843:
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163:(1975). Study of mimicry in plants broadened in the 21st century, with the discovery of Batesian mimicry in plants in 2003, and crypsis or leaf mimicry in 2014. Until then, mimicry in plants was studied infrequently, both because it is uncommon and because botanists considered mainly physical factors in plant ecology. It may be that since plants often grow in clusters, foraging herbivores are hard to deceive once they have started to feed in an area.
177:
562:. These plants develop thorn-like imprints or colorations on the face of their leaves due to the teeth along the margins of that leaf (or another leaf) pressing sustained indentations into the flesh of the non-spiny parts. The second type of thorn mimicry, a more classic case of Batesian mimicry, involves the pointed, colorful organs like
806:
reduces damage from herbivorous animals. It has been speculated that such plants may make use of "some kind of vision" using ocelli, or "delicate chemical sensing", to account for the mimic's ability to cope with such a large number of variables in its model's appearance, including the ability to
726:
842:
680:
Gilbertian or colonisation mimicry is bipolar, involving only two species. The potential host (or prey) drives away its parasite (or predator) by mimicking it, the reverse of host–parasite aggressive mimicry. Georges
Pasteur named it after the American
113:
by a species, called the mimic, making it resemble something else, called the model, with the effect of deceiving another species, the dupe. The three are not always all distinct, as mimicry can for example be within a species. The adaptation is to the
326:, is a form of reproductive floral mimicry where the model belongs to a different species than the mimic. By providing similar sensory signals to the model's flowers, the mimic lures the model's pollinators. Like Bakerian mimics, no
720:, so those that lay on vacant leaves provide their offspring with a greater chance of survival. The stipules thus appear to have evolved as Gilbertian mimics of butterfly eggs, under selection pressure from these caterpillars.
155:. In the book, Darwin wonders why some orchids apparently mimic bees, and how orchids without nectar succeed in attracting pollinators. Several mimicry mechanisms in plants were described in the 20th century, starting with
652:
630:
783:
is an organism's ability to avoid detection by other organisms. In cryptic mimicry, a prey organism deceives a potential predator by providing false, usually visual, signals or a lack of signals, with the effect of
836:, which are known as pebble plants or living stones. By appearing non-living, they are less likely to be eaten by herbivores, and in dusty dry conditions among stones are extremely difficult to detect.
271:
mimic male flowers of their own species, cheating pollinators out of a reward. This reproductive mimicry may not be readily apparent as members of the same species may still exhibit some degree of
63:, where a plant mimics a rewarding flower, luring pollinators by mimicking another species of flower, or fruit where feeders of the other species are attracted to a fake fruit to distribute seeds;
2120:
95:, where a harmless species deter predators by mimicking the characteristics of a harmful species; and leaf mimicry, where a plant resembles a nearby plant to evade the attention of herbivores.
1915:
2318:
Yamazaki, Kazuo; Lev-Yadun, Simcha (2015-01-07). "Dense white trichome production by plants as possible mimicry of arthropod silk or fungal hyphae that deter herbivory".
866:
807:
mimic the foliage of an artificial host plant made of plastic. Another plant that could well be a cryptic mimic of its host is the parasitic
Australian mistletoe,
758:
479:
emits several green-leaf volatiles that induce a response in wasp antennae. These same volatiles are also produced by cabbage leaves infested with caterpillars (
802:). It is capable of mimicking the leaf features of plant species that it clings to, such as their coloration, size, and shape. By camouflaging its leaves,
447:
as their primary pollinators. Social wasps feed their larvae on insects such as caterpillars. To locate that prey, they use a combination of visual and
1526:
548:
558:
122:; no conscious intention is involved. There is no essential difference between the evolution of mimicry in plants and in other organisms such as
376:. Similar cases are seen in some other species of the same family. The mimetic species may still have pollinators of its own; for example, a
624:
perhaps protect against large herbivores through their resemblance to bird droppings, which could be avoided as possible sources of disease.
581:
due to predatory habit or toxicity. This may be a case of visual mimicry or perceptual exploitation. Case examples include the new buds of
130:
into providing their service without rewarding them in return, and protective mimicry that deceives herbivores into not eating the plant.
520:
Thorn mimicry of two types has been observed in plants. The first, a special case of intra-organismic
Batesian mimicry characteristic of
1457:(1976). ""Mistake" pollination as a reproductive system with special reference to the Caricaceae". In Burley, J.; Styles, B. T. (eds.).
