Military recruitment

298: 950: 997: 1387: 1346:. Much like the post-World War II era, these new campaigns put a stronger emphasis on job opportunity. As such, the committee recommended "improved basic compensation and conditions of service, proficiency pay, and accelerated promotions for the highly skilled to make military career opportunities more attractive." These new directives were to be combined with "an intensive recruiting effort." Finalized in mid-1973, the recruitment of a "professional" military was met with success. In 1975 and 1976, military enlistments exceeded expectations, with over 365,000 men and women entering the military. Though this may, in part, have been the result of a lack of civilian jobs during the recession, it nevertheless stands to underline the ways in which recruiting efforts responded to the circumstances of the time. 974: 1013: 930: 242: 1107: 1064: 38: 1168: 1032: 27: 1126: 1083: 1250: 1286: 1048: 1192: 1145: 1271:

When a potential applicant walks into a recruiting station his or her height and weight are checked and their background investigated. A fingerprint scan is conducted and a practice ASVAB exam is given to them. Applicants cannot officially swear their enlistment oath in the recruiting office. This is conducted at a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS).

651:, allows a recruit to maintain a civilian job while training under military discipline for a minimum number of days per year. After leaving the armed forces, for a fixed period (between four and six years is normal in the UK and US, for example), former recruits may remain liable for compulsory return to full-time military employment in order to train or 1311:, travel, and miscellaneous. Between 1915 and 1918, 42% of all army recruitment posters were themed primarily by patriotism. And though other themes – such as adventure and greater social status – would play an increased role during World War II recruitment, appeals to serve one's country remained the dominant selling point. 949: 262:

personnel is at parity with or slightly higher than the civilian population and that the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups are less likely to meet the requirements of the modern U.S. military. A study found that technological, tactical, operational and doctrinal changes have led to a change in

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While uniformed military recruiters screen and process recruits into the military, advertising agencies design and implement military recruitment strategy, campaigns, and advertisements: As of fiscal year 2020, Young & Rubicam was in charge of this for the Navy, Wunderman Thompson for the Marine

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However, Child Soldiers International also reported in 2018 that at least 46 states were recruiting personnel below the age of 18. Most of these states were recruiting from age 17, including Australia, China, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia and the United States (US); approximately 20 were recruiting

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military recruitment shifted significantly. With no war calling men and women to duty, the United States refocused its recruitment efforts to present the military as a career option, and as a means of achieving a higher education. A majority – 55% – of all recruitment posters would serve this end.

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During both world wars and a period after the second, military service was mandatory for at least some of the British population. At other times, techniques similar to those outlined above have been used. The most prominent concern over the years has been the minimum age for recruitment, which has

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The process of attracting children and young people to military employment begins in their early years. In Germany, Israel, Poland, the UK, the US, and elsewhere, the armed forces visit schools frequently, including primary schools, to encourage children to enlist once they become old enough to do

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The American military has had recruiters since the time of the colonies in the 1700s. Today there are thousands of recruiting stations across the United States, serving the Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force. Recruiting offices normally consist of 2–8 recruiters between the ranks of E-5 and E-7.

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is one of the main factors attracting young people to military employment. (Thus the obsolete English-language term "bezonian" may mean "raw recruit" or "pauper".) After the US suspended conscription in 1973, "the military disproportionately attracted African American men, men from lower-status

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Recruitment can be conducted over the telephone with organized lists, through email campaigns and from face to face prospecting. While telephone prospecting is the most efficient, face to face prospecting is the most effective. Military recruiters often set up booths at amusement parks, sports

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included "Join the army, Be a man" and "The army will make a man out of you"; in 2007 a new slogan was introduced: "There's strong. Then there's army strong". Similarly, recruiters describe the Israeli infantryman as "discovering all your strengths"; and the British is "harder, faster, fitter,

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in schools reads: "After school you have the world at your feet, make it safer." In the US, recruiters have right of access to all schools and to the contact details of students, and are encouraged to embed themselves into the school community. A former head of recruitment for the

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And though peacetime would not last, factors such as the move to an all-volunteer military would ultimately keep career-oriented recruitment efforts in place. The Defense Department turned to television syndication as a recruiting aid from 1957 to 1960 with a filmed show,

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been 16 for many years. This has now been raised to 18 in relation to combat operations. In recent years, there have been various concerns over the techniques used in (especially) army recruitment in relation to the portrayal of such a career as an enjoyable adventure.

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The fact that some armed forces rely on children aged 16 or 17 to fill their ranks, and evidence from Australia, Israel, the UK and from the Vietnam era in the US that these youngest recruits are most likely to be adversely affected by the demands and risks of military

222:(UNSG), in 2016 14 states were still recruiting and using children in active armed conflicts: Afghanistan, Central African Republic, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria, Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria and Yemen. 590:

Depending on whether the application criteria are met, and depending also on which military units have vacancies for new recruits, candidates may or may not be offered a job in a certain role or roles. Candidates who accept a job offer then wait for their

1354:. Though originally intended as compensation for service, the bill is now seen as a recruiting tool. Today, the GI Bill is "no longer a reward for service rendered, but an inducement to serve and has become a significant part of recruiter's pitches." 1223:, was a volunteer army, raised from the native population with British officers. The Indian Army served both as a security force in India itself and, particularly during the World Wars, in other theaters. About 1.3 million men served in the 1337:

unanimously agreed that the United States would be best served by an all-volunteer military. In supporting this recommendation, the committee noted that recruitment efforts would have to be intensified, as new enlistees would need to be

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Cross-cultural studies suggest that, in general, children and young people are drawn to military employment for similar reasons: war, economic motivation, education, family and friends, politics, and identity and psychosocial factors.

