45:
60:
84:
99:
346:
219:
For many centuries, in Europe, North
America, and elsewhere, commercial proponents of mineral springs classified them according to the chemical composition of the water produced and according to the medicinal benefits supposedly accruing from each:
168:. It is a gas, and it usually enters the body when it is breathed in. The quantities ingested in drinking water are much lower and are not considered likely to cause harm, but few studies on long-term, low-level exposure have been done, as of 2003.
384:, of minerals from spring water as it emerges, especially at the mouths of hot mineral springs. In cold mineral springs, the rapid precipitation of minerals results from the reduction of acidity when the CO
619:
179:
are resorts that have developed around mineral springs, where (often wealthy) patrons would repair to "take the waters" — meaning that they would drink (see
321:
497:
277:
564:
415:
and elsewhere as building material. Travertine can have a white, tan, or cream-colored appearance and often has a fibrous or concentric 'grain'.
287:
250:
1885:
612:
850:
1218:
191:) the mineral water. Historical mineral springs were often outfitted with elaborate stone-works — including artificial pools,
605:
388:
gas bubbles out. (These mineral deposits can also be found in dried lakebeds.) Spectacular formations, including terraces,
133:
are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water during its passage underground. In this they are unlike
441:
582:
521:. DEPARTMENT of HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health ServiceAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US
480:"Import Alert 29-02: Detention Without Physical Examination of Bottled Water due to Arsenic Due to Inorganic Arsenic"
1844:
38:
31:
55:(1607–1677). The unidentified central European spring features a sunken stone basin and ornamental retaining wall.
1375:
17:
1839:
146:
1400:
397:
1895:
1541:
1491:
1385:
1819:
522:
381:
1045:
572:
536:
1829:
1781:
1664:
560:
543:
1900:
1814:
1531:
1496:
1338:
44:
1870:
1824:
1516:
1281:
1880:
1875:
1766:
1624:
1175:
1060:
1604:
1451:
1413:
862:
801:
574:
Springs and
Bottled Water of the World: Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and use
479:
152:
Some mineral springs may contain significant amounts of harmful dissolved minerals, such as
59:
1834:
1556:
1380:
1140:
997:
947:
741:
184:
165:
8:
1890:
1730:
1725:
1526:
1370:
992:
845:
766:
673:
453:
141:
with no noticeable dissolved gasses. The dissolved minerals may alter the water's taste.
1756:
1669:
1634:
1486:
1002:
907:
811:
703:
636:
515:
110:
1476:
1735:
1574:
1566:
1506:
1466:
1355:
1170:
932:
922:
708:
578:
373:
295:
1865:
1649:
1551:
1456:
1205:
1055:
1050:
1027:
967:
796:
668:
365:
261:
157:
126:
52:
1654:
1614:
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1213:
1100:
1095:
879:
816:
786:
751:
746:
713:
678:
649:
291:
1715:
1599:
1579:
1461:
1446:
1333:
1318:
1313:
1273:
1253:
1165:
1007:
987:
952:
884:
776:
698:
658:
311:
301:
192:
597:
1859:
1796:
1791:
1776:
1761:
1710:
1705:
1471:
1436:
1390:
1350:
1345:
1105:
977:
937:
683:
663:
234:
188:
142:
83:
1786:
1536:
1521:
1511:
1360:
1291:
1160:
1125:
1040:
982:
857:
756:
718:
693:
498:"Bottled water brand with high levels of arsenic pulled from store shelves"
458:
354:
230:
208:
180:
134:
98:
1695:
1619:
1323:
1286:
1233:
957:
942:
917:
791:
377:
325:
307:
271:
176:
172:
1801:
1481:
1365:
1305:
1263:
1135:
972:
840:
781:
771:
688:
433:
423:
408:
393:
389:
350:
315:
240:
138:
114:
72:
156:, and should not be drunk. Sulfur springs smell of rotten eggs due to
1771:
1720:
1690:
1659:
1589:
1501:
1258:
1145:
1130:
1070:
1017:
1012:
912:
835:
825:
723:
419:
369:
345:
196:
68:
64:
430:. Tufa is similar to travertine but is even softer and more porous.