963:". The vampire-like plant attacks people using "tentacle-like aerial rootlets". Other authors followed with similar tales of their own.
486:, which are common prey items for wasps. Despite a large nectar reward, the species is almost entirely overlooked by other pollinators.
2563:
1852:(1975). "Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants". In L. E. Gilbert; P. H. Raven (eds.).
40:
is where a plant evolves to resemble another organism physically or chemically. Mimicry in plants has been studied far less than
903:
Vavilovian mimicry (also known as crop mimicry or weed mimicry) is named after the
Russian plant geneticist who identified the
2101:
126:, though mimicry in animals is better known. Plant mimicry can broadly be divided into reproductive mimicry that deceives
960:
2369:
2003:(1878). "Ueber die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlingen" [On the Advantages of Mimicry in Butterflies].
1735:
1691:
Brodmann, Jennifer; Twele, Robert; Francke, Wittko; Hölzler, Gerald; Zhang, Qing-He; Ayasse, Manfred (2008-05-20).
1936:
Lev-Yadun, Simcha (2003-09-21). "Weapon (thorn) automimicry and mimicry of aposematic colorful thorns in plants".
618:
Another plant leaf pattern has been suggested to be mimetic: irregular white blotches on leaves of plants such as
28:
varies its leaf shape to resemble the plant it is climbing on, perhaps reducing its conspicuousness to herbivores.
2665:
2121:"'The Flowering Of The Strange Orchid': From Plant Science To Victorian Horror From a Multidisciplinary Approach"
1571:
2595:
514:
1607:
Bawa, K. S. (May 1980). "Mimicry of Male by Female
Flowers and Intrasexual Competition for Pollinators in
2471:
1547:
419:, named after the French lawyer and amateur botanist Maurice-Alexandre Pouyanne, flowers mimic a male
247:
sites. The nectar acts as a lure to bring the insects closer to the reproductive parts of the flower.
2226:
Urru, Isabella; Stensmyr, Marcus C.; Hansson, Bill S. (2011). "Pollination by brood-site deception".
2093:
2081:
1857:
1466:
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460:
2524:
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509:, a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a
223:) which search for dead animals to use as brood sites. The decaying smell of the flower comes from
147:
2145:
856:
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eggs near the point of hatching. The butterflies avoid laying eggs near existing ones, reducing
2605:
2456:
936:
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688:, who described it in 1975. The classical instance of Gilbertian mimicry is in the plant genus
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Several plants from different parts of the world may be mimics of spider webs. Dense, white
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difference between males and females of the same species. It is common in many species of
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33:
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8:
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18:
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923:. Selection against the weed may occur by killing a young or adult weed, separating its
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84:
68:
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1949:
423:'s potential female mate, visually or with other stimuli. Many orchids, including the
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1988:
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646:, which may offer protection from herbivory through their resemblance to spider webs.
601:
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119:
87:, in which a flower imitates a female mate, deceiving a male pollinating insect into
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Darwin's open questions about orchid fertilisation stimulated popularizers such as
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471:
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284:
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134:
92:
88:
2284:
1693:"Orchids Mimic Green-Leaf Volatiles to Attract Prey-Hunting Wasps for Pollination"
1431:
2247:
1967:"Vavilovian Mimicry: Nikolai Vavilov and His Little-Known Impact on Weed Science"
1584:"Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae"
952:
908:
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809:
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flower resembles a female bee closely enough to attract males in search of a mate
300:
288:
182:
2386:
2000:
243:. Insects lay eggs on the carrion flowers, meaning they mistake the flowers for
180:
Carrion flowers attract flies and other carrion-feeding insects by their smell.
2451:
2331:
2250:(1951) . "The Origin, Variation, Immunity, and Breeding of Cultivated Plants".
1793:
Endersby, Jim (2016). "Deceived by orchids: sex, science, fiction and Darwin".
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2017:
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have irregular white blotches that may look like bird droppings to herbivores.
2649:
2292:
2259:
2136:
2111:
1992:
1865:
1785:
695:
377:
304:
227:, compounds found in decayed proteins with the sulfur-containing amino acids
208:
204:
1983:
1966:
239:, this does not necessarily make their relationship to necrophagous insects
2600:
2585:
2339:
2310:
2190:
2119:
Sánchez-Verdejo Pérez, Francisco Javier; Poveda Arias, Jorge (2023-06-15).
