651:, who believed he should have been the heir-apparent. The minister persuaded Minkhaung not to execute his younger brother but Theiddat defected to Hanthawaddy soon after. In April 1408, Minkhaung famously ignored Yaza's advice to wait until after the rainy season to invade Hanthawaddy, which had driven out the Ava appointed king from Arakan and taken Minkhaung's daughter captive. Yaza accompanied Minkhaung to the front. After three months, the Ava armies were bogged down in the rainy season weather, and were starving. Minkhaung sent Yaza and Yaza's son Sithu of Yamethin to negotiate a truce but the Ava delegation retreated after suspecting an ambush attempt by Hanthawaddy troops.
658:, who was temporarily lost during the disastrous retreat, as a senior queen again. Minkhaung had demoted her because he suspected she had become involved with the mahout who found her, and brought back to Ava. Minkhaung accepted Yaza's advice. A restored Bo-Me was grateful; she gave the old minister lavish gifts. It was the last mention of Yaza before his death in the standard chronicles. His last advice to the king recorded in the court treatise
540:). Though still only in his early twenties, Nyo quickly rose to be the main adviser to the king on the strength of his early advice proving right. His firstwell-known advice recorded in the Burmese chronicles concerned Ava's northern policy. The king, who wished restore the erstwhile Pagan Empire, eyed the various Shan states that now surrounded his Ava Kingdom from the northwest to the southeast. In 1370/71, two northern Shan states of
922:
however is inconsistent; it says the minister was born in 1347 and died in 1423 in his 74th year. But according to the Eingon
Shwezigon Pagoda inscription donated by Yaza himself, the minister was in his 32nd year (aged 31) in 741 ME (30 March 1379 to 28 March 1380), meaning he was born in either 1347 or 1348, and could not have been in his 74th year in 1423.
833:. But according to the inscription at the Buddhist pagoda the minister himself donated at the Eingon village per (Khin Maung Nyunt 2016: 8–9), he was bestowed the title of Min Yaza in 741 ME (30 March 1379 – 28 March 1380) in his 32nd year (age 31). The same inscription says that he entered King Swa's service in his 21st year (age 20).
921:
Chronicles (Maha
Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 55) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 51) say that Yaza died in 783 ME (30 March 1421 to 29 March 1422). But he apparently died in early-to-mid 783 ME (1421) as Minkhaung was still alive for several more months. Yaza's age of 73 is per (Khin Maung Nyunt 2016: 8–9), which
560:
The king relied on the minister for advice on all major decisions for the rest of his reign. He promoted Nyo to chief minister in 1379/80 with the title of Min Yaza. To be sure, not all of his advice turned out right. In 1380/81 (or 1383/84), he advised against the king's top four nominees for the
460:
1355, and his mother sent the 7-year-old to another monastic school for further education. By his teens, he was already collecting manuscripts, copying stone inscriptions and ink writings at local temples and pagodas, and participating in literary seminars alongside adults. At 14, he began tilling
516:
in memory of his young/junior queen consort, who died at the location, and that
Anawrahta had also buried another statue underneath the embankment. A skeptical Swa had his men dig beneath the shrine, and the men found another female statue as Nyo predicted. Impressed by the villager's command of
855:
See (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 414–415) and (Mani
Yadanabon 2009: 62–63) for Yaza's recommendations for the next king of Arakan. According to (Harvey 1925: 86), the nominee was Swa's own son by the daughter of Yaza. But the chronicles (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 414–415) do not list Saw Me as a son; they
631:
to submit in 1405/06 and 1406 respectively. (Ava also acquired Arakan in 1406 but the main chronicles do not explicitly mention Yaza or the court in the invasion decision.) Nonetheless, Yaza apparently was the power behind the throne: the king accepted his chief minister's recommendations for
856:
mention him as a long-time loyal servant of Swa. Moreover, according to the chronicles, Swa met Yaza only in 1368/69 (730 ME) and never mentioned Swa being married to Yaza's daughters. Even if Swa had married Yaza's daughter in 1368, their son would only be about 11 years old in 1380.
529:
At Ava, Nyo quickly made his mark. Though he started out as a low-level clerk at the court, Nyo came to be consulted for advice by the king. About a year later, a junior minister at the court died, and Swa appointed Nyo to the position, which came with the title of
616:(Bago). In all, he and his delegation spent five months in Pegu. King Razadarit was impressed by the old minister's intellect, and gave a daughter of a Hanthawaddy minister in marriage. Yaza and the young wife had a child, Saw Yin, later governor of Badon.
