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559:(areas where ore was removed) usually follow the ore vein and are often at steep angles to horizontal. Many stopes are shored with wooden 2x4s or 4x4s. Contrary to what one might think, the wood isn't there to keep the stope from collapsing, but rather to hold loose rock in place. Some stopes are narrow and convoluted (explorers like to call them "spider holes"); others resemble giant rooms. Many stopes have a lot of loose material on or around them.
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528:(MSHA) has run an annual "Stay Out-Stay Alive" national public safety campaign to warn children about the dangers of exploring and playing on mine property. They claim that since 1999, nearly 150 children and adults have died in recreational accidents at active and abandoned mine and quarry sites, although the majority of these were not related to mine exploration.
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Mines were generally constructed and maintained to be safe while they were operational. After they are abandoned, workings may decay to a point where they could become dangerous. For instance, some support structures may have been removed before abandonment for re-use elsewhere, or supporting pillars
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Collapse: As workings age, the roofs of passageways and chambers can fail. In doing so, the collapsed area itself is no longer accessible and any workings beyond that point will become inaccessible if there remains no other way around. There are many mines that have suffered a small collapse right at
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Raises are often used to transit vertically between levels of a mine. A raise is often a 6–12 foot square vertical shaft divided into two sections. One half is a straight drop to the bottom and is used for haulage, and the other section is a series of platforms, 10 or more feet apart, with holes cut
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Common features in a mine include drifts (horizontal tunnels), shafts (vertical tunnels) and winzes or air vents that are much smaller and can be at any angle underground. Climbing through these shafts, tunnels, and winzes can be very dangerous due to their unseen entrances and exits. A drift with a
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Restricted Access: Legal access to explore mines is not always possible, even though it may be physically possible to get in. The sites of old mines are often taken over by the public bodies such as the
Forestry Commission, National Trust or by private land owners who consider the liability risks of
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Collapses: the effects of blasting, weathering, and earthquakes destabilize once-strong bedrock through time. Portals (adits) in particular are affected, but tunnel and chamber roofs and walls can also destabilize. Support timber props, ladders and other similar structures may appear safe but could
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There are many abandoned mines in the world – for example, it is estimated that there are approximately 500,000 abandoned mines in the United States alone, with Nevada having the largest percentage of this number. However, access to many of these is not possible for a variety of reasons, including:
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Water: Water in mines is often deep and can be dangerously cold; if it fills an area with steep sides, then it may not be easy to climb out. Seemingly shallow water can conceal sharp objects, drop-offs, and other hazards. Furthermore, a wet mine can rot or rust timbers, shoring and ladders, making
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Surface shafts: the ground around abandoned mine shafts and open pits may be weak and could cave-in without warning. Undergrowth may hide shafts, while timber used for capping may have rotted to a point where it will collapse if weight is put on it. Even scarier is the so-called "ant-lion trap"
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are vertical or inclined shafts sunk from a tunnel and these can be hidden by darkness, water, loose debris or false floors. False floors may also be present in substantial lengths of tunnel, where the floor level has been worked (understopped). Such floors may be supported by rotten wood, but
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Flooding: Almost all working mines require pumps to remove water, with the exception of those being self-draining via deep drainage adits. Once a mine is abandoned, the pumps are usually turned off and the mine slowly fills with water until a level is reached where water can drain out: this is
405:, primarily that of gaining access to abandoned or sometimes restricted locations. Mine explorers share an unspoken code of ethics, that of leaving sites in the same condition as they were found. A common phrase illustrating this viewpoint is the Baltimore Grotto caving society's motto:
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437:, mine exploration appeals to a specific subset of people. An interest in industrial archaeology may be a motivating factor for some enthusiasts. Relics and artifacts found in abandoned mine workings may include equipment such as pumps, cranes, drills,
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Darkness: As with most underground places, the darkness in a mine is total. If you lose light, it may be difficult or impossible to exit the mine. An experienced explorer will carry at least three independent sources of illumination and a set of spare
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usually the lowest adit. However, it is possible to find flooded sections in mines which are above a dry adit as workings are often very complex: in some cases reservoirs may have been created in higher chambers to provide power for machinery below.