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Thandi, Gursimran; Sundin, Josefin; Ng-Knight, Terry; Jones, Margaret; Hull, Lisa; Jones, Norman; Greenberg, Neil; Rona, Roberto J.; Wessely, Simon (2015). "Alcohol misuse in the United Kingdom Armed Forces: A longitudinal study".

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The period between the initial application to swearing the oath may be several weeks or months. During this time many candidates drop out. For example, in 2017 about 1 in 20 applicants to the British Army were eventually enlisted.

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King, D. W.; King, L. A.; Foy, D. W.; Gudanowski, D. M. (June 1996). "Prewar factors in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: structural equation modeling with a national sample of female and male Vietnam veterans".

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Goodwin, L.; Wessely, S.; Hotopf, M.; Jones, M.; Greenberg, N.; Rona, R. J.; Hull, L.; Fear, N. T. (2015). "Are common mental disorders more prevalent in the UK serving military compared to the general working population?".

2693:"Concluding observations on the report submitted by the Russian Federation under article 8, paragraph 1, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict" 1349:

Indeed, recommendations made by the President's Commission continue to work in present-day recruitment efforts. Understanding the need for greater individual incentive, the US military has re-packaged the benefits of the

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young adults from age 18, and recruiters for these roles focus their resources on high-achieving schools and universities. (Canada is an exception, recruiting high-achieving children from age 16 for officer training.)

929: 996: 297: 688:. Some armed forces also subsidise recruits' education before, during and/or after military service, subject to conditions such as an obligatory minimum period of formal military employment; examples are the 530:

The armed forces are often presented as a means to learn new skills. For example, the Swedish armed forces encourage potential recruits with the promise of "education that leads to a job where you can make a

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Hoge, Charles W.; Castro, Carl A.; Messer, Stephen C.; McGurk, Dennis; Cotting, Dave I.; Koffman, Robert L. (2004-07-01). "Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care".

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skills normally expected of an 11-year-old or younger, and 7% had a reading age of 5–7. The British Army's recruitment drive in 2017 targeted working-class families with an average annual income of £10,000.

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Jones, M.; Sundin, J.; Goodwin, L.; Hull, L.; Fear, N. T.; Wessely, S.; Rona, R. J. (2013). "What explains post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in UK service personnel: deployment or something else?".

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socioeconomic backgrounds, men who had been in nonacademic high school programs, and men whose high school grades tended to be low". However, a 2020 study suggests that the socio-economic status of

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The increased emphasis on a national effort was reflected in World War I recruitment methods. Authors Peter A. Padilla and Mary Riege Laner define six basic appeals to these recruitment campaigns:

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Prior to the outbreak of World War I, military recruitment in the US was conducted primarily by individual states. Upon entering the war, however, the federal government took an increased role.

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Armed forces commission recruitment advertising across a wide range of media, including television, radio, cinema, online including social media, the press, billboards, brochures and leaflets,

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Asoni, Andrea; Gilli, Andrea; Gilli, Mauro; Sanandaji, Tino (2020-01-30). "A mercenary army of the poor? Technological change and the demographic composition of the post-9/11 U.S. military".

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Bachman, Jerald G.; Segal, David R.; Freedman-Doan, Peter; O'Malley, Patrick M. (2000). "Who chooses military service? Correlates of propensity and enlistment in the U.S. Armed Forces".

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are male. The proportion of female personnel varies internationally; for example, it is approximately 3% in India, 10% in the UK, 13% in Sweden, 16% in the US, and 27% in South Africa.

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Milgrom, C.; Finestone, A.; Shlamkovitch, N.; Rand, N.; Lev, B.; Simkin, A.; Wiener, M. (January 1994). "Youth is a risk factor for stress fracture. A study of 783 infantry recruits".

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Many states operate military schools, cadet forces, and other military youth organisations. For example, Russia operates a system of military schools for children from age 10, where

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Evidence from Germany, the UK, and elsewhere that recruiters target, and capitalise on the precarious position of socio-economically deprived young people as potential recruits.

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and employment lead to higher rates of mental health and behavioural problems than are usually found in civilian life, particularly after personnel have left the armed forces.

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Buckman, Joshua E. J.; Forbes, Harriet J.; Clayton, Tim; Jones, Margaret; Jones, Norman; Greenberg, Neil; Sundin, Josefin; Hull, Lisa; Wessely, Simon (2013-06-01).

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are visible. A minimum standard of academic attainment may be required for entry, for certain technical roles, or for entry to train for a leadership position as a

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State armed forces set minimum and maximum ages for recruitment. In practice, most military recruits are young adults; for example, in 2013 the average age of a

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Schnurr, Paula P.; Lunney, Carole A.; Sengupta, Anjana (April 2004). "Risk factors for the development versus maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder".

3776:"Early Service leavers: a study of the factors associated with premature separation from the UK Armed Forces and the mental health of those that leave early" 697: 4615:

Blacker, Sam D.; Wilkinson, David M.; Bilzon, James L. J.; Rayson, Mark P. (March 2008). "Risk factors for training injuries among British Army recruits".

3572: 1656: 184:(OPAC) may not conscript children at all, but may enlist children aged 16 or above provided that they are not used to participate directly in hostilities. 3520: 1714: 3365: 129: 3701:

MacManus, Deirdre; Dean, Kimberlie; Jones, Margaret; Rona, Roberto J; Greenberg, Neil; Hull, Lisa; Fahy, Tom; Wessely, Simon; Fear, Nicola T (2013).

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Bouffard, Leana Allen (2016-09-16). "The Military as a Bridging Environment in Criminal Careers: Differential Outcomes of the Military Experience".

3614:"Aggressive and Violent Behavior Among Military Personnel Deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: Prevalence and Link With Deployment and Combat Exposure" 2234: 1144: 1063: 4730: 2326: 177: 5284:

Dandeker, Christopher and Alan Strachan. "Soldier Recruitment to the British Army: a Spatial and Social Methodology for Analysis and Monitoring."