548:
were at war, and Nyo advised the king to march to the two states only after they had fought it out and were left exhausted. The king followed the advice, and was able to take over both states in 1371. When
Mohnyin was retaken by the Shan state of
612:. Ava survived the invasion, and Yaza led the Ava delegation that negotiated a truce in early 1403. Though not a military man, Yaza was officially the commander of the army that accompanied the delegation to the Hanthawaddy capital
461:
the fields as a farmer but he continued to pursue his hobbies of historical research and book collecting. He became well known in the region as "Sa To Nga Nyo" (Nyo the literary works collector). In his late teens, he married
557:. In 1372–73, Maw forces attacked Myedu to reclaim Mohnyin's former territory but were decisively defeated by Ava forces. The decisive victory brought Upper Burma a respite from Maw raids for the next 14 years.
647:'s successful 1406 Arakan campaign, Minkhaung increasingly relied on his highly militaristic son for policy. For his part, Yaza carried on. In 1406, at the king's behest, Yaza unsuccessfully tried to mollify
508:
shrine on the embankment, the locals referred Nyo to the king as someone who might know the answer. Summoned before the king, Nyo explained that based on his research the statue was donated by King
908:
Chronicles (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 224–225) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 445–446, 467) say that
Nyaungshwe and Mohnyin submitted in 767 ME (1405/06) and 768 ME (1406/07) respectively. According to
469:
Moe. According to legend, his father-in-law had a rather low opinion of Nyo whom he deemed a talker and not a hardworking farmer. Nonetheless, Moe gave the couple a pair of cattle and three
738:
Min Yaza is best remembered in
Burmese history for his encounter with Minister Thihapate of Hanthawaddy during the first truce negotiations between Ava and Pegu in 1403. Yaza recounted in
761:(Pyay). The Fine and Performing Arts Department produced a traditional Burmese opera titled "Wun Zin Po Yaza", which was performed between 1965 and 1973 in Myanmar as well as abroad.
895:(Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 220–221): Attempts to reach a truce began about 10 days after Ava forces defeated Pegu forces at the battle of Nawin near Prome on Tuesday, 3rd waxing of
608:
Yaza was now fully part of the power structure of the Ava regime. The old minister advised
Minkhaung during the difficult early years (1401–02) when the country came under attack by
681:
is attributed to Min Yaza. The treatise is a compilation of the famous advice offered by Yaza to kings from Swa Saw Ke to
Minkhaung. The text also includes a section on early
842:
This is another case of
Burmese numerals ၂ (2) and ၅ (5) being miscopied: Main chronicles (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 410–413) say Saw Mon died in 742 ME (1380/81). But
456:. He began his primary education at a local monastic school where proved to be a brilliant student, mastering all the subjects in just two years. His father died
829:(MSK 1979: 363) (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 211) (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 442–443): Chronicles say that he received the title of Min Yaza during the reign of King
820:(Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 199): Mohnyin raided again while Ava was deep in the Forty Years' War, forcing Swa to launch a campaign against Mohnyin in 1387–88.
565:
as the candidate. Saw Me turned out to be a tyrant, and was driven out of Arakan in 1385/86. Likewise, his advice to the king to accept the offer of Gov.
912:
records, per (Fernquest 2006: 51), Ava had acquired Bhamo, Mohnyin, and Kalay by 25 August 1406 when the Ming court sent an envoy to Ava in response.
619:
Back in Ava, Yaza guided Minkhaung who set out on acquiring the surrounding states in the following years. He personally led the 1404/05 embassy to
685:, which mentions several settlements across Myanmar that map to the archaeologically known Pyu settlements. According to Hudson, the author(s) of
636:, the eldest son of Minkhaung's predecessor Tarabya to the faraway Shan state of Kalay (by the Manipur border) while advising the appointment of
553:
soon after the Ava armies left, he advised the king not to overstretch, and redraw Ava's northern border farther south to a more defensible
654:
According to the chronicles, after the disastrous invasion, Min Yaza had to persuade the king to reappoint the latter's favorite queen
517:
history and knowledge, Swa asked Nyo to enter the royal service. Nyo, his wife and his father-in-law were all brought to the capital
589:. But Tarabya's reign lasted only seven months; the new king was assassinated in November 1400. The court led by Yaza placed Prince
1535:
562:
1506:
1487:
1414:
1283:
771:
1545:
742:
how his counterpart bested him in an impromptu philosophical debate in which Thihapate argued in support of the concept of
726:
portion has been described as "a repository of historical examples illustrating pragmatic political principles worthy of
593:, Swa's son by a concubine, on the throne (although the court's selection was later unsuccessfully challenged by Gov.