2043:
1957:
1928:
1900:
1841:
1718:
1683:
1642:
1517:
1499:
1474:
785:
199:, mimic the scent and appearance of rotting flesh to attract necrophagous (
118:
advantage of the mimic. As such it can be any mechanism that may evolve by
67:, where a plant has structures like butterfly eggs, dissuading egg-laying;
2548:
2534:
2409:
2399:
956:
948:
567:
444:
404:
373:
292:
224:
216:
152:
2269:"Boquila trifoliolata mimics leaves of an artificial plastic host plant"
1543:
566:, leaves and fruit of mimetic plant species that mimic warning-coloured
348:
that occurs in the northern part of South
America, resembles flowers of
2539:
2072:
2051:
Pasteur, Georges (1982). "A Classificatory Review of
Mimicry Systems".
1675:
1634:
1558:
Barrett, S.C.H. (2001). "The Baker and
Stebbins era comes to a close".
1459:
Tropical Trees: Variation, Breeding, and
Conservation of Tropical Trees
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49:
1488:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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in this way, using them to transfer pollen. For instance, the orchid
276:
220:
115:
45:
1667:
1626:
1583:
705:
643:
574:
510:
339:
320:
296:
232:
212:
2146:"On the success of a swindle: pollination by deception in orchids"
1383:
996:
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790:
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749:
200:
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41:
24:
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989:
854:(center) has foliage closely resembling that of its host, here
708:, small outgrowths at the base of each leaf, that mimic mature
425:
382:
327:
308:
268:
236:
1359:
1090:
1088:
1816:"Leaf Mimicry in a Climbing Plant Protects against Herbivory"
1325:
1075:
1073:
606:
542:
1120:
1118:
267:
that occurs within a single species. In plants, the female
52:, to provide a service without offering a reward in return.
1690:
1572:
10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[2371:tbasec]2.0.co;2
1319:
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are produced on newly extended stems and leaves that deter
522:
72:
2347:
2205:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1283:
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1103:
1070:
59:, where female flowers imitate males of the same species;
1349:
1347:
1345:
1241:
1115:
570:
colorful thorns not found anywhere else in the organism.
563:
517:
and possibly of spider webs has been observed in plants.
387:
1814:
Gianoli, Ernesto; Carrasco-Urra, Fernando (2014-05-05).
1751:
Journal de la Société Nationale d'Horticulture de France
1205:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1006:
798:, is a climbing vine with a highly variable appearance (
505:
In Batesian mimicry, named after the English naturalist
141:
mimicry, were described in animals in the 19th century.
1217:
1100:
813:, which has an "uncanny resemblance" to the foliage of
1484:"Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants"
1342:
1265:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1745:
Correvon, Henry; Pouyanne, Maurice-Alexandre (1916).
1650:
Boyden, Thomas C. (January 1980). "Floral Mimicry by
1130:
1036:
1034:
1032:
235:. While carrion flowers do produce a small amount of
2125:
Brumal. Revista de investigación sobre lo Fantástico
1813:
1371:
1301:
1000:
2225:
2080:van der Pijl, Leendert; Dodson, Calaway H. (1966).
1482:Baluška, František; Mancuso, Stefano (2021-03-29).
1193:
1187:
1164:
1147:
2079:
2016:Pannell, John R.; Farmer, Edward E. (2016-09-12).
1295:
1029:
915:comes to share one or more characteristics with a
2317:
1336:
1058:
255:Bakerian mimicry, named after English naturalist
2647:
1747:"Un curieux cas de mimétisme chez les orchidées"
1744:
1094:
1046:
48:, or may deceptively encourage mutualists, like
2086:Orchid Flowers: Their Pollination and Evolution
1730:(4th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. Chapter 50.
752:(not shown) that resemble the butterfly's eggs.
153:reproductive strategies co-evolved with insects
2267:White, Jacob; Yamashita, Felipe (2022-12-31).
2266:
1795:The British Journal for the History of Science
1481:
1401:
1389:
931:), or both. This has been done manually since
2363:
2015:
1761:
1438:Sánchez-Verdejo Pérez & Poveda Arias 2023
1235:
1023:
742:, defending against being eaten by larvae of
151:laid the foundations for research into plant
959:to tell a tale of killer orchids, his 1896 "
911:. It is a form of mimicry in plants where a
319:Dodsonian mimicry, named after the American
463:attractive to foragers of the social wasps
2370:
2356:
2254:(13). Translated by K. S. Chester: 1–366.