1441:
1408:
1085:
927:
894:
501:
437:
265:
92:
570:
145:
obtained from mineral springs, and the precipitated salts such as
1751:
1700:
1228:
1223:
1185:
1090:
962:
899:
404:
333:
224:
199:, and roofs — sometimes in the form of fanciful "Greek temples",
153:
118:
88:
1546:
1418:
1243:
1238:
1190:
1180:
1150:
1075:
830:
761:
733:
632:
329:
281:
204:
200:
1644:
1629:
1584:
1328:
1301:
1248:
1115:
1110:
1080:
1065:
874:
644:
628:
412:
130:
122:
76:
1674:
1639:
1195:
1155:
1120:
427:
358:
254:
244:
171:
The water of mineral springs is sometimes claimed to have
1594:
1035:
304:
could contain a high concentration of various minerals.
63:
Tourists and pilgrims having a bath in a hot spring in
396:
and 'frozen waterfalls' can result (see, for example,
27:
Natural springs that produce water containing minerals
30:"Sulphur spring" redirects here. For other uses, see
577:, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York: Springer-Verlag,
571:LaMoreaux, Philip E.; Tanner, Judy T, eds. (2001),
461:, those with no detectable sulfur or salt content
418:Another type of spring water deposit, containing
1857:
274:contained salts of calcium, magnesium or sodium.
627:
149:have long been important commercial products.
613:
557:Springs of the Virginias: A Pictorial History
440:. Some such deposits were large enough to be
87:A chalybeate (iron-laden) mineral spring at
516:"PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT: Hydrogen Sulfide"
620:
606:
344:
97:
82:
58:
43:
1219:International scale of river difficulty
207:. Others were entirely enclosed within
14:
1858:
601:
555:Cohen, Stan (Revised 1981 edition),
537:"Hydrogen Sulfide in Drinking-water"
1886:Natural environment based therapies
436:may deposit iron compounds such as
102:Tap tapan spring in Azarshahr, Iran
24:
25:
1912:
411:and has been used extensively in
376:) – are sometimes formed by the
117:, water that contains dissolved
39:Mineral Springs (disambiguation)
1376:Flooded grasslands and savannas
529:
508:
490:
472:
166:hazardous and sometimes deadly
13:
1:
465:
1542:Universal Soil Loss Equation
1492:Hydrological transport model
1386:Storm Water Management Model
7:
523:Centers for Disease Control
447:
340:
10:
1917:
1046:Antecedent drainage stream
36:
29:
1810:
1782:River valley civilization
1744:
1683:
1665:Riparian-zone restoration
1565:
1427:
1399:
1300:
1272:
1204:
1026:
893:
810:
732:
643:
561:Charleston, West Virginia
544:World Health Organization
407:of this type is known as
403:One light-colored porous
260:Sulfur springs contained
1845:Countries without rivers
1820:Rivers by discharge rate
1532:Runoff model (reservoir)
1497:Infiltration (hydrology)
214:
109:are naturally occurring
1517:River Continuum Concept
1282:Agricultural wastewater
1840:River name etymologies
1767:Hydraulic civilization
1625:Floodplain restoration
1401:Point source pollution
1176:Sedimentary structures
484:www.accessdata.fda.gov
426:minerals, is known as
361:
353:terrace formations at
103:
95:
80:
56:
1452:Discharge (hydrology)
1414:Industrial wastewater
895:Sedimentary processes
348:
302:Thermal (hot) springs
272:Salt (saline) springs
101:
86:
62:
47:
1557:Volumetric flow rate
1141:Riffle-pool sequence
37:For other uses, see
1896:Springs (hydrology)
1731:Whitewater kayaking
1726:Whitewater canoeing
1527:Runoff curve number
1371:Flood pulse concept
454:List of hot springs
398:Mammoth Hot Springs
328:substances such as
322:Radioactive springs
243:contained salts of
187:) or bathe in (see
1757:Aquatic toxicology
1670:Stream restoration
1635:Infiltration basin
1487:Hydrological model
1003:Sediment transport
826:Estavelle/Inversac
704:Subterranean river
362:
324:contain traces of
241:Chalybeate springs
104:
96:
81:
57:
49:The Mineral Spring
1853:
1852:
1830:Whitewater rivers
1736:Whitewater slalom
1567:River engineering
1467:Groundwater model
1428:River measurement
1356:Flood forecasting
1171:Sedimentary basin
1028:Fluvial landforms
933:Bed material load
709:River bifurcation
442:mined as iron ore
434:Chaybeate springs
374:calcium carbonate
296:calcium hydroxide
227:contained arsenic
225:Arsenical springs
16:(Redirected from
1908:
1815:Rivers by length
1650:River morphology
1552:Wetted perimeter
1457:Drainage density
968:Headward erosion
797:Perennial stream
669:Blackwater river
622:
615:
608:
599:
598:
594:
593:
591:
548:
547:
541:
533:
527:
526:
525:. December 2016.