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effect: loose earth around a surface shaft crumbles away over time, leaving a funnel-shaped drop-off around the shaft. If a curious person attempts to look down the shaft, he or she could begin sliding into it with nothing to stop the fall.
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in them in an alternating manner. Beneath each hole is a ladder leading to the next platform. This style of construction affords safety: if one falls off the ladder, the fall is only to the next platform, not the bottom of the shaft.
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conditions hazardous. Desert mines tend to be dry and therefore relatively safe in this regard; however, dry rot can weaken wood. All ladders and wooden floors should be tested before trusting body weight to them.
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In spite of the potential risks involved in mine exploration, the danger to the experienced mine explorer is relatively low: as the MHSA state, the majority of accidents involve people who are unprepared.
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Britain's man-made underground world is extensive. Some abandoned mines range as deep as 1.1 km. Some of the more extensive tunnel systems span mountain ranges or extend underneath populous cities.
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which can displace oxygen, poison someone outright, or create an explosion. Coal mines are especially prone to containing these gases. The mines of the
Comstock Lode Nevada are also very prone to this.
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is of great concern in some areas. Also, mills and other processing areas may contain traces of cyanide and mercury compounds that were once used to separate precious metals from the ore.
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Technical
Limitations: Some mines are easy 'walkabouts', while others require expertise, skill and equipment to explore; for example SRT may be needed to gain access via a vertical shaft.
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Many accidents by inexperienced curiosity-seekers cause reactions by government agencies to close mines. In most cases, a mine entrance will be fenced and warning signs erected, but the
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may have been abandoned in old mines. Many explosives become increasingly unstable with age and could be detonated by the slightest movement or even the vibrations from a footfall.
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Remoteness: Most mines are a long way from medical assistance, and depending on the circumstances, just getting to the surface could be an ordeal if one is injured.
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may have been quarried away, leaving the chambering unstable. Ventilation and water pumping systems that once maintained safe working conditions are removed.
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There are approximately 500,000 mines within the United States. Listed below are regions containing a high number of both abandoned and operational mines:
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Photography is often a significant component of enthusiasts' motivation for exploration. Underground photography requires specialized techniques such as
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Hazardous chemicals: Mines dug in wet areas give underground water a path to percolate through rock and exit via the tunnel systems. In some areas, the
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and other organizations are increasingly resorting to bulldozing, plugging or gating mine entrances, denying everyone access. Most
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can contain various types of heavy metals. Bacterial action can create acids and other compounds that are hazardous to humans.
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of this nature are done in areas near large population centers and parks that receive a large number of visitors, such as
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have degraded. Similarly, waste rock tipped down chambers may be unstable and rockslides may occur if they are walked on.
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than caving, since mines were purposefully excavated to allow human access. Some disused mines have been adapted for
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access to be sufficient to justify blocking off access permanently, a common approach being to bulldoze the
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Falling down vertical openings is the most common cause of death and injury in abandoned mines.
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coal mine, closed in 1992. The largest underground mines in
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the entrance (often the most vulnerable part) sealing off significant sized workings beyond.
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British
Columbia – There are hundreds of explored and unexplored mines in British Columbia.
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1207:– Video explorations and documentations of abandoned mines throughout the United States.
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Mine exploration is considered a dangerous activity by many. In the United States, the
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810:. The Borinage mines are famous to palaeontologists for their fossils, such as the
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or an 'open flash.' Such techniques may require considerable practice for mastery.
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Re-use: The sites of old mines are sometimes taken over for new uses such as
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1173:[The longest artificial caves in Russia]. 2008-12-22. Archived from
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surfaced with rock and not clearly distinguishable from a solid floor.
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This article is about visiting mines. For searching for minerals, see
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258:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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335:. Enthusiasts usually engage in such activities for the purpose of
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There are a number of potential hazards that mine explorers face:
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and adjacent regions – tens of 19th-century limestone quarries.
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province, with some of the largest coal mines in the country:
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Bad air: Old mine workings may be hazardous due to pockets of
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1124:"Heimwee naar het ondergrondse leven van de Belgische mijnen"
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Smedts, Veronique; Vanfleteren, Stephan (22 November 2022).
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one of the worst mining disasters in
Belgian mining history
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Mine exploration typically involves less crawling and more
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407:"take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints."