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theory, the British recruited heavily from selected communities for service in the colonial army. The largest of the colonial military forces the

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White, John B. Lieutenant Commander, US Naval Reserve, Ph.D. "The GI Bill: Recruiting Bonus, Retention Onus." Military Review, July–August 2004.

195:, as of 2017 approximately two-thirds of states worldwide had committed to restrict military recruitment to adults from age 18, and at least 60 4776: 4175: 5312:

Griffith, James. "Institutional Motives for Serving in the U.S. Army National Guard: Implications for Recruitment, Retention, and Readiness."

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Personnel may be posted to bases in their home country or overseas, according to operational need, and may be deployed from those bases on

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window, near the beginning of their service, allowing them to leave the armed force as of right. Part-time military employment, known as

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of service, which for full-time personnel typically requires a minimum period of service of several years, with the exception of a short

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Saint-Jean, Departement of National Defence, Chief Military Personnel, Canadian Defence Academy, Royal Military College (2015-05-12).

1962: 4323: 2896: 4800:"A review of the literature on attrition from the military services: Risk factors for attrition and strategies to reduce attrition" 431:

Recruiters use civic space to promote their military organisation. Among the methods used are recruitment stalls in public spaces,

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were recruiting and using children in armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Palestine, Libya, Philippines and Thailand.

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had signed agreements to stop or reduce the use of children for military purposes. The organization reported that the so-called

4707:"Young age at Army enlistment is associated with greater war zone risks: An analysis of British Army fatalities in Afghanistan" 1547: 960: 170: 4996: 3916:

Friedman, M. J.; Schnurr, P. P.; McDonagh-Coyle, A. (June 1994). "Post-traumatic stress disorder in the military veteran".

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before their child's enlistment can take place. In practice, consent is indicated on a form, which parents/guardians sign.

371:) have been spliced into military advertising in the US, for example. In the US and elsewhere, the armed forces commission 249:

in August 2024. The poster promised income "from 5.2 million rubles" (approx. $ 60,000) for the first year of active duty.

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The Report of the President's Commission on an All-Volunteer Armed Force. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1970. Page 18.

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Marshall, A; Panuzio, J; Taft, C (2005). "Intimate partner violence among military veterans and active duty servicemen".

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Marshall, A; Panuzio, J; Taft, C (2005). "Intimate partner violence among military veterans and active duty servicemen".

1601: 305: 3401: 4533:"Defence Instructions General: Management and administration of Australian Defence Force members under 18 years of age" 4025:

Elbogen, Eric B.; Johnson, Sally C.; Wagner, H. Ryan; Sullivan, Connor; Taft, Casey T.; Beckham, Jean C. (2014-05-01).

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Our new model is about raising awareness, and that takes a ten-year span. It starts with a seven-year-old boy seeing a

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Opinion of the Commission for Children's Concerns on the relationship between the military and young people in Germany

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Opinion of the Commission for Children's Concerns on the relationship between the military and young people in Germany

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Opinion of the Commission for Children's Concerns on the relationship between the military and young people in Germany

1689: 5151: 4492: 2047: 1483: 1470: 1280: 901: 689: 125: 1798: 794:, and obscure the risks and obligations of military employment, thereby misleading potential recruits, particularly 684:

Perks of military service typically include adventurous training; subsidised accommodation, meals and travel; and a

662:, which introduces offences not recognised by civilian courts, such as disobedience. Penalties range from a summary 514:

encourages potential recruits to "Above all, fight for your country, because there is no place better than Israel."

1423: 79: 1522: 3253:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict" 1894:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict" 1244: 403:, where children from age 12 play out a stylised representation of military employment. The United States offers 203:

standard – the restriction of all military employment to adults – had been emerging as a global norm since 2001.

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to serve openly in their armed forces, although this development has met with political and cultural resistance.

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Some armed forces appeal to potential recruits with the promise of teamwork and camaraderie. An example is the

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Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

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MacManus, Deirdre; Rona, Roberto; Dickson, Hannah; Somaini, Greta; Fear, Nicola; Wessely, Simon (2015-01-01).

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Historically and today, recruitment materials frequently associate military life with that of a traditionally

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Counter-recruitment refers to activity opposing military recruitment, or aspects of it. Among its forms are

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Merrill, Lex L.; Crouch, Julie L.; Thomsen, Cynthia J.; Guimond, Jennifer; Milner, Joel S. (August 2005).

3703:"Violent offending by UK military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: a data linkage cohort study" 3060: 5368: 2532: 5244: 5220: 5196: 5120:

Padilla, Peter A. and Mary Riege Laner. "Trends in Military Influences on Army Recruitment: 1915-1953."

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Padilla, Peter A. and Mary Riege Laner. "Trends in Military Influences on Army Recruitment: 1915-1953."

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Military life is promised to be exciting, including world travel and adventurous training. In 2015, the

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Many eligibility criteria normally apply, which may be related to age, nationality, height and weight (

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Some armed forces present military life as a patriotic service. For example, the slogan for the German

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Most states which recruit children under the age of 18 have undertaken not to deploy them routinely on

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Compared with male personnel and female civilians, female personnel face substantially higher risks of

37: 4236:"Should We End Military Recruiting in High Schools as a Matter of Child Protection and Public Health?" 2438:"Should We End Military Recruiting in High Schools as a Matter of Child Protection and Public Health?" 2095: 1320: 1174: 338:

and thinking, 'That looks great.' From then the army is trying to build interest by drip, drip, drip.

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Gee, David; Taylor, Rachel (2016-11-01). "Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?".

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Gee, David; Taylor, Rachel (2016-11-01). "Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?".

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Gee, David; Taylor, Rachel (2016-11-01). "Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?".

