579:
1618:
224:
282:
20:
1358:
1686:") for short, although neither expression appears in the constitution. The difference between ministers leading ministries and ministers leading Chancellery sections is mostly aesthetic. One the one hand, being the head of a ministry is obviously more prestigious than being the head of merely part of one. A second factor is that Chancellery sections, unlike ministries, can be created or dissolved without involving the legislature and so tend to be naturally more ephemeral. As a result, Chancellery ministers can be considered politically junior to regular ministers. On the other hand, Chancellery ministers are
528:
304:
1376:. The chancellor is appointed by the president unilaterally; ministers other than the chancellor are appointed on nomination by the chancellor. In theory, the president can also dismiss ministers: the chancellor can be removed unilaterally; individual ministers other than the chancellor can only be removed on request by the chancellor. The president can also remove, again unilaterally, the entire cabinet at once. In practice, the president does not forcibly dismiss either ministers or cabinets; they resign.
1208:
1484:
552:
686:
1423:. Even so, motions of no confidence are extremely common; they just never pass. Between 1945 and 2005, opposition parties have submitted no fewer 175 unsuccessful motions of no confidence in order to focus attention and create headlines. There were 65 motions of no confidence in the ten years from 2006 to 2016, i.e. more than six per year. As of 2017, motions of no confidence have been introduced against members of every single cabinet in the history of the Second Austrian Republic.
830:
61:
474:
758:
615:
956:
1126:
722:
898:
337:
501:
866:
794:
650:
1144:. The minister of the interior is responsible for public safety and for the correct conduct of elections and plebiscites; the minister of finance is responsible for tax collection, the preparation of budgets, and for certain aspects of economic policy; the minister of education runs the public school system; the minister of justice provides administrative assistance and facilities management for the
1349:) if the committee is satisfied there is no conflict of interest. Ministers may hold honorary positions but have to report them to the committee. Ministers may hold stakes in for-profit companies, but any such stakes have to be reported as well. If a minister and their spouse jointly control more than 25% of a corporation, that corporation is automatically excluded from public procurement.
1475:. If the court finds the minister guilty, the minister is removed from office. In certain minor cases, the Court can limit itself to merely noting the violation. In extreme cases, the court can strip the defendant of their political rights, although only for a limited term; this would prevent the defendant from holding either a ministry or any other political office for a while.
1648:) is highly political. As a consequence, responsibilities keep being shuffled around; ministries are created, dissolved, merged into others, or split in two – usually once per election cycle, sometimes twice or more. A minister designated to lead a ministry that does not yet exist can be made a minister without portfolio for the time being. A typical but notable example is
1305:. This means they need to be Austrian citizens, at least 18 years of age, and cannot have lost the right to stand as a candidate as a result of a criminal conviction. Generally speaking, Austria does not strip convicts of either the right to vote or the right to run, but criminal courts may pronounce a defendant temporarily disqualified if the defendant
1656:. Kreisky had decided to create a Ministry of Women's Affairs. Since creating a new ministry requires a statute to be enacted and promulgated, several weeks would pass between Kreisky taking office and the ministry becoming available. The designated minister – Firnberg – was made a minister without portfolio for the duration of the transitional period.
1638:
Ministers without portfolio are not a regular occurrence today, but the option is occasionally useful because most
Austrian governments are coalition governments; there has not been a single-party cabinet since 1971. The size of a coalition government does not always depend on the number of available
1426:
Unable to govern effectively without active majority support in the legislature, and in fact unable to stay in office without at least its tacit toleration, the cabinet derives not just its actual authority but also its abstract political legitimacy from the
National Council. It is thus customary for
1590:
In a coalition government, the vice chancellor is usually the leader of the junior coalition party. Ministers belonging to the vice chancellor's party will look to the vice chancellor, not the chancellor, for leadership. The result is that vice chancellors, like chancellors, are more influential in
1309:
has been sentenced to a jail term of at least one year for treason, espionage, terrorism, war crimes, or crimes against humanity, for an attempt to undermine national security, for attempting to blackmail or intimidate justices, legislators, or senior administrators, for attempting to compromise an
1693:
Even though the chancellor can create
Chancellery sections without having to wait for statutes to be passed and promulgated, the process can take time. As a result, Chancellery ministers too sometimes start their tenures in the cabinet as ministers without portfolio. As of September 2018, the most
1600:
role as the deputy head of the
Chancellery, a ministry of his or her own; alternatively, the vice chancellor can be given full autonomous control of a specific Chancellery subdepartment. Since the duties of a vice chancellor by themselves are not particularly taxing, vice chancellors are generally
1107:
Legally, the terms "minister" and "member of
Cabinet" are interchangeable. However, the general public usually does not think of the chancellor and the vice chancellor as ministers. In the press and colloquial language, the chancellor and vice chancellor are almost always referred to by their
1586:
The vice chancellor stands in for the chancellor whenever the chancellor is unavailable. No special resolution or proclamation is necessary for the vice chancellor to become acting chancellor; the vice chancellor simply takes charge wherever expediency requires. If a cabinet session has been
1520:
The chancellor is the first minister of any new cabinet to be appointed and represents the cabinet vis-a-vis the president. Ministers other than the chancellor can only be appointed on nomination by the chancellor. The president also needs the chancellor's active cooperation to
1639:
ministries alone. In many governments, the relative strengths of the two parties in the
National Council call for a seat ratio in the cabinet that is difficult to approximate with the ministries at hand; a supernumerary minister or two can help reach the necessary compromise.
