescu, p. 190.
2278:Giurescu, p. 189.
2251:Giurescu, p. 186.
2198:Giurescu, p. 183.
2189:Giurescu, p. 182.
2101:978-973-45-0029-1
2070:978-90-04-34907-0
2018:10.12681/mnimon.4
1975:978-1-4632-3336-5
1914:978-84-340-2506-6
1816:978-1-4092-0502-9
1715:- Asen branch of
1650:) as one domain.
1628:Sergiu Nicolaescu
1388:Sigismund Báthory
1151:István Szamosközy
937:(12 October) and
899:Battle of Giurgiu
820:Sigismund Báthory
747:of Transylvania,
745:Sigismund Báthory
741:Pope Clement VIII
739:powers formed by
675:Sigismund Báthory
662:Alexandru cel Rău
607:Byzantine Emperor
580:Drăculești branch
540:Sigismund Báthory
534:'s governance of
473:Habsburg monarchy
444:and soon entered
430:Sigismund Báthory
363:Michael the Brave
360:
359:
162:Sigismund Báthory
110:Alexandru cel Rău
49:Michael the Brave
16:(Redirected from
3322:
3265:1600s in Romania
3260:1590s in Romania
3184:
3175:
3148:Preceded by
3121:Preceded by
3111:
3097:House of Basarab
3088:
3087:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3060:. Archived from
3028:
3026:
3024:
3015:. Archived from
2987:
2985:
2983:
2974:. Archived from
2946:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2884:
2863:
2852:Editura Militară
2839:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2823:. Archived from
2814:
2799:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2761:on 23 March 2008
2757:. Archived from
2749:
2737:
2711:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2490:
2487:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2020:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1766:
1763:
1682:
1586:Victoria, Brăila
1438:Nicolae Bălcescu
1392:Nicolae Pătrașcu
1143:Demeter Naprágyi
1135:Csíkszentdomokos
1037:in favor of the
897:A depiction the
876:Eastern Orthodox
749:Aaron the Tyrant
652:at the court of
630:
622:Iane Cantacuzino
600:
584:House of Basarab
576:Pătrașcu cel Bun
388:
386:[ˈbravu]
383:
377:
356:
325:Pătrașcu cel Bun
299:Nicolae Pătrașcu
275:Dâmbovița County
79:
53:
46:
45:
21:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3300:Bans of Oltenia
3195:
3194:
3170:
3161:
3153:
3143:
3134:
3126:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3067:
3065:
3044:(in Romanian).
3042:Magazin Istoric
3022:
3020:
2999:(in Romanian).
2997:Magazin Istoric
2981:
2979:
2958:(in Romanian).
2956:Magazin Istoric
2921:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2833:
2831:
2830:on 9 April 2008
2827:
2812:
2778:(in Romanian).
2764:
2762:
2734:
2700:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2660:Wayback Machine
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2560:. p. 132.
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2170:"Rumania"
2167:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2034:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1743:I ML BJE MLRDIE
1693:
1676:
1566:, a commune in
1557:, a commune in
1548:, a commune in
1429:
1341:
1214:
1208:
1060:chancellor and
1047:King of Hungary
1008:
998:
927:Stephen Bocskai
721:
711:
654:Mihnea Turcitul
624:
594:
569:
303:Domnița Florica
301:
278:
271:Dealu Monastery
269:
255:
233:
215:Târgul de Floci
213:
212:15 January 1558
211:
86:
66:
62:
51:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3168:Ieremia Movilă
3166:
3163:
3154:
3151:Ieremia Movilă
3149:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:Regnal titles
3113:
3112:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3084:External links
3082:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3029:
2988:
2947:
2935:Mihai Viteazul
2930:
2922:|journal=
2885:
2873:Berghahn Books
2864:
2844:Iorga, Nicolae
2840:
2804:Iorga, Nicolae
2800:
2771:
2750:
2738:
2732:
2716:Djuvara, Neagu
2712:
2698:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2668:
2664:Krause Mishler
2644:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2608:978-9639116979
2607:
2587:
2573:
2566:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2512:
2503:
2491:
2477:
2457:
2437:
2428:
2415:
2409:978-0847698097
2408:
2388:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2333:
2321:
2312:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2239:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2107:
2100:
2080:
2069:
2049:
2032:
1987:
1974:
1944:
1942:, p. 185.
1932:
1923:
1913:
1893:
1866:
1864:, p. 193.
1854:
1822:
1815:
1795:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1692:
1689:
1636:principalities
1623:Mihai Viteazul
1598:
1597:
1595:Roșiori, Bihor
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1559:Giurgiu County
1552:
1446:Mihai Viteazul
1428:
1425:
1340:
1337:
1230:Ieremia Movilă
1207:
1204:
1202:overlordship.