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1098:"Laatste Belgische mijn sloot vijfentwintig jaar geleden"
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Some examples of mines frequented by explorers includes:
642:: Snakes, various mammals, and bats can call a mine home.
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1225:– Exploring mines in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.
359:. Mine exploration typically requires equipment such as
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1213:– Photographic database of mine exploration and forum
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ethos followed in much of modern outdoor recreation.
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The last active underground mine in
Belgium was the
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Southern
African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
1219:– California Association of Mine and Cave Exploring
1168:"Dlinnyeyshiye iskoosstvyenniye pyeshtyeri Rossii"
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1271:- Interactive map of coal mines in West Virginia
1201:- Abandoned mine exploration in the Western U.S.
852:Samara region – 20th century limestone quarries.
339:and documentation, sometimes through the use of
956:— Mines and natural caves mined for ore in the
746:"The Black Country", coal mining region around
1269:Interactive map of coal mines in West Virginia
1237:Abandoned Mine Exploration in the Western U.S.
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1205:Exploring Abandoned Mines and Unusual Places
401:Mine exploration shares some interests with
2626:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
1231:– Photographic database of mine exploration
1199:Abandoned Mine Exploring with Tom and Julie
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2599:History of hard rock miners' organizations
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553:portal to the outside is called an adit.
351:. In many ways, however, it is closer to
292:Learn how and when to remove this message
274:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
2584:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
2431:North American Aerospace Defense Command
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1170:Длиннейшие искусственные пещеры России
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1259:California Abandoned Mine Exploration
526:Mine Safety and Health Administration
308:A person exploring a disused mine in
830:Monarch/Kicking Horse Mine: Field BC
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95:adding citations to reliable sources
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3189:Naples underground geothermal zone
2524:Journey to the Center of the Earth
2426:Naples underground geothermal zone
184:tone or style may not reflect the
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2641:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
2636:International Union of Speleology
1316:Glossary of caving and speleology
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41:This article has multiple issues.
16:Hobby of visiting abandoned mines
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194:guide to writing better articles
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2631:Institution of Mining Engineers
2396:Underground Great Wall of China
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1705:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
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82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
3235:Forestiere Underground Gardens
3098:Underground mining (soft rock)
3093:Underground mining (hard rock)
3078:Subsurface utility engineering
2646:Society of Economic Geologists
2614:National Speleological Society
2564:Wonderland (fictional country)
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1096:Jansens, Yorick (2017-09-29).
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425:Pump room of an abandoned mine
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2071:Subterranean rivers of London
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3088:Underground mine ventilation
2604:National Mine Map Repository
2046:Jewel Cave National Monument
1758:List of UK caving fatalities
1248:Exploring Abandonments Below
1016:, and the surrounding areas.
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331:, and sometimes operational
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3245:Underground House Las Vegas
2609:National Mining Association
2436:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
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965:Mines – Drift Mines in the
762:mine there was the site of
254:the claims made and adding
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3240:Underground House Colorado
3169:Underground City, Montreal
3164:Underground City (Beijing)
2549:Tunnels in popular culture
2391:Underground City, Montreal
2386:Underground City (Beijing)
2331:816 Nuclear Military Plant
2061:Mammoth Cave National Park
1265:– Mine exploration in Utah
833:Mineral King: Panoroama BC
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2722:Underground construction
2594:Cave Research Foundation
1734:Cave of Forgotten Dreams
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812:Iguanodons of Bernissart
3323:Subterranea (geography)
3025:Missile launch facility
2208:Missile launch facility
2081:Wind Cave National Park
1727:Diving into the Unknown
409:This is similar to the
3250:Underground World Home
2361:Chicago Tunnel Company
2000:Subterranean waterfall
1773:Tham Luang cave rescue
1768:Riesending cave rescue
1252:Subterranea Britannica
878:locations and type of
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349:industrial archaeology
323:in which people visit
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3139:Kőbánya cellar system
3134:Houston tunnel system
3073:Rock-cut architecture
2376:Kőbánya cellar system
2366:Houston tunnel system
2346:Almadén Mercury Mines
2341:The Caves of Ægissíða
1741:The Underground Eiger
1257:Underground Explorers
967:South Wales Coalfield
858:– sandstone quarries.
