Military history of Italy during World War II

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Bersaglieri has impressed the German soldier." Describing the behaviour of the 'Ariete Armoured division' during the last phases of the battle of El Alamein, Rommel also wrote: Enormous dust-clouds could be seen south and south-east of headquarters , where the desperate struggle of the small and inefficient Italian tanks of XX Corps was being played out against the hundred or so British heavy tanks which had come round their open right flank. I was later told by Major von Luck, whose battalion I had sent to close the gap between the Italians and the Afrika Korps, that the Italians, who at that time represented our strongest motorised force, fought with exemplary courage. Tank after tank split asunder or burned out, while all the time a tremendous British barrage lay over the Italian infantry and artillery positions. The last signal came from the

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the Greek suffered over 90,000 combat casualties (including 14,000 killed and 5,000 missing) and an unknown number of sick. While an embarrassment for the Italians, losses on this scale were devastating for the less numerous Greeks; additionally, the Greek Army had bled a significant amount of materiel. They were short on every area of equipment despite heavy infusion of British aid in February and March, with the army as a whole having only 1 month of artillery ammunition left by the start of April and insufficient arms and equipment to mobilize its reserves. Hitler later stated in hindsight that Greece would have been defeated with or without German intervention, and that even at the time he was of the opinion that the Italians alone would have conquered Greece in the forthcoming season.

2329:(where a coup had deposed the German-friendly government). The Germans invaded on 6 April 1941, smashing through the skeleton garrisons opposing them with little resistance, while the Italians continued a slow advance in Albania and Epirus as the Greeks withdrew, with the country falling to the Axis by the end of the month. The Italian Army was still pinned down in Albania by the Greeks when the Germans began their invasion. Crucially, the bulk of the Greek Army (fifteen divisions out of twenty-one) was left facing the Italians in Albania and Epirus when the Germans intervened. Hitler commented that the Italians "had so weakened that its collapse had already become inevitable" and credited them with having "engaged the greater part of the Greek Army." 1847: 3879:

entry into the war on the side of Germany was inevitable, the English blockaded German coal imports from 1 March 1940 in an attempt to bring Italian industry to a standstill. The British and the French then began amassing their naval fleets (to a twelve-to-two superiority in capital ships over the Regia Marina) both in preparation and provocation. They thought wrongly that Italy could be knocked out early, underestimating its determination. Prior to this, from 10 September 1939, the Italians made several attempts to intermediate peace. While Hitler was open to it, the French were not responsive and the British only invited the Italians to change sides. For Mussolini, the risks of staying out of the war were becoming greater than those for entering.

2888: 3281: 1576: 3266: 3594:, who goes into battle in an obsolete M14 tank against superior enemy armour and anti-tank guns, knowing they can easily penetrate his flimsy protection at a range where his own small gun will have little effect; the German panzer soldier or British tanker who goes into battle in a Panzer IV Special or Sherman respectively against equivalent enemy opposition knowing that he can at least trade blows with them on equal terms; the British tanker who goes into battle in a Sherman against inferior Italian armour and anti-tank guns, knowing confidently that he can destroy them at ranges where they cannot touch him. It would seem clear that, in terms of their motto 3617:

is that Italy was unprepared for a global conflict as Fascist imperialism had diverted resources to wage wars in Libya, Ethiopia, Spain and Albania during the 1930s: although successful, these campaigns drained resources that should have been destined to an effective re-armament. Donald Detwiler writes that "Italy's entrance into the war showed very early that her military strength was only a hollow shell. Italy's military failures against France, Greece, Yugoslavia and in the African Theatres of war shook Italy's new prestige mightily." James Sadkovich surmises that Italian failures were caused by inferior equipment,

1234:(Mt) of coal, 0.01 Mt of crude oil, 1.2 Mt of iron ore and 2.1 Mt of steel. By comparison, Great Britain produced 224.3 Mt of coal, 11.9 Mt of crude oil, 17.7 Mt of iron ore, and 13.0 Mt of steel and Germany produced 364.8 Mt of coal, 8.0 Mt of crude oil, 29.5 Mt of iron ore and 21.5 Mt of steel. Most raw material needs could be fulfilled only through importation, and no effort was made to stockpile key materials before the entry into war. Approximately one quarter of the ships of Italy's merchant fleet were in allied ports at the outbreak of hostilities, and, given no forewarning, were immediately impounded. 1042:. Mussolini had engaged in "a full-scale external war" due to the insinuation of future Spanish subservience to the Italian Empire, and as a way of placing the country on a war footing and creating "a warrior culture". The aftermath of the war in Ethiopia saw a reconciliation of German-Italian relations following years of a previously strained relationship, resulting in the signing of a treaty of mutual interest in October 1936. Mussolini referred to this treaty as the creation of a Berlin-Rome Axis, which Europe would revolve around. The treaty was the result of increasing dependence on German coal following 2478: 1763: 2740: 1421:(the Italian High Command) consisted of only a small complement of staff that could do little more than inform the individual service commands of Mussolini's intentions, after which it was up to the individual service commands to develop proper plans and execution. The result was that there was no central direction for operations; the three military services tended to work independently, focusing only on their fields, with little inter-service cooperation. Pay discrepancies existed for personnel who were of equal rank, but from different units. 2636: 1412:

army personnel were lightly armed infantry lacking sufficient motor transport. Not enough money was budgeted to train the men in the services, such that the bulk of personnel received much of their training at the front, too late to be of use. Air units had not been trained to operate with the naval fleet and the majority of ships had been built for fleet actions, rather than the convoy protection duties in which they were primarily employed during the war. In any event, a critical lack of fuel kept naval activities to a minimum.

1997: 1268: 12912: 2243: 1878:, deep in Libya (an advance of 800 kilometres or 500 miles) and taking some 130,000 prisoners. The Allies nearly destroyed the 10th Army, and seemed on the point of sweeping the Italians out of Libya altogether. Winston Churchill, however, directed the advance be stopped, initially because of supply problems and because of a new Italian offensive that had gained ground in Albania, and ordered troops dispatched to defend Greece. Weeks later the first troops of the German 911: 2104: 2012: 8925: 3613:

many British soldiers' lives. More crucially, they lacked suitable quantities of equipment of all kinds and their high command did not take necessary steps to plan for most eventualities. This was compounded by Mussolini's assigning unqualified political favourites to key positions. Mussolini also dramatically overestimated the ability of the Italian military at times, sending them into situations where failure was likely, such as the invasion of Greece.

2405:) began. Together with the rapid advance of German forces, the Italians attacked Yugoslavia in Dalmatia and finally pushed the Greeks out of Albania. On 17 April, Yugoslavia surrendered to the Germans and the Italians. On 30 April, Greece too surrendered to the Germans and Italians, and was divided into German, Italian and Bulgarian sectors. The invasions ended with a complete Axis victory in May when Crete fell. On 3 May, during the triumphal parade in 19: 3104:, and during World War II he favoured the Balkans as an area of operations, for example in Greece in 1940). Calling Italy the "soft underbelly" of the Axis, Churchill had therefore advocated this invasion instead of a cross-channel invasion of occupied France. But Italy itself proved anything but a soft target: the mountainous terrain gave Axis forces excellent defensive positions, and it also partly negated the Allied advantage in 2861:. Most importantly, Badoglio never gave the "OP 44" order for the Italian people to rise up against the Germans until he knew it was too late to do any good; that is, he belatedly issued the order on 11 September. However, from the day of the announcement of the Armistice, when Italian citizens, military personnel and military units decided to rise up and resist on their own, they were sometimes quite effective against the Germans. 3074: 8914: 3633: 591: 2338: 1829:

reorganisation, if needed. The rocky terrain had prevented an anti-tank ditch from being dug and there were too few mines and 47 mm anti-tank guns to repel an armoured advance. By the summer of 1941, the Italians in North Africa had regrouped, retrained and rearmed into a much more effective fighting force, one that proved to be much harder for the British to overcome in encounters from 1941 to 1943.

1492: 1703: 3086: 3564:, in the convoy war and North Africa. According to Sadkovich, Rommel often retreated leaving immobile infantry units exposed, withdrew German units to rest even though the Italians had also been in combat, would deprive the Italians of their share of captured goods, ignore Italian intelligence, seldom acknowledged Italian successes and often resisted formulation of joint strategy. 6103:

WW2, like happened to all the other seven pilots of his air force group. The reason: the Italian airplanes were no match for the powerful airplanes ("Spitfires", etc..) of the English and -as he used to say- it was needed "suicidal courage" and not "normal courage" to engage in flight battles against the Allies with the "flying coffins", as were nicknamed the old Italian airplanes

3560:, "...the Italians fought particularly well, outdoing the Germans in line with them". Rommel also conceded praise on several occasions. Other times, German mistakes were blamed on Italians, or the Germans left the Italians in hopeless situations where failure was unavoidable. Questionable German advice, broken promises and security lapses had direct consequences at the 3576: 2498: 1469:, correctly predicted that Mussolini's pride would ultimately cause him to enter the war. Wavell would compare Mussolini's situation to that of someone at the top of a diving board: "I think he must do something. If he cannot make a graceful dive, he will at least have to jump in somehow; he can hardly put on his dressing-gown and walk down the stairs again." 1283:, was declared contraband. The Germans promised to keep up shipments by train, over the Alps, and Britain offered to supply all of Italy's needs in exchange for Italian armaments. The Italians could not agree to the latter terms without shattering their alliance with Germany. On 2 February 1940, however, Mussolini approved a draft contract with the 1260:("Corps of Volunteer Troops") had also been dispatched to fight for Franco. The financial cost of the war was between 6 and 8.5 billion lire, approximately 14 to 20 per cent of the country's annual expenditure. Adding to these problems was Italy's extreme debt position. When Benito Mussolini took office, in 1921, the government debt was 93 billion 3572:, criticises it for being unreliable and recommends Bragadin and the Italian official history instead. Gerhard L.Weinberg, in his 2011 George C. Marshall Lecture "Military History – Some Myths of World War II" (2011), complained that "there is far too much denigration of the performance of Italy's forces during the conflict." 1189:, had estimated that Italy could not possibly be prepared for major military operations until at least October 1942. This had been made clear during the Italo-German negotiations for the Pact of Steel, whereby it was stipulated that neither signatory was to make war without the other earlier than 1943. Although considered a 1015:, which all lay on the outside edges of its European sphere of influence. Although it was not among his publicly proclaimed aims, Mussolini wished to challenge the supremacy of Britain and France in the Mediterranean Sea, which was considered strategically vital, since the Mediterranean was Italy's only conduit to the 3218:, an anti-fascist journalist and activist, was appointed as Ambassador to Washington by the cabinet of Badoglio, which acted as provisional head of the Italian government pending the occupation of the country by the Allied forces. On his suggestion, Italy issued a formal declaration of war on Japan on 14 July 1945. 3136:, which vowed to continue fighting alongside the Germans. Those who sided with the King were interned in concentration camps and detained in dismal conditions until the end of the war, while those who opted for the Fascist dictator were allowed to go on with their lives, although under strict surveillance by the 3869:

senior figures) who wanted large numbers of divisions to intimidate opponents. To maintain the number of divisions, each became binary, consisting of only two regiments, and therefore equating to a British brigade in size. Even then, they would often be thrown into battle with an under strength complement.

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were not (initially) obsolete when they entered service in late 1940/1941. Their operators (in the form of the Ariete and Littoro divisions) met with much unaccredited success. Yet they became obsolete as the war progressed. It was necessary to maintain production and they suffered unduly as a result

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correspondent Milton Bracker noting that "Italian hatred of the Germans unquestionably grew as the fighting spirit waned, and episodes between German and Italian soldiers and civilians before and after the armistice have shown pretty clearly a complete and incontrovertible end of all sympathy between

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On paper, Italy had one of the world's largest armies, but the reality was dramatically different. According to the estimates of Bierman and Smith, the Italian regular army could field only about 200,000 troops at the war's beginning. Irrespective of the attempts to modernize, the majority of Italian

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Rommel stated: "The Italians were willing, unselfish and good comrades in the frontline. There can be no disputing that the achievement of all the Italian units, especially the motorised elements, far outstripped any action of the Italian Army for 100 years. Many Italian generals and officers earned

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Historians have long debated why Italy's military and Fascist regime proved ineffective at an activity — war — that was central to their identity. MacGregor Knox explains that this "was first and foremost a failure of Italy's military culture and military institutions." The explanation usually given

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and German accounts of events tended to disparage their Italian allies and downplay their contributions; these German accounts were used as a primary source for the Axis side by English-language historians after the war. Kenneth Macksey wrote in 1972 that after the split in the Italian state and the

3176:, then occupied by Japan, to take a load of rubber, tin and strategic materials bound for Italy and Germany's war industry. All the officers and sailors on board were arrested by the Japanese army, and after a few weeks of detention the vast majority of them chose to side with Japan and Germany. The 3129:

Japan reacted with shock and outrage to the news of the surrender of Italy to the Allied forces in September 1943. Italian citizens residing in Japan and in Manchukuo were swiftly rounded up and summarily asked whether they were loyal to the King, who dishonoured their country by surrendering to the

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on 15 October, with the expectation that the attack would commence within 12 days. Badoglio and Roatta were appalled given that, acting on his orders, they had demobilised 600,000 men three weeks prior. Given the expected requirement of at least 20 divisions to facilitate success, the fact that only

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on 7 April 1939 and swiftly took control of the small country. Even before the invasion, Albania had been politically dominated by Italy; after the invasion it was formally made a protectorate of Italy and the Italian king took the Albanian crown. Along with the intervention in the Spanish Civil War

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medium tanks, was designed in 1940 (though no prototype was produced until 1942 and manufacture could not commence before the Armistice, owing in part to the lack of sufficiently powerful engines, which were themselves undergoing a development push; total Italian tank production for the war – about

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The Italians supplied the bulk of the Axis troops fighting in North Africa, and too often the German Army unfairly ridiculed Italian military effectiveness either due to its own arrogance or to conceal its own mistakes and failures. In reality, a significant number of Italian units fought skilfully

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during combat and in defending the fleet against kamikaze attacks, and he offered captain Tani a golden watch with 38 rubies, one for each mission, as a prize for their valour. Captain Tani kindly declined and requested that an Italian POW for each ruby be released instead, which was granted by the

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Because of the time it took for the new Italian government to negotiate the armistice, the Germans had time to reinforce their presence in Italy and prepare for their defection. In the first weeks of August, they increased the number of divisions in Italy from two to seven and took control of vital

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was one of the few successful Italian campaigns of World War II accomplished without German support. In Sudan and Kenya, Italy captured small territories around several border villages, after which the Italian Royal Army in East Africa adopted a defensive posture in preparation for expected British

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Italian authorities were acutely aware of the need to modernize and were taking steps to meet the requirements of their own relatively advanced tactical principles. Almost 40% of the 1939 budget was allocated for military spending. Recognizing the Navy's need for close air support, the decision was

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As early as September 1938, the Italian military had drawn up plans to invade Albania. On 7 April, Italian forces landed in the country and within three days had occupied the majority of the country. Albania represented a territory Italy could acquire for "'living space' to ease its overpopulation"

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Pompeo D'Ambrosio after the end of WW2 used to tell that he was lucky when he was discharged from the Air Force, after a dive exercise with his fighting airplane in early 1940 that left his ears bleeding (and so no more apt for pilot): he used to say that he would have died in aerial combat during

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The vast majority of historians attribute Italian military shortcomings to strategy and equipment. Italian equipment was generally substandard relative to Allied or German armies. An account of the defeat of the Italian 10th Army noted that the incredibly poor quality of its artillery shells saved

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An Italian "Spring Offensive" in March 1941, which tried to salvage the situation prior to German intervention, amounted to little in terms of territorial gains. At this point, combat casualties amounted to over 102,000 for the Italians (with 13,700 dead and 3,900 missing) and fifty thousand sick;

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One officer of Graziani wrote: "We're trying to fight this... as though it were a colonial war... this is a European war... fought with European weapons against a European enemy. We take too little account of this in building our stone forts.... We are not fighting the Ethiopians now." (This was a

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armoured cars, which were regarded as excellent vehicles of their type. None of these developments, however, precluded the fact that the bulk of equipment was obsolete and poor. The relatively weak economy, lack of suitable raw materials and consequent inability to produce sufficient quantities of

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joining both countries in a military alliance. The pact was the culmination of German-Italian relations from 1936 and was not defensive in nature. Rather, the pact was designed for a "joint war against France and Britain", although the Italian hierarchy held the understanding that such a war would

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Other examples: Bishop and Warner (2001) – "It was Germany's misfortune to be allied to Italy.....the performance of most Italian infantry units risable.....could be relied on to fold like a house of cards.....dash and elan but no endurance"; Morrison (1984) – "There was also the Italian fleet to

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The French and British, for their part had caused Italy a long list of grievances since during WWI through the extraction of political and economic concessions and the blockading of imports. Aware of Italy's material and planning deficiencies leading up to World War II, and believing that Italy's

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In light of the economic difficulties it was proposed, in 1933, by Marshal Italo Balbo to limit the number of divisions to 20 and ensure that each was fully mobile for ready response, equipped with the latest weaponry and trained for amphibious warfare. The proposal was rejected by Mussolini (and

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Alan J.Levine, an author who has also extensively worked with Italian sources, points out that while Allied efforts to choke off Rommel's supply lines were eventually successful and played the decisive role in the Allied victory in Africa, the Italians who defended it, especially navy commanders,

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At this time, the British had only 36,000 troops available (out of about 100,000 under Middle Eastern command) to defend Egypt, against 236,000 Italian troops. The Italians, however, were not concentrated in one location. They were divided between the 5th army in the west and the 10th army in the

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to enforce the blockade. Despite French uncertainty, Britain rejected concessions to Italy so as not to "create an impression of weakness". Germany supplied Italy with about one million tons of coal a month beginning in the spring of 1940, an amount that exceeded even Mussolini's demand of August