689:(Min Yaza or otherwise) knew that "the sites they listed all had some kind of archaeological evidence of antiquity.
421:
commoners—those who did not live on royal land and paid substantial taxes but owed no regular military service. His
597:). A grateful Minkhaung kept Yaza as the chief minister, whom he called "grandpa". He also appointed Yaza's son
811:
Exact Burmese term per (MSK 1979: 362) was မိဖုရားငယ်, which could mean a junior queen, young queen, or both.
334:
between 1371 and 1406. By his death in 1421, he had advised his kings almost for the entire duration of the
1424:
865:
See (Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 290–293, 295–297, 300–302) for Ava's first three failed campaigns of the
1407:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland
598:
207:
1540:
585:
After King Swa's death in 1400, Min Yaza continued his role as chief minister under the new king,
502:. When the king inquired about the small golden statue of a young woman in what appeared to be a
899:
764 ME (26 December 1402). It means the first attempt to negotiate began around 5 January 1403.
594:
352:
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8:
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194:
146:
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682:
360:
254:
42:
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162:
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383:
306:
290:
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158:
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According to (Mani Yadanabon 2009: 191), Yaza had another son who was governor of
643:
The year 1406 was apparently the pinnacle of Yaza's influence. After Crown Prince
1452:
879:
781:
601:
governor Yamethin, and Yaza's son-in-law Thado Theinkhathu governor of Badon and
356:
1433:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
1343:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
490:
Nyo's opportunity to escape the village life came when he was 20. In 1368, King
314:
from 1379/80 to 1421. He was the main adviser to three successive kings of Ava:
1466:
1457:
1444:
1215:"Diplomats and International Organizations Briefed on Myanmar's Reform Process"
714:
660:
586:
426:
319:
311:
244:
184:
83:
1386:
1519:
644:
637:
613:
513:
499:
327:
166:
1501:(reissue, illustrated ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1327:
The Origins of Bagan: The archaeological landscape of Upper Burma to AD 1300
1429:
1377:(1983). "Review of L. E. Bagshawe "The Maniyadanabon of Shin Sandalinka"".
1339:
909:
677:
504:
347:
20:
1295:"Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)"
701:, not prominent in other chronicles, were known to the author(s) when the
1313:
830:
727:
590:
474:
331:
323:
88:
667:
Min Yaza died in 1421 at 73, a few months before Minkhaung's own death.
743:
655:
624:
623:(Hsipaw) that resulted in Onbaung's submission. He got the neighboring
491:
315:
115:
78:
32:
694:
640:, a proven commander, to the crucial northern Shan state of Mohnyin.
609:
570:
509:
28:
750:. After a respectful and polite exchange, Yaza conceded his defeat.
632:
governorships at Kalay and Mohnyin. He advised Minkhaung to appoint
1379:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
792:
690:
648:
550:
495:
453:
355:
political principles, and mentions several archaeologically known
896:
698:
628:
602:
566:
545:
445:) because a sizable meteor passed through the night he was born.
1334:
1278:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1242:"Sailun tyres on sale at Automobile & Living Products Show"
775:
620:
326:. Under his guidance, Ava made several attempts to restore the
1461:(in Burmese) (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Seit-Ku Cho Cho.
498:
region with an army of men to restore the broken levee of the
554:
541:
846:(Mani Yadanabon 2009: 62) says he died in 745 ME (1383/84).
758:
518:
180:
1318:
History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824
577:
resulted in three failed campaigns between 1385 and 1391.
722:
portion represents "somewhat half under the total". The
1353:"Minkyi Swa Saw Ke, Wunzin Pho Yaza and Meikhtila Lake"
330:, and methodically acquired its immediate surrounding
1276:
The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma
757:
was published by Maung Maung, a school headmaster of
718:, which also includes advice by later ministers. The
1482:. Vol. 3: 1400–1800. Oxford University Press.