1147:historiography
1081:Ieremia Movilă
1054:Andrew Báthory
1027:Andrew Báthory
997:
994:
872:Frații Buzești
795:, Ribnic, and
710:
707:
693:he negotiated
679:Constantinople
677:, he left for
658:Ban of Craiova
568:
565:
501:Ieremia Movilă
477:Ottoman Empire
462:Ieremia Movilă
442:Andrew Báthory
391:Mihai Pătrașcu
371:Mihai Viteazul
358:
357:
350:
346:
345:
340:
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
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306:
305:
296:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
256:
254:12 August 1601
252:
248:
247:
230:
226:
225:
210:Mihai Pătrașcu
208:
204:
203:
200:
199:
197:Ieremia Movilă
194:
190:
189:
187:Ieremia Movilă
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
152:Andrew Báthory
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
88:
87:
80:
72:
71:
55:
54:
52:Mihai Viteazul
26:
18:Mihai Viteazul
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3327:
3316:
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3311:
3308:
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3200:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3141:Simion Movilă
3133:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3114:
3110:1601 9 August
3109:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3079:
3075:
3063:
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3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
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2998:
2994:
2989:
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2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2914:
2897:(PhD. Thesis)
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
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2584:(in Romanian)
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2411:
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2401:
2400:
2392:
2377:. Mek.oszk.hu
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2128:(in Romanian)
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2084:
2077:
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2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1927:
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1713:Kantakouzenos
1710:
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1592:
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1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:Mihai Viteazu
1571:
1569:
1568:Tulcea County
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:Mihai Viteazu
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1504:Romanian idea
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1482:Romanian idea
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:Câmpia Turzii
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:Simion Movilă
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:Giorgio Basta
1381:
1377:
1374:
1366:
1365:Câmpia Turzii
1362:
1361:assassination
1357:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1296:
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1278:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:Simion Movilă
1231:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1156:
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1128:
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1024:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1003:
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987:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
933:(8 October),
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
900:
895:
887:
883:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
828:Ștefan Răzvan
825:
824:István Jósika
821:
813:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
725:
720:
716:
706:
704:
700:
699:Edward Barton
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:
645:
641:
636:
634:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
604:
603:Kantakouzenoi
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:Simion Movilă
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:Giorgio Basta
529:
520:
516:
514:
510:
509:Simion Movilă
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:Giorgio Basta
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:Gyulafehérvár
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
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416:
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408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
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329:
326:
323:
319:
316:
313:
311:
307:
304:
300:
297:
295:
291:
288:
287:Doamna Stanca
285:
281:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
253:
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245:
241:
237:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
209:
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177:
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156:
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133:
128:
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121:
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114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
84:
78:
73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
56:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3176:
3156:
3129:
3107:
3095:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:the original
3041:
3035:
3021:. Retrieved
3017:the original
2996:
2980:. Retrieved
2976:the original
2955:
2934:
2913:cite journal
2901:. Retrieved
2894:the original
2871:. New York:
2868:
2847:
2832:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2808:
2779:
2775:
2763:. Retrieved
2759:the original
2745:
2719:
2689:
2682:Bibliography
2671:
2647:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2597:
2590:
2576:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2506:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2440:
2431:
2423:
2418:
2398:
2391:
2381:18 September
2379:. Retrieved
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2315:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2174:
2151:
2146:Iorga, p. 32
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2123:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2059:
2052:
2042:
2035:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1979:, retrieved
1957:
1947:
1940:Djuvara 2014
1935:
1926:
1918:
1903:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1862:Djuvara 2014
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1837:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1761:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1734:", meaning "
1731:
1725:
1717:Asen dinasty
1702:
1667:
1652:
1648:Transylvania
1626:, a film by
1621:
1620:
1610:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1519:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1489:Miron Costin
1486:
1481:
1468:
1466:
1461:Theodor Aman
1459:Portrait by
1449:
1445:
1442:nationalists
1430:
1421:
1408:assassinated
1370:
1313:Jan Zamoyski
1302:
1273:
1269:Jan Zamoyski
1249:
1237:
1227:
1189:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1154:
1149:. Historian
1124:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1065:Jan Zamoyski
1032:
996:Transylvania
970:
943:
904:
871:
869:
864:
857:
841:boyar regime
840:
817:
811:
767:, including
735:alliance of
730:
671:Radu Buzescu
647:
637:
570:
561:assassinated
536:Transylvania
525:
505:Jan Zamoyski
470:
449:
419:
411:Transylvania
406:
398:
390:
362:
361:
130:
81:Portrait by
58:
43:
3210:1601 deaths
3205:1558 births
2782:: 111–144.
2452:Dacoromania
1677: [
1591:Mihai Bravu
1582:Mihai Bravu
1550:Cluj County
1521:Samuil Micu
1493:Wallachians
1477:Christendom
1450:Mihai Bravu
1267:Chancellor
981:Hasan Pasha
964:during the
919:Sinan Pasha
913:river. The
625: [
595: [
405:(1600) and
381:Mihai Bravu
266:Cluj County
183:Predecessor
148:Predecessor
120:Radu Mihnea
106:Predecessor
3199:Categories
3135:1593–1600
2675:Homutescu.