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the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment exhibited a strong regimental spirit in the fight for Hill 28 that impressed Rommel to comment positively. On a plaque dedicated to the Bersaglieri that fought at Mersa Matruh and Alamein, Rommel wrote: "The German soldier has impressed the world, however the Italian

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had been prepared and refitted with a new radar and camouflage scheme to operate in the Indian and Pacific Ocean against the Japanese Empire, in collaboration with the Allies. Departing under the command of captain Fabio Tani, after a troublesome voyage the Italian crew reached their new base in

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After British troops arrived in Greece in March 1941, British bombers operating from Greek bases could reach Romanian oil fields, vital to the German war effort. Hitler decided that a British presence in Greece presented a threat to Germany's rear and committed German troops to invade Greece via

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now became the principal Axis field commander in North Africa, although the bulk of his forces consisted of Italian troops. Though subordinate to the Italians, under Rommel's direction the Axis troops pushed the British and Commonwealth troops back into Egypt but were unable to complete the task

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attacks on Italian supply ships in the Mediterranean. At this stage Italian losses remained minimal, but the efficiency of the British Royal Navy would improve as the war went on. Mussolini was fiercely disappointed with Graziani's sluggishness. However, according to Bauer he had only himself to

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immediately. Graziani complained to Mussolini that his forces were not properly equipped for such an operation, and that an attack into Egypt could not possibly succeed; nevertheless, Mussolini ordered him to proceed. On 13 September, elements of the 10th Army retook Fort Capuzzo and crossed the

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After the armistice with the Allies, some 650,000 members of the Italian armed forces who refused to side with the occupying Germans were interned in concentration and labour camps. Of these, around 50,000 died while imprisoned or in transit. A further 29,000 died in armed struggles against the

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King Victor Emmanuel III and his family, with Marshal Badoglio, General Mario Roatta, and others, abandoned Rome on 9 September. General Caroni, who was tasked with defending Rome, was given duplicitous orders to have his troops abandon Rome (something he did not want to do), and essentially to

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Italian doctrine envisaged a blitzkrieg style approach as early as 1936-8, considerably beyond what most theorists discerned at the time. This stressed massed armour, massed and mobile artillery, action against enemy flanks, deep penetration and exploitation, and the 'indirect' approach. Their

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Although they publicly declared that they would keep fighting alongside the Germans, the new Italian government began secret negotiations with the Allies to come over to the Allied side. Tensions between the Axis and the Italian military were rising following the failure to defend Sicily, with

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Beginning in 1939 Mussolini often voiced his contention that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. On 4 February 1939, Mussolini addressed the Grand Council in a closed session. He delivered a long speech on international

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Initially, the entry into the war appeared to be political opportunism (though there was some provocation), which led to a lack of consistency in planning, with principal objectives and enemies being changed with little regard for the consequences. Mussolini was well aware of the military and

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On 13 October 1943, the Kingdom of Italy, which was now based outside of Mussolini's control, formally became a co-belligerent of the Allies by declaring war on Nazi Germany. With Allied assistance some Italian troops in the south were re-organized into what were known as "co-belligerent" or

967:" and that it would therefore be in the best interests of other countries to aid in this expansion. The immediate aspiration of the regime was political "hegemony in the Mediterranean–Danubian–Balkan region", more grandiosely Mussolini imagined the conquest "of an empire stretching from the 1828:

Italian forces around Sidi Barrani had severe weaknesses in their deployment. Their five main fortifications were placed too far apart to allow mutual support against an attacking force, and the areas between were weakly patrolled. The absence of motorised transport did not allow for rapid

3539:, Ian Walker and others have attempted to reassess the performance of Italian forces. Many previous authors used only German or British sources, not considering the Italian ones, hampered by the few Italian sources being translated into English. Contemporary British reports ignored an 2313:, was able to establish numerical superiority by mid-November, prior to launching a counter-offensive that drove the Italians back into Albania. In addition, the Greeks were naturally adept at operating in mountainous terrain, while only six of the Italian Army's divisions, the 2604:

Following the attacks on the two British battleships, the possibility of Italian dominance over the Mediterranean appeared more achievable. However, Mussolini's brief period of relative success did not last. The oil and supplies brought to Malta in August, at great cost, by

1590:. On 24 June 1940, France surrendered to Germany. Italy occupied a swath of French territory along the Franco-Italian border. During this operation, Italian casualties amounted to 1,247 men dead or missing and 2,631 wounded. A further 2,151 Italians were hospitalised due to 1046:

sanctions, similar policies between the two countries over the conflict in Spain, and German sympathy towards Italy following European backlash to the Ethiopian War. The aftermath of the treaty saw the increasing ties between Italy and Germany, and Mussolini falling under

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Walker states that the Greeks had assembled 250,000 men against 150,000 Italians; Bauer states that by 12 November, General Papagos had at the front over 100 infantry battalions fighting in terrain to which they were accustomed, compared with less than 50 Italian

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When the port of Massawa fell to the British, the remaining destroyers were ordered on final missions in the Red Sea, some of them achieving small successes before being scuttled or sunk. At the same time, the last four submarines made an epic voyage around the

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were not feeble-minded or incompetent at all. He criticises Rommel for ignoring the good advice of Italians during the Crusader Offensive (although he also presents a positive picture of the Field Marshal in general), and in a review of Sadkovich's work,

2751:. German generals again took the lead in the defence and, although they lost the island after weeks of bitter fighting, they succeeded in ferrying large numbers of German and Italian forces safely off Sicily to the Italian mainland. On 19 July, an Allied 5901:

O'Hara & Cernuschi (2009), pp. 52–55; O'Hara (2009), pp. XV, 91–98, 136–137; Bierman & Smith (2002), p. 14; Johnston (2000), p. 13; Steinberg (1990), p. 208; Zabecki (1999), p. 1578; Wilmot (1944), pp. 8, 46; Rommel & Pimlott (1994), p.

1034:. The war also marked a shift towards a more aggressive Italian foreign policy and also "exposed vulnerabilities" of the British and French. This in turn created the opportunity Mussolini needed to begin to realize his imperial goals. In 1936, the 3757:) infantry divisions and forward anti-tank weapons. The Italians were never able to build the armoured divisions described in their manuals – although they often attempted to mass what they had to make up for the poor performance of some pieces. 1161:—separated by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan—would be linked, and the Mediterranean prison destroyed. Then, Italy would be able to march "either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia, or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa". 1299:. On 1 March, the British announced that they would block all coal exports from Rotterdam to Italy. Italian coal was one of the most discussed issues in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940. In April, Britain began strengthening the 3501:

Allied press reports of Italian military prowess in the Second World War were almost always dismissive. British wartime propaganda trumpeted the destruction of the Italian 10th Army by a significantly smaller British force during the

1153:, Malta as the bars of her Mediterranean prison and Gibraltar and Suez as the walls." Fascist foreign policy took for granted that the democracies—Britain and France—would someday need to be faced down. Through armed conquest 2293:. In part, the Italians attacked Greece because of the growing influence of Germany in the Balkans. Both Yugoslavia and Greece had governments friendly to Germany. Mussolini launched the invasion of Greece in haste after the 2416:

Some 28 Italian divisions participated in the Balkan invasions. The coast of Yugoslavia was occupied by the Italian Army, while the rest of the country was divided between the Axis forces (a German and Italian creation, the

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eight divisions were currently in Albania, and the inadequacies of Albanian ports and connecting infrastructure, adequate preparation would require at least three months. Nonetheless, D-day was set at dawn on 28 October.

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isolated German forces by attacking the over-stretched Hungarian, Romanian and Italian forces protecting the Germans' flanks. By the summer of 1943, Rome had withdrawn the remnants of the 8th Army to Italy. Many Italian

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on 28 April 1945 by the Italian resistance while attempting to flee. The surrender of German and RSI forces in Italy occurred on 2 May, shortly before Germany finally surrendered ending World War II in Europe on 8 May.

1129:". He began by claiming that the freedom of a country is proportional to the strength of its navy. This was followed by "the familiar lament that Italy was a prisoner in the Mediterranean". He called Corsica, Tunisia, 1792:

blame, as he had withheld the trucks, armaments, and supplies that Graziani had deemed necessary for success. Wavell was hoping to see the Italians overextend themselves before his intended counter at Marsa Matruh.

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production: the number of automobiles in Italy before the war was around 374,000, in comparison to around 2,500,000 in Britain and France. The lack of a stronger automotive industry made it difficult for Italy to

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had said "Our light tanks, already old and armed only with machine guns, are completely out-classed. The machine guns of the British armoured cars pepper them with bullets which easily pierce their armour."

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and destroyed a dozen tanks of the 22nd Armoured Brigade. Sadkovich, Walker and others have found examples of actions where Italian forces were effective, yet rarely discussed by most histories. During the

2910:, decided to resist the German attempt to forcibly disarm his force. The battle raged from 13 to 22 September, when the Italians capitulated having suffered some 1,300 casualties. Following the surrender, 2317:, were trained and equipped for mountain warfare. Only when the Italians were able to establish numerical parity was the Greek offensive stopped. By then they had been able to penetrate deep into Albania. 851:

from captivity a week later by German forces without meeting resistance. On 13 October 1943, the Kingdom of Italy officially joined the Allied Powers and declared war on its former Axis partner Germany.

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during the Spanish Civil war was probably one of the most glaring strategic oversights. Another was the mistaken belief that fast bombers need no fighter escort, particularly modern aircraft with radar

3000:. This led, within the context of the Italian campaign, to a civil war between the forces loyal to the Kingdom of Italy, now fighting on Allied side, and the Fascists who collaborated with the Germans. 2531:" concept) caused problems for Britain, which had to use warships sorely needed elsewhere to protect Mediterranean convoys. On 11 November, Britain launched the first carrier strike of the war, using a 2769:. The next day, Mussolini met with the King, was dismissed as prime minister, and then imprisoned. A new Italian government, led by General Pietro Badoglio and Victor Emmanuel III, took over in Italy. 2460:). A complicated four-way conflict between the puppet Montenegro regime, Montenegrin nationalists, Royalist remnants of the Yugoslav government, and Communist Partisans continued from 1941 to 1945. 811:(opening multiple fronts in Africa, the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean) ultimately resulted in its defeat in the war, as the Italian empire collapsed after disastrous defeats in the 1375:

3,500 – was less than the number of tanks used by Germany in its invasion of France). The Italians were pioneers in the use of self-propelled guns, both in close support and anti-tank roles. Their

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made to build carriers. Three series of modern fighters, capable of meeting the best allied planes on equal terms, were in development, with a few hundred of each eventually being produced. The

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broke out. From the beginning, Italy played an important role in the conflict. Their military contribution was so vast, that it played a decisive role in the victory of the rebel forces led by

2297:, a state which he perceived as lying within the Italian sphere of influence, allied itself with Germany. The order to invade Greece was given by Mussolini to Badoglio and Army Chief of Staff 1779:

border in western Libya to Sidi Barrani in Egypt. At Sidi Barrani, Graziani, unaware of the British lack of numerical strength, planned to build fortifications and stock them with provisions,

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Losses after the Armistice: 87,030 (42,916 killed, 19,840 missing, 24,274 died of disease). Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488

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Nearly four million Italians served in the Italian Army during the Second World War and nearly half a million Italians (including civilians) lost their lives between June 1940 and May 1945.

2813:). The Italian surrender meant that the Allied landings at Taranto took place unopposed, with the troops simply disembarking from warships at the docks rather than assaulting the coastline. 4000:

MacGregor Knox. Mussolini unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. Edition of 1999. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999. pp. 122–123.

2940:

began. However, by the time the German advance reached the Campagna concentration camp, all the inmates had already fled to the mountains with the help of the local inhabitants. Rev.

2864:

As part of the terms of the armistice, the Italian fleet was to sail to Malta for internment; as it did so, it came under air attack by German bombers, and on 9 September two German

2523:. After some initial setbacks, the Italian Navy declined to engage in a confrontation of capital ships. Since the British Navy had as a principal task the supply and protection of 1415:

Senior leadership was also a problem. Mussolini personally assumed control of all three individual military service ministries with the intention of influencing detailed planning.

3413:

Civilian losses totalled 153,147 (123,119 post armistice) including 61,432 (42,613 post armistice) in air attacks. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online.

2825:

infrastructure. Once the signing of the armistice was announced on 8 September, German troops quickly disarmed the Italian forces and took over critical defensive positions in

55: 1170:

not take place for several years. However, despite the Italian impression, the pact made no reference to such a period of peace and the Germans proceeded with their plans to

3962:

Bierman and Smith documented multiple instances of Italian armour advancing against such odds, including when a disproportionate number of their contingent were knocked out.

5505: 3506:. The propaganda from this Italian collapse, which was designed to boost British morale during a bleak period of the war, left a lasting impression. The later exploits of 3477:

and $ 5,000,000 to Albania. Italy also agreed to pay £1,765,000 to Greek nationals whose property in Italian territory had been destroyed or seized during the war. In the

7385: 3230:. By August 1945, the Carabiniere had undertaken 38 missions of anti-aircraft and anti-submarine escort to British warships and SAR operations. They thoroughly impressed 2042:, however, was isolated and far from the Italian mainland, leaving the forces there cut off from supply and thus severely limited in the operations they could undertake. 11483: 3523:, were clearly influenced by German propaganda. Liddell Hart, who considered Italian people racially inferior to Germans, went so far as to express his appreciation for 11228: 10829: 9549: 3430:

Included in total are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide, including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews Russian sources estimated the deaths of 28,000 of the 49,000

2917:

Italian troops captured by the Germans were given a choice to keep fighting with the Germans. About 94,000 Italians accepted and the remaining 710,000 were designated

12834: 10845: 9117: 1344:

fighters of other nations. Of the Regia Aeronautica's approximately 1,760 aircraft, only 900 could be considered in any way combat-worthy. The Italian Royal Navy (

11172: 1787:, establish a water pipeline, and extend the via Balbia to that location, which was where the road to Alexandria began. This task was being obstructed by British 10768: 10740: 9884: 9302: 3582:(the second standing from he left) in 1938 was a pilot of the Italian Air Force who survived WWII due to being discharged; all others in the photo died in combat 1030:, "a nineteenth-century colonial campaign waged out of due time". The campaign gave rise to optimistic talk on raising a native Ethiopian army "to help conquer" 9327: 7396: 12953: 12813: 11492: 11179: 10306: 2790:

was signed with the Allies at Fairfield Camp in Sicily. The armistice was publicly announced on 8 September. By then, the Allies were on the Italian mainland.

657: 3586:

In addition, Italian 'cowardice' did not appear to be more prevalent than the level seen in any army, despite claims of wartime propaganda. Ian Walker wrote:

11795: 11158: 10460: 10085: 5674: 636:

was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors.

3042:

The Allied armies continued to advance through Italy despite increasing opposition from the Germans. The Allies soon controlled most of southern Italy, and

10801: 10747: 9933: 9112: 9066: 5381: 2150:, surrendered at the stronghold of Amba Alagi in May. He received full military honours. The Italians in East Africa made a final stand around the town of 11265: 10754: 10370: 9624: 1295:

believed that Mussolini was convinced to reverse policy by German pressure in the week of 2–8 February, a view shared by the British ambassador in Rome,

1214:(high illiteracy, poverty, rapid population growth and a high proportion of adolescents) and a proportion of GNP derived from industry less than that of 5113: 3939:

we lost our oldest Italian comrades, from whom we had probably always demanded more than they, with their poor armament, had been capable of performing.

9780: 5680:. Associazione Nazionale Reduci dalla Prigionia, dall'Internamento, dalla Guerra di Liberazione e loro Familiari (A.N.R.P.). p. 39. Archived from 3242:

A further purpose of the Italian declaration of war on Japan was to persuade the Allies that the new government of Italy deserved to be invited to the

875:

partisans (many of them former Royal Italian Army soldiers) of disparate political ideologies operated all over Italy. On 28 April 1945, Mussolini was

7348: 3257:

Italy and Japan negotiated the resumption of their respective diplomatic ties after 1951, and later signed several bilateral agreements and treaties.

11151: 10591: 10467: 9604: 9569: 6172: 4916: 1962:. By February, the Axis forces in Tunisia were joined by Rommel's forces, after their long withdrawal from El Alamein, which were re-designated the 1318:) was comparatively depleted and weak at the beginning of the war. Italian tanks were of poor quality and radios few in number. The bulk of Italian 10444: 9824: 8961: 7401: 5180:

Stockings, Craig; Hancock, Eleanor (2013). Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II. pp. 45, 87-88.

1086:

with no French assimilation of the people. The French refused the demands, believing the true Italian intention was the territorial acquisition of

22:

Italy and its colonies before World War II are shown in red. Pink areas show approximate areas occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (

3556:, where Italian units were involved in most encounters, such as the battles of Kasserine Pass, Mareth, Akarit and Enfidaville, it was observed by 10881: 10193: 7984: 3149:

was occupied by Japanese troops with no resistance from its garrison. The Social Republic of Italy later formally gave it to the Japanese puppet

3030: 700: 389: 2857:

provide rear guard protection to the King and his entourage so they could flee to the Abruzzi hills, and later out to sea. They later landed at

867:, and militia recruited for the Axis), while the south was officially controlled by monarchist forces, which fought for the Allied cause as the 10700: 10002: 9634: 9440: 9410: 9393: 12706: 4609: 1149:) would have to be neutralized. On 31 March, Mussolini stated that "Italy will not truly be an independent nation so long as she has Corsica, 691:

was aware that Fascist Italy was not ready for a long conflict, as its resources were reduced by successful but costly pre-war conflicts: the

11499: 11462: 11439: 9875: 9845: 5447: 3557: 2434: 11214: 3273:, almost completely destroyed by Allied bombings in 1944, stands as a powerful symbol of the huge devastation Italy suffered during the war. 2568:

or Xª MAS, which carried out these attacks, sank or damaged 28 ships from September 1940 to the end of 1942. These included the battleships

11592: 11448: 11432: 11404: 10645: 9852: 9368: 9233: 8647: 7999: 3431: 2701: 1527:

Mussolini had the immediate war aim of expanding the Italian colonies in North Africa by taking land from the British and French colonies.