856:Leningradskaya oblast
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388:single rope technique
371:, and climbing gear.
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3214:Subterranean fiction
3209:Subterranean warfare
2771:Subterranean warfare
2544:Subterranea (comics)
2529:Moria (Middle-earth)
2509:Allegory of the cave
2493:Subterranean fiction
1246:Solitude Underground
1036:and Tintic Mountains
790:: coal mines around
502:mushroom cultivation
91:improve this article
3204:Subterranean Toledo
3199:Subterranean London
3119:Caves of Maastricht
3083:Tunnel construction
2864:Burial vault (tomb)
2727:Tunnel construction
2451:Subterranean Toledo
2446:Subterranean London
2336:Caves of Maastricht
1763:Alpazat cave rescue
1408:Types and formation
21:Mineral exploration
3159:Underground living
3041:Underground hangar
2749:Mining engineering
2734:Underground living
2559:Underland (Narnia)
2474:Fictional features
2253:Underground hangar
1995:Subterranean river
1990:Subterranean fauna
1690:Cave-dwelling Jews
1437:Estavelle/Inversac
1235:Mojave Underground
651:Acid mine drainage
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106:"Mine exploration"
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3259:Earth shelters UK
3230:Bill Gates' house
3223:Earth shelters US
2993:Military features
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909:The Lake District
520:Potential dangers
403:Urban Exploration
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3036:Underground base
3031:Scallywag bunker
3000:Air raid shelter
2979:Smuggling tunnel
2944:Underground city
2884:Dugout (shelter)
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2519:Greek Underworld
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2441:Shanghai tunnels
2305:Smuggling tunnel
2248:Underground base
2243:Underground city
2158:Dugout (shelter)
2108:Air raid shelter
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2036:Castellana Caves
2005:Underground lake
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196:for suggestions.
192:See Knowledge's
177:
176:
169:
162:
155:
151:
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142:
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99:
75:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3297:Lightning Ridge
3280:
3254:
3218:
3102:
3063:
3050:
3020:Fallout shelter
2988:
2847:
2816:
2810:
2780:
2775:
2655:
2568:
2497:
2465:
2371:Kosvinsky Kamen
2319:
2178:Fallout shelter
2148:Crypt Mausoleum
2085:
2076:Veryovkina Cave
2066:Reed Flute Cave
2019:
1926:Solutional cave
1874:Communal burrow
1830:
1825:
1795:
1790:
1777:
1746:
1719:Popular culture
1714:
1673:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1504:Solutional cave
1409:
1403:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1263:Wilderness Utah
1195:
1190:
1189:
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1178:
1171:
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1133:
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1120:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1063:
975:
949:Geevor Tin Mine
865:
843:
821:
672:
667:
608:carbon monoxide
522:
477:
419:
325:abandoned mines
298:
287:
286:
285:
280:
269:
263:
260:
245:
233:
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182:This article's
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17:
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5:
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3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Mines of Paris
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:Trench warfare
3151:
3149:Tunnel network
3146:
3144:Tunnel warfare
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3107:Related topics
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Secret passage
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2951:
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2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
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2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2717:Trench warfare
2714:
2712:Tunnel network
2709:
2707:Tunnel warfare
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2660:Related topics
2657:
2656:
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2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
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2623:
2622:
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2611:
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2416:Mount Yamantau
2413:
2408:
2406:Mines of Paris
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2275:
2273:Secret passage
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2250:
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2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Hang Sơn Đoòng
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
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1948:Lava tree mold
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1695:Cave monastery
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1687:
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1649:Speleoseismite
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1422:Breathing cave
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1194:
1193:External links
1191:
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1114:
1102:Het Nieuwsblad
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863:United Kingdom
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784:
780:, Ressaix and
772:: area around
767:
760:Bois du Cazier
744:
730:Namur Province
727:
709:Liège Province
706:
671:
668:
666:
663:
658:
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654:
643:
637:
619:
612:carbon dioxide
596:
592:
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494:
476:
473:
469:light painting
458:cable railways
442:railway tracks
418:
415:
411:Leave No Trace
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236:
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147:September 2011
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3127:
3125:
3124:Civil defense
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3029:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Blast shelter
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Semi-basement
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Utility vault
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Rock-cut tomb
2922:
2920:
2919:Rapid transit
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Earth shelter
2892:
2890:
2887:
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2728:
2725:
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2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Civil defense
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Cave painting
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
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2600:
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2579:
2577:Organisations
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2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Mustang Caves
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
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2392:
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2303:
2301:
2298:
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2293:
2289:
2286:
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2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Semi-basement
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Subway system
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Utility vault
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Rock-cut tomb
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Passage grave
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
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2199:
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2168:Earth shelter
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2159:
2156:
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2144:
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2134:
2133:Blast shelter
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2051:Kazumura Cave
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2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Volcanic pipe
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1991:
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1986:
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1958:Maternity den
1956:
1954:
1953:Magma chamber
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1869:Burrow fossil
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1389:Speleogenesis
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1340:Cave painting
1338:
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1330:Biospeleology
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1241:Nettleden.com
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1229:Mine Explorer
1227:
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1200:
1197:
1196:
1177:on 2009-04-06
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1128:De Volkskrant
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1055:West Virginia
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1034:Wasatch Range
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1010:Mojave Desert
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108: –
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102:Find sources:
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80:This article
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54:
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48:
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37:
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27:
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3173:
3114:Cave dweller
2974:Storm cellar
2743:
2672:Cave dweller
2534:Nome Kingdom
2488:Hollow Earth
2401:Maginot Line
2300:Storm cellar
2118:Burial vault
1980:Rock shelter
1891:Glacier cave
1739:
1732:
1725:
1685:Cave dweller
1599:Cave popcorn
1538:Underground
1476:
1457:Karst spring
1447:Glacier cave
1179:. Retrieved
1175:the original
1162:
1149:
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1127:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1104:(in Flemish)
1101:
1091:
1014:Death Valley
996:Pennsylvania
976:
870:
866:
822:
704:Maasmechelen
673:
659:
630:black powder
569:
565:
561:
555:
551:
547:Death Valley
532:
523:
498:data storage
489:and cap any
478:
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439:narrow gauge
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120:
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101:
89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
3292:Coober Pedy
3184:Mole people
3129:Coober Pedy
3046:Spider hole
2929:Root cellar
2814:subterranea
2754:Mole people
2739:Mine rescue
2687:Cave rescue
2677:Cave diving
2421:Mogao Caves
2351:Coober Pedy
2310:Spider hole
2288:Septic tank
2228:Root cellar
1879:Paleoburrow
1828:Subterranea
1564:Speleothems
1477:Exploration
1377:Troglofauna
1345:Cave survey
1323:Main topics
1223:Iron Miners
1077:Mine rescue
1000:Coal Region
905:North Wales
901:Slate mines
876:exploration
778:La Louvière
742:Sambreville
462:waterwheels
450:locomotives
345:photography
337:exploration
3312:Categories
2766:Speleology
2759:in fiction
2539:Pellucidar
2381:Kome Caves
2031:Balve Cave
1975:Pit crater
1931:Talus cave
1854:Ant colony
1700:Kome Caves
1664:Stalagnate
1659:Stalagmite
1654:Stalactite
1644:Soda straw
1634:Shelfstone
1594:Cave pearl
1569:Speleogens
1534:Talus cave
1467:Ley tunnel
1394:Speleology
1372:Stygofauna
1181:2009-03-19
1155:Mindat.org
1134:2023-11-27
1130:(in Dutch)
1108:2023-11-27
1083:References
1072:Speleology
1006:California
986:New Jersey
931:Derbyshire
895:Combe Down
887:Bath stone
808:Bernissart
770:Henegouwen
756:Marcinelle
752:Farciennes
647:mine water
622:Explosives
583:batteries.
