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engines to yield 1,500,000 lbf (6,700 kN) liftoff thrust, and nine clustered propellant tanks adapted from the Army's existing
Jupiter and Redstone rockets. Although based on available component hardware in order to speed development, these boosters were substantially larger than any in
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In a series of twelve flights between
September 1949 and February 1955, Viking rockets explored the characteristics of the atmosphere above 30 km, and set a number of performance records, including the highest altitude, 158 miles (254 km), reached by an American single-stage rocket up to
221:, which was the first large US liquid-fueled rocket. Roughly half the size, in terms of mass and power, of the V-2, the Viking improved upon it in several important respects. Both were actively guided, and fueled with the same propellants (alcohol and liquid oxygen ), which were fed to a single
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series of lunar landers, used to investigate the mechanical properties of the lunar surface, and to demonstrate the capability of soft-landing on rocket power which was an essential element of the lunar program. The early development of LH2–LOX technology also later proved critical to the
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sounding rocket was selected, and again Rosen was project manager. The maturity of the Viking and
Aerobee rockets played an important role in the choice. However, there was also a strong hidden motive higher in the US government: to establish a precedent for overflight rights to
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then beginning development. These featured two to four engines clustered to yield up to 6 million lbf of lift-off thrust, and were the start of a series of designs that eventually led to the final five-engined, 7,500,000 lbf (33,000 kN) lift-off thrust
229:. The engine, built by Reaction Motors Inc (RMI) of New Jersey, was the largest liquid-fueled rocket engine developed in the United States up to that time. It produced 89 kN (20000 lbf) of thrust. As was also the case for the V-2,
495:, Chapter 1. Constance M. Green and Milton Lomask, NASA SP-4202. NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Office, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. and http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4202/begin.html
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use anywhere at that time, and promised to give the US parity in launch capability in the developing space race. The third family was based on the very large, 1,500,000 lbf (6,700 kN) single-chambered
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studies and committees that helped to define the family of large launch vehicles, designed from the beginning not as missiles, but as space launchers, that were eventually to be key components of the
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territory with a non-military civilian research rocket, in preparation for the highly secret national reconnaissance satellite program then underway. This classified NRL proposal was the genesis of
347:. He was the principal author of a report to President Eisenhower, dated January 27, 1959, which proposed three families of vehicles needed to support an ambitious National Space Program.
261:(NSF), Rosen on November 27, 1954, completed a report describing the potential value of launching an Earth satellite. The report was submitted to the NSF early in 1955.
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program, and the mature Viking team was largely lost to
Project Vanguard. The resulting shock to US pride and perceptions of national security, when the
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Unfortunately for the timely success of the satellite project, many of the most experienced people at Martin were shifted to the high-priority
268:(IGY), a 1955 proposal from NRL, to build a launch vehicle based on the Viking as a first stage with a second stage based on the smaller
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set up an ad hoc
Committee on Space Flight, of which Rosen became the chair. Encouraged by conversations between Richard W. Porter of
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of the first complete
Vanguard test launch December 6, 1957, is well known and recounted elsewhere. Thus the first US satellite,
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by turbine-driven pumps. The Viking airframe was designed and built under contract to NRL by the
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Classified NRL Proposal for an artificial Earth satellite program, July 1955; since declassified.
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launcher was developed, after many difficulties, into the rocket that carried the critical
327:. The first successful Vanguard satellite launching came on March 17, 1958. Its payload,
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Rosen was born in
Philadelphia and earned a BS degree in Electrical Engineering from the
202:(NRL), where he was involved in the definition of alternative designs for high-altitude
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was converted to steam to drive the turbo-pump that fed fuel and LOX into the engine.
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rockets, using clusters of eight medium-sized, 188,000 lbf (840 kN) thrust
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The second family discussed, called Juno V at the time, eventually evolved into the
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technology for military purposes, following the German introduction of the large
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482:"The Viking Rocket Story", by Milton W. Rosen, Harper & Brothers, NY, 1955
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Stages to Saturn: A Technological
History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicle
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capabilities of the Saturn family of large high-performance boosters.
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Rosen went on after
Vanguard to be involved in a number of important
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meeting, Rosen standing at the right rear, a few months before the
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Rosen, Milton W., 1978. Personal conversation with Wm. A. Wheaton.
190:, and during World War II, he worked on missile guidance systems.
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311:, was launched January 31, 1958, by a substantially larger Army
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Milton Rosen Papers, Smithsonian
National Air and Space Museum.
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When the US decided to orbit a scientific satellite during the
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Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn
439:"Milton Rosen, rocket engineer and NASA executive, dies at 99"
170:, which were central to the eventual success of the American
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323:(ABMA) at Huntsville, Alabama under the leadership of
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
579:is available for free viewing and download at the
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198:After the end of WWII, Rosen worked at the US
174:program. He died of prostate cancer in 2014.
576:Longines Chronoscope with Minton (SIC) Rosen
303:, developed as an ICBM), combined with the
142:(July 25, 1915 – December 30, 2014) was a
135:was selected to launch first US satellite.
527: , DIANE Publishing, 1999, p. 36 ff
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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186:in 1937. In 1940, he began work at the
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217:He became NRL project manager for the
437:Megan McDonough (January 25, 2015).
146:engineer and project manager in the
44:adding citations to reliable sources
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536:Bilstein, Roger E. (August 1999).
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154:and the early days of the
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245:In the early 1950s, the
247:American Rocket Society
227:Glenn L. Martin Company
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315:rocket, based on the
194:Viking rocket program
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493:Vanguard — A History
140:Milton William Rosen
40:improve this article
523:Roger E. Bilstein,
447:. Washington, D.C.
444:The Washington Post
150:between the end of
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542:. DIANE.
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313:Jupiter-C
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364:Surveyor
214:weapon.
133:Vanguard
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360:Centaur
270:Aerobee
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