1264:, for example, can be delegated to the minister of justice. With the exception of apex court judges, principals of public secondary schools, and a few handfuls of top-level ministerial officers, prosecutors, and army brass, functionaries are usually appointed by ministers.
1283:. Exercising the powers vested in the cabinet requires a formal resolution passed in a formal plenary session; the quorum is a simple majority. Informally, the body of ministers meeting to exercise the collective responsibilities of the cabinet is often called the
1193:). Both powers follow from the postulate that supreme executive organs hold ultimate responsibility; a government officer cannot be considered responsible for what they cannot effectively control. However, some subdivisions of a ministry are independent (
1245:, includes judges, prosecutors, military officers, police officers, professors at public universities, and all senior administrators. In the past, it also used to include most other government workers, from local taxative clerks to school teachers.
1239:) are career civil servants with an effective lifetime appointment. A functionary can only be terminated for cause and enjoys sound protection from unfavorable transfers and reassignments. The collective of functionaries, known as the
1427:
the cabinet to resign not just when the ruling coalition breaks down but also whenever a new
National Council is elected. The constitution requires the president to put caretaker ministers in charge of the positions being vacated ("
1449:
In addition to being politically answerable to the president and the legislature, ministers are also legally liable for any misconduct in office. The constitution stipulates that
Austria is run according to the principle of the
1387:
republic. The main reason is that ministers are politically answerable not only to the president but to the legislature as well. The president is required to dismiss any minister the
National Council censures with a
1532:
abrogating statutes. The chancellor is the officer who formally presents bills to be signed into law to the president, and the president's signature only becomes effective with the chancellor's countersignature.
1392:. The National Council can also order to president to dismiss the entire cabinet. As a result, the president is more or less forced to appoint as chancellor whichever majority leader the legislature preselects.
1150:
1019:
1642:
Another factor is that different parties cater to different constituencies and therefore demand different areas of responsibility, meaning that the division of responsibilities into portfolios (
1379:
The fact that the cabinet is installed by the president, who is elected directly by the people, and not by parliament is one of the features of the
Austrian constitution that impart a
3972:
3789:
Müller, Wolfgang Claudius (2003). "Austria: Imperfect Parliamentarism but Fully-Fledged Party Democracy". In Strøm, Kaare; Müller, Wolfgang Claudius; Bergman, Torbjörn (eds.).
3809:
1181:), meaning the minister is in charge of making policy, of making most personnel decisions, and of internal governance and discipline. They also bear operational authority (
1587:
scheduled and the chancellor is unable to attend, for instance, the vice chancellor is permitted, and in fact expected, to chair the meeting in the chancellor's stead.
3711:
3690:
1653:
1535:
If the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his or her office, the chancellor takes over as acting president for a period of up to twenty days.
488:
1343:
Ministers cannot hold for-profit, private sector employment, although they may be exempt from this rule by the National Council's Incompatibility Committee (
516:
3567:
1702:. BlĂĽmel was first sworn in as a minister without portfolio on December 18, 2017, then sworn in again as a Chancellery minister on January 8, 2018.
1649:
1437:, or senior civil servants. In practice, the president simply offers to reappoint each departing minister to the office, the ministers accept; the
1433:") to prevent disruption of daily operational management of the bureaucracy. In theory, the president could appoint selected departing ministers,
3768:
996:
177:
453:
447:
442:
1460:). Among other things, this means that it is illegal for ministers to try to exercise powers not explicitly vested in them by statute.
3524:
1221:
An important part of the responsibilities of most ministers is personnel decisions. Austria distinguishes between two basic types of
1085:
81:
1631:
The constitution does not require that every minister be put in charge of a ministry; president and chancellor are free to install
1279:
within his or her designated topic area, there are several types of decisions with respect to which the supreme executive organ is
567:
3669:
1674:, the ministry led by the chancellor. Ministers leading Chancellery sections are commonly called "ministers in the Chancellery" ("
3993:
3830:
3488:
3472:
1329:
1257:
366:
1317:
Parts of the sentence suspended for probation do not count. The disqualification is lifted once the sentence has been served.
969:
4018:
3942:
3923:
3904:
3858:
3798:
3658:
3513:
3462:
3443:
3424:
737:
1545:, the power to issue directives or policy guidelines to other ministers. On paper, this means that the chancellor is a mere
1399:. The last time an Austrian president rebuked a parliamentary majority leader was in the context of the installation of the
1133:
467:
430:
425:
420:
578:
1333:
845:
701:
508:
406:
401:
396:
354:
3752:
1561:
parliamentary majority leader makes him or her the most powerful person in Austrian politics by a comfortable margin.