401: 1919:

where the British armoured divisions were soundly defeated. The Axis seemed on the verge of sweeping the British out of Egypt, but at the

234: 12349: 11416: 11328: 11272: 11235: 10510: 9450: 6112:

See for example: Bauer (2000), Bierman & Smith (2002), Haining (2005), O'Hara (2009), Ripley (2003), Sadkovich (1991), Walker (2003).

2850: 9097: 4873: 11321: 10046: 9629: 9609: 8611: 7541: 3933:"Enemy tanks penetrated south of Ariete. Ariete now encircled. Location 5 km north-west Bir el Abd. Ariete tanks still in action." 2630: 1735: 1666: 812: 619: 562: 6832:

Mallett, Robert (1997). "The Anglo-Italian War Trade Negotiations, Contraband Control and the Failure to Appease Mussolini, 1939–40".

5171:

James J. Sadkovich. "Understanding Defeat." Journal of Contemporary History, Volume 24, 1989. p. 38. Citing:' SME/US, Grecia, I, 943'.

676:

to prevent an Italian collapse in North Africa. As the war carried on and German and Japanese actions in 1941 led to the entry of the

12827: 11455: 9838: 9796: 8745: 2019:

In addition to the well-known campaigns in the western desert during 1940, the Italians initiated operations in June 1940 from their

2004: 2755:

destroyed both military and collateral civilian structures. With these two events, popular support for the war diminished in Italy.

2433:, while the Bulgarians occupied the northern provinces and the Germans the strategically most important areas. Italian troops would 12676: 10488: 10262: 10025: 9891: 9702: 9564: 8652: 3532:, who had committed atrocious war crimes during the German occupation of Italy, and even lobbied to have him released from prison. 3470: 2952:, saved all the Jews who sought refuge in Assisi. In October 1943 Nazis raided the Jewish ghetto in Rome. In November 1943 Jews of 2305:

The initial Italian offensive was quickly contained, and the invasion soon ended in an embarrassing stalemate. Taking advantage of

1165:

as well as the foothold needed to launch other expansionist conflicts in the Balkans. On 22 May 1939, Italy and Germany signed the

5230: 2057:. After suffering and inflicting few casualties, the British and Commonwealth garrison evacuated Somaliland, retreating by sea to 11571: 11368: 11020: 10398: 9898: 9810: 9746: 9419: 8217: 3478: 3161: 2128: 2124: 1430: 1243: 5502: 3977:

The phrase "prisoner in the Mediterranean" had been used in parliament as early as 30 March 1925, by the naval minister Admiral

3416:

In addition, deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy were estimated by the Italian military to be 10,000 in the 1940–41

11774: 11286: 10129: 9667: 8989: 7429: 3766:

This was being expedited through the conversion of two passenger liners and the scavenging of parts from other vessels. The SS

3651: 2065: 1927:

halted Rommel's advance only 140 km (90 mi) from Alexandria. Rommel made a final attempt to break through during the

696: 665: 5395: 4943: 1515:, Mussolini felt the conflict would soon end and declared war on Britain and France. As he said to the Army's Chief-of-Staff, 12370: 12275: 11802: 11548: 11423: 10502: 10476: 10333: 10039: 9956: 9307: 8895: 8058: 7294: 7207: 7129: 6976: 6939: 6920: 6892: 6862: 6799: 6689: 6622: 6497: 6445: 6366: 6347: 6328: 6148: 4790: 3540: 2648: 2038:

As in Egypt, Italian forces (roughly 70,000 Italian soldiers and 180,000 native troops) outnumbered their British opponents.

4696: 1974:. Despite the Axis success at Kasserine, the Allies were able to reorganise (with all forces under the unified direction of 12603: 12010: 11896: 11061: 10521: 10517: 10495: 10099: 8954: 8692: 7967: 7775: 3417: 3222: 2921:

and were transported as forced labour to Germany. Some Italian troops that evaded German capture in the Balkans joined the

2816: 1991: 1915:

where the front lines stabilised while both sides raced to build up their strength. At the end of May, Rommel launched the

219: 6967:

Preston, Paul (1996). "Mussolini's Spanish Adventure: From Limited Risk to War". In Preston, Paul; MacKenzie, Ann (eds.).

5363: 12518: 11982: 11314: 11300: 10506: 9243: 8021: 7884: 3485:

was abolished, having been associated with the deprivations of the war and Fascist rule. Unlike in Germany and Japan, no

2222:

and the invasion of Abyssinia, the invasion of Albania was part of the Italian contribution to the disintegration of the

1908:

in November 1941 which resulted in the Axis front line being pushed back once more to El Agheila by the end of the year.

1091: 5493:

Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986

5033:

Carrier, Richard (March 2015). "Some Reflections on the Fighting Power of the Italian Army in North Africa, 1940–1943".

1866:. Planned as an extended raid, it resulted in a force of British, Indian, and Australian troops cutting off the Italian 1113:"on the subject of what he called the immediate goals of 'Fascist dynamism'." These were Albania; Tunisia; Corsica; the 684:, respectively, into the war, the Italian plan of forcing Britain to agree to a negotiated peace settlement was foiled. 12973: 12727: 12596: 12474: 12052: 11767: 11718: 11476: 11031: 10276: 10115: 9963: 9817: 9522: 9398: 9009: 8740: 8325: 7952: 7785: 7546: 5815: 2904: 2853:—and some small armoured units fought with commitment, but by 11 September were overwhelmed by superior German forces. 2483: 567: 273: 5942: 3280: 1982:) and regain the initiative in April. The Allies completed the defeat of the Axis armies in North Africa in May 1943. 1638:. In January 1943 the Italians refused to cooperate with the Nazis in rounding up Jews living in the occupied zone of 12968: 12843: 11725: 11697: 11514: 11096: 10808: 10775: 9619: 9544: 9490: 9470: 9238: 9180: 9147: 9071: 9004: 7972: 7947: 7790: 7313: 7273: 7249: 7226: 7148: 7036: 7014: 6995: 6822: 6737: 6641: 6592: 6564: 6545: 6423: 6404: 6385: 6307: 6288: 6242: 6215: 6182: 6078: 6051: 5853: 5657: 5634: 5613: 5580: 5560: 5329: 5308: 5123: 5017: 4953: 4926: 4703: 4672: 4619: 2527:

supplying Britain's outposts in the Mediterranean, the mere continued existence of the Italian fleet (the so-called "

2445: 2163: 1466: 749: 712: 277: 9991: 2884:(Italian Naval Command) broadcast led the Italians to initially believe this attack was carried out by the British. 2503: 2286: 1846: 855:

The northern half of the country was occupied by the Germans with the cooperation of Italian fascists, and became a

12880: 12038: 11975: 11110: 10939: 10062: 9576: 9312: 9260: 9250: 8344: 7625: 7511: 5846:

World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with general sources : a handbook of literature and research

3697: 3458: 3013: 2887: 2438: 1376: 1004: 653: 532: 10616: 9510: 7158:

Sullivan, Brian R. (1988). "The Italian Armed Forces, 1918–1940". In Millet, Allen R.; Murray, Williamson (eds.).

5681: 3100:

had long regarded southern Europe as the military weak spot of the continent (in World War I he had advocated the

652:

in Africa and the Middle East, known as the "parallel war", while expecting the collapse of British forces in the

12404: 12245: 12234: 12070: 11829: 11788: 11681: 11619: 10999: 10269: 10138: 10106: 9265: 8947: 8468: 8380: 8227: 8222: 8053: 7921: 3841:"Veltro" fighter has been argued by many to be the best Italian fighter (and one of the best overall) of the war. 3771: 3692: 3656: 3167: 3054:. Other Italian troops, loyal to Mussolini and his RSI, continued to fight alongside the Germans (among them the 2752: 2713: 2100:. However, Italian attempts to attack British convoys resulted in the loss of four submarines and one destroyer. 1947:

were forced to engage in a fighting retreat for 2,600 km (1,600 mi) to the Libyan border with Tunisia.

1628:

was established, and continued until September 1943, when Italy quit the war. This had the effect of providing a

1292: 1075: 773: 737: 434: 10786: 10354: 9445: 5535:"The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy A first attempt Demographic Research Vol 13, No. 15" 5342: 3951:

in North Africa, and many "German" victories were the result of Italian skill-at-arms and a combined Axis effort

1642:

under their control and in March prevented the Nazis from deporting Jews in their zone. German Foreign Minister

1575: 12978: 12963: 12790: 12762: 12640: 12433: 11670: 11121: 11047: 10836: 10207: 9926: 9831: 9716: 9599: 9554: 9137: 9127: 8416: 8004: 7481: 3243: 3146: 3109: 2911: 2869: 2386: 1809: 1646:

complained to Mussolini that "Italian military circles... lack a proper understanding of the Jewish question."

1134: 980: 757: 612: 502: 157: 23: 2829:. This included Italian-occupied southeastern France and the Italian-controlled areas in the Balkans. Only in 1279:

In September 1939, Britain imposed a selective blockade of Italy. Coal from Germany, which was shipped out of

1264:, un-repayable in the short to medium term. Only two years later this debt had increased to 405 billion lire. 12850: 12783: 12734: 12665: 12490: 11996: 11947: 11711: 11704: 11307: 11068: 10852: 9905: 9287: 9272: 9195: 9165: 9142: 8984: 8667: 8498: 8385: 7916: 7911: 2253: 2187: 2096:

in Eritrea. Despite a severe shortage of fuel, the flotilla posed a threat to British convoys traversing the

1958:(November 1942) British, American and French forces advanced east to engage the German-Italian forces in the 1900:

because of the exhaustion and their extended supply lines which were under threat from the Allied enclave at

1885: 795:

However, Italy's conquests were always heavily contested, both by various insurgencies (most prominently the

777: 769: 637: 407: 349: 344: 328: 4010: 1884:

started to arrive in North Africa (February 1941), along with six Italian divisions including the motorized

12924: 12820: 12195: 12156: 11075: 10903: 10888: 10815: 10794: 10612: 10290: 10076: 10069: 10053: 9764: 9723: 9695: 9614: 9495: 9485: 9475: 9363: 9211: 9185: 9175: 9061: 8426: 8365: 8350: 8202: 8063: 7516: 3667: 3548: 2766: 2765:

the power of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and handed control of the Italian armed forces over to King

2658: 2422: 2418: 2368: 2116: 2112: 1971: 1932: 1889: 1210:

its military. Italy still had a predominantly agricultural-based economy, with demographics more akin to a

753: 537: 470: 3726:

The decision to continue with a front-line biplane fighter, due to the success of the highly manoeuvrable

3265: 1538:

On this tenth day of June 1940, the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back of its neighbor.

1125:

affairs and the goals of his foreign policy, "which bears comparison with Hitler's notorious disposition,

12887: 12211: 12163: 11781: 11753: 11606: 11221: 11200: 10714: 10377: 10283: 9773: 9505: 9465: 9460: 9190: 9122: 8770: 8488: 8334: 8116: 8026: 7926: 7812: 7780: 7465: 3923: 3303: 3063: 3025: 3009: 3005: 2618: 2614: 2489: 2472: 2218: 2179: 1817: 1586:

In June 1940, after initial success, the Italian offensive into southern France stalled at the fortified

1551: 1547: 1380: 1098: 1087: 872: 868: 804: 708: 583: 424: 12685: 12181: 12100: 12045: 11933: 11889: 11539: 11165: 11089: 10984: 10861: 10733: 10726: 10686: 10659: 10391: 10324: 9919: 9730: 9660: 9581: 9539: 9527: 9500: 9455: 9388: 9132: 9107: 9034: 9019: 9014: 8825: 8453: 8273: 8180: 8153: 8088: 7962: 7496: 7422: 3918: 3702: 3602:

really had "iron hearts", even though as the war went on their "iron hulls" increasingly let them down.

3466: 2949: 2918: 2569: 2463:

In 1942, the Italian military commander in Croatia refused to hand over Jews in his zone to the Nazis.

2199: 2120: 1944: 1920: 1486: 1141:

and Suez as the prison guards. To break British control, her bases on Cyprus, Gibraltar, Malta, and in

1067: 1027: 704: 517: 476: 5469: 4903: 3590:....it is perhaps simplest to ask who is the most courageous in the following situations: the Italian 3469:

compelled Italy to pay $ 360,000,000 (US dollars at 1938 prices) in war reparations: $ 125,000,000 to

3284:

Fascist propaganda poster denouncing Allied bombings of Italian cities ("Here are the 'Liberators'!").

12587: 12504: 12289: 12149: 12121: 11954: 11859: 11649: 11082: 10149: 9803: 9517: 9282: 9102: 9056: 8855: 8621: 8544: 8508: 7526: 7491: 7486: 3288:

The official Italian government accounting of World War II 1940–45 losses listed the following data:

3117: 2748: 2508: 2191: 2147: 1685: 1662: 1473:

material deficiencies but thought the war would be over soon and did not expect to do much fighting.

876: 820: 661: 605: 547: 512: 507: 35: 10347: 3908:

guard against, on paper, but the 'Dago Navy' had long been regarded by British tars as a huge joke".

2845:

were Italian troops able to hold their positions until the arrival of Allied forces. In the area of

12326: 12303: 11555: 11356: 11349: 11006: 10666: 10638: 10631: 10018: 9532: 9317: 9292: 9221: 9092: 8870: 8860: 8840: 8810: 8765: 8463: 8305: 8237: 8207: 8187: 8068: 7744: 7709: 7506: 3059: 2802: 2759: 2453: 2119:

Infantry Divisions, which made a thrust from Sudan. A supporting attack was made from Kenya by the

1940: 905: 860: 527: 262: 120: 10363: 10340: 6988:

Mussolini's Last Republic: Propaganda and Politics in the Italian Social Republic (R.S.I.) 1943–45

3393:

The members in the Roll of Honor of the World War II (sic) amounted to a total of 319,207 deaths:

1939:, held firm. After a period of reinforcement and training the Allies assumed the offensive at the 1523:

I only need a few thousand dead so that I can sit at the peace conference as a man who has fought.

12958: 12748: 12692: 12562: 12422: 12107: 11760: 11656: 11562: 11130: 10991: 10961: 10925: 10910: 10782: 10674: 10652: 10598: 10584: 10566: 10230: 10011: 9739: 9688: 9559: 9480: 9430: 9425: 9415: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9358: 9348: 9049: 9029: 8970: 8750: 8513: 8370: 8340: 8315: 8232: 8192: 8131: 8030: 7795: 7765: 7177: 3682: 3307: 3270: 3132: 3016:). These Italian forces fought alongside the Allies against the Germans for the rest of the war. 2989: 2550:

The Italian navy found other ways to attack the British. The most successful involved the use of

2359: 2217:, Mussolini looked to the Kingdom of Albania, across the Adriatic Sea from Italy. Italian forces 1928: 1693: 1609:

from October 1940 until April 1941, at which time the last elements of the force were withdrawn.

1570: 1256: 1000: 953: 856: 745: 420: 292: 209: 8939: 3254:

were resolutely against the idea, and so Italy's new government was left out of the Conference.

12440: 12333: 12135: 12086: 11989: 11882: 11852: 11635: 11523: 11249: 11040: 10624: 10605: 10575: 10122: 10092: 9216: 9170: 9087: 9039: 8448: 8436: 8212: 8197: 7889: 7531: 7046:

Sadkovich, James J. (1989). "Understanding Defeat: Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II".

6950: 3793: 3561: 3519:", for example. Many military historians who contributed to this dismissive judgement, such as 3296: 3209: 2988:("Oak"). The Germans re-located him to northern Italy where he set up a new Fascist state, the 2977: 2933: 2793:

On 3 September, British troops crossed the short distance from Sicily to the 'toe' of Italy in

2734: 2676: 2398: 2195: 2131:. Finally, the British launched an amphibious assault from Aden to re-take British Somaliland. 1689: 1658: 1643: 1543: 844: 816: 733: 552: 6634:

The Chianti Raiders: The Extraordinary Story of the Italian Air Force in the Battle of Britain

6041: 4877: 4782: 4776: 3489:

tribunals were held for Italian military and political leaders, though the Italian resistance

2597:), whose crew was composed of two frogmen, and motorboats packed with explosives, called MTM ( 887:

tribunals were held for Italian military and political leaders, though the Italian resistance

12931: 12654: 12497: 12393: 12363: 12319: 12059: 12024: 12017: 11940: 11838: 11279: 11256: 11103: 10707: 10244: 9984: 9970: 9653: 9322: 9297: 9255: 9024: 8994: 8755: 8682: 8662: 8576: 8525: 8283: 8263: 8073: 7667: 7635: 7521: 7501: 7415: 7074:

Sadkovich, James. J, 'The Italo-Greek War in Context: Italian Priorities and Axis Diplomacy',

7024: 6207: 5007: 3156:

The news of Italy's surrender did not reach the crew members of the three Italian submarines

2564: 2430: 2351: 1841: 1531: 1110: 988: 741: 692: 645: 542: 522: 444: 81: 10542: 6611: 12755: 12610: 12261: 12218: 12188: 12114: 11924: 11903: 10822: 10299: 9977: 9332: 8606: 8421: 8310: 8288: 7942: 7840: 7724: 7592: 5675:"Breve storia dell'internamento militare italiano in Germania Dati, fatti e considerazioni" 5422: 3978: 3618: 3579: 3525: 3047: 2787: 2689: 2666: 2559: 2410: 1602: 1392: 1154: 1031: 964: 808: 360: 151: 75: 7089:

Sadkovich, James. J. (1991). "Of Myths and Men: Rommel and the Italians in North Africa".