1427:(2012) . Myint Swe; Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.).
1381:. New Series (115). Cambridge University: 336–337.
561:western kingdom of Arakan's throne, and agreed to
1517:
1443:(in Burmese). Vol. 8 (2 ed.). Yangon:
1347:
1056:
1054:
1473:. Myanmar Historical Commission. p. 211.
886:does not mention when that son was appointed.
753:In 1912, a biography of the minister, called
477:, and allowed them to stay at his farmhouse.
434:
392:
376:
299:
1090:
1081:
1063:
1051:
1042:
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1006:
1189:
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1465:
1451:
1423:
1270:
1401:
1373:
1292:
990:
988:
978:
976:
974:
452:, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from
1480:The Oxford History of Historical Writing
1234:
1207:
1108:
1099:
1072:
1024:
1015:
712:was later included in the 1781 treatise
1329:(PhD thesis). The University of Sydney.
1162:
1126:
1117:
997:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
465:Chit, daughter of the village headman,
359:settlements unmentioned in other prior
310:); 1347/48−1421) was chief minister of
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1324:
1312:
1171:
1135:
985:
971:
485:
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1144:
733:
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448:Nyo grew up in his native village of
440:
412:
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382:
305:
289:
1477:
1333:
944:
1471:Selected Writings of Tun Aung Chain
1320:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
935:
524:
13:
1048:Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 213, 218
580:
16:Chief minister of Ava from 1379-80
14:
1557:
1069:Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 224–225
764:
199:Unnamed daughter of Pegu minister
480:
1536:Government ministers of Myanmar
1360:The Global New Light of Myanmar
1302:SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research
1264:
915:
902:
889:
872:
859:
849:
836:
675:The influential court treatise
417:) in 1347/48. His parents were
345:The influential court treatise
1409:. Cambridge University Press.
1293:Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006).
962:
941:Sandalinka 2009: i, footnote 2
823:
814:
805:
1:
1195:Tun Aung Chain 2004: 164, 179
929:
457:
366:
363:, is attributed to Min Yaza.
154:
1186:Mani Yadanabon 2009: 126–127
1096:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 476–477
1087:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 472–473
1060:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 469–470
1039:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 441–443
1012:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 414–415
338:(1385–1424) between Ava and
7:
1546:People from Mandalay Region
1499:A Global History of History
772:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
223:Government minister, writer
10:
1562:
664:came in 1413/14 (775 ME).
208:Sithu Pauk Hla of Yamethin
18:
1497:Woolf, Daniel R. (2011).
1478:Wade, Geoff (2012). "6".
1447:. 1979. pp. 362–363.
1387:10.1017/S0035869X00138018
670:
435:
393:
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300:
291:[wùɴzɪ́ɴmɪ́ɴjàzà]
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63:
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40:
1204:Khin Maung Nyunt 2016: 9
1123:Mani Yadanabon 2009: 181
1114:Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 1–3
1105:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 480
1078:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 467
1030:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 439
1003:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 409
959:Khin Maung Nyunt 2016: 8
798:
1021:Mani Yadanabon 2009: 63
770:Wun Zin Min Yaza Hall,
1362:. Yangon. pp. 8–9
1272:Aung-Thwin, Michael A.
755:Wun Zin Po Yaza Wuthtu
746:, and Yaza argued for
595:Maha Pyauk of Yamethin
442:[màʊ̯ɴʔoʊ̯ʔkà]
968:(Lieberman 2003: 113)
748:delayed gratification
1403:Lieberman, Victor B.
1375:Lieberman, Victor B.
1325:Hudson, Bob (2004).
1250:. Yangon. 2011-02-19
1247:New Light of Myanmar
1223:. Yangon. 2014-07-25
1220:New Light of Myanmar
1132:Aung-Thwin 2005: 123
786:North Dagon Township
414:[sʰəjàʔóʊ̯ɴ]
400:[dɔ̀tɕʰòʊ̯ɴ]
215:Governor of Yenantha
211:Saw Ma Lay of Badon
1168:Lieberman 1983: 137
575:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
486:Joining the service
473:(2.13 hectares) of
433:Okka "Mr. Meteor" (
405:herbalist physician
231:Po Yaza, Maung Okka
1440:Myanma Swezon Kyan
734:In popular culture
683:history of Myanmar
537:[sídəbjɪʔ]
361:Burmese chronicles
255:Royal Burmese Army
128:Sitapyit the Elder
1508:978-0-521-69908-2
1489:978-0-19-162944-0
1416:978-0-521-80496-7
1285:978-0-8248-2886-8
351:, which includes
307:[pʰójàzà]
272:
271:
213:Saw Yin of Badon
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1453:Sandalinka, Shin
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512:(r. 1044–77) of
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1351:(2016-07-06).