3961:
3881:
3741:
3639:
1687:
1276:
1172:
1061:
989:
1528:
The chancellor directs the promulgation of parliamentary resolutions, particularly statutes, and of verdicts of the
4066:
3994:"Unvereinbarkeits- und Transparenz-Gesetz (Unv-Transparenz-G) as last amended September 15, 2017 by BGBl. 138/2017"
1171:
Ministers can be given control of more than one ministry. Within their area of responsibility, the minister is the
913:
629:
4061:
1529:
1472:
1325:
1253:
665:
342:
156:
1310:
election or a plebiscite, or for attempting to undermine Austria's neutrality or Austria's foreign relations;
1211:
135:
34:
1267:
Another power the president can and does delegate to ministers is the right to sign international treaties.
4056:
982:
1400:
122:
1383:
appearance to the country. The appearance is superficial; as a matter of political reality, Austria is a
1337:
889:
849:
773:
1632:
1581:
1302:
1148:; and so on. The minister is assisted by a department usually, although not always, called a ministry (
1101:
1069:
1053:
809:
586:
480:
311:
230:
172:
1434:
1109:
289:
104:
3952:
Stadler, Karl R (1983). "Ernst Streeruwitz". In Weissensteiner, Friedrich; Weinzierl, Erika (eds.).
223:
1380:
881:
729:
535:
143:
26:
19:
1617:
281:
3504:
Croissant, Aurel (2010) . "Regierungssysteme und Demokratietypen". In Lauth, Hans-Joachim (ed.).
1602:
1389:
1089:
1057:
109:
99:
77:
1357:
1073:
939:
1699:
1671:
1625:
1606:
1569:
1514:
1500:
1280:
1141:
1097:
1093:
1049:
1042:
1038:
801:
741:
595:
269:
151:
94:
38:
3892:
3814:
1438:
1384:
1373:
1321:
1284:
1261:
1249:
1214:
1145:
1065:
705:
559:
384:
330:
130:
23:
1412:
8:
3716:
3695:
3614:
3609:
3593:
3588:
3550:
3545:
1313:
has been sentenced to a jail term of at least five years for some other premeditated act.
1163:
1032:
777:
633:
245:
217:
193:
89:
52:
1252:. However, the constitution allows the president to delegate this task. Justices of the
3870:
1565:
1546:
1506:
934:
200:
237:
4014:
3957:
3938:
3919:
3900:
3877:
3854:
3794:
3737:
3654:
3635:
3509:
3489:"Bundesministeriengesetz (BMinG) as last amended December 28, 2017 by BGBl. 164/2017"
3458:
3439:
3420:
608:
3831:"Nationalrats-Wahlordnung 1992 (NRWO) as last amended May 17, 2018 by BGBl. 32/2018"
1594:
The constitution permits the vice chancellor to be given, in addition to his or her
1420:
527:
3846:
1695:
1621:
30:
1154:
1023:
714:
303:
3773:
3734:
Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries
3572:
3473:"Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz (B-VG) as last amended May 15, 2018 by BGBl. 22/2018"
1404:
1064:
within their area of responsibility. Ministers do not report to the either the
960:
917:
520:
70:
1408:
4050:
1487:
1365:
1361:
1222:
837:
693:
571:
544:
492:
261:
253:
185:
164:
685:
551:
1416:
1207:
1199:), they are subject to managerial authority but not operational authority.
1140:
Generally speaking, a minister is responsible for a specific topic area of
813:
669:
4029:
1549:. In reality, the chancellor's triple role as chairperson of the cabinet,
1490:
was a minister for almost twenty years, thirteen of them as the chancellor
1483:
3457:(11th ed.). Vienna: Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung.
1664:
Instead of a ministry, ministers can also be put in charge of a section (
1468:
1464:
1451:
1129:
829:
4009:
Widder, Helmut (1980). "Die Gesetzgebung". In Schambeck, Herbert (ed.).
3529:
1396:
905:
678:
642:
621:
473:
1698:, minister of European affairs, the Art, Culture and the Media in the
60:
1624:, a minister without portfolio and later Chancellery minister in the
822:
657:
1340:. There are no rules against members of Parliament being ministers.
1260:
have to be appointed directly by the president, but appointments to
1217:
is in charge of appointing Austria's judges in the president's stead
757:
614:
2636:
1609:, doubles as the Chancellery minister of Civil Service and Sports.
1572:, the only ministry the constitution actually guarantees to exist.
1293:). The term is colloquial; it does not appear in the constitution.
1125:
750:
4011:
Das Ă–sterreichische Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz und seine Entwicklung
1591:
reality than a literal reading of the constitution would suggest.
721:
1010:
926:
897:
336:
865:
793:
500:
3977:
3674:
1248:
Officially, all federal functionaries must be appointed by the
1234:
873:
765:
649:
1231:) are regular workers subject to labor law and functionaries (
1690:
within their respective domains just like regular ministers.