2477: 1254:, with large number of weapons and supplies practically free. In addition to weapons, the 8: 12873: 12647: 12525: 12481: 12003: 11137: 10896: 10423: 10253: 10237: 10186: 8890: 8880: 8835: 8601: 8566: 8561: 8278: 7899: 7835: 7755: 3817: 3202: 3150: 3078: 3043: 2810: 2532: 2290: 2271: 2223: 2039: 1943:(October/November 1942) where they scored a decisive victory and the remains of Rommel's 1871: 1462: 1300: 1158: 1126: 1012: 968: 824: 322: 310: 287: 189: 5503:

Updated studies (2010) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence

3050:") declared war on Germany on 13 October, aligning Italy within the Western Allies as a 1408:

armaments and supplies were thus the key material reasons for Italian military failure.

648:

surrendered) with a plan to concentrate Italian forces on a major offensive against the

12866: 12699: 12624: 12578: 12548: 12456: 12296: 11961: 11845: 11739: 11690: 11628: 11384: 11335: 11144: 10761: 10416: 10214: 8865: 8850: 8830: 8687: 8628: 8581: 8503: 8360: 8330: 8320: 8295: 8268: 8175: 8168: 8104: 7860: 7855: 7572: 7366:

Sadkovich, James J. "Understanding Defeat: Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II,"

7238: 7106: 7079: 7063: 6881: 6748:

Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany

6716: 6668: 6524: 6257:

James J. Sadkovich, "Understanding Defeat: Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II,"

5235: 5058: 3805: 3677: 3672: 3662: 3520: 3251: 3101: 2981: 2922: 2606: 2576: 2310: 2294: 2054: 2028: 2015:

Fascist poster calling for revenge against the British takeover of Italian East Africa.

1963: 1936: 1905: 1904:, which they failed to capture. After reorganising and re-grouping the Allies launched 1867: 1727: 1550:. After Italy entered the war, pressure from Nazi Germany led to the internment in the 1439: 1227: 1211: 1171: 1071: 1059: 1008: 800: 283: 223: 1759:, where they stopped and began entrenching themselves in a series of fortified camps. 1275:. The issue of Italian coal was prominent in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940. 12857: 12741: 12631: 12571: 12532: 12465: 12447: 12413: 12356: 12310: 12254: 12079: 11817: 11809: 11746: 11599: 11193: 10718: 10179: 10158: 9868: 9044: 8815: 8805: 8677: 8591: 8556: 8483: 8473: 8251: 8121: 8035: 7865: 7845: 7819: 7807: 7602: 7597: 7582: 7577: 7562: 7340: 7309: 7290: 7269: 7263: 7245: 7222: 7203: 7144: 7125: 7119: 7067: 7032: 7010: 6991: 6972: 6935: 6916: 6888: 6858: 6818: 6811: 6795: 6778: 6770: 6733: 6720: 6699:

Jensen, W. G. (1968). "The Importance of Energy in the First and Second World Wars".

6685: 6672: 6637: 6618: 6588: 6560: 6541: 6528: 6493: 6460: 6441: 6419: 6400: 6381: 6362: 6343: 6324: 6318: 6303: 6284: 6238: 6211: 6202:

Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940–1943

6200: 6178: 6074: 6047: 5849: 5811: 5653: 5630: 5609: 5576: 5556: 5375: 5325: 5304: 5119: 5062: 5050: 5013: 4949: 4922: 4786: 4699: 4668: 4615: 3746: 3553: 3536: 3529: 3503: 3490: 3235: 3215: 3097: 3067: 2794: 2717: 2635: 2540: 2520: 2355: 2282: 2227: 2183: 2159: 1924: 1863: 1598: 1582:

in 1940; the Italian zone is shown in yellow (in striped purple the 1942 occupation).

1404: 1363: 1328: 1304:

1939 that Italy receive six million tons of coal for its first twelve months of war.

1251: 1043: 1035: 888: 832: 828: 720: 669: 428: 238: 70: 3834: 3621:, and inter-service rivalries. Its forces had "more than their share of handicaps." 2166:

mainly in Eritrea and Ethiopia, that lasted until fall 1943. Notable among them was

1762: 1755:

border into Egypt. Lightly opposed, they advanced about 100 km (60 mi) to

1624:. From December 1942, Italian military government of French departments east of the 12776: 12769: 12713: 12377: 12142: 12128: 12031: 11968: 11919: 11732: 11585: 11532: 11342: 11293: 11207: 10430: 10407: 9940: 8999: 8885: 8707: 8657: 8638: 8633: 8586: 8493: 8431: 8411: 8399: 8355: 8158: 8138: 8126: 7989: 7870: 7587: 7450: 7442: 7259: 7200:

Death on the Don: The destruction of Germany's Allies on the Eastern Front, 1941-44

7098: 7055: 6932:

Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean 1940–1945

6841: 6708: 6660: 6582: 6516: 6433: 5399: 5042: 3813: 3785: 3482: 3299:

in September 1943: 204,346 (66,686 killed, 111,579 missing, 26,081 died of disease)

3105: 3035: 2997: 2926: 2739: 2536: 2402: 2111:

On 19 January 1941, the expected British counterattack arrived in the shape of the

2081: 2077: 1979: 1959: 1916: 1767: 1747: 1697: 1504: 1458:

Following the German conquest of Poland, Mussolini hesitated to enter the war. The

1384: 1355: 1333: 1247: 1186: 1182: 1142: 1121:; and all "French territory east of the River Var", including Nice, but not Savoy. 1055: 1039: 972: 956: 796: 789: 729:), were partially met by late 1942, albeit with a great deal of German assistance. 688: 633: 44: 9949: 7957: 7102: 6756:

Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime and the War of 1940–43

4374:

Beevor (2006) pp. 45, 47, 88–89, 148, 152, 167, 222–4, 247, 322–6, 360, 405–6, 415

3859:

of the Italian's inability to produce a suitable successor in time and in numbers.

3659:, Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war in Europe 1996: 1267: 959:

spoke with increasing urgency about imperial expansion, arguing that Italy needed

776:. Italian forces had also achieved victories against insurgents in Yugoslavia and 12799: 12511: 12426: 12384: 12282: 12225: 12093: 11875: 11866: 11395: 10970: 10946: 10200: 9277: 8795: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8672: 8596: 8458: 7977: 7875: 7760: 7660: 7567: 7284: 6232: 6068: 5509: 4662: 3387: 3247: 2985: 2826: 2698: 2692:, where it suffered heavy losses (some 20,000 dead and 64,000 captured) when the 2610: 2135: 1975: 1901: 1851: 1665:

in 1943 were disrupted when the submarine converted to carry out the attack, the

1579: 1516: 1447: 1417: 1284: 1063: 848: 840: 836: 464: 267: 12911: 6764:

Mussolini Unleashed 1939-1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War

5370:. Ibis Communications, Inc. 2001. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. 3776:, received 4-shaft turbine engines scavenged from the unfinished light cruisers 2426: 1495:

Italy and its colonies in 1940, before the start of the Western Desert Campaign.

12806: 12342: 12268: 10313: 10172: 8928: 8875: 8845: 8790: 8697: 8571: 8518: 8478: 8148: 8143: 7994: 7894: 7850: 7802: 7750: 7704: 7672: 7630: 7607: 7202:(2 ed.). Stroud, Gloucestershire,UK: The History Press. pp. 154–184. 7059: 6520: 5646: 4033:

I vinti e i liberati: 8 settembre 1943-25 aprile 1945 : storia di due anni

3646: 3462: 3051: 2900: 2593:) of merchant shipping. The Xª MAS used a particular kind of torpedo, the SLC ( 2555: 2528: 2214: 2167: 2045:

Initial Italian attacks in East Africa took two different directions, one into

2000: 1967: 1855: 1482: 1459: 1396: 1314: 1215: 1101:

on the "natural aspirations of the Italian people" and was met with shouts of "

1094: 1079: 1016: 864: 649: 395: 199: 179: 114: 7185:. Vol. II. The Black Vault. Washington: U.S. Marine Corps. FMFRP 12-96-II 6845: 6712: 6664: 6487: 3473:, $ 105,000,000 to Greece, $ 100,000,000 to the Soviet Union, $ 25,000,000 to 3108:

units. The final Allied victory over the Axis in Italy did not come until the

2747:

On 10 July 1943, a combined force of American and British Commonwealth troops

2242: 2138:

determined the fate of Italian East Africa. In early April, after Keren fell,

1625: 12947: 12617: 10535: 10384: 10223: 8800: 8441: 8011: 7699: 7677: 7536: 7344: 7219:

Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa

6730:

Fighting the Enemy: Australian Soldiers and their Adversaries in World War II

5706: 5054: 5046: 3833:

received much German interest and was defined by Oberst Petersen, advisor to

3442: 3438: 3424: 2941: 1800: 1739: 1719: 1635: 1296: 1207: 1166: 960: 681: 557: 108: 87: 7397:

Mussolini's War Statement – Declaration of War against USA, 11 December 1941

4636: 3981:. Revel was arguing for naval funding to receive priority over army funding. 3511:

reinforcement of fascist Italy by German troops, "the British threw out the

1442:

on 1 September 1939, marked the beginning of World War II. Despite being an

1291:

aircraft, yet scrapped the deal on 8 February. British intelligence officer

12916: 12720: 11013: 10918: 10549: 9912: 9676: 9405: 8918: 8725: 8530: 8300: 7904: 7770: 7719: 7694: 7386:

ABC-CLIO Schools; Minorities and Women During World War II – "Italian Army"

6782: 6464: 5946: 3838: 3809: 3638: 3507: 3342: 3231: 3178: 2693: 2662: 2377: 2298: 2262: 2210: 1896: 1880: 1756: 1715: 1711: 1650: 1613: 1435: 1346: 1272: 1261: 1130: 1048: 1020: 996: 976: 928: 761: 725: 716: 677: 673: 595: 316: 145: 101: 7121:

Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940

2688:

From August 1942 to February 1943, the 8th Army took part in the decisive

1463:

commander for land forces in the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean

979:

dominance in the same regions. There were designs for a protectorate over

871:(at its height numbering more than 50,000 men), as well as around 350,000 12555: 12541: 12203: 10872: 10693: 10678: 10032: 8820: 8760: 8730: 8083: 7714: 6507:

Cliadakis, Harry (1974). "Neutrality and War in Italian Policy 1939–40".

5711: 3855: 3851: 3742: 3687: 3227: 3113: 2937: 2896: 2880: 2640: 2342: 2143: 2020: 1821: 1731: 1710:

Within a week of Italy's declaration of war on 10 June 1940, the British

1587: 1443: 1323: 1190: 1118: 910: 641: 457: 370: 125: 7333:

Cultural Disparity and the Italo-German Alliance in the Second World War

7110: 2891:

Italian soldiers taken prisoner by the Germans in Corfu, September 1943.

2519:) could not match the overall strength of the British Royal Navy in the 2103: 2011: 11910: 11663: 11642: 10528: 9861: 9789: 8078: 7687: 5534: 3750: 3727: 3366: 2582: 2544: 2326: 1875: 1788: 1780: 1621: 1367: 1351: 1202: 1146: 785: 765: 450: 7371: 7083: 6575:

The Mediterranean Air War: Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II

6471:

Ceva, Lucio. "The North African Campaign 1940-43: A Reconsideration."

6262: 2971: 2547:

crippled or destroyed for the loss of two British aircraft shot down.

1950:

After the Operation Torch landings in the Vichy French territories of

1671:, was sunk in May 1943. The armistice put a stop to further planning. 1197:

major powers. Italian industry did not equal more than 15% of that of

1193:, the Italian industrial sector was relatively weak compared to other 12173: 11578: 11375: 11186: 10977: 10932: 9353: 9226: 5848:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. p. 142. 5396:"Sicily July 10 – August 17, 1943 – World War II Multimedia Database" 4918:

Italian Navy & Air Force Elite Units & Special Forces 1940–45

3486: 3449:

Germans while resisting capture immediately following the armistice.

3330: 3173: 3138: 2965: 2961: 2762: 2728: 2089: 2085: 1820:

where Italian forces had fought against a poorly equipped opponent.)

1606: 1591: 1512: 1388: 1371: 1341: 1319: 1280: 1138: 1109:! Tunisia! Djibouti! Malta!" Later that day, Mussolini addressed the 948:, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed. 884: 137: 131: 10453: 6043:

From Axis Victories to the Turn of the Tide: World War II, 1939–1943

2309:'s decision to remain neutral, the Greek Commander-in-Chief, Lt Gen 10437: 10165: 8735: 8720: 8715: 8616: 7650: 7645: 6613:

The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: Volume I

5448:"Il Cacciatorpediniere Carabiniere e i 38 rubini (Lanfranco Sanna)" 4137: 3830: 3474: 2957: 2875: 2858: 2842: 2830: 2586: 2449: 2306: 2024: 1795: 1784: 1630: 1500: 984: 891:

some political members at the end of the war, including Mussolini.

333: 6913:

Dark Navy: The Regina Marina and the Armistice of 8 September 1943

6651:

Harvey, A. D. (2009). "The Bomber Offensive that Never Took Off".

5555:

Del Boca, Angelo, The Ethiopian war. Univ. of Chicago Press. 1969

3427:

were estimated by an independent Russian journalist to be 10,000.

3208:

in February 1944 and the other two vessels were taken over by the

3073: 2722: 2704:

died in captivity due to harsh conditions in Soviet prison camps.

2675:) expanded the CSIR to a full army of about 200,000 men named the 2162:

to Bordeaux in France. Some Italians, after their defeat, waged a

1970:) when Rommel left to command the Axis forces to the north at the 18: 8969: 7682: 7407: 5932:

Jon E. Lewis (1999), The Mammoth Book of True War Stories, p. 318

3336: 3090: 3046:. The loyalist Italian government (sometimes referred to as the " 2996:

or RSI). Many Italian personalities joined the RSI, like General

2976:

After Mussolini had been stripped of power, he was imprisoned at

2865: 2834: 2806: 2798: 2551: 2277:

The Italian zone was taken over by the Germans in September 1943.

2097: 2093: 2032: 1955: 1951: 1776: 1654: 1617: 1558: 1399:

autocannon were effective, modern weapons. Also of note were the

1337: 1288: 1219: 1150: 1083: 945: 883:, two days before Hitler's suicide. Unlike Germany and Japan, no 880: 5715:. No. 15, 963. Queensland, Australia. 9 May 1953. p. 5 3197:, taking part in German war operations in the Pacific until the 2964:. It is estimated that 7,500 Italian Jews became victims of the 2781: 2617:

forces were ejected from Libya and Tunisia six months after the

2409:

to celebrate the Axis victory, Mussolini started to boast of an

2337: 1612:

In November 1942, the Italian Royal Army occupied south-eastern

11054: 9645: 8375: 5892:, pp. 71, 82–85, 92–95, 100–101, 109–129, 153–155, 171–179 3994: 3183: 2945: 2838: 2524: 2441:

until the Italian armistice with the Allies in September 1943.

2406: 2314: 2151: 2139: 1912: 1804: 1743: 1723: 1639: 1223: 1198: 1194: 1114: 992: 7391: 6559:. Enderby, Leicester: Silverdale Books; Aerospace Publishing. 6454: 4403: 4401: 4065: 3182:

assigned new officers to the three units, who were renamed as

2613:, in November 1942, turned the fortunes of war against Italy. 835:

collapsed, its occupied and annexed territories falling under

11242: 7655: 7438: 5810:. Translated by Mauro Pascolat. Feltrinelli. pp. 16–17. 3575: 3004:"royalist" forces. In time, there was a co-belligerent army ( 2953: 2643:

troops with artillery advancing to the front line, July 1942.

2590: 2429:). The Italians assumed control of most of Greece with their 2050: 2046: 1832: 1751: 1702: 1508: 1491: 1400: 1231: 1106: 781: 780:, and Italo-German forces had occupied parts of British-held 7404:

text of the armistice agreement between the Allies and Italy

6855:

Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933–1940

4193: 4191: 4113: 3796:. She was captured by the Germans, who scuttled her in 1945. 3085: 2497: 8163: 7640: 5324:. Illustrated ed., Publisher: Lexington Books, Year: 2001, 5303:. Illustrated ed., Publisher: Lexington Books, Year: 2001, 4899: 4897: 4895: 4398: 4043: 4041: 3292:

Total military dead and missing from 1940 to 1945: 291,376

3044:

Naples rose against and ejected the occupying German forces

2846: 2058: 1555: 1102: 1058:, Italy demanded concessions from France. These included a 807:

throughout and beyond Italy's participation. The country's

6237:. Madison: Garland (University of Wisconsin). p. 96. 5224: 5222: 4149: 4125: 3493:

some of them, including Mussolini, at the end of the war.

3390:

losses are included with military losses mentioned above.

3077:

Insurgents celebrating the liberation of Naples after the

2230:

instituted after World War I. As such, it was part of the

1530:

About Mussolini's declaration of war in France, President

1340:

with excellent performance, was technically outclassed by

7007:

The Wehrmacht: The German Army of World War II, 1939–1945

4418: 4416: 4188: 4053: 3019: 1911:

In January 1942 the Axis struck back again, advancing to

1387:

AA/AT gun (an equally deadly but less famous peer of the

7179:

German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II

6609:

Grenville, J. A. S.; Wasserstein, Bernard, eds. (2001).

6438:

Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940

6231:

Detwiler, Donald S.; Burdick, C. B.; Rohwer, J. (1979).

4892: 4038: 3788:

fighters. The decision to build carriers came late. The

3151:

Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China

2984:. On 12 September 1943 he was rescued by the Germans in 2797:. Two more Allied landings took place on 9 September at 2350: Areas annexed by Italy: the area constituting the 1730:

Engineer-in-Chief, General Lastucci. On 28 June Marshal

1657:, and thirty-two Italian submarines participated in the 6459:. trans. Dennis Chamberlin. London: Allen & Unwin. 5619: 5522:

Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45

5322:

Forgotten battles: Italy's war of liberation, 1943–1945

5301:

Forgotten battles: Italy's war of liberation, 1943–1945

5219: 4428: 4287: 4275: 4101: 3888:

Graziani believed the British were over 200,000 strong.