1908:
1259:
704:butterflies. The host plants have evolved
2564:Coloration evidence for natural selection
2300:
2206:South Coast Orchid Society (April 2021).
2180:
2033:
1982:
1935:
1890:
1831:
1708:
1507:
1141:
2143:
2053:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1792:
1725:
1377:
1365:
1307:
1079:
794:, a South American member of the family
403:
175:
17:
2246:
2050:
1964:
1909:Kullenberg, Bertil (1961). "Studies in
1872:
1848:
1557:
1524:
1425:
1413:
1353:
1271:
1199:
1175:
1158:
1124:
1109:
1040:
429:bee orchids, deceive male insects into
171:
2648:
1999:
1649:
1247:
1064:
2351:
1578:
1453:
1211:
1052:
942:
716:between caterpillars, which are also
593:species from Greece, flower heads of
1606:
1223:
826:(ice plants) of Southern Africa are
764:Butterfly egg mimicry in the orchid
203:-feeding) insects like flesh flies (
44:. It may provide protection against
2082:"Chapter 11: Mimicry and Deception"
2065:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125
1588:Transactions of the Linnean Society
961:The Flowering of the Strange Orchid
951:to write on the topic, and led the
935:times, and in more recent years by
13:
1774:Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin
1611:(D. Smith) Woodson (Caricaceae)".
1600:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb00146.x
599:from Estonia, a fledgling leaf of
133:Mimicry mechanisms, including the
14:
2677:
1873:Johnson, Steven D. (2016-07-11).
1854:Coevolution of Animals and Plants
1188:Urru, Stensmyr & Hansson 2011
887:
2630:
2629:
2470:
2405:Aristotelian/Distraction display
1767:"Natural Pollination of Orchids"
1538:. No. 257. pp. 76–83.
1001:Gianoli & Carrasco-Urra 2014
865:
841:
822:Some hundreds of species in the
757:
725:
651:
629:
2240:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.014
1284:South Coast Orchid Society 2021
166:
159:(1916), Vavilovian (1951), and
98:
55:Types of plant mimicry include
2493:
2320:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2273:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1938:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1916:Zoologiska Bidrag FrĂĄn Uppsala
1296:van der Pijl & Dodson 1966
1:
2596:Frequency-dependent selection
2488:
2285:10.1080/15592324.2021.1977530
2208:"Orchids Today and Yesterday"
1950:10.1016/S0022-5193(03)00156-5
1337:Yamazaki & Lev-Yadun 2015
983:
892:
669:
393:
386:species mainly pollinated by
1095:Correvon & Pouyanne 1916
830:as small stones, especially
540:), and dozens of species of
489:
314:
7:
2377:
966:
494:
250:
10:
2682:
2332:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.045
2212:South Coast Orchid Society
1965:McElroy, J. Scott (2014).
1654:(Orchidaceae) in Panama".
1446:
1402:White & Yamashita 2022
1390:Baluška & Mancuso 2021
896:
774:
673:
498:
397:
380:beetle helps to pollinate
215:) and some beetles (e.g.,
102:
2624:
2517:
2479:
2468:
2385:
2173:10.1007/s00114-005-0636-y
2035:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.005
1892:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.047
1858:University of Texas Press
1833:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.010
1807:10.1017/S0007087416000352
1765:; Frymire, G. P. (1961).
1710:10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.040
1467:Linnean Society of London
1236:Dodson & Frymire 1961
1024:Pannell & Farmer 2016
714:intraspecific competition
694:, which is grazed by the
658:Leaves of plants such as
193:, including the enormous
2525:Anti-predator adaptation
2144:Schiestl, F. P. (2005).
1726:Campbell, N. A. (1996).
927:from those of the crop (
148:Fertilisation of Orchids
1984:10.1614/WS-D-13-00122.1
919:through generations of
857:Casuarina equisetifolia
848:The epiphytic parasite
439:is physiologically and
2666:Polymorphism (biology)
2137:10.5565/rev/brumal.960
1500:10.1098/rstb.2019.0760
937:agricultural machinery
907:of cultivated plants,
767:Bulbophyllum scabratum
748:butterflies with leaf
661:Pulmonaria officinalis
621:Pulmonaria officinalis
605:from Estonia, and new
513:. Batesian mimicry of
412:
196:Amorphophallus titanum
187:
29:
2616:Underwater camouflage
2395:Aggressive/Wicklerian
2005:Zoologischer Anzeiger
533:Washingtonia filifera
499:Further information:
451:cues. The flowers of
436:Epipactis helleborine
407:
357:Asclepias curassavica
295:, found primarily in
265:intraspecific mimicry
179:
77:artificially selected
21:
2591:Evolutionary ecology
2576:Deception in animals
2570:Dazzled and Deceived
2530:Animal communication
1860:. pp. 210–240.