1395:
Austrian presidents gladly accept that their role is that of
1336:
cannot serve as a minister; neither can the president of the
3508:(3rd revised ed.). VS Verlag fĂĽr Sozialwissenschaften.
2390:
2180:
1463:
Ministers accused of not just political malpractice but of
1301:
Prospective ministers must be eligible for election to the
858:
786:
3937:. Vienna: Verlag des österreichischen Gewerkschaftbundes.
3897:
Der österreichische Bundespräsident: Das unterschätzte Amt
3791:
Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies
3092:
1441:
is identical to the conventional government preceding it.
3104:
3080:
2900:
2696:
1407:
first preemptively announced he would refuse to appoint
3670:"Die Ablehnung von zwei "Ministern": eine Inszenierung"
3218:
2888:
2228:
1509:
and is set apart from other ministers in several ways:
3230:
1048:
Most ministers are responsible for a specific area of
3793:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 221–252.
2624:
2426:
1112:
are sometimes referred to as members of the Cabinet.
3648:
2912:
2684:
2642:
1320:
Ministers are subject to incompatibility rules. The
1175:. The minister is vested with managerial authority (
3810:"Welches Demokratiemodell haben wir in Ă–sterreich?"
3587:
3149:
2924:
2708:
2300:
1041:that usually leads a ministry or a division of the
3869:
1712:
1539:One power the chancellor notably does not have is
1068:or the chancellor. Their decisions are subject to
1132:was Austria's first female minister, leading the
1072:but cannot be overruled by any other part of the
4048:
3753:"Ein Bundespräsident, der das Dilemma vorhersah"
3417:Grundriss des österreichischen Verfassungsrechts
1202:
3736:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
1601:happy to avail themselves of the opportunity.
1430:mit der FortfĂĽhrung der Verwaltung ... betrauen
1037:'federal minister') is a member of the
3808:MĂĽller, Wolfgang Claudius (December 9, 2016).
3634:(2nd ed.). Vienna: Böhlau Studienbücher.
3506:Vergleichende Regierungslehre: Eine EinfĂĽhrung
1612:
1115:
3992:
3632:Ă–sterreichische und deutsche Rechtsgeschichte
2396:
2375:
990:
3973:"Was Sie ĂĽber die Angelobung wissen sollten"
3890:
3568:"Misstrauensanträge in der Zweiten Republik"
2702:
2069:
1681:
1675:
1665:
1643:
1540:
1455:
1428:
1344:
1288:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
3767:Marchart, Jan Michael (February 16, 2017).
3525:"Der Präsident zwischen Macht und Ohnmacht"
3438:(6th ed.). Vienna: Ă–sterreich Verlag.
1595:
1556:
1550:
4030:"Regierungsbildung insbesondere 1999/2000"
3918:(3rd revised ed.). Vienna: Springer.
3750:
3608:
3275:
2669:
1513:The chancellor chairs the sessions of the
997:
983:
3956:. Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Bundesverlag.
3932:
3913:
3544:
3503:
3452:
3414:
3389:
3341:
3251:
3179:
3086:
3071:
2981:
2951:
2837:
2771:
2747:
2729:
2615:
2585:
2525:
2453:
2447:
2345:
2321:
2255:
2219:
2201:
2171:
2153:
2129:
2099:
2009:
1979:
1961:
1913:
1883:
1859:
1829:
1805:
1739:
1733:
3845:
3766:
3731:
3565:
3371:
3311:
3203:
3185:
3131:
3098:
3041:
2987:
2963:
2879:
2849:
2813:
2783:
2741:
2690:
2603:
2561:
2501:
2489:
2471:
2417:
2357:
2291:
2267:
2165:
2111:
2057:
2039:
2003:
1973:
1937:
1907:
1853:
1835:
1799:
1769:
1659:
1616:
1482:
1356:
1206:
1124:
18:
3951:
3867:
3667:
3236:
3209:
3110:
3017:
2993:
2663:
2630:
2609:
2567:
2507:
2432:
2213:
2063:
1270:
1060:but are rare today. A minister is the
47:This article is part of a series on the
16:Member of the Austrian National Cabinet
4049:
4008:
3807:
3788:
3751:Magenschab, Hans (September 7, 2011).
3668:Kittner, Daniela (November 17, 2017).
3522:
2657:
2597:
2531:
2495:
2465:
1364:being appointed minister by President
1056:exist and used to be common under the
4027:
3970:
3876:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
3769:"Der Präsident soll schlanker werden"
3689:
3649:Kempf, Udo; Hartmann, JĂĽrgen (2011).
3455:Ă–sterreichische Verfassungsgeschichte
3433:
3365:
3335:
3305:
3281:
3257:
3224:
3065:
3011:
2957:
2873:
2843:
2807:
2777:
2735:
2675:
2591:
2555:
2381:
2351:
2327:
2261:
2207:
2186:
2159:
2135:
2105:
2075:
2033:
1967:
1931:
1901:
1877:
1793:
1763:
1525:a minister other than the chancellor.