1542:

The Italian entry into the war opened up new fronts in

1090:, Corsica, Tunisia, and Djibouti. On 30 November 1938, 975:". Balkan and Mediterranean hegemony was predicated by 943: Territories to be transformed into client states. 10307:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

6601:

Gooch, John. "Italian Military Efficiency: A Debate."

6021: 5231:"Oct. 13, 1943 | Italy Switches Sides in World War II" 4822: 4820: 4541:

Eden & Moeng (Eds.) (2002), pp. 684–685, 930, 1061

4413: 4299: 3749:

as the mobile artillery and reserves for the 'Ms' and

3124: 3034:

Mussolini rescued by German troops from his prison in

1242:

Between 1936 and 1939, Italy had supplied the Spanish

7141:

All Or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941–1943

6990:. Elm Bank modern language studies. Intellect Books. 6300:

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

6230: 5192:

Hitler, Adolf, Speech to the Reichstag on 4 May 1941.

4904:

Italy and the Jews – Timeline by Elizabeth D. Malissa

4440: 4239: 4178: 4176: 1653:

established a submarine base at Bordeaux, code named

1226:, in addition to the other great powers. In terms of 6969:

The Republic Besieged: Civil War in Spain, 1936–1939

6873:

The Italian Navy and fascist expansionism, 1935-1940

6608: 6416:

Empire of Debt: The Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis

5606:

Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik

5573:

Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik

5228: 4528: 4526: 4263: 4251: 4227: 4215: 4161: 4143: 4089: 4077: 3922:

our respect as men as well as soldiers". During the

3628: 3250:. However, the British Prime Minister Churchill and 1661:. Plans to attack the harbour of New York City with 7922:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

6910: 6046:. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 127, 129, 138, 139. 4914: 4817: 4490:

Sadkovich (1991) pp. 290–91; and references therein

4311: 2972:

Civil war and Italian declaration of war on Germany

2053:. Then, in August 1940, the Italians advanced into 1424: 1201:or of Britain in militarily critical areas such as 921: Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories; 760:, which were occupied by Italian forces. Following 7237: 6880: 6810: 6610: 6359:War without Hate: The Desert Campaign of 1940–1943 6199: 6093:Weinberg, 2011, Some Myths of World War II, p. 707 5423:"Chronology of World War II Diplomacy 1939 – 1945" 5368:EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com 4173: 3496: 2647:In July 1941, around 62,000 Italian troops of the 2609:, as well as the Allied landings in North Africa, 2146:also fell in April 1941. The Viceroy of Ethiopia, 2134:Fought from February to March, the outcome of the 1706:The Italian invasion and British counter-offensive 1499:On 10 June 1940, as the French government fled to 1476: 9308:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 7265:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 6904:Operations in North African Wars 1942 – June 1943 6775:Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence 5470:"Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian" 4915:Crociani, Piero; Battistelli, Pier Paolo (2013). 4862:] (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori. p. 37. 4697:Mussolini, Peter Neville, p. 140, Routledge, 2004 4523: 4203: 2341:Division of Yugoslavia after its invasion by the 1746:. Mussolini ordered Balbo's replacement, General 847:on 3 September 1943, although Mussolini would be 12945: 7329: 7078:, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Jul., 1993), pp. 439–464. 6883:The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered 6337: 6070:The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines, 1942–1943 5945:(in Italian). Ardito2000 website. Archived from 5808:La marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale 5380:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5012:. Men-at-Arms. Vol. 2. Osprey. p. 11. 4071: 1601:, Italy contributed an expeditionary force, the 1326:. The primary fighter of the Italian Air Force ( 711:. However, he opted to remain in the war as the 6758:. Port Chester, NY: Cambridge University Press. 5668: 5666: 3423:Civilian losses as a result of the fighting in 3381:Other and unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). 2723:Allied invasion of Sicily and fall of Mussolini 2425:, but actually governed by the Croatian leader 2142:and Massawa followed. The Ethiopian capital of 1935:, by this time commanded by Lieutenant-General 1870:. Pressing the British advantage home, General 7374:a guide to the Italian and English scholarship 6971:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 21–52. 6911:O'Hara, Vincent P.; Cernuschi, Enrico (2009). 6455:Caccia Dominioni de Sillavengo, Paolo (1966). 6340:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 6197: 3130:enemy, or with the Duce and the newly created 3112:of 1945, after Allied troops had breached the 2929:(about 20,000). The same happened in Albania. 2209:In early 1939, while the world was focused on 987:, as well as economic and military control of 803:) and Allied military forces, which waged the 12954:Military history of Italy during World War II 9661: 8971:History of World War II by region and country 8955: 7423: 7330:Hill, A.; Timm, A.; Giannone, Elicia (2015). 6320:The Origins of the Second World War in Europe 6170: 5672: 3784:. She was to have a maximum complement of 51 2782:Armistice with the Allies and German invasion 2680: 2670: 2652: 1082:, and the preservation of Italian culture on 1070:, Italian participation in the management of 914:Ambitions of fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. 613: 7289:(Penguin ed.). Sydney: Halstead Press. 6985: 6777:. Vol. I. London: Chatto & Windus. 6413: 6394: 6356: 6147:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJoseph2009 ( 5663: 5640: 5256: 5213: 5201: 4752: 4750: 4713: 4711: 3432:Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 1051:'s influence from which "he never escaped". 6653:The Royal United Services Institute Journal 5586: 5343:"Channel 4 – History – Warlords: Churchill" 4576: 4574: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4458:Eden & Moeng (Eds.) (2002), pp. 680–681 2421:was born, under the nominal sovereignty of 768:, Italy occupied the French territories of 695:(which was undergoing Italian settlement), 668:with initial success. However, the British 9668: 9654: 8962: 8948: 7430: 7416: 7023: 6929: 6813:Tank Warfare: A History of Tanks in Battle 6789: 6395:Bishop, Chris; Warner, Adam, eds. (2001). 6124: 5723:– via National Library of Australia. 5137: 5135: 5009:The Italian Army 1940–1945: Africa 1940–43 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4382: 4380: 4047: 3445:victims totalled 8,562 (including Libya). 3372:Soviet Union 82,079 (3,522 post armistice) 2631:Italian participation in the Eastern Front 823:, Mussolini was arrested by order of King 752:. Puppet regimes were also established in 699:(where a friendly fascist regime had been 620: 606: 7244:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7138: 7088: 7045: 7029:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon 6769: 6732:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6580: 6554: 6506: 6378:The Encyclopedia: Weapons of World War II 6279:Bauer, Eddy (2000) . Young, Peter (ed.). 6171:Murphy, Justin; McNiece, Matthew (2009). 5877: 5805: 4747: 4708: 4611:Bolt Action: Armies of Italy and the Axis 4507: 4505: 4434: 4407: 3504:early phase of the North African Campaign 3465:, along with other border revisions. The 2903:, commander of the 12,000-strong Italian 2868:guided bombs sank the Italian battleship 2669:). In July 1942, the Italian Royal Army ( 2332: 1862:On 8 December 1940, the British launched 1137:"the bars of this prison", and described 1054:In October 1938, in the aftermath of the 7258: 7235: 7166: 7157: 6727: 6338:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 5229:The Learning Network (13 October 2011). 4853: 4664:The Concise Encyclopedia of World War II 4571: 4461: 4305: 3574: 3279: 3264: 3084: 3072: 3029: 2886: 2820:German PzKpfw V "Panther" in Rome, 1944. 2815: 2738: 2634: 2496: 2476: 2336: 2241: 2102: 2010: 1995: 1845: 1794: 1761: 1701: 1634:temporary haven for French Jews fleeing 1574: 1490: 1453: 1266: 937: Claimed territories to be annexed; 909: 713:imperial ambitions of the Fascist regime 17: 7306:World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia 7303: 7117: 6966: 6901: 6852: 6831: 6808: 6794:. London: Littlehampton Book Services. 6682:Italy's Sorrow: A Year of War 1944-1945 6679: 6631: 6535: 6432: 5594:Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder 5132: 5111: 5041:(4). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage: 503–528. 5032: 4983: 4971: 4774: 4422: 4377: 4281: 4269: 4197: 4155: 4119: 4107: 3792:was virtually ready by the time of the 3753:. These were to be combined with fast ( 2107:Italian war cemetery in Keren, Eritrea. 1431:Military production during World War II 1271:German coal entering Italy through the 819:campaigns. In July 1943, following the 12946: 11522: 11500:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7402:Armistice with Italy; 3 September 1943 7282: 7216: 7004: 6878: 6698: 6650: 6375: 6297: 6142: 6130: 6066: 6039: 6027: 5979: 5889: 5760:Sadkovich (1991), pp. 284–301, 310–312 5188: 5186: 5087: 5005: 4948:(in Italian). Newton Compton Editori. 4941: 4856:L'Italia nella seconda guerra mondiale 4641:Commando Supremo: Italy at War website 4502: 4446: 4257: 4221: 4095: 4059: 3652:Italian Army equipment in World War II 3479:1946 Italian constitutional referendum 3362:Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice) 3020:Allied advance and liberation of Italy 2685:, ARMIR), also known as the 8th Army. 2654:Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia 2281:On 28 October 1940, Italy started the 2204: 2080:in the Italian East Africa area. The " 2066:Italian invasion of British Somaliland 1177: 997:protective patron–client relationships 995:. The regime also sought to establish 12371:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 11803:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 11449:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 11405:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 10503:Rape during the occupation of Germany 9649: 8943: 7411: 7339:(PhD thesis). University of Calgary. 7197: 7175: 6485: 6357:Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2003) . 6278: 6121:Bierman and Smith (2003), pp. 299–311 6000:O'Hara (2009), pp. XV, 91–98, 136–137 5911: 5880:, pp. 297, 298–299, 302–303, 310 5141: 5118:. Taylor & Francis. p. 728. 5099: 5075: 4660: 4634: 4614:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. 4607: 4472:Bierman & Smith (2002), pp. 13–14 4233: 4167: 3837:, as the "best Axis fighter" and the 2948:, under the direction of his bishop, 2661:to aid in the German invasion of the 2649:Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia 2237: 1564: 899: 11493:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 10518:Rape during the liberation of France 7968:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 7176:Toppe, Generalmajor Alfred (1990) . 6948: 6753: 6555:Eden, Paul; Moeng, S., eds. (2002). 6414:Bonner, William; Wiggin, A. (2006). 6380:. New York: Barnes & Noble Inc. 6316: 6234:World War II German Military Studies 5520:Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica' 4317: 4293: 4245: 4209: 4182: 4131: 4083: 3816:; Italian fighters built around the 3378:At sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice) 3375:Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice) 3356:Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice) 2914:thousands of the Italian prisoners. 2743:American soldiers landing on Sicily. 1679: 1185:Under-Secretary for War Production, 7286:Tobruk 1941: Capture, Siege, Relief 6457:Alamein 1933–1962: An Italian Story 6418:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 5923:Rommel & Pimlott (1994), p. 128 5843: 5183: 4874:"Voices of World War II, 1937–1945" 3359:France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice) 3353:Military losses by theatre of war: 3125:Italy and Japan after the surrender 3070:against the German and RSI forces. 3066:located in northern Italy fought a 2707: 1726:, the British captured the Italian 952:During the late 1920s, the Italian 13: 11719:German invasion of the Netherlands 9992:Weather events during World War II 7437: 6557:The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft 6480:Storia delle Forze Armati Italiane 5290:O'Hara and Cernuschi (2009), p. 47 5281:O'Hara and Cernuschi (2009), p. 46 3917:Writing about the fighting at the 3212:upon Germany's surrender in 1945. 2585:on 18 December 1941), and 111,527 1775:east and thus spread out from the 1230:, in 1940, Italy produced 4.4 mega 831:. Italy's military outside of the 632:The participation of Italy in the 14: 12990: 12350:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 7379: 7323: 6323:(2nd ed.). London: Pearson. 5420: 3794:armistice with the Allies in 1943 2912:the Germans proceeded to massacre 2849:, only one infantry division—the 2515:In 1940, the Italian Royal Navy ( 12910: 9675: 8924: 8923: 8912: 7240:Germany, Hitler and World War II 7091:The International History Review 6397:German Campaigns of World War II 6283:(rev. ed.). London: Orbis. 6251: 6224: 6191: 6164: 6155: 6136: 6115: 6106: 6096: 6087: 6060: 6033: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5905: 5895: 5883: 5871: 5862: 5837: 5824: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5699: 5598: 5565: 5549: 5527: 5514: 5496: 5487: 5462: 5440: 5414: 5388: 5356: 5335: 5314: 5293: 5284: 5275: 5262: 5250: 5207: 5195: 5174: 4778:The Real History of World War II 4144:Grenville & Wasserstein 2001 3956: 3942: 3911: 3901: 3698:Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 3631: 3570:The Italian Navy in World War II 3535:James Sadkovich, Peter Haining, 3062:). From this point on, a large 3014:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force 2624: 2558:to attack ships in harbour. The 2466: 2444:In spring 1941, Italy created a 2285:by launching an invasion of the 1425:Outbreak of the Second World War 1366:tank, roughly equivalent to the 589: 54: 8653:Orders, decorations, and medals 7392:"Comando Supremo: Italy at War" 7368:Journal of Contemporary History 7221:. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press. 7076:Journal of Contemporary History 7048:Journal of Contemporary History 6509:Journal of Contemporary History 6259:Journal of Contemporary History 5787:Bishop and Warner (2001), p. 72 5627:The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies 5427:The World at War worldatwar.net 5165: 5156: 5147: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5026: 4999: 4962: 4935: 4908: 4866: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4814:Nelson Page (1920) chapt. XXIII 4808: 4799: 4781:. Sterling Publishing. p. 4768: 4759: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4690: 4681: 4654: 4628: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4514: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4452: 4395:Bonner and Wiggin (2006), p. 84 4389: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4011:"Italy declares war on Germany" 3971: 3891: 3882: 3872: 3862: 3844: 3823: 3799: 3760: 3734: 3720: 3693:North African campaign timeline 3657:Italian Campaign (World War II) 3497:Controversies of historiography 3459:1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy 3056:Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano 2714:Italian Campaign (World War II) 2599:Motoscafo da Turismo Modificato 1674: 1477:Italy enters the war: June 1940 715:, which aspired to restore the 12597:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 10300:Territorial changes of Germany 10208:Indonesian National Revolution 7268:. Cambridge University Press. 6587:. New York: Friedman/Fairfax. 4338:Steinberg (1990), pp. 189, 191 4025: 4003: 3369:49,459 (10,090 post armistice) 3244:San Francisco Peace Conference 3147:Italian concession of Tientsin 2543:. The raid left three Italian 2397:invasions of both Yugoslavia ( 1985: 1810:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops 1074:, some form of French-Italian 839:. Under Mussolini's successor 158:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 1: 11997:Japanese invasion of Thailand 11948:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 11712:German invasion of Luxembourg 10086:Mediterranean and Middle East 7236:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995). 7118:Salerno, Reynolds M. (2002). 7103:10.1080/07075332.1991.9640582 6271: 6018:Sadkovich (1991), pp. 296–301 5742:Sadkovich (1991), pp. 291–293 5272:, Simon & Schuster (1966) 4860:Italy in the Second World War 3441:killed 1,000 persons. Jewish 3315:Losses by branch of service: 3260: 3223:Italian destroyer Carabiniere 3221:As early as of May 1945, the 2188:Italian occupation of Albania 1850:Rommel meets Italian General 1836:intervention and final defeat 1068:Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad 1026:In 1935, Italy initiated the 894: 857:collaborationist puppet state 640:joined the war as one of the 268:Byzantine reconquest of Italy 11904:Invasion of the Soviet Union 11593:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 10904:Independent State of Croatia 7139:Steinberg, Jonathan (1990). 7124:. Cornell University Press. 7031:. Indiana University Press. 6986:Quartermaine, Luisa (2000). 6949:Page, Thomas Nelson (1920). 6879:Martel, Gordon, ed. (1999). 6809:Macksey, Kenneth J. (1972). 6603:Journal of Strategic Studies 6540:. Harvard University Press. 6473:Journal of Strategic Studies 6174:Military Aircraft, 1919-1945 5806:Sadkovich, James J. (2014). 5673:Palmieri, Marco; Avagliano. 4511:Sadkovich (1991) pp. 287–291 4072:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 3668:List of World War II battles 3549:11th Indian Infantry Brigade 3452: 2934:deportations of Italian Jews 2925:(about 40,000 soldiers) and 2702:captured in the Soviet Union 2423:Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta 2419:Independent State of Croatia 2369:Independent State of Croatia 2358:and the areas making up the 1972:Battle of the Kasserine Pass 1336:, which, though an advanced 329:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. 7: 12888:End of World War II in Asia 12728:Western invasion of Germany 12235:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 12212:Second Battle of El Alamein 11782:Hundred Regiments Offensive 11754:Battle of the Mediterranean 11607:Italian invasion of Albania 9774:Air warfare of World War II 8693:Water supply and sanitation 8117:Italian geographical region 7985:Monarchy and the World Wars 7927:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 7813:War of the Sicilian Vespers 7466:Timeline of Italian history 7370:(1989) 24#1 pp. 27–61 6961:A Military History of Italy 6930:O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). 6915:. Ann Arbor: Nimble Books. 6902:Morison, Samuel E. (1984). 6817:. New York: Stein and Day. 6581:Garibaldi, Luciano (2001). 6376:Bishop, Chris, ed. (1998). 6281:The History of World War II 5707:"ITALIAN PAYMENT TO GREECE" 5364:"Battle At Gallipoli, 1915" 3924:Second Battle of El Alamein 3624: 3406:Partisan formations 15,197; 3304:Italian resistance movement 3133:Repubblica Sociale Italiana 3064:Italian resistance movement 3026:Italian resistance movement 3010:Italian Co-Belligerent Navy 3006:Italian Co-Belligerent Army 2994:Repubblica Sociale Italiana 2932:After the German invasion, 2778:the former Axis partners." 2581:(damaged in the harbour of 2473:Battle of the Mediterranean 2354:, the area merged with the 2246:The three occupation zones. 2180:Italian invasion of Albania 2092:, was based at the port of 1818:Second Italo-Abyssinian War 1750:, to launch an attack into 1552:Campagna concentration camp 1534:of the United States said: 1307: 1127:minuted by colonel Hossbach 873:Italian resistance movement 869:Italian Co-Belligerent Army 805:Battle of the Mediterranean 672:, eventually necessitating 666:occupied British Somaliland 10: 12995: 12814:Naval bombardment of Japan 12182:First Battle of El Alamein 12101:Battle of Christmas Island 12046:Japanese invasion of Burma 11810:Italian invasion of Greece 11726:German invasion of Belgium 11698:German invasion of Denmark 11671:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 11540:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 9797:Comparative military ranks 8612:Inventions and discoveries 8022:Fall of the Fascist regime 8005:Fourth War of Independence 7963:Expedition of the Thousand 7953:Second War of Independence 7304:Zabecki, David T. (1999). 7060:10.1177/002200948902400102 6790:Mack Smith, Denis (1982). 6538:Peacemaking Among Primates 6521:10.1177/002200947400900307 5844:Lee, Loyd E., ed. (1997). 5769:O'Hara (2009), pp. xiv–xvi 5537:. Demographic-research.org 5006:Jowett, Philip S. (2001). 4598:Bishop (1998) pp. 149, 164 3919:First Battle of El Alamein 3703:Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 3023: 2919:Italian military internees 2732: 2726: 2711: 2628: 2470: 2200:World War II in Yugoslavia 2177: 2173: 2121:South African 1st Division 1989: 1945:German-Italian Panzer Army 1921:First Battle of El Alamein 1839: 1683: 1663:CA class midget submarines 1568: 1487:Italian invasion of France 1480: 1428: 1237: 1028:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 983:and for the annexation of 903: 658:bombed Mandatory Palestine 12974:Military history of Italy 12903: 12735:Bratislava–Brno offensive 12675: 12666:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 12403: 12290:Allied invasion of Sicily 12244: 12150:Aleutian Islands campaign 12122:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 12069: 12060:Greek famine of 1941–1944 11955:Second Battle of Changsha 11860:German invasion of Greece 11828: 11705:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 11680: 11618: 11513: 11394: 11120: 11030: 10871: 10574: 10565: 10323: 10148: 10040:North and Central Pacific 10001: 9763: 9756: 9683: 9590: 9341: 9204: 9158: 9080: 8977: 8908: 8706: 8552: 8543: 8407: 8398: 8386:Security and intelligence 8259: 8250: 8112: 8103: 8046: 7973:Third War of Independence 7948:First War of Independence 7935: 7828: 7737: 7618: 7555: 7474: 7458: 7449: 7283:Wilmot, Chester (1993) . 7198:Trigg, Jonathan (2017) . 7025:Rothenberg, Gunther Erich 6846:10.1080/09592299708406033 6713:10.1017/s0018246x00001680 6665:10.1080/03071840903533021 4942:Cecini, Giovanni (2016). 4921:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4854:Badoglio, Pietro (1946). 4735:Bauer (2000), pp. 96, 493 4667:. ABC-CLIO. p. 269. 3596:Ferrea Mole, Ferreo Cuore 3467:1947 Paris Peace Treaties 2786:On 3 September, a secret 2682:Armata Italiana in Russia 2509:Raid on Alexandria (1941) 2458:Governatorato di Dalmazia 2192:Axis Occupation of Greece 1925:General Claude Auchinleck 1736:Governor-General of Libya 1686:Italian invasion of Egypt 845:capitulated to the Allies 821:Allied invasion of Sicily 172:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms 12969:Politics of World War II 12327:Allied invasion of Italy 12304:Solomon Islands campaign 12053:Third Battle of Changsha 11650:First Battle of Changsha 11556:Second Sino-Japanese War 10489:German military brothels 10355:United States war crimes 8064:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 8059:Institutional referendum 7308:. Taylor & Francis. 7167:Tompkins, Peter (1966). 7009:. Taylor & Francis. 6853:Mallett, Robert (2003). 6834:Diplomacy and Statecraft 6754:Knox, MacGregor (2000). 6684:. London: Harper Press. 6636:. London: Robson Books. 6399:. London: Grange Books. 6317:Bell, P. M. H. (1997) . 6206:. Cambridge UP. p. 6177:. ABC-CLIO. p. 50. 6161:Walker (2003), pp. 11–29 6073:. Praeger. p. 183. 6067:Levine, Alan J. (1999). 6009:Sadkovich (1991), p. 296 5868:Sadkovich (1991), p. 299 5832:Kesselring's Last Battle 5751:Walker (2003), pp. 60–61 5047:10.1177/0968344514524395 4687:Walker (2003) pp. 112-13 4520:Steinberg (1990), p. 189 3708: 3409:RSI armed forces 13,021. 3106:motorized and mechanized 3060:National Republican Army 2760:Grand Council of Fascism 2454:Governorship of Dalmatia 2448:and annexed most of the 2446:Montenegrin client state 2385: Areas occupied by 1941:Second Battle of Alamein 1312:The Italian Royal Army ( 906:Imperial Italy (fascist) 879:by Italian partisans at 859:(with more than 800,000 263:Italy in the Middle Ages 121:Roman expansion in Italy 12749:Second Guangxi campaign 12604:Philippines (1944–1945) 12108:Battle of the Coral Sea 12011:Fall of the Philippines 11657:Battle of South Guangxi 11563:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 10962:Italian Social Republic 8587:Emigration and diaspora 7796:Guelphs and Ghibellines 7781:the Sardinian Judicates 7217:Walker, Ian W. (2003). 7171:. Simon & Schuster. 6955:. New York: Scribner's. 6952:Italy and the World War 6906:. Boston: Little Brown. 6728:Johnston, Mark (2000). 6680:Holland, James (2008). 6632:Haining, Peter (2005). 6536:De Waal, Franz (1990). 6298:Beevor, Antony (2006). 6198:MacGregor Knox (2000). 5796:Morrison (1984), p. 189 5592:Rudolph Joseph Rummel, 5112:Zabecki, David (2015). 4945:I generali di Mussolini 4765:Bauer (2000), pp. 90–95 4608:Games, Warlord (2013). 4580:Sadkovich (1991) p. 290 4559:Bishop (1998) pp. 17–18 4499:Walker (2003) pp. 30–53 3683:Royal Italian Air Force 3543:, where a battalion of 3463:Italian colonial empire 3461:spelled the end of the 3308:Italian Social Republic 2990:Italian Social Republic 2895:On the Greek island of 2507:used in the victorious 2376: Area occupied by 2360:Governorate of Dalmatia 2232:prelude to World War II 2084:", consisting of seven 1929:Battle of Alam el Halfa 1722:. In an ambush east of 1694:Western Desert campaign 1571:Italian-occupied France 1257:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 1246:forces, fighting under 788:after their victory at 471:European migrant crisis 421:Italian Social Republic 336:Italy (1801–1814) 293:Guelphs and Ghibellines 12334:Armistice of Cassibile 12136:Battle of Dutch Harbor 12087:Battle of the Java Sea 11990:Attack on Pearl Harbor 11890:Syria–Lebanon campaign 11883:Battle of South Shanxi 11853:Invasion of Yugoslavia 11636:Battle of the Atlantic 11250:Korean Liberation Army 10956:(until September 1943) 10913:(until September 1944) 10891:(until September 1944) 8469:Science and technology 8417:Italian regions by GDP 8218:Marine protected areas 7890:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 7160:Military Effectiveness 6857:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6701:The Historical Journal 6573:Ehlers, Robert S. Jr. 6486:Clark, Martin (2005). 6440:. Praeger Publishers. 6261:(1989) 24#1 pp. 27-61 5778:Macksey (1972), p. 163 5733:Walker (2003), pp. 6–8 5650:Atlas of the Holocaust 5320:O'Reilly, Charles T., 5299:O'Reilly, Charles T., 5115:World War II in Europe 4775:Axelrod, Alan (2008). 4661:Nolan, Cathal (2010). 4134:, pp. 73–74, 154. 3931:at about 15.30 hours: 3610: 3583: 3562:Battle of Cape Matapan 3297:Armistice of Cassibile 3285: 3274: 3271:Abbey of Monte Cassino 3246:, as a reward for its 3210:Japanese Imperial Navy 3203:British submarine HMS 3094: 3082: 3081:(27–30 September 1943) 3039: 2892: 2851:Granatieri di Sardegna 2821: 2744: 2735:The Holocaust in Italy 2681: 2677:Italian Army in Russia 2671: 2653: 2644: 2512: 2494: 2435:occupy parts of Greece 2413:in the Mediterranean. 