1850:Gilbert, Lawrence E.
1652:Epidendrum ibaguense
1609:Jacaratia dolichaula
1525:Barrett, S. (1987).
1469:. pp. 161–169.
1461:. London; New York:
1320:Brodmann et al. 2008
978:Deception in animals
921:artificial selection
362:Epidendrum ibaguense
342:orchid of the genus
335:Epidendrum ibaguense
172:Brood-site deception
34:evolutionary biology
2437:Emsleyan/Mertensian
2248:Vavilov, Nikolai I.
2165:2005NW.....92..255S
2153:Naturwissenschaften
2090:University of Miami
2018:"Mimicry in plants"
1535:Scientific American
1527:"Mimicry in Plants"
1416:, pp. 207–216.
1392:, p. 20190760.
1298:, pp. 129–141.
1250:, pp. 135–136.
1238:, pp. 133–139.
1226:, pp. 467–474.
1214:, pp. 161–169.
1127:, pp. 210–240.
1082:, pp. 205–229.
824:Mesembryanthemaceae
738:flower species use
686:Lawrence E. Gilbert
477:E. helleborine
453:E. helleborine
443:adapted to attract
75:is unintentionally
2581:Deimatic behaviour
2182:20.500.11850/32223
1763:Dodson, Calaway H.
1494:(1821): 20190760.
1428:, p. 169–199.
943:In popular culture
917:domesticated plant
899:Vavilovian mimicry
878:, a pebble plant,
791:Boquila trifoliata
740:Gilbertian mimicry
676:Gilbertian mimicry
596:Arctium tomentosum
507:Henry Walter Bates
417:Pouyannian mimicry
413:
400:Pouyannian mimicry
188:
42:mimicry in animals
30:
25:Boquila trifoliata
2643:
2642:
2611:Signalling theory
2586:Mimicry#Evolution
2559:Community ecology
2554:Animal coloration
2400:Ant/Myrmecomorphy
2252:Chronica Botanica
2234:(13): 1655–1666.
2103:978-0-87024-069-0
2028:(17): R784–R785.
1885:(13): R556–R558.
1875:"Carrion flowers"
1566:(11): 2371–2374.
1455:Baker, Herbert G.
1440:, pp. 21–43.
1262:, pp. 1–340.
1112:, pp. 1–366.
905:centres of origin
642:have dense white
602:Tussilago farfara
466:Vespula germanica
457:E. purpurata
366:monarch butterfly
364:is pollinated by
324:Calaway H. Dodson
273:sexual dimorphism
120:natural selection
38:mimicry in plants
2673:
2635:Category mimicry
2633:
2632:
2474:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2314:
2304:
2263:
2243:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2202:
2184:
2150:
2140:
2115:
2092:Press. pp.
2088:. Coral Gables:
2076:
2047:
2037:
2012:
1996:
1986:
1961:
1932:
1904:
1894:
1869:
1845:
1835:
1810:
1789:
1771:
1758:
1741:
1722:
1712:
1687:
1646:
1603:
1575:
1554:
1552:
1546:. Archived from
1531:
1521:
1511:
1478:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1027:
1021:
1004:
998:
973:Chemical mimicry
875:Lithops salicola
869:
845:
761:
729:
655:
633:
612:Osmunda japonica
501:Batesian mimicry
482:Pieris brassicae
472:V. vulgaris
459:emit green-leaf
431:pseudocopulation
370:Danaus plexippus
289:flowering plants
211:), house flies (
89:pseudocopulation
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2620:
2513:
2475:
2466:
2381:
2376:
2346:
2216:
2214:
2148:
2104:
2022:Current Biology
1879:Current Biology
1820:Current Biology
1769:
1738:
1703:(10): 740–744.
1697:Current Biology
1668:10.2307/2408322
1627:10.2307/2408216
1580:Bates, Henry W.