1275:While every minister is a one-person
3935:Die österreichische Bundesverfassung
3629:
2459:
1605:for example, vice chancellor in the
1187:), the power to issue instructions (
1108:specific titles. Additionally, the
3651:Staatsoberhäupter in der Demokratie
13:
3954:Die österreichischen Bundeskanzler
3853:(7th ed.). Vienna: Facultas.
3566:Hämmerle, Walter (April 7, 2005).
3523:Fritzl, Martin (October 4, 2013).
3419:(4th ed.). Vienna: Springer.
1575:
1411:, then in fact refused Chancellor
14:
4078:
3971:Temel, Peter (January 25, 2017).
3487:
3329:
1120:
3829:
3710:
3471:
3395:
3359:
3299:
3173:
3155:
3125:
3059:
3035:
2945:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2867:
2831:
2801:
2765:
2714:
2549:
2411:
2306:
2285:
2249:
2234:
2093:
2027:
1997:
1955:
1823:
1787:
1757:
1718:
1680:") or "Chancellery ministers" ("
1555:coadjutor of the president, and
1478:
1467:violations of actual law can be
954:
896:
864:
828:
792:
756:
720:
684:
648:
613:
577:
550:
526:
499:
472:
335:
302:
280:
222:
59:
3380:
3350:
3320:
3290:
3266:
3242:
3194:
3164:
3140:
3116:
3050:
3026:
3002:
2972:
2936:
2858:
2822:
2792:
2756:
2720:
2648:
2576:
2540:
2516:
2480:
2438:
2402:
2366:
2336:
2312:
2276:
2240:
2192:
2144:
2120:
2084:
2048:
2018:
1988:
1946:
1372:Ministers are appointed by the
1922:
1892:
1868:
1844:
1814:
1778:
1748:
1724:
1457:Gesetzmäßigkeit der Verwaltung
1444:
1352:
1296:
1079:
1:
3872:Out of the Shadow of the Past
3408:
2510:, pp. 38–39, 46, 50, 56.
1494:
1203:Delegated presidential powers
1168:'federal ministry').
3916:Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht
3914:Raschauer, Bernhard (2009).
1705:
1568:the chancellor leads is the
1330:Supreme Administrative Court
1258:Supreme Administrative Court
1104:, and the other ministers".
367:Supreme Administrative Court
319:Joint session of both houses
7:
3453:Brauneder, Wilhelm (2009).
1633:ministers without portfolio
1613:Ministers without portfolio
1368:, a former minister himself
1116:Powers and responsibilities
1054:Ministers without portfolio
10:
4083:
3415:Adamovich, Ludwig (1947).
1582:Vice-Chancellor of Austria
1579:
1498:
1134:Ministry of Social Affairs
1086:Federal Constitutional Law
373:(administrative law cases)
361:(civil and criminal cases)
4013:. Duncker & Humblot.
3589:"Heinz-Christian Strache"
2643:Kempf & Hartmann 2011
1401:first SchĂĽssel government
1346:Unvereinbarkeitsausschuss
1225:; contractual employees (
1088:, the centerpiece of the
297:Upper house of parliament
3933:Ringhofer, Kurt (1977).
3732:Lijphart, Arend (1999).
2492:, pp. 116–121, 141.
1688:supreme executive organs
1654:first Kreisky government
1334:Supreme Court of Justice
355:Supreme Court of Justice
144:Alexander Van der Bellen
27:Alexander Van der Bellen
4067:Constitution of Austria
4028:Welan, Manfred (2000).
3868:Pelinka, Peter (1998).
3150:Heinz-Christian Strache
1603:Heinz-Christian Strache
1390:motion of no confidence
1277:supreme executive organ
1173:supreme executive organ
1062:supreme executive organ
1058:First Austrian Republic
509:Social Democratic Party
3895:; Cede, Franz (2017).
3434:Berka, Walter (2016).
3128:, Art. 77 (3), 78 (2).
1682:
1677:Minister im Kanzleramt
1676:
1666:
1644:
1628:
1596:
1557:
1551:
1541:
1505:The chancellor is the
1491:
1456:
1429:
1415:'s request to appoint
1369:
1345:
1289:
1281:the cabinet as a whole
1241:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1158:
1137:
1027:
41:
4062:Government of Austria
3630:Hoke, Rudolf (1996).
1700:First Kurz government
1660:Chancellery ministers
1626:First Kurz government
1620:
1607:First Kurz government
1501:Chancellor of Austria
1486:
1360:
1210:
1142:public administration
1128:
1090:Austrian Constitution
1050:public administration
596:Beate Meinl-Reisinger
39:First Kurz government
22:
3996:. September 15, 2017
3815:University of Vienna
3206:, pp. 106, 110.
2618:, pp. 227, 234.
2456:, pp. 122, 129.