4484: 3061:"2008 U.S. Army Posture Statement - Information Papers - Army Strong: New Army Recruiting Campaign" 2039: 1418: 988: 621:

Once enlistment has taken place, recruits are subject to military terms of service and begin their

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are taught as part of the curriculum. The UK is one of many states that subsidise participation in

188: 164: 3260: 3158: 2875: 1901: 4305:"Soldiers of Misfortune: Abusive U.S. Military Recruitment and Failure to Protect Child Soldiers" 3192: 3094: 2830: 2789: 2748: 2100: 226: 196: 103: 3984:"Perpetration of severe intimate partner violence: premilitary and second year of service rates" 3425: 3289: 1937: 1738: 524:

presentation to schools included prominent images of scuba diving and snowboarding, for example.

4865: 4339: 3878: 1151: 940: 726:. The rationale for counter-recruitment activity may be based on any of the following reasons: 648: 576: 276: 3340: 2903: 5270:

Manigart, Philippe. "Risks and Recruitment in Postmodern Armed Forces: The Case of Belgium."

2504: 2108: 1856:"Canada's military issues new policies to welcome transgender troops as Trump insists on ban" 1413: 879: 769: 719: 511: 356: 114: 85: 5298:

Snyder, William P. "Officer Recruitment for the All-Volunteer Force: Trends and Prospects."

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Kapur, Navneet; While, David; Blatchley, Nick; Bray, Isabelle; Harrison, Kate (2009-03-03).

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Arkin, William; Dobrofsky, Lynne R. (1978-01-01). "Military Socialization and Masculinity".

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Evidence from Australia, Canada, France, the UK, and the US that abusive behaviour such as

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Fitzgerald, John A. "Changing Patterns of Officer Recruitment at the U.S. Naval Academy."

4027:"Violent behaviour and post-traumatic stress disorder in US Iraq and Afghanistan veterans" 1966: 1367:

stadiums and other attractions. In recent years social media has been more commonly used.

8: 4879: 4365: 4331: 4090: 3573:"Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Assault in the Military: Fiscal Year 2016" 2342: 1632:"Fact file: SANDF regular force levels by race & gender: April 30, 2011 | defenceWeb" 1443: 1395: 1216: 799: 709: 595:

to begin. Either at or before the start of their training, candidates swear or affirm an

584: 2662:"'The US military is using video games and esports to recruit – it's downright immoral'" 26: 5348: 5320: 5306: 5292: 5278: 4899: 4763: 4688: 4653: 4498: 4467: 4268: 4235: 4217: 4059: 4026: 3970: 3851: 3732: 3689: 3037: 2470: 2437: 2283: 2215: 2134: 2067: 1799:"Transgender People Will Be Allowed to Enlist in the Military as a Court Case Advances" 1326: 1289: 1228: 1220: 1200: 1070: 1003: 865: 791: 678: 652: 644: 634: 596: 540:

Typically, candidates for military employment apply online or at a recruitment centre.

481: 416: 367: 254: 211: 148: 41: 3929: 3719: 3702: 1249: 5147: 4891: 4883: 4844: 4836: 4767: 4755: 4724: 4693: 4675: 4640: 4632: 4579: 4571: 4488: 4389: 4273: 4255: 4221: 4209: 4064: 4046: 4013: 4005: 3974: 3941: 3933: 3904: 3896: 3843: 3835: 3805: 3797: 3762: 3758: 3724: 3681: 3673: 3643: 3635: 3559: 3463: 3453: 3041: 2803: 2762: 2593: 2475: 2457: 2320: 2287: 2242: 2219: 2207: 2169: 2043: 1806: 1779: 1664: 1496: 1476: 1285: 1093: 674: 568: 376: 326:, Colonel (latterly Brigadier) David Allfrey, explained the British approach in 2007: 46: 30: 4903: 3855: 3423: 2089: 1736: 5079: 4875: 4828: 4747: 4683: 4665: 4624: 4567: 4563: 4483:

Brett, Rachel, and Irma Specht. Young Soldiers: Why They Choose to Fight. Boulder:

4263: 4247: 4201: 4054: 4038: 3995: 3962: 3925: 3888: 3827: 3787: 3754: 3714: 3693: 3665: 3625: 3551: 3450:

La guerre invisible: révélations sur les violences sexuelles dans l'armée française

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Information obtained under the Freedom of Information Act, ref. FOI2017/10089/79534

3033: 2465: 2449: 2275: 2199: 2161: 2038:

Brett, Rachel, and Irma Specht. Young Soldiers: Why They Choose to Fight. Boulder:

1771: 1453: 1448: 1408: 1178: 1132: 923:

people into an organization, and has been a common method of military recruitment.

780: 742: 622: 611: 592: 463:

Recruitment marketing seeks to appeal to potential recruits in the following ways:

452: 400: 396: 152: 62: 58: 4751: 4499:"Machel Study 10-Year Strategic Review: Children and conflict in a changing world" 4205: 3736: 2203: 2165: 2060:"Machel Study 10-Year Strategic Review: Children and conflict in a changing world" 1191: 5003: 4670: 1224: 761: 560: 556: 548: 544: 448: 280: 93: 187:

Historically, the use of children for military purposes has been widespread—see

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Some states, including the UK, US and Canada have begun to recognise a right of

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the demand for personnel. As an indication of the socio-economic background of

5124:, Vol. 71, No. 4. Fall 2001421-36. Austin: University of Texas Press. Page 433 5111:, Vol. 71, No. 4. Fall 2001421-36. Austin: University of Texas Press. Page 423 4042: 3831: 3669: 3555: 3186: 3088: 2824: 2783: 2742: 2636: 2614: 2578: 2279: 1775: 1609: 658:

From the point of their enlistment/commissioning, personnel become subject to

5357: 5334: 4887: 4840: 4759: 4679: 4636: 4628: 4575: 4393: 4287:"Cessation of Military Recruiting in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools" 4259: 4251: 4213: 4050: 4009: 4000: 3983: 3937: 3900: 3839: 3801: 3677: 3639: 3467: 3045: 2461: 2453: 2246: 2211: 2173: 1810: 1668: 1398:, as part of understanding the psychological forces behind recruiting efforts 1334: 1308: 1159: 1097: 723: 667: 420: 118: 5340:

Eighmey, John. "Why Do Youth Enlist?: Identification of Underlying Themes."