1553:on 6 July 2024.
1550:
1529:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1343:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1260:Kullenberg 1961
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1165:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1030:
1022:
1007:
999:
990:
986:
969:
953:science fiction
945:
909:Nikolai Vavilov
901:
895:
890:
883:
882:as small stones
870:
861:
851:Amyema cambagei
846:
810:Amyema cambagei
796:Lardizabalaceae
777:
770:
762:
753:
730:
698:larvae of some
678:
672:
665:
656:
647:
636:Plants such as
634:
503:
497:
492:
441:morphologically
402:
396:
338:, a species of
317:
259:, is a form of
253:
191:Carrion flowers
183:Orbea variegata
174:
169:
107:
101:
12:
11:
5:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2518:Related topics
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2457:In vertebrates
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2315:
2264:
2244:
2228:Phytochemistry
2223:
2203:
2159:(6): 255–264.
2141:
2116:
2102:
2077:
2048:
2013:
1997:
1977:(2): 207–216.
1962:
1944:(2): 183–188.
1933:
1913:Pollination".
1906:
1870:
1846:
1826:(9): 984–987.
1811:
1801:(2): 205–229.
1790:
1780:(9): 133–152.
1759:
1742:
1736:
1723:
1688:
1662:(1): 135–136.
1647:
1621:(3): 467–474.
1604:
1594:(3): 495–566.
1576:
1555:
1522:
1479:
1463:Academic Press
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1356:, p. 186.
1341:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1274:, p. 169.
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1163:
1146:
1142:Lev-Yadun 2003
1129:
1114:
1099:
1084:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1028:
1005:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
975:
968:
965:
944:
941:
897:Main article:
894:
891:
889:
888:In cultivation
886:
885:
884:
871:
864:
862:
847:
840:
776:
773:
772:
771:
763:
756:
754:
731:
724:
674:Main article:
671:
668:
667:
666:
657:
650:
648:
635:
628:
496:
493:
491:
488:
398:Main article:
395:
392:
372:) and perhaps
351:Lantana camara
316:
313:
252:
249:
207:), blowflies (
173:
170:
168:
165:
143:Charles Darwin
109:Mimicry is an
100:
97:
79:to resemble a
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2678:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2007:(in German).
2006:
2002:
2001:MĂĽller, Fritz
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:(in French).
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1737:0-8053-1957-3
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
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1657:
1653:
1648:
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1636:
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1597:
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1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1549:
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1541:
1537:
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1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1378:Campbell 1996
1374:
1368:, Chapter 50.
1367:
1366:Campbell 1996
1362:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1308:Schiestl 2005
1304:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:Endersby 2016
1076:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1002:
997:
995:
993:
988:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
881:
877:
876:
868:
863:
859:
858:
853:
852:
844:
839:
838:
837:
835:
834:
829:
825:
820:
818:
817:
812:
811:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:
787:
782:
769:
768:
760:
755:
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
736:
728:
723:
722:
721:
719:
718:cannibalistic
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:
697:
696:micropredator
693:
692:
687:
684:
677:
663:
662:
654:
649:
645:
641:
640:
632:
627:
626:
625:
623:
622:
616:
614:
613:
608:
604:
603:
598:
597:
592:
591:
587:from Israel,
586:
585:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:
555:
554:
550:
545:
544:
539:
535:
534:
529:
525:
524:
518:
516:
512:
508:
502:
487:
485:
483:
478:
474:
473:
468:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
410:
406:
401:
391:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
352:
347:
346:
341:
337:
336:
331:
330:is provided.
329:
325:
322:
312:
310:
306:
305:South America
302:
298:
294:
291:in the order
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Herbert Baker
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:oligosulfides
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:Calliphoridae
206:
205:Sarcophagidae
202:
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
178:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
145:'s 1862 book
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
106:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
27:
26:
20:
16:
2606:Polymorphism
2601:Phagomimicry
2568:
2549:Co-evolution
2480:
2323:
2319:
2276:
2272:
2251:
2231:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:
2156:
2152:
2131:(1): 21–43.