520:
512:
506:
505:
494:
488:
487:
476:
366:sedimentary rock
278:Alkaline springs
262:hydrogen sulfide
158:hydrogen sulfide
137:, which produce
127:sulfur compounds
53:Wenceslas Hollar
21:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1901:Water chemistry
1856:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1825:Drainage basins
1806:
1740:
1679:
1655:Retention basin
1615:Erosion control
1610:Detention basin
1561:
1477:Hjulström curve
1429:
1423:
1395:
1339:Non-water flood
1296:
1268:
1214:Helicoidal flow
1200:
1101:Fluvial terrace
1096:Floating island
1022:
897:
889:
880:Rhythmic spring
814:
806:
787:Stream gradient
728:
714:River ecosystem
679:Channel pattern
647:
639:
626:
589:
587:
585:
552:
551:
539:
535:
534:
530:
518:
514:
513:
509:
496:
495:
491:
478:
477:
473:
468:
450:
387:
343:
217:
193:retaining walls
163:
107:Mineral springs
42:
35:
32:Sulphur Springs
28:
23:
22:
18:Mineral springs
15:
12:
11:
5:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:Drinking water
1868:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Stone skipping
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:Drop structure
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:Balancing lake
1577:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:Playfair's law
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Exner equation
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Bradshaw model
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1334:Urban flooding
1326:
1321:
1319:Crevasse splay
1316:
1314:100-year flood
1310:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1274:Surface runoff
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1254:Stream capture
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1166:Rock-cut basin
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:Suspended load
1005:
1000:
998:Secondary flow
995:
990:
988:Retrogradation
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
953:Dissolved load
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
904:
902:
891:
890:
888:
887:
885:Spring horizon
882:
877:
872:
870:Mineral spring
867:
866:
865:
855:
854:
853:
851:list in the US
848:
838:
833:
828:
822:
820:
808:
807:
805:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
777:Stream channel
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
738:
736:
730:
729:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
699:Drainage basin
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
659:Alluvial river
655:
653:
641:
640:
625:
624:
617:
610:
602:
596:
595:
583:
568:
565:Quarrier Press
550:
549:
528:
507:
489:
470:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
456:
449:
446:
385:
342:
339:
338:
337:
319:
312:carbon dioxide
305:
299:
288:Calcic springs
285:
275:
269:
264:gas (see also
258:
248:
238:
231:Lithia Springs
228:
216:
213:
161:
79:, c. May 2009.