5053: 4972:"'Compulsory military service could be an option in future' - Express India" 3792: 3775: 3630: 3613: 1963:"Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers" 176:

The minimum age at which children may be recruited or conscripted under the

5027: 4895: 4697: 4644: 4409:"Informed Choice? Armed forces recruitment practices in the United Kingdom" 4277: 4156:"Informed Choice? Armed forces recruitment practices in the United Kingdom" 4068: 4017: 3908: 3847: 3809: 3766: 3728: 3685: 3647: 3563: 3501:"Informed Choice? Armed forces recruitment practices in the United Kingdom" 3000: 2850: 2479: 1783: 1433: 1212: 1155: 872: 659: 521: 495: 440: 323: 264: 99: 20: 4848: 4583: 3945: 3892: 3113: 1830: 1438: 1208: 1196: 1019: 984: 956: 920: 893: 858: 795: 738: 607: 471: 348: 331: 136: 4471: 4458:

Segal, D R; et al. (1998). "The all-volunteer force in the 1970s".

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Segal, D R; et al. (1998). "The all-volunteer force in the 1970s".

1227:. During World War II, the British Indian Army would become the largest 57:

refers to the activity of attracting people to, and selecting them for,

2010: 1304: 1293: 886: 850: 821:

The view that military organizations provide a valuable public service.

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personnel, as of 2015 three-quarters of its youngest recruits had the

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World War I recruitment posters featured as part of the decor at the

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videogames to present military life to children and have created the

4382:"British army is targeting working-class young people, report shows" 2690: 2235:"British army is targeting working-class young people, report shows" 207:

from age 16, including Brazil, Canada, and the United Kingdom (UK).

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Corps, DBB Chicago for the Army, and GSD&M for the Air Force.

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Anecdotal evidence that military employment benefits young people.

477:, which is officially encouraged as a martial ideal. For example, 117:), several have lifted this ban in recent years, including larger 113:

roles (i.e. roles which would require them to kill an opponent at

2303:"Admission - Futurs Students - Royal Military College Saint-Jean" 1870:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (A/CONF.183/9)" 1351: 685: 587:, psychological interview, job interview and fitness assessment. 474: 380: 372: 4553: 4530: 3392: 2950: 1231:

army in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in August 1945.

610:(persons under the age of 18) are required by law to obtain the 5098: 1254: 1136: 1074: 1038: 916: 842: 827:

The view that duty of care policies protect recruits from harm.

757: 753: 572: 484: 392: 309: 110: 4997:"Commonwealth War Graves Commission Report on India 2007–2008" 4366:

Germany, Bundestag Commission for Children's Concerns (2016).

4091:

Germany, Bundestag Commission for Children's Concerns (2016).

2359: 2343:

Germany, Bundestag Commission for Children's Concerns (2016).

2013:"Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General" 1657:"Map: Which countries allow women in front-line combat roles?" 579:. Candidates who meet the criteria will normally also undergo 3915: 3133: 2012: 4614: 4024: 1986: 1377:

Counter-recruitment § Arguments surrounding recruitment

845:

to inspire young people to enlist, with themes ranging from

4777:"The First Ambush? Effects of army training and employment" 4654:"Suicide after Leaving the UK Armed Forces —A Cohort Study" 4176:"The First Ambush? Effects of army training and employment" 3981: 1274: 386: 191:—but has been in decline in the 21st century. According to 3743: 3611: 2897:"Meet the army: A guide for parents, partners and friends" 1199:

in World War II with over 2.5 million men was the largest

774:

Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service

498:, which introduced the slogan "This is belonging" in 2017. 3773: 3654: 3570: 2151: 1960: 768:

are common in military organizations. See, for example,

737:

The view that some military organizations are a tool of

510:

is "We. Serve. Germany." , and an advertisement for the

407:

to high school students as an extracurricular activity.

109:

While many states do not recruit women for ground close

98:

Across the world, a large majority of recruits to state

4651: 4598:"UK armed forces suicide and open verdict deaths: 2016" 4595: 4321: 4107:"The New Profile Report on Child Recruitment in Israel" 3518: 3363: 3236: 2382:"The New Profile Report on Child Recruitment in Israel" 1712: 1545: 1112:

British Army recruitment poster of the inter-war period

786:

Evidence from Germany, Israel, the UK, and the US that

3867: 3816: 3426:"Sexual Misconduct in the Canadian Armed Forces, 2016" 1739:"Sexual Misconduct in the Canadian Armed Forces, 2016" 1335:

President's Commission on an All-Volunteer Armed Force

4855: 4817: 4704: 4556:

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume

3700: 3366:"Queen's Regulations for the Army (1975, as amended)" 2826:

Royal Navy: Made in the Royal Navy - Born in Carslile

1548:"UK armed forces biannual diversity statistics: 2017" 849:(particularly personal power), societal service, and 5349:

http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/2/307

5321:

http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/2/230

5307:

http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/3/401

5293:

http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/279

5279:

http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/559

3211: 1459: 853:. For example, as of 2017 current slogans included: 3541: 2822: 2087: 1761: 1687: 1314: 132:, according to British, Canadian, and US research. 3114:UK, Army Recruiting and Training Division (2013). 2660: 2088: 1690:"Ban on women in ground close combat roles lifted" 4429:"Army visits London's poorest schools most often" 4130:"Army visits London's poorest schools most often" 2928:"Amazon.co.uk: HM Armed Forces: Toys & Games" 2406:"Army visits London's poorest schools most often" 1523:"India's Military to Allow Women in Combat Roles" 1292:recruitment poster from 1918. Note the appeal to 1211:, recruitment in India has been voluntary. Using 831: 5355: 3395:"Defence Abuse Response Taskforce: Final report" 3184: 3156: 3131: 2974: 2715: 2533:"No Child Left Behind Act (2001) (Section 9528)" 2373: 2011:Secretary-General of the United Nations (2017). 1755: 178:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 3188:Swedish Recruitment Ad "Welcome to Our Reality" 987:, and was revived in later wars. Based on the 4233: 3023: 2953:"Final report of the Learning Culture Inquiry" 2435: 841:Armed forces have made effective use of short 666:to imprisonment for several years following a 4821:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 4324:"Military Money for College: A Reality Check" 3477:"France battles sexual abuse in the military" 2691:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014). 2576: 2530: 1520: 1307:, job/career/education, adventure/challenge, 4729:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4426: 4354: 4322:Diener, Sam; Munro, Jamie (June–July 2005). 4127: 3447: 3381: 3341:"The Army Terms of Service Regulations 2007" 2781: 2740: 2403: 2325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1546:UK, Ministry of Defence (30 November 2017). 1402: 813:Armed forces spokespeople have defended the 355:to promote military employment. Scenes from 236: 4989: 4285:American Public Health Association (2012). 4234:Hagopian, Amy; Barker, Kathy (2011-01-01). 4104: 4079: 3082: 3080: 2808:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2767:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2598:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2379: 1629: 935:"To Arms! To Arms!" Recruitment poster for 571:, satisfactory references, and whether any 5335:http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/8/1/111 4457: 2851:"Armée de Terre (@armeedeterre) | Twitter" 2580:X-Men: First Class: TV Spot - Go Army (HD) 2300: 2124: 1570: 4869: 4737: 4687: 4669: 4531:Australia, Department of Defence (2008). 4267: 4191: 4058: 3999: 3882: 3791: 3718: 3629: 3474: 3393:Defence Abuse Response Taskforce (2016). 3314:"What is a Military Enlistment Contract?" 2951:Australia, Department of Defence (2006). 2785:British Army Radio Advert #1 (30 Seconds) 2469: 2189: 287: 3952: 3918:The Psychiatric Clinics of North America 3521:"British Army: Sexual Harassment Report" 3086: 3077: 2977:"Army Doctrine Publications: Operations" 2894: 2876:"US Air Force billboard [image]" 2873: 2612: 1715:"British Army: Sexual Harassment Report" 1385: 1284: 1275:Wartime recruitment strategies in the US 1248: 1234: 1190: 387:Military schools and youth organisations 379:initiative as an outreach program using 296: 240: 173:, a child means a person aged under 18. 36: 25: 5344:, Jan 2006; vol. 32: pp. 307–328. 5316:, Jan 2008; vol. 34: pp. 230–258. 5302:, Apr 1984; vol. 10: pp. 401–425. 5288:, Jan 1993; vol. 19: pp. 279–290. 5274:, Jul 2005; vol. 31: pp. 559–582. 5146:New York: Reader's Digest Press, 1976. 5028:"Marching orders for teenage soldiers?" 4945: 4920: 4519: 3600: 3058: 2185: 2183: 1599: 1429:Transgender people and military service 1265: 405:Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps 220:Secretary-General of the United Nations 90:Transgender people and military service 5356: 5330:, Oct 1981; vol. 8: pp. 111–128. 4797: 4379: 3448:Leila, Miñano; Pascual, Julia (2014). 3180: 3178: 3127: 3125: 2526: 2524: 2491: 2489: 2338: 2336: 2232: 2226: 2120: 2118: 2034: 2032: 1831:"UK top brass back transgender troops" 1796: 1654: 1117: 1002:Recruiting poster made by and for the 703: 535: 443:in Russia; national days, such as the 317:so. For example, a poster used by the 180:is 15. States which have ratified the 3335: 3333: 3308: 3306: 3116:Army Life: Your Guide to the Infantry 2551: 2436:Hagopian, Amy; Barker, Kathy (2011). 2357: 2006: 2004: 1987:Child Soldiers International (2018). 1956: 1954: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1595: 1593: 1361: 468:Traditionally masculine associations. 171:Convention on the Rights of the Child 19:For compulsory military service, see 4948:"Armed Forces Bill 2016 (col. 1210)" 4939: 4923:"Armed Forces Bill 2016 (col. 1211)" 2180: 2109:participating institution membership 606:Most state armed forces that enlist 158: 5080:"Teachers reject 'Army propaganda'" 4774: 4406: 4173: 4153: 3498: 3214:"Paid education and other benefits" 3175: 3122: 2998: 2634: 2521: 2495: 2486: 2397: 2333: 2115: 2052: 2029: 1886: 730:The view that war is immoral - see 628: 13: 5265: 4880:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022614.21794.f4 3571:US, Department of Defense (2017). 3357: 3330: 3303: 3134:"British Army Jobs - Apply Online" 3038:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02546.x 2823:adsoftheworldvideos (2014-12-27), 2001: 1951: 1915: 1590: 1392:Institute of War and Peace Studies 1241:Conscription in the United Kingdom 1018:"This Soldier Defends India" - An 790:sanitise war, glorify the role of 694:Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College 599:and/or sign their joining papers. 