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376:. The test vehicle made its first subsonic free-flight test in 1976, taking off under its own power from an old airstrip near Moscow. Flight tests, totaling eight in all, continued sporadically until 1978. The actual space plane project was cancelled when the decision was made to instead proceed with the
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Spiral was built to allow for a powered landing and go-around maneuver in case of a missed landing approach. An air intake for a single
Kolesov turbojet was mounted beneath the central vertical stabilizer. This was protected during launch and re-entry by a clamshell door which opened at subsonic
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wings. During launch and reentry, these were folded upward at 60 degrees. After dropping to subsonic speeds post-reentry, the pilot lowered the wings into the horizontal position, giving the spaceplane better re-entry and flight
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Soviet engineers opted for a midair launch scheme for Spiral. Known as "50 / 50", the idea was that the spaceplane and a liquid fuel booster stage would be launched at high altitude from the back of a custom-built
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The program was also known as the
Experimental Passenger Orbital Aircraft (EPOS). Work on this project began in 1965, with the project being halted in 1969, only to be restarted in 1974 in response to the U.S.
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Burned in the atmosphere at a height of about 60–70 km at a speed 8 000 mph (12 900 km/h). Was deployed at an altitude 328,083 ft (100 km) by
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of Spiral was designed to separate from the rest of the vehicle and parachute to earth like a conventional ballistic capsule; this could be done at any point in the flight.
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Spiral was designed to land on skids, which deployed from a set of doors on the sides of the fuselage just above and ahead of the wings.
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Flight tests, the experimental sub-scale base model. Five launches. Different from Spiral spaceplane shape, data was also used in the
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during reentry. Several BOR (Russian acronym for
Unpiloted Orbital Rocketplane) craft were flown to test this concept.
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program, was a crewed test vehicle to explore low-speed handling and landing. It was a visible result of a
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1. Destruction of the nose fairings after launch at a height of about five km (speed 0.94
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Spiral was to have been protected by what Soviet engineers termed "scale-plate armour":
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500:. Several of these craft have been preserved in aerospace museums around the world.
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2. Flight program is fully implemented. Crashed on landing (Parachute failure)
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Sub-scale model of the Spiral space plane. Four launches and two unconfirmed
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plated steel plates mounted on articulated ceramic bearings to allow for
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402:(OKB-156) and utilize many of the same technologies developed for the
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Predecessor of
Shuttle and Buran: Spiral Orbital Aircraft Programme
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In the event of a booster explosion or in-flight emergency, the
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10.6 m (34 ft 9 in) (including instrument boom)
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Sub-scale model of the Spiral space plane. Two launches.
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Sub-scale model of the Spiral space plane. Four launches.
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250–270 km/h (160–170 mph; 130–150 kn)
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Another spacecraft to use the Spiral design was the
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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
398:jet. The mothership was to have been built by the
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745:turbojet, 19.61 kN (4,410 lbf) thrust
531:Flight test, the experimental 1:3 scale model.
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457:Spiral was intended to carry only its pilot.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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760:800 km/h (500 mph, 430 kn)
665:Sub-scale model of the Spiral space plane
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
2577:Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
359:; the word is also used as a slang for "
73:This article includes a list of general
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849:. Hinkley: Midland. pp. 120–121.
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845:Gordon, Yefim; Gunston, Bill (2000).
772:175 kg/m (36 lb/sq ft)
347:. The MiG 105 was nicknamed "Lapot" (
2905:Bristol Ascender, Spacebus, Spacecab
150:adding citations to reliable sources
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59:
18:
16:Soviet cancelled spaceplane project
13:
3417:1970s Soviet experimental aircraft
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481:Беспилотный Орбитальный Ракетоплан
420:that featured innovative variable-
413:Mach 3 bomber. It was never built.
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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711:6.7 m (22 ft 0 in)
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34:This article has multiple issues.
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717:24 m (260 sq ft)
363:"), for the shape of its nose.
256:MiG 105-11 test vehicle at the
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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1:
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821:NASA X-38 Crew Return Vehicle
729:4,220 kg (9,304 lb)
723:3,500 kg (7,716 lb)
343:project to create an orbital
3447:Aircraft first flown in 1976
3437:Tailless delta-wing aircraft
3045:Hypersonic Flight Experiment
7:
3432:Cancelled Soviet spacecraft
3250:Martin Marietta Spacemaster
2711:Ya Guidao Gainian Feixingqi
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735:500 kg (1,100 lb)
678:Specifications (MiG 105-11)
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10:
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930:Mikoyan and Gurevich (MiG)
416:Spiral was a conventional
161:"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105"
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486:Bespilotnyi Orbital'nyi
333:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105
258:Central Air Force Museum
3392:Military flying saucers
2503:Reusable Booster System
2493:Liquid Fly-back Booster
2176:Reusable launch systems
894:Spiral, MIG 105, Uragan
879:Spiral and EPOS project
690:General characteristics
382:Monino Air Force Museum
94:more precise citations.