2128:
2124:
2085:
2056:
2052:
2025:
2021:
2008:
2004:
1974:
1971:Weed Science
1970:
1941:
1937:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1905:</ref>
1882:
1878:
1853:
1823:
1819:
1798:
1794:
1777:
1773:
1754:
1750:
1727:
1700:
1696:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1587:
1563:
1559:
1548:the original
1533:
1491:
1487:
1458:
1433:
1426:Pasteur 1982
1421:
1414:McElroy 2014
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1354:Pasteur 1982
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1272:Pasteur 1982
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1200:Barrett 2001
1195:
1183:
1176:Johnson 2016
1159:Barrett 1987
1125:Gilbert 1975
1110:Vavilov 1951
1060:
1048:
1041:Pasteur 1982
946:
902:
873:
872:The cryptic
855:
849:
831:
821:
814:
808:
803:
789:
786:camouflaging
779:In ecology,
778:
765:
743:
733:
709:
699:
689:
679:
659:
637:
619:
617:
615:from Japan.
610:
600:
594:
588:
582:
572:
557:
547:
546:, including
541:
531:
521:
519:
504:
480:
476:
470:
464:
456:
452:
445:social wasps
434:
424:
414:
381:
374:hummingbirds
369:
361:
355:
349:
343:
333:
332:
318:
264:
260:
254:
194:
189:
186:illustrated.
181:
167:Reproductive
146:
132:
116:evolutionary
108:
99:Introduction
60:
56:
54:
37:
31:
23:
22:The climber
15:
2661:Pollination
2535:Aposematism
2410:Automimicry
1248:Boyden 1980
1065:MĂĽller 1878
957:H. G. Wells
949:Grant Allen
880:camouflaged
828:camouflaged
553:A. salmiana
549:A. applanta
378:Lamellicorn
299:regions of
293:Brassicales
275:, i.e. the
261:automimicry
245:oviposition
241:mutualistic
217:Dermestidae
128:pollinators
50:pollinators
2650:Categories
2540:Camouflage
2509:Vavilovian
2504:Pouyannian
2499:Gilbertian
2462:Wasmannian
2387:In animals
1212:Baker 1976
1053:Bates 1862
984:References
893:Vavilovian
745:Heliconius
735:Passiflora
710:Heliconius
701:Heliconius
691:Passiflora
670:Gilbertian
568:aposematic
559:A. obscura
421:pollinator
409:Bee orchid
394:Pouyannian
345:Epidendrum
281:Caricaceae
277:phenotypic
229:methionine
161:Gilbertian
157:Pouyannian
124:in animals
111:adaptation
103:See also:
85:Pouyannian
81:crop plant
71:, where a
69:Vavilovian
65:Gilbertian
2494:Dodsonian
2481:In plants
2447:MĂĽllerian
2420:Locomotor
2293:1559-2324
2260:608036378
2112:310489511
1993:0043-1745
1923:: 1–340.
1866:636384400
1786:604064774
1656:Evolution
1614:Evolution
1560:Evolution
1224:Bawa 1980
933:Neolithic
929:winnowing
816:Casuarina
800:phenotype
683:ecologist
644:trichomes
639:Onopordum
590:Carthamus
584:Onopordum
579:herbivory
575:trichomes
538:Arecaceae
528:Liliaceae
526:species (
490:Defensive
461:volatiles
449:olfactory
340:epiphytic
315:Dodsonian
221:Silphidae
139:MĂĽllerian
61:Dodsonian
46:herbivory
2489:Bakerian
2432:Chemical
2415:Batesian
2340:25193285
2311:34545774
2217:5 August
2199:24626163
2191:15931514
2044:27623255
2011:: 54–55.
1958:12927525
1901:27404246
1842:24768053
1757:: 29–47.
1719:18472423
1684:28563205
1643:28568703
1582:(1862).
1544:24979480
1518:33550947
1465:for the
967:See also
788:itself.
750:stipules
706:stipules
511:predator
495:Batesian
321:botanist
297:tropical
251:Bakerian
233:cysteine
213:Muscidae
135:Batesian
93:Batesian
57:Bakerian
2656:Mimicry
2544:Crypsis
2442:Eyespot
2379:Mimicry
2326:: 1–6.
2302:8903786
2161:Bibcode
2094:129–141
2073:2097066
2059:: 169.
1929:7847789
1728:Biology
1676:2408322
1635:2408216
1509:7934911
1475:2565215
1447:Sources
955:writer
833:Lithops
819:trees.
804:Boquila
781:crypsis
775:Crypsis
301:Central
269:flowers
201:carrion
105:Mimicry
2628:
2452:Sexual
2338:
2309:
2299:
2291:
2258:
2197:
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