342: 16:Recruitment for military positions 14: 5380: 5221:"Contracts for November 20, 2018" 5197:"Contracts for November 12, 2020" 4340:"Amid Scandal, Recruitment Halts" 4240:American Journal of Public Health 4031:The British Journal of Psychiatry 3780:European Journal of Public Health 3282:"Army - Artillery - Air Defender" 2442:American Journal of Public Health 1730: 1706: 1484:Slogans of the United States Army 1471:Conscription in the United States 1460:Recruitment methods and campaigns 1281:Conscription in the United States 902:Slogans of the United States Army 779:Evidence from the UK and US that 5054:"MoD denies 'war glamour' claim" 4596:UK, Ministry of Defence (2017). 3759:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.033 3519:UK, Ministry of Defence (2015). 3452:(in French). Paris: Les Arènes. 3364:UK, Ministry of Defence (2017). 3237:UK, Ministry of Defence (2017). 1713:UK, Ministry of Defence (2015). 1630:Engelbrecht, Leon (2011-06-29). 1464: 1424:LGBT people and military service 1315:Recruitment without conscription 1166: 1143: 1124: 1105: 1081: 1062: 1046: 1030: 1011: 995: 972: 948: 928: 121:such as France, the UK, and US. 80:Women in the military by country 5245:"Contracts for October 2, 2018" 5237: 5213: 5189: 5165: 5156: 5136: 5127: 5114: 5072: 5046: 5020: 4964: 4914: 3871:New England Journal of Medicine 3274: 3245: 3230: 3205: 3195:from the original on 2021-12-21 3185:A. Enderborgesas (2011-04-08), 3159:"Army presentation for schools" 3150: 3107: 3097:from the original on 2021-12-21 3052: 3017: 2992: 2968: 2944: 2920: 2888: 2867: 2843: 2833:from the original on 2021-12-21 2816: 2792:from the original on 2021-12-21 2775: 2751:from the original on 2021-12-21 2734: 2709: 2684: 2673:from the original on 2022-05-14 2653: 2628: 2606: 2570: 2545: 2429: 2351: 2294: 2259: 2145: 2081: 1980: 1862: 1848: 1823: 1790: 1489: 1245:Recruitment in the British Army 614:of one or both parents or 426: 68: 4705:Gee, D and Goodman, A (2013). 4568:10.1302/0301-620X.76B1.8300674 4309:American Civil Liberties Union 3475:Lichfield, John (2014-04-20). 1961:Child Soldiers International. 1681: 1648: 1623: 1564: 1539: 1514: 1370: 1253:British volunteer recruits in 1092:recruitment poster during the 1088:"Why aren't you in the army?" 1057:World War I recruitment poster 1041:World War I recruitment poster 857:'Live a Life Less Ordinary.' ( 832:Recruitment slogans and images 817:by recourse to the following: 410: 292: 245:Billboard in Moscow promoting 1: 4752:10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837 4380:Morris, Steven (2017-07-09). 4206:10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837 3930:10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30113-8 3720:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60354-2 3001:"Warrior Ethos - Army Values" 2616:U.S Navy "Behind Enemy Lines" 2233:Morris, Steven (2017-07-09). 2204:10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837 2166:10.1080/01402390.2019.1692660 1797:Cooper, Helene (2017-12-11). 1507: 1502:Canada First Defence Strategy 959:recruitment poster featuring 937:Confederate States of America 878:'Dare to be extraordinary.' ( 44:recruitment advertisement in 5173:"Contracts for May 27, 2015" 4798:Knapik; et al. (2004). 4671:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000026 2577:BreezyVideos2 (2011-05-20), 2307:www.cmrsj-rmcsj.forces.gc.ca 2154:Journal of Strategic Studies 1989:"Child Soldiers World Index" 1934:Child Soldiers International 458: 225:The UNSG also reported that 193:Child Soldiers International 142: 7: 4858:Journal of Traumatic Stress 3747:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2782:Radio Ads 24 (2017-09-03), 2741:sairagon1988 (2011-11-11), 1930:"Where are child soldiers?" 1381: 1186: 800:socio-economically deprived 10: 5385: 5342:Armed Forces & Society 5328:Armed Forces & Society 5314:Armed Forces & Society 5300:Armed Forces & Society 5286:Armed Forces & Society 5272:Armed Forces & Society 5249:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 5225:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 5201:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 5177:U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 4833:10.1037/0022-006x.64.3.520 3967:10.1177/0095327x0503100206 3955:Armed Forces & Society 3544:Clinical Psychology Review 3212:Canada, National Defence. 3118:. UK, Ministry of Defence. 1764:Clinical Psychology Review 1655:Fisher, Max (2013-01-25). 1374: 1333:On February 20, 1970, the 1278: 1238: 1022:recruitment poster during 906: 899: 836: 707: 632: 255:socio-economic deprivation 162: 83: 77: 18: 4043:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.134627 3832:10.1017/s0033291712002619 3670:10.1017/s0033291714002980 3556:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.009 3424:Canada, Statcan (2016). 3157:UK, British Army (2015). 3132:UK, British Army (2017). 2975:UK, British Army (2010). 2280:10.1207/s15327876mp1201_1 2096:Oxford English Dictionary 1776:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.009 1737:Canada, Statcan (2016). 1688:UK, Ministry of Defence. 1602:"Support Army Recruiting" 1403:Related military articles 1321:aftermath of World War II 1219:of the British Raj until 1175:New Zealand Defence Force 919:used in advertisement to 639:Recruits enter a binding 237:Socio-economic background 73: 5144:Volunteers, One and All. 4629:10.7205/milmed.173.3.278 4485:Lynne Rienner Publishers 4460:Social Science Quarterly 4252:10.2105/ajph.2009.183418 4001:10.7205/milmed.170.8.705 3026:Journal of Social Issues 2454:10.2105/AJPH.2009.183418 2127:Social Science Quarterly 2040:Lynne Rienner Publishers 1419:Children in the military 892:'For me, for others.' ( 885:'We. Serve. Germany.' ( 700:arrangements in the US. 690:St Jean military college 518:Challenge and adventure. 189:Children in the military 165:Children in the military 3286:army.defencejobs.gov.au 3087:shaharTV (2011-06-17), 2744:Russian Army Commercial 2613:jsmmusic (2015-01-15), 2101:Oxford University Press 1296:. (Digitally restored). 