1542:Richtlinienkompetenz
1530:Constitutional Court
1473:Constitutional Court
1439:caretaker government
1326:Constitutional Court
1285:Council of Ministers
1271:Council of Ministers
1254:Constitutional Court
343:Constitutional Court
4057:Politics of Austria
3717:Austrian Parliament
3696:Austrian Parliament
3615:Austrian Parliament
3594:Austrian Parliament
3551:Austrian Parliament
3491:. December 28, 2017
2990:, pp. 113–114.
2534:, pp. 372–373.
2450:, pp. 213–215.
2270:, pp. 374–375.
2258:, pp. 174–175.
2204:, pp. 177–178.
1683:Kanzleramtsminister
1403:in 1999; President
1324:, a justice of the
1228:Vertragsbedienstete
1212:Minister of Justice
1092:, states that "the
194:Nehammer government
53:Politics of Austria
35:minister of finance
3891:Prosl, Christian;
2612:, pp. 56, 61.
2564:, Rz 346–347, 515.
2504:, Rz 342–354, 483.
2168:, Rz 503, 506–508.
1958:, Art. 65 (2), 86.
1694:recent example is
1652:, a member of the
1629:
1547:primus inter pares
1507:head of government
1492:
1370:
1219:
1138:
961:Austria portal
882:Mayor and Governor
42:
4020:978-3-428-44741-1
3944:978-3-703-50191-3
3925:978-3-211-99261-6
3906:978-3-706-55888-4
3899:. Studienverlag.
3893:Adamovich, Ludwig
3860:978-3-708-90152-7
3800:978-0-198-29784-0
3660:978-3-531-93382-5
3515:978-3-531-17309-2
3464:978-3-214-14876-8
3445:978-3-7046-7281-0
3426:978-3-709-13505-1
3212:, pp. 60–61.
3113:, pp. 60–61.
3020:, pp. 60–62.
2996:, pp. 59–60.
2703:Prosl et al. 2017
2397:Unv-Transparenz-G
2376:Unv-Transparenz-G
2156:, pp. 177–8.
2070:Prosl et al. 2017
1904:, Rz 644, 647>
1645:Ressortaufteilung
1435:state secretaries
1413:Wolfgang SchĂĽssel
1381:semi-presidential
1338:Court of Auditors
1167:
1159:Bundesministerium
1136:from 1966 to 1970
1110:state secretaries
1036:
1007:
1006:
468:Political parties
349:(judicial review)
4074:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4024:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3967:
3948:
3929:
3910:
3887:
3875:
3864:
3851:Verfassungsrecht
3842:
3840:
3838:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3804:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3747:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3664:
3645:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3610:"Herta Firnberg"
3605:
3603:
3601:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3519:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3468:
3449:
3436:Verfassungsrecht
3430:
3402:
3384:
3378:
3354:
3348:
3324:
3318:
3294:
3288:
3270:
3264:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3198:
3192:
3168:
3162:
3144:
3138:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3054:
3048:
3030:
3024:
3006:
3000:
2976:
2970:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2862:
2856:
2826:
2820:
2796:
2790:
2760:
2754:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2580:
2574:
2544:
2538:
2520:
2514:
2484:
2478:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2370:
2364:
2340:
2334:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2280:
2274:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2148:
2142:
2124:
2118:
2088:
2082:
2052:
2046:
2022:
2016:
1992:
1986:
1950:
1944:
1926:
1920:
1896:
1890:
1872:
1866:
1848:
1842:
1818:
1812:
1782:
1776:
1752:
1746:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1685:
1679:
1669:
1647:
1599:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1459:
1432:
1421:Thomas Prinzhorn
1348:
1303:National Council
1292:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1162:
1153:
1096:consists of the
1074:executive branch
1031:
1022:
999:
992:
985:
963:
959:
958:
957:
900:
868:
832:
796:
760:
724:
688:
652:
617:
581:
554:
530:
503:
476:
339:
312:Federal Assembly
306:
284:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
231:National Council
226:
63:
44:
43:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4021:
3999:
3997:
3983:
3981:
3964:
3945:
3926:
3907:
3884:
3861:
3836:
3834:
3820:
3818:
3801:
3779:
3777:
3757:
3755:
3744:
3722:
3720:
3701:
3699:
3680:
3678:
3661:
3642:
3620:
3618:
3599:
3597:
3578:
3576:
3556:
3554:
3546:"Gernot BlĂĽmel"
3535:
3533:
3516:
3494:
3492:
3478:
3476:
3465:
3446:
3427:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:, Art. 49, 49a.
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2810:, Rz 1144–1145.
2804:, Art. 142 (4).
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:, Rz 487, 1048.