429:Like many
384:rappelling
365:head lamps
248:improve it
117:newspapers
46:improve it
3060:quarrying
2954:Wine cave
2874:Catacombs
2682:Cave gate
2554:Underdark
2502:Exemplars
2324:Exemplars
2263:Wine cave
2138:Catacombs
2024:Exemplars
1921:Show cave
1911:Lava tube
1906:Lava cave
1751:Incidents
1678:Dwellings
1619:Helictite
1614:Frostwork
1609:Flowstone
1579:Anthodite
1552:Waterfall
1524:Suffosion
1509:Show cave
1494:Salt cave
1462:Lava cave
1410:processes
1360:Equipment
798:, Hornu,
792:Frameries
782:Trivières
774:Anderlues
748:Charleroi
665:Locations
600:blackdamp
417:Rationale
341:surveying
312:, England
264:July 2024
252:verifying
202:July 2024
52:talk page
3015:Casemate
2969:Stepwell
2909:Hypogeum
2899:Erdstall
2889:Dry well
2869:Borehole
2859:Basement
2843:Sinkhole
2295:Stepwell
2283:Sewerage
2193:Hypogeum
2173:Erdstall
2163:Dry well
2143:Casemate
2123:Borehole
2113:Basement
1985:Sinkhole
1916:Pit Cave
1901:Ice cave
1786:Category
1639:Snottite
1629:Rimstone
1624:Moonmilk
1514:Sinkhole
1499:Sea cave
1484:Pit cave
1452:Ice cave
1061:See also
1045:Colorado
982:New York
954:Iron ore
945:Cornwall
939:Mines –
919:Nenthead
917:Mines –
788:Borinage
692:Beringen
640:Wildlife
626:dynamite
624:such as
329:quarries
3328:Hobbies
3276:Malator
3194:Sapping
2914:Manhole
2879:Dungeon
2589:Bergamt
2514:Batcave
2461:Yaodong
2198:Manhole
2188:Foxhole
2153:Dungeon
1859:Aquifer
1710:Yaodong
1584:Boxwork
1427:Cave-in
1211:AditNow
1150:Seraing
1040:Montana
1025:Arizona
923:Cumbria
891:Corsham
804:Hensies
734:Andenne
717:Seraing
688:Limburg
686:in the
670:Belgium
604:methane
454:bridges
431:hobbies
380:tourism
376:walking
361:helmets
310:Cumbria
246:Please
131:scholar
3318:Caving
3056:Mining
3027:(silo)
3005:Bunker
2934:Tunnel
2838:Grotto
2833:Cenote
2697:Caving
2619:Grotto
2233:Tunnel
2218:Quarry
2128:Bunker
2015:Warren
1938:Cenote
1896:Grotto
1864:Burrow
1849:Alcove
1519:Spring
1432:Cenote
1355:Diving
1350:Caving
1308:topics
1067:Mining
1050:Alaska
1032:: The
1020:Nevada
1008:: The
998:: The
988:: The
841:Russia
819:Canada
806:, and
800:Boussu
758:. The
754:, and
723:, and
702:, and
696:Zolder
684:Kempen
676:Zolder
588:Winzes
557:Stopes
491:shafts
475:Access
446:wagons
435:sports
353:caving
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
3062:, and
2904:Fogou
2481:Types
2183:Fogou
2101:Types
1943:Karst
1842:Types
1547:River
1489:Ponor
1442:Foiba
1384:Karst
1367:Fauna
1217:CAMCE
941:Devon
882:are:
880:mines
738:Namur
725:Herve
721:Liege
487:adits
460:, or
396:shaft
392:winze
357:caves
333:mines
321:hobby
319:is a
138:JSTOR
124:books
2949:Well
2828:Cave
2258:Well
2203:Mine
1963:Nest
1886:Cave
1567:and
1542:Lake
1529:Sump
1472:Mine
1306:Cave
1030:Utah
984:and
963:Coal
929:and
915:Lead
873:mine
796:Dour
786:The
713:Hoei
700:Genk
682:The
448:and
343:and
110:news
1968:Bee
1669:Vug
937:Tin
632:or
614:or
539:NPS
535:BLM
500:or
433:or
386:or
250:by
93:by
3314::
3058:,
1153:,
1126:.
1100:.
1012:,
947:,
943:,
925:,
921:,
907:,
903:–
893:,
889:–
802:,
794:,
776:,
750:,
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736:,
732::
719:,
715:,
711::
698:,
694:,
628:,
610:,
606:,
549:.
537:,
464:.
456:,
444:,
394:,
367:,
363:,
327:,
55:.
2805:e
2798:t
2791:v
1820:e
1813:t
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1184:.
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135:·
128:·
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114:·
87:.
62:)
58:(
23:.
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