1069:Recruitment poster for 983:recruited soldiers for 681:anywhere in the world. 492:Teamwork and belonging. 119:Western military powers 3820:Psychological Medicine 3658:Psychological Medicine 3345:www.legislation.gov.uk 2718:"Join the Army Cadets" 2716:UK, Army Cadet Force. 2554:"Britain's child army" 2531:US Government (2001). 1900:. 2000. Archived from 1399: 1297: 1258: 1207:From the times of the 1204: 1154:recruiting station on 1152:United States Military 1135:recruitment centre in 941:Floyd County, Virginia 512:Israeli Defense Forces 357:Hollywood blockbusters 340: 313: 288:Outreach and marketing 250: 227:non-state armed groups 214:, having ratified the 197:non-state armed groups 104:non-state armed groups 51: 34: 4952:hansard.parliament.uk 4927:hansard.parliament.uk 3793:10.1093/eurpub/cks042 3631:10.1093/epirev/mxu006 3618:Epidemiologic Reviews 1414:Women in the military 1389: 1288: 1279:Further information: 1252: 1239:Further information: 1235:In the United Kingdom 1194: 1177:recruiting office in 900:Further information: 880:Canadian armed forces 770:Women in the military 720:consciousness-raising 528:Education and skills. 328: 300: 253:The hope of escaping 247:contract army service 244: 86:Women in the military 40: 29: 5364:Military recruitment 5122:Sociological Inquiry 5109:Sociological Inquiry 4427:Gee, D; Goodman, A. 4128:Gee, D; Goodman, A. 4105:New Profile (2004). 3893:10.1056/nejmoa040603 2697:tbinternet.ohchr.org 2558:www.newstatesman.com 2498:"Recruiter Handbook" 2404:Gee, D; Goodman, A. 2380:New Profile (2004). 2358:Adela (2016-11-03), 1636:www.defenceweb.co.za 1266:In the United States 847:personal development 788:recruiting practices 653:deploy on operations 577:commissioned officer 445:Belgian national day 55:Military recruitment 4711:www.forceswatch.net 3163:www.forceswatch.net 2268:Military Psychology 2099:(Online ed.). 1606:www.usarec.army.mil 1521:Franz-Stefan Gady. 1444:Counter-recruitment 1396:Columbia University 1217:British Indian Army 1118:Recruitment centres 887:German armed forces 710:Counter-recruitment 704:Counter-recruitment 696:in the UK, and the 585:medical examination 536:Application process 417:Employment websites 319:German armed forces 279:typically draws on 218:. According to the 212:military operations 33:recruitement poster 5369:Military personnel 5142:Bliven, Bruce Jr. 1803:The New York Times 1480:(recruitment game) 1400: 1362:Recruiting methods 1327:Country Style, USA 1298: 1290:United States Navy 1259: 1205: 1004:United States Navy 913:recruitment poster 792:military personnel 716:political advocacy 635:Military personnel 597:oath of allegiance 502:Patriotic service. 368:X-Men: First Class 362:Behind Enemy Lines 314: 251: 151:soldier beginning 149:United States Army 137:transgender people 52: 35: 5060:. January 7, 2008 4806:on August 9, 2017 4617:Military Medicine 3988:Military Medicine 3713:(9870): 907–917. 3430:www.statcan.gc.ca 3292:on March 19, 2018 3138:apply.army.mod.uk 2107:(Subscription or 1743:www.statcan.gc.ca 1497:Be All You Can Be 1221:Military of India 1094:Russian Civil War 781:military training 569:proof of identity 555:history, illicit 453:armed forces days 377:U.S. Army Esports 260:U.S. Armed Forces 159:Child recruitment 126:sexual harassment 59:military training 47:Popular Mechanics 5376: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5154: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5125: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5086:. March 25, 2008 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5008: 5002:. Archived from 5001: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4974:. Archived from 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4946:Hansard (2016). 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4921:Hansard (2016). 4918: 4912: 4907: 4873: 4852: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4802:. Archived from 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4771: 4740:The RUSI Journal 4734: 4728: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4701: 4691: 4673: 4648: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4587: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4523: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4475: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4434:. Archived from 4433: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4411:. Archived from 4403: 4401: 4400: 4371: 4358: 4352: 4347: 4335: 4330:. Archived from 4318: 4316: 4315: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4281: 4271: 4225: 4194:The RUSI Journal 4188: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4158:. Archived from 4150: 4148: 4147: 4141: 4135:. Archived from 4134: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4096: 4083: 4077: 4072: 4062: 4021: 4003: 3978: 3949: 3912: 3886: 3859: 3826:(8): 1703–1712. 3813: 3795: 3770: 3740: 3722: 3697: 3664:(9): 1881–1891. 3651: 3633: 3604: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3578:. Archived from 3577: 3567: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3503:. Archived from 3490: 3488: 3487: 3471: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3400:. Archived from 3399: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3288:. Archived from 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3259:. Archived from 3249: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3059:US Army (2007). 3056: 3050: 3049: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2932:www.amazon.co.uk 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2902:. 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( 743:anti-imperialism 629:Terms of service 623:initial training 612:informed consent 593:recruit training 565:academic results 397:weapons training 275:Recruitment for 155:was 20.7 years. 153:initial training 5384: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5354: 5353: 5268: 5266:Further reading 5263: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5181: 5179: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5034:. 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