2132:4 November
1981:12 January
1886:4 November
1809:. Ostara.
1773:References
1632:Wallachian
1210:See also:
1000:See also:
962:Bulgarians
931:Târgoviște
923:Stoienești
880:Târgoviște
801:Adrianople
713:See also:
567:Early life
479:, and the
399:Michael II
315:Drăculești
258:Alba Iulia
3050:0541-881X
3005:0541-881X
2964:0541-881X
2881:493876549
2788:0253-1550
2744:(2007) .
2724:Humanitas
2027:2241-7524
1640:Wallachia
1400:Wallachia
1376:Rudolf II
1300:'s camp.
1166:Mișu Popp
1043:Rudolf II
986:Nicopolis
954:Nicopolis
935:Bucharest
818:In 1595,
793:Nicopolis
757:Rudolf II
733:Christian
709:Wallachia
703:Murad III
646:in 1588,
644:Mehedinți
549:Wallachia
493:Wallachia
434:Rudolf II
409:ruler of
395:Wallachia
349:Signature
223:Wallachia
193:Successor
158:Successor
116:Successor
2943:29925825
2846:(1968).
2821:18153903
2806:(1904).
2796:20377434
2718:(2014).
2708:39225262
2656:Archived
2653:KM # 111
2125:Adevărul
2076:Michael.
1847:25 March
1790:Adevărul
1644:Moldavia
1613:Athonite
1394:, drove
1206:Moldavia
1200:Habsburg
1112:Székelys
1051:Cardinal
1023:Székelys
781:Silistra
753:Moldavia
737:European
497:Moldavia
454:Habsburg
450:de facto
440:against
422:Ottomans
407:de facto
403:Moldavia
367:Romanian
339:Religion
219:Giurgeni
132:de facto
3068:3 March
3058:2263749
3023:3 March
3013:2263749
2982:3 March
2972:2263749
2903:3 March
2860:1243864
2834:3 March
2765:3 March
2666:catalog
2662:of the
2003:].
1605:100 lei
1469:unifier
1434:Romania
1398:out of
1373:Emperor
1333:Oltenia
1321:Ceptura
1258:Cossack
1196:Partium
1192:voivode
1131:Székely
1100:Prejmer
958:Babadag
911:Neajlov
845:voivode
777:Hârșova
769:Giurgiu
695:Ottoman
649:stolnic
582:of the
513:Oltenia
244:Romania
234:Torda,
3106:
3056:
3048:
3011:
3003:
2970:
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2858:
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2260:Manea.
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2005:Μνήμων
1972:
1911:
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1646:, and
1463:(1874)
1427:Legacy
1380:Prague
1367:, 1601
1351:, 1601
1323:, and
1317:Năieni
1295:hetman
1277:Trotuș
1256:, and
1246:Brăila
1238:Banate
1185:Saxons
1104:Brassó
1073:Poland
1062:hetman
1058:Polish
973:Tatars
956:, and
950:Pleven
939:Brăila
861:Polish
797:Chilia
779:, and
773:Brăila
765:Danube
689:) and
666:boyars
573:Prince
528:Prague
475:, the
331:Mother
321:Father
283:Spouse
277:(head)
268:(body)
262:Bogata
251:Burial
217:(near
85:, 1601
3162:1600
3108:Died:
2828:(PDF)
2813:(PDF)
2472:(PDF)
2011:: 9.
1999:[
1753:Notes
1721:lions
1709:eagle
1681:]
1325:Bucov
1290:Hotin
1281:Roman
1254:Tatar
1242:Buzău
990:Vidin
977:Buzău
946:Vidin
785:Turks
759:(see
633:Greek
629:]
599:]
588:Greek
310:House
294:Issue
240:Turda
238:(now
175:Reign
140:Reign
98:Reign
3070:2008
3054:OCLC
3046:ISSN
3025:2008
3009:OCLC
3001:ISSN
2984:2008
2968:OCLC
2960:ISSN
2939:OCLC
2926:help
2905:2008
2877:OCLC
2856:OCLC
2836:2008
2817:OCLC
2792:OCLC
2784:ISSN
2767:2008
2728:ISBN
2704:OCLC
2694:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2383:2013
2134:2023
2096:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2023:ISSN
1983:2024
1970:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1888:2023
1849:2019
1811:ISBN
1705:urus
1691:Seal
1672:the
1653:The
1359:The
1285:Iași
1279:and
1244:and
1108:Kerc
1069:King
1004:and
907:Ruse
833:Vinc
789:Iași
717:and
458:Iași
397:(as
229:Died
207:Born
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1250:ban
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378:or
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