3305:NASA X-38 (Spacewedge)
3179:Boeing X-37 (tech dem)
2706:Goodyear Meteor Junior
2240:(orbiter and boosters)
3260:Orbital Sciences X-34
2633:Space Shuttle orbiter
641:Technik Museum Speyer
441:molybdenum disilicide
400:Tupolev Design Bureau
374:Space Shuttle Program
3265:Rockwell X-30 (NASP)
3245:DARPA Falcon Project
1204:MiG-XX LMFS MiG-1.27
407:supersonic transport
146:improve this article
3442:Hypersonic aircraft
3223:Shuttle–Mir Program
3195:North American X-15
3156:Zvezda (Tu-136/139)
3094:Soviet Union/Russia
2604:Buran-class orbiter
2445:Energia II (Uragan)
1151:I-380/I-410/I-3/I-5
266:General information
3146:RAKS (Tu-444/2000)
2342:Rocket Lab Neutron
539:Burned (planned).
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3205:Martin X-23 PRIME
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856:978-1-85780-099-9
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2307:8R (first stage)
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518:Current status
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1251:By designation
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1223:
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1215:
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1107:
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1099:
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1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:
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1067:Reconnaissance
1063:
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1040:
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868:External links
866:
863:
862:
855:
833:
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827:
824:
823:
818:
813:
811:X-20 Dyna-Soar
802:
801:
796:
791:
784:
781:
780:
779:
776:Landing speed:
773:
767:
764:Maximum speed:
761:
758:Maximum speed:
747:
746:
736:
733:Fuel capacity:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
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679:
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673:
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510:
507:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
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414:
389:
388:Spiral concept
386:
368:
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335:, part of the
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3240:Chrysler SERV
3238:
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3235:
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3215:Space Shuttle
3213:
3211:
3208:
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3198:
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3165:United States
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2898:
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2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Project 921-3
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2440:Chang Cheng-1
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:(first stage)
2429:
2426:
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2421:
2419:
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2409:
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2398:
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2373:
2371:(first stage)
2370:
2367:
2365:(first stage)
2364:
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2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:(first stage)
2343:
2340:
2338:
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2333:(first stage)
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2327:(first stage)
2326:
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2321:(first stage)
2320:
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2296:(first stage)
2295:
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2290:(first stage)
2289:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:(first stage)
2268:
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2239:
2238:Space Shuttle
2236:
2235:
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2222:
2219:
2217:(core stages)
2216:
2213:
2211:(first stage)
2210:
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1397:
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1387:
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1222:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Ye-150/Ye-152
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
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1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
947:
945:
940:
936:
931:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
904:
901:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
858:
852:
848:
841:
839:
834:
826:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
806:
800:
799:Space Shuttle
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:Buran Shuttle
787:
786:
777:
774:
771:
770:Wing loading:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
755:
754:
752:
744:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
727:Gross weight:
725:
722:
721:Empty weight:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
694:
693:
691:
686:
684:
670:
667:
664:
662:
659:
656:
652:
651:
647:
642:
639:
636:
632:
629:
627:
624:
621:
617:
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
595:
591:
590:
586:
581:
575:
572:
569:
567:
566:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
538:
536:
530:
527:
524:
522:
521:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
501:
499:
495:
490:
489:
478:
474:
473:
459:
456:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
435:
434:niobium alloy
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
405:
401:
397:
392:
391:
385:
383:
379:
378:Buran project
375:
364:
362:
358:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
324:
320:
315:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
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281:
277:
273:
269:
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231:
216:
213:
205:
202:February 2011
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
100:February 2011
93:
89:
83:
82:
76:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3351:SpaceShipTwo
3346:Dream Chaser
3210:SpaceShipOne
3150:
2797:* indicates
2661:Dream Chaser
2627:SpaceShipTwo
2621:SpaceShipOne
2522:
2476:
2215:Falcon Heavy
2107:
1877:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1832:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1741:
1403:
1193:
1184:Project 1.44
1103:Experimental
944:interceptors
889:Spiral 50-50
846:
825:
804:
803:
794:Dream Chaser
775:
769:
763:
757:
750:
748:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
689:
687:
682:
681:
512:Launch date
471:
470:
468:
370:
336:
332:
330:
322:First flight
307:Primary user
288:Manufacturer
282:Soviet Union
274:Test vehicle
226:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
78:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3427:Spaceplanes
3300:Black Horse
3295:VentureStar
3275:Silver Dart
2992:Space Rider
2950:Silbervogel
2842:Spaceplanes
2754:Silver Dart
2686:upper stage
2615:Gemini SC-2
2572:Boeing X-37
2533:VentureStar
2465:Hyperbola-2
2392:Kankoh-maru
2325:Orbex Prime
2294:Hyperbola-3
2273:Ariane Next
2252:* (booster)
2246:* (booster)
2221:New Shepard
1350:MiG-23 (II)
1189:Project LFI
751:Performance
739:Powerplant:
669:NPO Molniya
611:NPO Molniya
561:NPO Molniya
384:in Russia.