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661:Mani Yadanabon
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573:to attack the
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427:Burmese zodiac
384:[ŋəɲò]
371:Yaza was born
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1364:. Retrieved
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1340:Maha Yazawin
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1252:. Retrieved
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534:(စည်းတပြစ်,
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348:Zabu Kun-Cha
346:
344:
328:Pagan Empire
295:
277:of Wun Zin (
274:
273:
178:early 783 ME
118:(1369−79/80)
107:1369–1379/80
102:
70:1379/80–1421
65:
24:
21:Burmese name
1531:1421 deaths
831:Minkhaung I
728:Machiavelli
436:မောင် ဥက္ကာ
332:Shan states
324:Minkhaung I
228:Nickname(s)
124:Preceded by
89:Minkhaung I
1520:Categories
1425:Maha Sithu
1366:2016-08-14
1254:2016-09-06
1227:2016-09-06
930:References
744:carpe diem
656:Shin Bo-Me
625:Nyaungshwe
492:Swa Saw Ke
403:) and her
367:Early life
316:Swa Saw Ke
287:pronounced
241:Allegiance
220:Profession
116:Swa Saw Ke
79:Swa Saw Ke
33:given name
1455:(2009) .
1395:163320689
1337:(2006) .
695:Allagappa
610:Razadarit
591:Minkhaung
571:Myaungmya
510:Anawrahta
429:name was
264:Commander
191:Spouse(s)
103:In office
91:(1400–21)
66:In office
29:honorific
1405:(2003).
1316:(1925).
1274:(2005).
880:Yenantha
793:Mandalay
788:, Yangon
691:Kaungsin
649:Theiddat
599:Pauk Hla
532:Sitapyit
521:(Inwa).
496:Meiktila
454:Meiktila
407:husband
394:ဒေါ်ချုံ
301:ဘိုးရာဇာ
275:Min Yaza
204:Children
183:(Inwa),
152:1347/48
96:Minister
75:Monarchs
49:မင်းရာဇာ
31:, not a
19:In this
1335:Kala, U
897:Tabodwe
699:Legaing
629:Mohnyin
621:Onbaung
603:Tabayin
587:Tarabya
567:Laukpya
546:Mohnyin
450:Wun Zin
320:Tarabya
296:Po Yaza
279:Burmese
163:Wun Zin
112:Monarch
86:(1400)
84:Tarabya
1505:
1486:
1413:
1393:
1282:
882:. But
776:Yangon
671:Writer
563:Saw Me
391:Chon (
27:is an
1391:S2CID
1356:(PDF)
1298:(PDF)
799:Notes
759:Prome
638:Thado
555:Myedu
542:Kalay
514:Pagan
431:Maung
387:) to
375:Nyo (
197:Chit
47:Yaza
1503:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1308:(2).
1280:ISBN
910:Ming
884:Mani
784:and
740:Zabu
724:Zabu
720:Zabu
710:Zabu
708:The
703:Zabu
697:and
687:Zabu
627:and
614:Pegu
544:and
423:zata
419:athi
409:Saya
378:ငညို
340:Pegu
322:and
261:Rank
173:Died
157:709
142:Born
1383:doi
730:."
569:of
551:Maw
519:Ava
505:nat
471:pes
425:or
389:Daw
373:Nga
357:Pyu
312:Ava
181:Ava
149:Nyo
147:Nga
43:Min
25:Min
1522::
1469:.
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1300:.
1244:.
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1053:^
987:^
973:^
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774:,
693:,
605:.
463:Me
458:c.
439:,
397:,
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281::
195:Me
165:,
159:ME
155:c.
23:,
1511:.
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1385::
1369:.
1306:4
1288:.
1257:.
1230:.
869:.
467:U
298:(
35:.
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