2390: 2333:Invasion of Yugoslavia 2278: 2213:'s aggression against 2196:Invasion of Yugoslavia 2108: 2016: 2008: 1874:succeeded in reaching 1859: 1812: 1771: 1707: 1690:North African campaign 1659:Battle of the Atlantic 1644:Joachim von Ribbentrop 1583: 1540: 1525: 1496: 1276: 949: 734:invasion of Yugoslavia 154:(286 AD–476 AD) 84:(12th–6th c. BC) 78:(18th–3rd c. BC) 27: 26:in China is not shown) 12979:20th century in Italy 12964:Italy in World War II 12498:Second Battle of Guam 12394:Bengal famine of 1943 12364:Second Battle of Kiev 12320:Battle of the Dnieper 12025:Battle of Wake Island 11897:East African campaign 11839:Battle of South Henan 11484:atrocities by Germans 11257:Korean Volunteer Army 10231:Occupation of Germany 9985:Music in World War II 8668:Public administration 7776:the Holy Roman Empire 6887:. London: Routledge. 6766:(Cambridge UP, 1982). 6750:(Cambridge UP, 2000). 6361:. New York: Penguin. 6342:. London: Routledge. 6040:Levine, Alan (2012). 5991:Ripley (2003), p. 136 5508:2 August 2020 at the 4122:, pp. 22, 50–51. 3770:, converted into the 3588: 3578: 3541:action of Bir El Gobi 3418:East African Campaign 3310:(RSI) Fascist forces. 3283: 3268: 3088: 3076: 3038:on 12 September 1943. 3033: 3024:Further information: 2890: 2819: 2742: 2733:Further information: 2657:, CSIR) left for the 2638: 2565:Decima Flottiglia MAS 2500: 2480: 2393:On 6 April 1941, the 2352:province of Ljubljana 2340: 2245: 2148:Amedeo, Duke of Aosta 2129:12th African Division 2125:11th African Division 2106: 2014: 1999: 1992:East African Campaign 1978:commanded by General 1849: 1842:Operation Sonnenblume 1798: 1765: 1705: 1605:, which took part in 1578: 1536: 1532:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1521: 1494: 1454:Decision to intervene 1350:) had several modern 1270: 1111:Fascist Grand Council 913: 705:invasions of Ethiopia 697:intervention in Spain 693:pacification of Libya 687:The Italian dictator 646:French Third Republic 414:Italy in World War II 117:(509 BC–27 BC) 111:(753 BC–509 BC) 90:(8th–3rd c. BC) 82:Etruscan civilization 21: 12784:Surrender of Germany 12262:Battle of West Hubei 12219:Guadalcanal campaign 12189:Battle of Stalingrad 12115:Battle of Madagascar 10882:Albania protectorate 10669:(formerly Swaziland) 10378:Wehrmacht war crimes 10194:Expulsion of Germans 9978:Art and World War II 9876:British contribution 9825:Governments in exile 8896:World Heritage Sites 8351:Council of Ministers 8089:Coronavirus pandemic 7487:Currency and coinage 7388:, by A. J. L. Waskey 7260:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 7005:Ripley, Tim (2003). 6605:5#2 (2008): 257–265. 6475:13#1 (1990): 84-104. 5830:Kerstin von Lingen, 5162:Bauer (2000), p. 105 5153:Walker (2003), p. 28 4980:Bauer (2000), p. 113 4589:Walker (2003) p. 109 4532:Bauer (2000), p. 146 4386:Walker (2003), p. 17 4365:Walker (2003), p. 26 4356:Bauer (2000), p. 231 4329:Walker (2003), p. 19 4062:, pp. 184, 198. 3979:Paolo Thaon di Revel 3526:Generalfeldmarschall 3365:Greece, Albania and 3348:Not indicated 45,078 3306:fighters and 13,000 3295:Losses prior to the 3232:Admiral Arthur Power 3102:Dardanelles campaign 3048:Kingdom of the South 2690:Battle of Stalingrad 2667:Operation Barbarossa 2619:Battle of El Alamein 2595:Siluro a Lenta Corsa 2481:Italian battleships 2411:Italian Mare Nostrum 1980:Sir Harold Alexander 1603:Corpo Aereo Italiano 1155:Italian North Africa 1032:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 809:imperial overstretch 764:'s collapse and the 508:Currency and coinage 447:(1970s–1980s) 402:Italy in World War I 313:(14th–16th c.) 148:(27 BC–286 AD) 76:Nuragic civilization 12874:Potsdam Declaration 12763:Italy (Spring 1945) 12526:Liberation of Paris 11983:Siege of Sevastopol 10994:(until August 1944) 10897:Wang Jingwei regime 10719:from September 1943 10679:from September 1944 10617:from September 1944 10477:Romanian war crimes 10468:Persecution of Jews 10454:Croatian war crimes 10424:Japanese war crimes 10238:Occupation of Japan 10187:First Indochina War 9899:Military production 9811:Declarations of war 9420:Carpathian Ruthenia 8427:Automotive industry 8366:Metropolitan cities 7912:Early Modern period 7885:Kingdom of Sardinia 7836:Italian city-states 6302:. London: Phoenix. 5629:. Basic Books 1972 5402:on 21 December 2008 4996:Bauer (2000), p. 95 4968:Bauer (2000), p. 93 4844:Walker (2003) p. 25 4835:O'Hara (2009) p. 12 4756:Walker (2003) p. 20 4744:Walker (2003) p. 11 4726:Walker (2003) p. 21 4717:Walker (2003) p. 23 4568:Walker (2003) p. 48 4550:Bishop (1998) p. 18 4481:Walker (2003) p. 22 4347:Walker (2003) p. 12 4296:, pp. 73, 291. 4158:, pp. 182–183. 3818:Daimler-Benz DB 605 3741:manuals envisioned 3515:only to let in the 3327:Colonial Forces 354 3118:captured and killed 3089:Americans entering 3079:Four days of Naples 2811:Operation Slapstick 2803:Operation Avalanche 2767:Victor Emmanuel III 2560:10th Light Flotilla 2539:torpedo bombers to 2224:collective security 2205:Invasion of Albania 2076:maintained a small 2049:and the other into 2040:Italian East Africa 1554:of some of Italy's 1301:Mediterranean Fleet 1228:strategic materials 1178:Industrial strength 1159:Italian East Africa 1099:Chamber of Deputies 969:Strait of Gibraltar 825:Victor Emmanuel III 311:Italian Renaissance 288:Italian city-states 24:Tientsin concession 12867:Surrender of Japan 12700:Battle of Iwo Jima 12549:Belgrade offensive 11962:Siege of Leningrad 11846:Battle of Shanggao 11775:British Somaliland 11740:Dunkirk evacuation 11691:Norwegian campaign 11629:Invasion of Poland 11456:Japanese prisoners 10417:Italian war crimes 10348:British war crimes 10263:Soviet occupations 10047:South-West Pacific 9934:Allied cooperation 9892:Military equipment 9010:French West Africa 8990:British Somaliland 8489:Telecommunications 7856:Maritime republics 6934:. London: Conway. 6875:(Routledge, 2013). 6771:Mackenzie, Compton 5236:The New York Times 4826:O'Hara (2009) p. 3 4805:O'Hara (2009) p. 9 4410:, pp. 178–80. 4200:, pp. 105–06. 4035:, Mondadori, 1994. 3948:Ripley asserted: " 3806:Fiat G.55 Centauro 3688:MVSN (Blackshirts) 3678:Royal Italian Navy 3673:Royal Italian Army 3663:Italian war crimes 3584: 3521:Basil Liddell Hart 3491:summarily executed 3286: 3275: 3252:John Foster Dulles 3095: 3083: 3040: 3012:), and air force ( 2982:Apennine mountains 2893: 2822: 2745: 2645: 2607:Operation Pedestal 2513: 2495: 2391: 2387:Kingdom of Hungary 2311:Alexandros Papagos 2295:Kingdom of Romania 2279: 2238:Invasion of Greece 2154:in November 1941. 2109: 2055:British Somaliland 2029:Italian Somaliland 2017: 2009: 1964:Italian First Army 1937:Bernard Montgomery 1906:Operation Crusader 1860: 1813: 1772: 1708: 1584: 1565:Invasion of France 1497: 1440:invasion of Poland 1277: 1212:developing country 1072:Suez Canal Company 965:surplus population 950: 900:Imperial ambitions 889:summarily executed 801:Yugoslav partisans 284:Maritime republics 270:(6th–8th c.) 224:Carolingian Empire 28: 12941: 12940: 12899: 12898: 12742:Battle of Okinawa 12641:Burma (1944–1945) 12475:Mariana and Palau 12255:Tunisian campaign 12080:Fall of Singapore 12004:Fall of Hong Kong 11747:Battle of Britain 11600:Operation Himmler 11509: 11508: 11173:Dutch East Indies 10809:Southern Rhodesia 10561: 10560: 10461:Genocide of Serbs 10364:German war crimes 10341:Soviet war crimes 10334:Allied war crimes 10180:Division of Korea 10159:Chinese Civil War 9957:Strategic bombing 9869:Manhattan Project 9643: 9642: 9234:Dutch East Indies 9072:Southern Rhodesia 9005:French Somaliland 8937: 8936: 8904: 8903: 8539: 8538: 8474:Southern question 8394: 8393: 8326:Political parties 8274:Foreign relations 8246: 8245: 8099: 8098: 7820:Kingdom of Naples 7808:Kingdom of Sicily 7296:978-0-670-07120-3 7209:978-0-7509-7946-7 7131:978-0-801-43772-4 6978:978-0-748-60861-4 6941:978-1-84486-102-6 6922:978-1-934840-91-7 6894:978-0-415-16325-5 6871:Mallett, Robert. 6864:978-0-714-64432-5 6801:978-0-297-78005-2 6762:Knox, Macgregor. 6746:Knox, Macgregor. 6691:978-0-00-717645-8 6624:978-0-415-23798-7 6499:978-0-582-06595-6 6447:978-0-275-94877-1 6434:Burgwyn, H. James 6368:978-0-14-200394-7 6349:978-0-415-16111-4 6330:978-0-582-30470-3 5968:The Rommel Papers 5625:Donald Kendrick, 5474:history.state.gov 5268:Tompkins, Peter, 5257:Quartermaine 2000 5214:Quartermaine 2000 5202:Quartermaine 2000 4792:978-1-4027-4090-9 4248:, pp. 72–73. 4110:, pp. 21–22. 4086:, pp. 70–71. 3831:Fiat G55 Centauro 3829:For example: the 3580:Pompeo D'Ambrosio 3558:General Alexander 3554:Tunisian campaign 3530:Albert Kesselring 3403:Air Force 13,210; 3269:The 11th-century 3216:Alberto Tarchiani 3098:Winston Churchill 2960:were deported to 2950:Giuseppe Nicolini 2874:off the coast of 2837:, and in part of 2795:Operation Baytown 2718:Italian Civil War 2521:Mediterranean Sea 2356:province of Fiume 2287:Kingdom of Greece 2283:Greco-Italian War 2270: annexed by 2228:League of Nations 2184:Greco-Italian War 2160:Cape of Good Hope 1864:Operation Compass 1816:reference to the 1742:while landing in 1680:Invasion of Egypt 1668:Leonardo da Vinci 1599:Battle of Britain 1450:until June 1940. 1446:, Italy remained 1379:fixed AA/AT gun, 1356:aircraft carriers 1329:Regia Aeronautica 1252:Spanish Civil War 1145:(controlling the 1066:, control of the 1044:League of Nations 1036:Spanish Civil War 833:Italian peninsula 784:on their push to 630: 629: 477:COVID-19 pandemic 473:(2014–2016) 467:(2007–2009) 461:(1992–2001) 453:(1986–1992) 431:(1943–1945) 429:Italian Civil War 416:(1940–1945) 410:(1922–1943) 404:(1914–1918) 398:(1882–1960) 392:(1861–1946) 364:(1815–1871) 325:(1545–1648) 319:(1494–1559) 280:in southern Italy 248: 247: 239:Holy Roman Empire 71:Prehistoric Italy 12986: 12934: 12927: 12920: 12917:World portal 12915: 12914: 12890: 12883: 12876: 12869: 12860: 12853: 12846: 12837: 12830: 12823: 12816: 12809: 12802: 12793: 12786: 12779: 12777:Prague offensive 12772: 12770:Battle of Berlin 12765: 12758: 12751: 12744: 12737: 12730: 12723: 12716: 12714:Vienna offensive 12709: 12702: 12695: 12693:Battle of Manila 12688: 12668: 12659: 12650: 12643: 12634: 12627: 12620: 12613: 12606: 12599: 12592: 12583: 12574: 12567: 12558: 12551: 12544: 12537: 12528: 12521: 12514: 12507: 12500: 12493: 12486: 12477: 12470: 12461: 12452: 12443: 12436: 12434:Korsun–Cherkassy 12429: 12418: 12396: 12387: 12380: 12373: 12366: 12359: 12352: 12345: 12336: 12329: 12322: 12315: 12306: 12299: 12292: 12285: 12278: 12276:Bombing of Gorky 12271: 12264: 12257: 12237: 12230: 12221: 12214: 12207: 12198: 12191: 12184: 12177: 12166: 12159: 12152: 12145: 12143:Battle of Midway 12138: 12131: 12129:Battle of Gazala 12124: 12117: 12110: 12103: 12096: 12089: 12082: 12062: 12055: 12048: 12041: 12039:Battle of Borneo 12034: 12032:Malayan campaign 12027: 12020: 12013: 12006: 11999: 11992: 11985: 11978: 11976:Bombing of Gorky 11971: 11969:Battle of Moscow 11964: 11957: 11950: 11943: 11936: 11929: 11913: 11906: 11899: 11892: 11885: 11878: 11869: 11862: 11855: 11848: 11841: 11821: 11812: 11805: 11798: 11791: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11749: 11742: 11735: 11733:Battle of France 11728: 11721: 11714: 11707: 11700: 11693: 11673: 11666: 11659: 11652: 11645: 11638: 11631: 11609: 11602: 11595: 11588: 11586:Munich Agreement 11581: 11574: 11565: 11558: 11551: 11542: 11535: 11520: 11519: 11502: 11495: 11486: 11479: 11472: 11471:Soviet prisoners 11465: 11458: 11451: 11442: 11435: 11426: 11419: 11412: 11411:German prisoners 11407: 11387: 11378: 11371: 11364: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11259: 11252: 11245: 11238: 11231: 11224: 11217: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11189: 11182: 11175: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11113: 11106: 11099: 11092: 11085: 11078: 11071: 11064: 11057: 11050: 11043: 11023: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10995: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10964: 10957: 10949: 10942: 10940:French Indochina 10935: 10928: 10921: 10914: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10884: 10864: 10855: 10848: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10818: 10811: 10804: 10797: 10790: 10787:from August 1944 10778: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10729: 10722: 10710: 10703: 10696: 10689: 10682: 10670: 10662: 10655: 10648: 10641: 10634: 10627: 10620: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10587: 10572: 10571: 10552: 10545: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10513: 10498: 10491: 10484: 10479: 10470: 10463: 10456: 10447: 10440: 10433: 10431:Nanjing Massacre 10426: 10419: 10410: 10408:Nuremberg trials 10401: 10394: 10387: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10357: 10350: 10343: 10336: 10316: 10309: 10302: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10258: 10249: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10141: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10014: 10012:Asia and Pacific 9994: 9987: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9952: 9943: 9941:Mulberry harbour 9936: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9799: 9792: 9783: 9776: 9761: 9760: 9749: 9742: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9647: 9646: 9394:Military history 9148:Native Americans 8964: 8957: 8950: 8941: 8940: 8927: 8926: 8919:Italy portal 8916: 8915: 8856:National symbols 8550: 8549: 8405: 8404: 8257: 8256: 8110: 8109: 7990:Kingdom of Italy 7917:Napoleonic Italy 7456: 7455: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7409: 7408: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7353: 7347:. Archived from 7338: 7319: 7300: 7279: 7255: 7243: 7232: 7213: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7184: 7172: 7163: 7154: 7135: 7114: 7071: 7042: 7020: 7001: 6982: 6963:(Praeger, 2008). 6959:Paoletti, Ciro. 6956: 6945: 6926: 6907: 6898: 6886: 6868: 6849: 6828: 6816: 6805: 6786: 6759: 6743: 6724: 6695: 6676: 6647: 6628: 6616: 6598: 6570: 6551: 6532: 6503: 6468: 6451: 6429: 6410: 6391: 6372: 6353: 6334: 6313: 6294: 6266: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6205: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5841: 5835: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5644: 5638: 5623: 5617: 5604:Vadim Erlikman. 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5571:Vadim Erlikman. 5569: 5563: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5421:Doody, Richard. 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5398:. Archived from 5392: 5386: 5385: 5379: 5371: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5339: 5333: 5318: 5312: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5273: 5266: 5260: 5259:, pp. 11–12 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5181: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4981: 4978: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4912: 4906: 4901: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4876:. Archived from 4870: 4864: 4863: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4815: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4745: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4706: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4635:Henderson, Jim. 4632: 4626: 4625: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4375: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4036: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3982: 3975: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3848: 3842: 3827: 3821: 3814:Reggiane Re.2005 3803: 3797: 3786:Reggiane Re.2001 3764: 3758: 3738: 3732: 3724: 3641: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3608: 3545:Giovani Fascisti 3483:Italian monarchy 3437:The genocide of 3201:was sunk by the 3116:. Mussolini was 3110:spring offensive 3036:Campo Imperatore 2998:Rodolfo Graziani 2927:Greek Resistance 2758:On 25 July, the 2753:air raid on Rome 2708:Italian campaign 2684: 2674: 2656: 2562:, also known as 2556:manned torpedoes 2537:Fairey Swordfish 2403:Operation Marita 2384: 2375: 2366: 2349: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2082:Red Sea Flotilla 2069:counterattacks. 1960:Tunisia Campaign 1917:Battle of Gazala 1872:Richard O'Connor 1858:, February 1941. 1768:Rodolfo Graziani 1748:Rodolfo Graziani 1738:, was killed by 1698:Tunisia campaign 1517:Marshal Badoglio 1467:Archibald Wavell 1405:Camionetta AS 42 1395:AT gun, and the 1364:Carro Armato P40 1334:Fiat CR.42 Falco 1248:Francisco Franco 1187:Carlo Favagrossa 1092:Foreign Minister 1056:Munich Agreement 1040:Francisco Franco 973:Strait of Hormuz 957:Benito Mussolini 942: 936: 926: 920: 813:Eastern European 797:Greek resistance 740:, Italy annexed 689:Benito Mussolini 654:European theatre 644:in 1940 (as the 634:Second World War 622: 615: 608: 596:Italy portal 594: 593: 592: 323:Catholic revival 176: 175: 58: 48: 30: 29: 12994: 12993: 12989: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12930: 12923: 12909: 12907: 12895: 12886: 12879: 12872: 12865: 12856: 12849: 12842: 12833: 12828:Atomic bombings 12826: 12819: 12812: 12805: 12798: 12789: 12782: 12775: 12768: 12761: 12754: 12747: 12740: 12733: 12726: 12719: 12712: 12705: 12698: 12691: 12684: 12671: 12664: 12653: 12646: 12639: 12630: 12623: 12616: 12609: 12602: 12595: 12586: 12577: 12570: 12561: 12554: 12547: 12540: 12531: 12524: 12519:Eastern Romania 12517: 12512:Warsaw Uprising 12510: 12505:Tannenberg Line 12503: 12496: 12491:Western Ukraine 12489: 12480: 12473: 12464: 12455: 12446: 12439: 12432: 12421: 12412: 12399: 12392: 12383: 12376: 12369: 12362: 12355: 12348: 12341: 12332: 12325: 12318: 12309: 12302: 12295: 12288: 12283:Battle of Kursk 12281: 12274: 12267: 12260: 12253: 12240: 12233: 12224: 12217: 12210: 12201: 12194: 12187: 12180: 12171: 12162: 12155: 12148: 12141: 12134: 12127: 12120: 12113: 12106: 12099: 12094:St Nazaire Raid 12092: 12085: 12078: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12044: 12037: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12009: 12002: 11995: 11988: 11981: 11974: 11967: 11960: 11953: 11946: 11939: 11932: 11918: 11909: 11902: 11895: 11888: 11881: 11876:Anglo-Iraqi War 11874: 11867:Battle of Crete 11865: 11858: 11851: 11844: 11837: 11824: 11815: 11808: 11801: 11796:Eastern Romania 11794: 11787: 11780: 11773: 11766: 11759: 11752: 11745: 11738: 11731: 11724: 11717: 11710: 11703: 11696: 11689: 11676: 11669: 11662: 11655: 11648: 11641: 11634: 11627: 11614: 11605: 11598: 11591: 11584: 11577: 11570: 11561: 11554: 11547: 11538: 11531: 11505: 11498: 11491: 11482: 11475: 11470: 11461: 11454: 11447: 11438: 11431: 11422: 11415: 11410: 11403: 11390: 11383: 11374: 11367: 11362: 11357:Western Ukraine 11355: 11348: 11341: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11306: 11301:Northeast China 11299: 11292: 11285: 11278: 11271: 11264: 11255: 11248: 11241: 11234: 11227: 11220: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11150: 11143: 11136: 11129: 11116: 11109: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11081: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11039: 11026: 11019: 11012: 11005: 11000:Slovak Republic 10998: 10990: 10983: 10976: 10971:Empire of Japan 10969: 10960: 10952: 10945: 10938: 10931: 10924: 10917: 10909: 10902: 10895: 10887: 10880: 10867: 10860: 10851: 10844: 10835: 10828: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10793: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10753: 10746: 10739: 10732: 10725: 10713: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10673: 10665: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10557: 10548: 10541: 10534: 10527: 10516: 10501: 10494: 10487: 10483:Sexual violence 10482: 10475: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10443: 10436: 10429: 10422: 10415: 10406: 10397: 10390: 10383: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10353: 10346: 10339: 10332: 10319: 10312: 10305: 10298: 10289: 10282: 10275: 10268: 10261: 10252: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10213: 10206: 10201:Greek Civil War 10199: 10192: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10144: 10137: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10026:South-East Asia 10024: 10017: 10010: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9890: 9885:Military awards 9883: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9851: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9779: 9772: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9729: 9722: 9715: 9710: 9701: 9694: 9687: 9679: 9674: 9644: 9639: 9635:Pacific Islands 9630:Solomon Islands 9610:Gilbert Islands 9592: 9586: 9565:Channel Islands 9337: 9200: 9154: 9076: 8973: 8968: 8938: 8933: 8913: 8900: 8871:Public holidays 8702: 8648:Life expectancy 8535: 8390: 8306:Law enforcement 8242: 8095: 8042: 8031:Social Republic 7995:Colonial Empire 7978:Capture of Rome 7931: 7824: 7733: 7626:Ancient peoples 7614: 7551: 7512:Historic states 7470: 7445: 7436: 7382: 7377: 7357: 7355: 7354:on 14 June 2020 7351: 7336: 7326: 7316: 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Vol. II. 7151: 7132: 7039: 7017: 6998: 6979: 6942: 6923: 6895: 6865: 6825: 6802: 6740: 6692: 6644: 6625: 6595: 6567: 6548: 6500: 6448: 6426: 6407: 6388: 6369: 6350: 6331: 6310: 6291: 6274: 6269: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5949:on 22 July 2011 5941: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5842: 5838: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5687:on 22 July 2011 5684: 5677: 5671: 5664: 5645: 5641: 5624: 5620: 5608:. Moscow 2004. 5603: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5575:. Moscow 2004. 5570: 5566: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5519: 5515: 5510:Wayback Machine 5501: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5373: 5372: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5319: 5315: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4984: 4979: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4880:on 20 July 2008 4872: 4871: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4414: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4284:, p. 1353. 