367:Development
92:introducing
3411:Categories
3356:Radian One
3325:DARPA XS-1
3320:Prometheus
3188:Historical
2997:SpaceLiner
2959:Historical
2799:suborbital
2555:Spacecraft
2518:Tianjiao-1
2513:Sea Dragon
2436:(boosters)
2369:Tianlong-3
2300:Long March
2180:spacecraft
2137:Unofficial
1745:(aircraft)
1547:I-320 (II)
1345:MiG-23 (I)
1310:MiG-9 (II)
1295:MiG-7 (II)
972:MiG-7 (II)
829:References
715:Wing area:
643:, Germany
528:15.07.1969
494:X-23 PRIME
488:Raketoplan
418:delta wing
411:Sukhoi T-4
396:hypersonic
345:spaceplane
172:newspapers
75:references
39:improve it
3372:Blackstar
3310:XCOR Lynx
3270:NASA X-43
2856:Wild Fire
2764:X-30 NASP
2726:Cancelled
2694:Proposals
2680:(capsule)
2674:(capsule)
2668:(capsule)
2657:(capsule)
2611:(capsule)
2475:Hopper /
2450:Falcon 1e
2385:Proposals
2377:(engines)
2319:New Glenn
1881:(product)
1542:I-320 (I)
1305:MiG-9 (I)
1290:MiG-7 (I)
1232:MiG 18-50
1220:cancelled
1218:Proposed,
967:MiG-7 (I)
884:Spiral OS
766:Mach 0.65
743:RD-36-35K
709:Wingspan:
683:Data from
671:, Moscow
648:, Russia
630:1984–1988
613:, Moscow
604:1980–1984
587:Crashed.
573:1973–1974
563:, Moscow
554:1969–1972
357:bast shoe
302:Cancelled
45:talk page
3233:Canceled
3116:Explorer
3017:Canceled
2893:Canceled
2877:Shenlong
2801:vehicles
2684:Starship
2666:Mengzhou
2588:Shenlong
2583:Dragon 2
2455:Falcon 5
2411:Canceled
2363:Terran R
2331:Pallas-1
2288:Electron
2278:CALLISTO
2209:Falcon 9
1878:Izdeliye
1850:(F) (II)
1414:MiG-2000
1237:MiG-2000
1174:MiG Skat
1085:Trainers
939:Fighters
932:aircraft
783:See also
637:project.
422:dihedral
409:and the
3219:program
3131:Lapotok
2945:Saenger
2940:S3 SOAR
2935:Orizont
2930:MUSTARD
2749:Mustard
2597:Retired
2579:(CSSHQ)
2477:Phoenix
2418:Adeline
2313:Miura 5
2231:Retired
2028:65 (II)
1993:50 (II)
1978:32 (II)
1963:23 (II)
1953:22 (II)
1842:(F) (I)
1817:(SI/SF)
1742:Samolet
1409:MiG-110
1404:MiG-105
1242:MiG SVB
1194:MiG-105
1179:MiG-110
1170:MiG-21I
1075:MiG-25R
1052:MiG-23B
703:Length:
477:Russian
429:speeds.