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1913:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Mineral water
1879:
1877:
1876:Geomorphology
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Surface water
1795:
1793:
1792:Sacred waters
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Riparian zone
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Body of water
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Riverboarding
1709:
1707:
1706:River surfing
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
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1633:
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1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
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1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:and modelling
1426:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1391:Return period
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Flood control
1349:
1347:
1346:Flood barrier
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
978:Palaeochannel
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
938:Granular flow
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
903:
901:
896:
892:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
864:
861:
860:
859:
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852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
821:
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813:
809:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
735:
731:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
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664:Braided river
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164:S), which is
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143:Mineral water
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135:sweet springs
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1835:Flash floods
1787:River cruise
1684:River sports
1537:Stream gauge
1522:Rouse number
1512:Relief ratio
1361:Flood-meadow
1292:Urban runoff
1206:Fluvial flow
1191:River valley
1161:River island
1126:Meander scar
1041:Alluvial fan
983:Progradation
869:
858:Karst spring
802:Winterbourne
757:Chalk stream
719:River source
694:Distributary
588:, retrieved
573:
556:
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483:
474:
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417:
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363:
355:Badab-e Surt
308:Soda springs
251:Alum springs
218:
181:hydrotherapy
177:Mineral spas
170:
151:
106:
105:
48:
1696:Fly fishing
1620:Fish ladder
1605:Daylighting
1324:Flash flood
1287:First flush
1234:Plunge pool
958:Downcutting
943:Debris flow
918:Aggradation
792:Stream pool
422:as well as
394:stalagmites
390:stalactites
380:, or rapid
378:evaporation
326:radioactive
173:therapeutic
1891:Spa waters
1860:Categories
1802:Wild river
1482:Hydrograph
1472:Hack's law
1437:Baer's law
1381:Inundation
1366:Floodplain
1306:stormwater
1264:Whitewater
1136:Oxbow lake
973:Knickpoint
948:Deposition
841:Hot spring
782:Streamflow
772:Stream bed
689:Confluence
466:References
424:calcareous
409:travertine
368:– usually
351:travertine
316:soda water
310:contained
290:contained
253:contained
233:contained
197:colonnades
185:water cure
147:Epsom salt
139:soft water
115:hard water
73:Uttrakhand
1772:Limnology
1721:Triathlon
1691:Canyoning
1660:Revetment
1590:Check dam
1502:Main stem
1259:Waterfall
1146:Point bar
1131:Mouth bar
1071:Billabong
1018:Water gap
1013:Wash load
993:Saltation
913:Anabranch
836:Holy well
724:Tributary
420:siliceous
370:limestone
364:Types of
266:fumeroles
75:state of
69:Manikaran
67:Complex,
65:Gurudwara
1575:Aqueduct
1442:Baseflow
1409:Effluent
1086:Cut bank
1051:Avulsion
928:Bed load
908:Abrasion
502:NBC News
448:See also
438:limonite
349:Stepped
341:Deposits
119:minerals
93:Bulgaria
1866:Bathing
1752:Aquifer
1745:Related
1701:Rafting
1229:Meander
1224:Log jam
1186:Thalweg
1091:Estuary
963:Erosion
900:erosion
812:Springs
767:Current
734:Streams
674:Channel
637:springs
633:streams
590:13 July
546:. 2003.
405:calcite
334:uranium
205:pagodas
201:gazebos
175:value.
154:arsenic
111:springs
89:Breznik
1547:WAFLEX
1419:Sewage
1302:Floods
1244:Riffle
1239:Rapids
1181:Strath
1151:Ravine
1076:Canyon
831:Geyser
762:Coulee
747:Bourne
742:Arroyo
645:Rivers
629:Rivers
581:
486:. FDA.
330:radium
282:alkali
129:, and
1645:Levee
1630:Flume
1585:Canal
1329:Flood
1249:Shoal
1116:Gully
1111:Gulch
1081:Chine
1066:Bayou
923:Armor
875:Ponor
650:lists
540:(PDF)
519:(PDF)
413:Italy
314:gas (
215:Types
203:, or
131:gases
123:Salts
77:India
1675:Weir
1640:Leat
1304:and
1196:Wadi
1156:Rill
1121:Glen
1106:Gill
1056:Bank
898:and
863:list
846:list
817:list
752:Burn
635:and
592:2010
579:ISBN
428:tufa
359:Iran
292:lime
255:alum
245:iron
183:and
1595:Dam
1061:Bar
1036:Ait
400:).
332:or
71:in
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631:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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