2761:
2757:
2753:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2670:Magenschab 2011
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2023:
2019:
2015:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1662:
1615:
1584:
1578:
1576:Vice chancellor
1503:
1497:
1481:
1447:
1355:
1299:
1273:
1223:public servants
1205:
1149:
1123:
1118:
1102:vice chancellor
1082:
1070:judicial review
1018:
1003:
974:
970:Other countries
955:
953:
952:
945:
944:
931:
611:
601:
600:
470:
460:
459:
387:
377:
376:
333:
323:
322:
300:
290:Federal Council
278:
272:
270:Meinl-Reisinger
264:
256:
248:
240:
220:
210:
209:
190:
173:Vice Chancellor
125:
115:
114:
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4045:
4044:
4025:
4019:
4006:
3990:
3968:
3962:
3949:
3943:
3930:
3924:
3911:
3905:
3888:
3882:
3865:
3859:
3847:Ă–hlinger, Theo
3843:
3833:. May 17, 2018
3827:
3805:
3799:
3786:
3774:Wiener Zeitung
3764:
3748:
3742:
3729:
3708:
3687:
3665:
3659:
3646:
3640:
3627:
3606:
3585:
3573:Wiener Zeitung
3563:
3542:
3520:
3514:
3501:
3485:
3475:. May 15, 2018
3469:
3463:
3450:
3444:
3431:
3425:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3362:, Art. 77 (3).
3356:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:Raschauer 2009
3339:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3302:, Art. 77 (3).
3296:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3276:Herta Firnberg
3272:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3254:, p. 174.
3252:Adamovich 1947
3248:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3182:, p. 174.
3180:Adamovich 1947
3177:
3176:, Art. 78 (1).
3170:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3103:
3091:
3089:, p. 176.
3087:Adamovich 1947
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:, Rz 241, 254.
3072:Raschauer 2009
3069:
3063:
3062:, Art. 69 (2).
3056:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3038:, Art. 77 (3).
3032:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3014:, Rz 702, 706.
3008:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2984:, p. 241.
2982:Brauneder 2009
2978:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2954:, p. 167.
2952:Adamovich 1947
2949:
2942:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2897:, Art. 37, 40.
2887:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2876:, Rz 698, 700.
2871:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2840:, p. 173.
2838:Adamovich 1947
2835:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2774:, p. 160.
2772:Adamovich 1947
2769:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:Raschauer 2009
2745:
2744:, Rz 343, 356.
2739:
2733:
2732:, p. 160.
2730:Adamovich 1947
2726:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2645:, p. 139.
2635:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:Ringhofer 1977
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:, p. 175.
2586:Adamovich 1947
2582:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2528:, p. 178.
2526:Adamovich 1947
2522:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2462:, p. 472.
2457:
2454:Croissant 2010
2451:
2448:Brauneder 2009
2444:
2437:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:, Rz 352, 601.
2355:
2349:
2348:, p. 174.
2346:Adamovich 1947
2342:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2324:, p. 174.
2322:Adamovich 1947
2318:
2311:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2264:, Rz 514, 698.
2259:
2256:Adamovich 1947
2253:
2252:, Art. 26 (4).
2246:
2239:
2237:, Art. 70 (2).
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:Raschauer 2009
2217:
2211:
2205:
2202:Adamovich 1947
2198:
2191:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:Raschauer 2009
2169:
2163:
2162:, Rz 693, 696.
2157:
2154:Adamovich 1947
2150:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:, p. 173.
2130:Adamovich 1947
2126:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2102:, p. 167.
2100:Adamovich 1947
2097:
2096:, Art. 66 (2).
2090:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:, Rz 248, 255.
2010:Raschauer 2009
2007:
2001:
2000:, Art. 66 (1).
1994:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:, Rz 248, 255.
1980:Raschauer 2009
1977:
1976:, Rz 494, 496.
1971:
1965:
1964:, p. 169.
1962:Adamovich 1947
1959:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1934:, Rz 644, 649.
1928:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:, Rz 357, 359.
1914:Raschauer 2009
1911:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:Raschauer 2009
1881:
1880:, Rz 644, 651.
1874:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:, Rz 241, 253.
1860:Raschauer 2009
1857:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:, p. 174.
1830:Adamovich 1947
1827:
1826:, Art. 77 (4).
1820:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:, Rz 253, 257.
1806:Raschauer 2009
1803:
1797:
1791:
1790:, Art. 77 (1).
1784:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:Raschauer 2009
1737:
1736:, p. 173.