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4048:Mack Smith 1982 4046: 4039: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3943: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3849: 3845: 3828: 3824: 3804: 3800: 3765: 3761: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3609: 3606: 3513:Italian Chicken 3499: 3455: 3388:Prisoner-of-war 3324:Air Force 9,096 3263: 3248:co-belligerence 3127: 3028: 3022: 2986:Operation Eiche 2974: 2827:Operation Achse 2784: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2720: 2712:Main articles: 2710: 2633: 2627: 2611:Operation Torch 2572:Queen Elizabeth 2484:Vittorio Veneto 2475: 2469: 2389: 2382: 2380: 2373: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2347: 2335: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2219:invaded Albania 2207: 2202: 2178:Main articles: 2176: 2136:Battle of Keren 1994: 1988: 1976:18th Army Group 1895:German General 1852:Italo Gariboldi 1844: 1838: 1700: 1684:Main articles: 1682: 1677: 1580:Occupied France 1573: 1567: 1505:German invasion 1489: 1479: 1456: 1448:non-belligerent 1433: 1427: 1418:Comando Supremo 1310: 1287:to provide 400 1285:Royal Air Force 1240: 1180: 944: 940: 938: 934: 932: 924: 922: 918: 915: 908: 902: 897: 841:Pietro Badoglio 670:counterattacked 656:. The Italians 626: 590: 588: 586: 577: 576: 575: 573: 533:Historic states 497: 489: 488: 465:Great Recession 396:Colonial Empire 385: 377: 376: 375: 356: 306: 298: 297: 258: 250: 249: 173: 165: 164: 104: 94: 93: 66: 46: 39: 12: 11: 5: 12992: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12959:1940s in Italy 12956: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12935: 12928: 12921: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12893: 12892: 12891: 12884: 12877: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12847: 12844:South Sakhalin 12840: 12839: 12838: 12824: 12817: 12810: 12803: 12796: 12795: 12794: 12780: 12773: 12766: 12759: 12752: 12745: 12738: 12731: 12724: 12717: 12710: 12703: 12696: 12689: 12681: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12669: 12662: 12661: 12660: 12644: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12621: 12614: 12607: 12600: 12593: 12584: 12575: 12568: 12559: 12552: 12545: 12538: 12529: 12522: 12515: 12508: 12501: 12494: 12487: 12478: 12471: 12462: 12453: 12444: 12437: 12430: 12419: 12409: 12407: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12397: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12381: 12367: 12360: 12353: 12346: 12339: 12338: 12337: 12323: 12316: 12307: 12300: 12293: 12286: 12279: 12272: 12269:Battle of Attu 12265: 12258: 12250: 12248: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12238: 12231: 12222: 12215: 12208: 12199: 12192: 12185: 12178: 12169: 12168: 12167: 12160: 12146: 12139: 12132: 12125: 12118: 12111: 12104: 12097: 12090: 12083: 12075: 12073: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12063: 12056: 12049: 12042: 12035: 12028: 12021: 12018:Battle of Guam 12014: 12007: 12000: 11993: 11986: 11979: 11972: 11965: 11958: 11951: 11944: 11941:Battle of Kiev 11937: 11930: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11900: 11893: 11886: 11879: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11856: 11849: 11842: 11834: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11813: 11806: 11799: 11792: 11785: 11778: 11771: 11764: 11757: 11750: 11743: 11736: 11729: 11722: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11694: 11686: 11684: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11667: 11660: 11653: 11646: 11639: 11632: 11624: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11603: 11596: 11589: 11582: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11559: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11528: 11526: 11517: 11511: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11496: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11480: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11452: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11440:United Kingdom 11436: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11408: 11400: 11398: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11381: 11380: 11379: 11372: 11360: 11353: 11346: 11339: 11332: 11325: 11318: 11311: 11304: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11253: 11239: 11232: 11225: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11141: 11134: 11126: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11107: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11065: 11058: 11051: 11044: 11036: 11034: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10996: 10988: 10981: 10974: 10967: 10966: 10965: 10950: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10907: 10900: 10893: 10885: 10877: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10837:British Empire 10830:United Kingdom 10826: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10791: 10779: 10772: 10765: 10758: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10730: 10723: 10711: 10704: 10697: 10690: 10683: 10671: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10646:Czechoslovakia 10642: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10609: 10602: 10595: 10588: 10580: 10578: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10546: 10543:Rape of Manila 10539: 10532: 10525: 10514: 10499: 10492: 10480: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10464: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10441: 10434: 10420: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10395: 10381: 10374: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10329: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10317: 10314:United Nations 10310: 10303: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10273: 10259: 10250: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10211: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10173:Decolonization 10169: 10162: 10154: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10119: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10103: 10096: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10073: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10007: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9953: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9937: 9923: 9916: 9909: 9902: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9865: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9849: 9846:United Kingdom 9842: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9785: 9784: 9769: 9767: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9692: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9673: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9650: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9596: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9555:British Empire 9550:United Kingdom 9547: 9542: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9523:Basque Country 9515: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9399:Basque Country 9396: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9369:Czechoslovakia 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9231: 9230: 9229: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8967: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8944: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8921: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8712: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8479:Stock exchange 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8381:Municipalities 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8341:Prime Minister 8338: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8228:Regional parks 8225: 8223:National parks 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8132:Climate change 8124: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8008: 8007: 7997: 7992: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7897: 7895:Duchy of Savoy 7892: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7805: 7803:Lombard League 7800: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7725:Western Empire 7717: 7712: 7710:Roman conquest 7707: 7702: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7631:Italic peoples 7622: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7435: 7434: 7427: 7420: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7381: 7380:External links 7378: 7376: 7375: 7364: 7325: 7324:Historiography 7322: 7321: 7320: 7314: 7301: 7295: 7280: 7274: 7256: 7250: 7233: 7227: 7214: 7208: 7195: 7173: 7169:Italy Betrayed 7164: 7155: 7149: 7136: 7130: 7115: 7097:(2): 284–313. 7086: 7072: 7043: 7037: 7021: 7015: 7002: 6996: 6983: 6977: 6964: 6957: 6946: 6940: 6927: 6921: 6908: 6899: 6893: 6876: 6869: 6863: 6850: 6829: 6823: 6806: 6800: 6787: 6767: 6760: 6751: 6744: 6738: 6725: 6696: 6690: 6677: 6648: 6642: 6629: 6623: 6606: 6599: 6593: 6584:Century of War 6578: 6571: 6565: 6552: 6546: 6533: 6504: 6498: 6483: 6482:, Turin, 1981. 6476: 6469: 6452: 6446: 6430: 6424: 6411: 6405: 6392: 6386: 6373: 6367: 6354: 6348: 6335: 6329: 6314: 6308: 6295: 6289: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6250: 6243: 6223: 6216: 6190: 6183: 6163: 6154: 6135: 6123: 6114: 6105: 6095: 6086: 6079: 6059: 6052: 6032: 6030:, p. 181. 6020: 6011: 6002: 5993: 5984: 5972: 5960: 5943:"El Alamein 2" 5934: 5925: 5916: 5904: 5894: 5882: 5878:Sadkovich 1991 5870: 5861: 5854: 5836: 5834:, pp. 160–162. 5823: 5817:978-8858819234 5816: 5798: 5789: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5698: 5662: 5647:Martin Gilbert 5639: 5618: 5597: 5585: 5564: 5548: 5526: 5513: 5495: 5486: 5461: 5439: 5413: 5387: 5355: 5334: 5313: 5292: 5283: 5274: 5270:Italy Betrayed 5261: 5249: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5131: 5124: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5035:War in History 5025: 5018: 4998: 4982: 4970: 4961: 4954: 4934: 4927: 4907: 4891: 4865: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4791: 4767: 4758: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4707: 4689: 4680: 4673: 4653: 4627: 4620: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4522: 4513: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4460: 4451: 4449:, p. 550. 4439: 4435:Sadkovich 1989 4427: 4425:, p. 158. 4412: 4408:Cliadakis 1974 4397: 4388: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4320:, p. 291. 4310: 4298: 4286: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4236:, p. 244. 4226: 4214: 4202: 4187: 4172: 4170:, p. 243. 4160: 4148: 4146:, p. 211. 4136: 4124: 4112: 4100: 4098:, p. 198. 4088: 4076: 4074:, p. 467. 4064: 4052: 4050:, p. 170. 4037: 4031:Gianni Oliva, 4024: 4002: 3992: 3984: 3983: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3955: 3941: 3910: 3900: 3890: 3881: 3871: 3861: 3843: 3822: 3798: 3778:Cornelio Silla 3759: 3733: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3649: 3647:Black Brigades 3643: 3642: 3626: 3623: 3604: 3598:, the Italian 3537:Vincent O'Hara 3498: 3495: 3454: 3451: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3339:militia 10,066 3334: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3300: 3262: 3259: 3172:travelling to 3126: 3123: 3052:co-belligerent 3021: 3018: 2973: 2970: 2901:Antonio Gandin 2783: 2780: 2775:New York Times 2763:voted to limit 2749:invaded Sicily 2727:Main article: 2724: 2721: 2709: 2706: 2672:Regio Esercito 2629:Main article: 2626: 2623: 2589:(113,317 2541:attack Taranto 2529:fleet in being 2471:Main article: 2468: 2465: 2401:) and Greece ( 2381: 2372: 2363: 2346: 2334: 2331: 2239: 2236: 2215:Czechoslovakia 2206: 2203: 2175: 2172: 2168:Amedeo Guillet 2005:Amhara cavalry 2001:Amedeo Guillet 1990:Main article: 1987: 1984: 1968:Giovanni Messe 1837: 1831: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1566: 1563: 1483:Fall of France 1478: 1475: 1465:, General Sir 1455: 1452: 1426: 1423: 1315:Regio Esercito 1309: 1306: 1239: 1236: 1216:Czechoslovakia 1179: 1176: 1117:, a canton of 1097:addressed the 1095:Galeazzo Ciano 1080:French Tunisia 954:Prime Minister 939: 933: 923: 917: 904:Main article: 901: 898: 896: 893: 837:German control 827:, provoking a 732:With the Axis 674:German support 650:British Empire 628: 627: 625: 624: 617: 610: 602: 599: 598: 579: 578: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 485: 484: 474: 468: 462: 454: 442: 432: 417: 411: 405: 399: 393: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 374: 373: 367: 366: 365: 355: 354: 353: 352: 347: 339: 338: 337: 331: 326: 320: 314: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 290: 281: 271: 265: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 246: 245: 244:962–1801 242: 231: 230: 227: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 202: 196: 195: 192: 186: 185: 182: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 161: 160: 152:Western Empire 149: 143: 142: 141: 128: 123: 112: 105: 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 91: 85: 79: 73: 67: 64: 63: 60: 59: 51: 50: 41: 40: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12991: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12933: 12929: 12926: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12906: 12905: 12902: 12889: 12885: 12882: 12878: 12875: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12864: 12859: 12855: 12854: 12852: 12851:Kuril Islands 12848: 12845: 12841: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12825: 12822: 12818: 12815: 12811: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12797: 12792: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12778: 12774: 12771: 12767: 12764: 12760: 12757: 12753: 12750: 12746: 12743: 12739: 12736: 12732: 12729: 12725: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12697: 12694: 12690: 12687: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12678: 12674: 12667: 12663: 12658: 12657: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12645: 12642: 12638: 12633: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12622: 12619: 12618:Syrmian Front 12615: 12612: 12608: 12605: 12601: 12598: 12594: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12576: 12573: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12564:Market Garden 12560: 12557: 12553: 12550: 12546: 12543: 12539: 12536: 12535: 12530: 12527: 12523: 12520: 12516: 12513: 12509: 12506: 12502: 12499: 12495: 12492: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12445: 12442: 12438: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12424: 12423:Monte Cassino 12420: 12417: 12416: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12402: 12395: 12391: 12386: 12382: 12379: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12361: 12358: 12354: 12351: 12347: 12344: 12340: 12335: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12324: 12321: 12317: 12314: 12313: 12308: 12305: 12301: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12280: 12277: 12273: 12270: 12266: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12252: 12251: 12249: 12247: 12243: 12236: 12232: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12220: 12216: 12213: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12197: 12193: 12190: 12186: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12161: 12158: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12133: 12130: 12126: 12123: 12119: 12116: 12112: 12109: 12105: 12102: 12098: 12095: 12091: 12088: 12084: 12081: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12068: 12061: 12057: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12043: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12029: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12015: 12012: 12008: 12005: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11980: 11977: 11973: 11970: 11966: 11963: 11959: 11956: 11952: 11949: 11945: 11942: 11938: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11921: 11917: 11912: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11880: 11877: 11873: 11868: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11857: 11854: 11850: 11847: 11843: 11840: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11811: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11797: 11793: 11790: 11789:Baltic states 11786: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11751: 11748: 11744: 11741: 11737: 11734: 11730: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11716: 11713: 11709: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11695: 11692: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11672: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11654: 11651: 11647: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11617: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11590: 11587: 11583: 11580: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11546: 11541: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11512: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11474: 11473: 11469: 11464: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11446: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11433:United States 11430: 11425: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11386: 11382: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11369:Quốc dân Đảng 11366: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11284: 11281: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11263: 11258: 11254: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11233: 11230: 11226: 11223: 11219: 11216: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11163: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11112: 11108: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11069:Liechtenstein 11066: 11063: 11059: 11056: 11052: 11049: 11045: 11042: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11029: 11022: 11021:Collaboration 11018: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10975: 10972: 10968: 10963: 10959: 10958: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10937: 10934: 10930: 10927: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10905: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10883: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10870: 10863: 10859: 10854: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10846:United States 10843: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10824: 10820: 10817: 10813: 10810: 10806: 10803: 10799: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10773: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10698: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10564: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10536:Comfort women 10533: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10520: / 10519: 10515: 10512: 10509: / 10508: 10505: / 10504: 10500: 10497: 10496:Camp brothels 10493: 10490: 10486: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10474: 10469: 10465: 10462: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10446: 10442: 10439: 10435: 10432: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10409: 10405: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10385:The Holocaust 10382: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10371:forced labour 10368: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10311: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10224:Marshall Plan 10221: 10218: 10217: 10212: 10209: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10140: 10136: 10131: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10078: 10077:Eastern Front 10074: 10071: 10070:Western Front 10067: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10020: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9964:Puppet states 9961: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9947: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9924: 9921: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9906:Naval history 9903: 9900: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9886: 9882: 9877: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9854: 9853:United States 9850: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9808: 9805: 9801: 9798: 9794: 9791: 9787: 9782: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9762: 9759: 9755: 9748: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9713: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9671: 9666: 9664: 9659: 9657: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9589: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9446:Liechtenstein 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9181:Latin America 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9159:South America 9157: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9118:United States 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081:North America 9079: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8985:Belgian Congo 8983: 8982: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8965: 8960: 8958: 8953: 8951: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8930: 8922: 8920: 8911: 8910: 8907: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8074:Years of Lead 8072: 8070: 8069:Economic Boom 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8012:Fascist Italy 8010: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7958:Niçard exodus 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7678:Magna Graecia 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7433: 7428: 7426: 7421: 7419: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7335: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7317: 7315:0-8240-7029-1 7311: 7307: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7275:0-521-44317-2 7271: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7251:0-521-47407-8 7247: 7242: 7241: 7234: 7230: 7228:1-86126-646-4 7224: 7220: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7181: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7150:0-415-07142-9 7146: 7143:. Routledge. 7142: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7044: 7040: 7038:0-253-20260-4 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7016:1-57958-312-1 7012: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6997:1-902454-08-1 6993: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6840:(1): 137–67. 6839: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6824:9780812814491 6820: 6815: 6814: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6739:0-521-78222-8 6735: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6707:(3): 538–54. 6706: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6659:(6): 96–102. 6658: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6643:1-86105-829-2 6639: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617:. Routledge. 6615: 6614: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6594:1-58663-342-2 6590: 6586: 6585: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6566:1-85605-705-4 6562: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6547:0-674-65921-X 6543: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6515:(3): 171–90. 6514: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6492:. Routledge. 6491: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6478:Ceva, Lucio, 6477: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6425:0-471-98048-X 6421: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6406:1-84013-420-8 6402: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6387:0-7607-1022-8 6383: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6309:0-7538-2165-6 6305: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6290:1-85605-552-3 6286: 6282: 6277: 6276: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6246: 6244:9780824043131 6240: 6236: 6235: 6227: 6219: 6217:9780521790475 6213: 6209: 6204: 6203: 6194: 6186: 6184:9781851094981 6180: 6176: 6175: 6167: 6158: 6150: 6144: 6139: 6133:, p. 199 6132: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6099: 6090: 6082: 6080:9780275965211 6076: 6072: 6071: 6063: 6055: 6053:9781597977968 6049: 6045: 6044: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5988: 5982:, p. 188 5981: 5976: 5969: 5964: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5929: 5920: 5914:, p. 428 5913: 5908: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5865: 5857: 5855:9780313293252 5851: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5730: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5667: 5659: 5658:0-688-12364-3 5655: 5651: 5648: 5643: 5636: 5635:0-465-01611-1 5632: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5614:5-93165-107-1 5611: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5582: 5581:5-93165-107-1 5578: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5561:0-226-14217-5 5558: 5552: 5536: 5530: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5490: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5450:. August 2016 5449: 5443: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5330:0-7391-0195-1 5327: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5309:0-7391-0195-1 5306: 5302: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5271: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5223: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5189: 5187: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5125:9781135812423 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5102:, p. 121 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5078:, p. 118 5077: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5019:1-85532-865-8 5015: 5011: 5010: 5002: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4965: 4957: 4955:9788854198685 4951: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4930: 4928:9781780963723 4924: 4920: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4821: 4811: 4802: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4705: 4704:0-415-24989-9 4701: 4698: 4693: 4684: 4676: 4674:9780313365270 4670: 4666: 4665: 4657: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4621:9781782009672 4617: 4613: 4612: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4437:, p. 30. 4436: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4308:, p. 73. 4307: 4306:Weinberg 1994 4302: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4260:, p. 96. 4259: 4254: 4247: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4224:, p. 67. 4223: 4218: 4211: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4185:, p. 72. 4184: 4179: 4177: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4013:. 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Corsica! 1076:condominium 703:), and the 642:Axis Powers 503:Citizenship 458:Mani pulite 371:Young Italy 190:Ostrogothic 126:Roman Italy 45:History of 12948:Categories 12756:West Hunan 12589:Pointblank 11925:Silver Fox 11911:Summer War 11664:Winter War 11643:Phoney War 11424:Azerbaijan 11385:Yugoslavia 11280:Luxembourg 11122:Resistance 10862:Yugoslavia 10727:Luxembourg 10529:Sook Ching 10325:War crimes 9927:Technology 9920:Opposition 9862:Lend-Lease 9839:Australian 9832:Home front 9790:Blitzkrieg 9740:Casualties 9731:Commanders 9703:Operations 9620:New Guinea 9600:Antarctica 9593:Antarctica 9582:Yugoslavia 9501:Azerbaijan 9456:Luxembourg 9239:New Guinea 9138:New Mexico 9128:California 9035:Madagascar 9020:Gold Coast 9015:The Gambia 8891:Traditions 8881:Television 8866:Philosophy 8831:Literature 8771:Cathedrals 8741:Settecento 8602:Healthcare 8567:Corruption 8562:Censorship 8321:Parliament 8279:Government 8079:Maxi Trial 8027:Resistance 7756:Ostrogoths 7688:Messapians 7573:Villanovan 7563:Prehistory 7556:Prehistory 7189:1 December 6272:References 5912:Bauer 2000 5691:4 February 5142:Bauer 2000 5100:Bauer 2000 5076:Bauer 2000 4234:Clark 2005 4168:Clark 2005 3728:Fiat CR.32 3487:war crimes 3471:Yugoslavia 3367:Yugoslavia 3261:Casualties 3163:Cappellini 2978:Gran Sasso 2899:, General 2583:Alexandria 2501:Submarine 2439:Yugoslavia 2327:Yugoslavia 2127:, and the 2117:Indian 5th 2113:Indian 4th 2090:submarines 2088:and eight 2086:destroyers 1876:El Agheila 1840:See also: 1789:Royal Navy 1781:ammunition 1622:Case Anton 1569:See also: 1481:See also: 1444:Axis power 1429:See also: 1368:M4 Sherman 1332:) was the 1203:automobile 1147:Suez Canal 989:Yugoslavia 895:Background 885:war crimes 786:El-Alamein 766:Case Anton 750:Montenegro 451:Maxi Trial 334:Napoleonic 12821:Manchuria 12707:Indochina 12483:Bagration 11934:Lithuania 11579:Anschluss 11376:Viet Minh 11273:Lithuania 11215:Hong Kong 10978:Manchukuo 10933:Azad Hind 10592:Australia 10392:Aftermath 10255:Paperclip 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Military history of Italy during World War II

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