349:Russian
317:History
293:Mikoyan
245:MiG-105
186:scholar
88:improve
3172:Active
3151:Spiral
3126:Kliper
3080:HOPE-X
3075:ALFLEX
3067:HYFLEX
3040:RLV-TD
3024:AVATAR
2987:Skylon
2982:Airbus
2920:Hopper
2915:Hermes
2886:Europe
2849:Canada
2738:Kliper
2701:Avatar
2609:Dragon
2565:Active
2523:Spiral
2470:HOPE-X
2434:Ares V
2428:Ares I
2423:Angara
2397:SASSTO
2375:Vulcan
2348:Skylon
2337:RLV-TD
2283:CORONA
2244:Petrel
2202:Active
2023:65 (I)
1988:50 (I)
1973:32 (I)
1958:23 (I)
1948:22 (I)
1732:Ye-266
1727:Ye-231
1722:Ye-166
1717:Ye-518
1705:Ye-155
1700:Ye-152
1695:Ye-151
1690:Ye-150
1685:Ye-133
1421:MiG-AT
1399:MiG-35
1394:MiG-33
1389:MiG-31
1372:MiG-29
1367:MiG-27
1355:MiG-25
1340:MiG-21
1335:MiG-19
1330:MiG-17
1325:MiG-15
1320:MiG-13
1315:MiG-11
1209:PAK DP
1199:MiG-33
1093:MiG-AT
1057:MiG-27
1044:Attack
1034:MiG-35
1029:MiG-31
1012:MiG-29
1007:MiG-25
1002:MiG-23
997:MiG-21
992:MiG-19
987:MiG-17
982:MiG-15
853:
515:Usage
506:Image
404:Tu-144
353:лапоть
341:Soviet
337:Spiral
299:Status
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
77:, but
3315:Xerus
3285:HL-42
3280:HL-20
3200:ASSET
3111:Buran
3106:BOR-5
3101:BOR-4
3085:WIRES
3060:Japan
3010:India
2925:HOTOL
2910:Falke
2865:China
2717:SUSIE
2678:Orion
2508:Roton
2483:HOTOL
2460:Nexus
1866:(IKh)
1815:СИ/СФ
1710:MF/MP
1680:Ye-76
1675:Ye-66
1670:Ye-50
1665:Ye-33
1587:I-420
1582:I-410
1577:I-380
1572:I-370
1567:I-360
1562:I-350
1557:I-340
1552:I-330
1537:I-312
1532:I-310
1527:I-308
1522:I-307
1517:I-305
1512:I-302
1507:I-301
1502:I-300
1497:I-270
1492:I-260
1487:I-250
1482:I-231
1477:I-230
1472:I-225
1467:I-224
1462:I-222
1457:I-221
1452:I-220
1447:I-211
1442:I-210
1437:I-200
1300:MiG-8
1285:MiG-6
1280:MiG-5
1275:MiG-4
1270:MiG-3
1265:MiG-1
1227:MiG-6
1146:I-350
1136:I-320
1131:I-270
1126:I-250
1121:I-220
1116:I-211
1111:MiG-8
977:MiG-9
962:MiG-5
957:MiG-3
952:MiG-1
697:Crew:
660:BOR-6
635:Buran
626:BOR-5
600:BOR-4
570:BOR-3
551:BOR-2
535:11K65
525:BOR-1
509:Type
498:ASSET
437:VN5AP
355:, or
193:JSTOR
179:books
3071:OREX
2900:ARES
2770:X-33
2759:SOAR
2743:Lynx
2638:X-15
2498:MAKS
2267:Amur
2250:Skua
2178:and
1858:(Kh)
1825:(SM)
1778:(Zh)
1770:(Ye)
1660:Ye-8
1655:Ye-7
1650:Ye-6
1645:Ye-5
1640:Ye-4
1635:Ye-2
1630:Ye-1
1614:I-75
1161:I-75
1156:I-7U
1141:Ye-8
851:ISBN
816:X-24
741:1 ×
580:Mach
496:and
439:and
361:shoe
331:The
325:1976
271:Type
165:news
3136:LKS
2966:IXV
2733:H-2
2528:V-2
2488:K-1
2123:801
2118:701
2113:518
2108:105
1809:(S)
1801:(R)
1793:(N)
1762:(D)
1609:I-7
1604:I-5
1599:I-3
1594:I-1
1258:MiG
472:БОР
148:by
3413::
3221:,
2103:99
2098:96
2093:95
2088:94
2083:92
2078:84
2073:83
2068:77
2063:76
2058:75
2053:74
2048:72
2043:69
2038:68
2033:66
2018:64
2013:63
2008:61
2003:55
1998:53
1983:39
1968:30
1943:21
1938:15
1928:08
1918:07
1908:05
1903:03
1898:02
1888:01
1864:ИХ
1823:СМ
1623:Ye
1360:MP
837:^
582:).
483:,
479::
351::
48:.
3225:)
3217:(
3073:/
3069:/
2834:e
2827:t
2820:v
2778:*
2772:*
2766:*
2745:*
2713:*
2640:*
2629:*
2623:*
2617:*
2223:*
2168:e
2161:t
2154:v
1933:9
1923:7
1913:5
1893:2
1856:Х
1848:Ф
1840:Ф
1833:T
1807:С
1799:Р
1791:Н
1784:М
1776:Ж
1768:E
1760:Д
1753:А
1430:I
1382:M
1377:K
1022:M
1017:K
941:,
922:e
915:t
908:v
859:.
699:1
475:(
260:.
233:)
227:(
215:)
209:(
204:)
200:(
190:·
183:·
176:·
169:·
142:.
113:)
107:(
102:)
98:(
84:.
55:)
51:(
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