1734:Adamovich 1947
1730:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1661:
1658:
1650:Herta Firnberg
1614:
1611:
1580:Main article:
1577:
1574:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1499:Main article:
1496:
1493:
1480:
1477:
1446:
1443:
1405:Thomas Klestil
1354:
1351:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1298:
1295:
1272:
1269:
1262:general courts
1204:
1201:
1184:Weisungsgewalt
1178:Leitungsgewalt
1122:
1121:Administration
1119:
1117:
1114:
1081:
1078:
1028:Bundesminister
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
994:
987:
979:
976:
975:
973:
972:
966:
965:
964:
947:
946:
943:
942:
940:Municipalities
937:
930:
929:
922:
921:
910:
909:
894:
893:
890:Michael Ludwig
886:
885:
878:
877:
862:
861:
854:
853:
842:
841:
826:
825:
818:
817:
806:
805:
790:
789:
782:
781:
770:
769:
754:
753:
746:
745:
734:
733:
718:
717:
710:
709:
698:
697:
682:
681:
674:
673:
662:
661:
646:
645:
638:
637:
626:
625:
612:
609:Federal states
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
591:
590:
575:
574:
564:
563:
548:
547:
540:
539:
524:
523:
521:Andreas Babler
513:
512:
497:
496:
485:
484:
481:People's Party
471:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
450:
445:
439:
438:
434:
433:
428:
423:
417:
416:
412:
411:
404:
399:
393:
392:
388:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
363:
362:
358:
357:
351:
350:
346:
345:
334:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
316:
315:
299:
298:
294:
293:
235:
234:
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
197:
196:
189:
188:
182:
181:
168:
167:
161:
160:
147:
146:
140:
139:
126:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
110:Supreme organs
107:
102:
97:
92:
86:
85:
74:
69:
68:
65:
64:
56:
55:
49:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4079:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4038:September 28,
4031:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4000:September 28,
3995:
3991:
3984:September 28,
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3963:3-215-04669-5
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3883:0-8133-2918-3
3879:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:September 28,
3832:
3828:
3821:September 28,
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3780:September 28,
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3758:September 28,
3754:
3749:
3745:
3743:0-300-07893-5
3739:
3735:
3730:
3723:September 28,
3719:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3702:September 28,
3698:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3681:September 28,
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3641:3-205-98179-0
3637:
3633:
3628:
3621:September 28,
3617:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3600:September 28,
3596:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3579:September 28,
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3557:September 28,
3553:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3536:September 28,
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3495:September 28,
3490:
3486:
3479:September 28,
3474:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:Gernot BlĂĽmel
3388:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3372:Ă–hlinger 2007
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3312:Ă–hlinger 2007
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3204:Lijphart 1999
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3186:Ă–hlinger 2007
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3132:Ă–hlinger 2007
3130:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3100:
3099:Ă–hlinger 2007
3095:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3042:Ă–hlinger 2007
3040:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:Lijphart 1999
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2964:Ă–hlinger 2007
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2880:Ă–hlinger 2007
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2850:Ă–hlinger 2007
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2814:Ă–hlinger 2007
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2784:Ă–hlinger 2007
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2742:Ă–hlinger 2007
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2691:Hämmerle 2005
2687:
2678:, p. 25.
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2633:, p. 58.
2632:
2627:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:Ă–hlinger 2007
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:, Rz 697–699.
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2570:, p. 38.
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:Ă–hlinger 2007
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:Ă–hlinger 2007
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:Lijphart 1999
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2472:Ă–hlinger 2007
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2435:, p. 56.
2434:
2429:
2419:
2418:Ă–hlinger 2007
2416:
2414:, Art 70 (1).
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2358:Ă–hlinger 2007
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2292:Ă–hlinger 2007
2290:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2268:Ă–hlinger 2007
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2218:
2216:, p. 52.
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2189:, Rz 710–711.
2188:
2183:
2174:, Rz 249–252.
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:Ă–hlinger 2007
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2112:Ă–hlinger 2007
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:, p. 62.
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:Marchart 2017
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2040:Ă–hlinger 2007
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:Ă–hlinger 2007
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:Ă–hlinger 2007
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1938:Ă–hlinger 2007
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:Ă–hlinger 2007
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1886:, Rz 356–358.
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1858:
1856:, Rz 503–505.
1855:
1854:Ă–hlinger 2007
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1836:Ă–hlinger 2007
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:Ă–hlinger 2007
1798:
1796:, Rz 716–717.
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1772:, Rz 506–508.
1771:
1770:Ă–hlinger 2007
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:Gernot BlĂĽmel
1691:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1622:Gernot BlĂĽmel
1619:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1489:
1488:Bruno Kreisky
1485:
1479:Special cases
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1385:parliamentary
1382:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1366:Heinz Fischer
1363:
1362:Thomas Drozda
1359:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
981:
980:
978:
977:
971:
968:
967:
962:
951:
950:
949:
948:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
924:
923:
919:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
903:
902:
901:
899:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
871:
870:
869:
867:
860:
856:
855:
851:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
838:Upper Austria
835:
834:
833:
831:
824:
820:
819:
815:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
799:
798:
797:
795:
788:
784:
783:
779:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
763:
762:
761:
759:
752:
748:
747:
743:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
725:
723:
716:
712:
711:
707:
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
694:Lower Austria
691:
690:
689:
687:
680:
676:
675:
671:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
655:
654:
653:
651:
644:
640:
639:
635:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
619:
618:
616:
610:
605:
604:
597:
593:
592:
589:
588:
584:
583:
582:
580:
573:
572:Werner Kogler
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
557:
556:
555:
553:
546:
545:Herbert Kickl
542:
541:
538:
537:
536:Freedom Party
533:
532:
531:
529:
522:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
506:
505:
504:
502:
494:
493:Karl Nehammer
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
478:
477:
475:
469:
464:
463:
456:
455:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
436:
435:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:Presidential:
414:
413:
410:
409:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
386:
381:
380:
372:
371:
368:
365:
364:
360:
359:
356:
353:
352:
348:
347:
344:
341:
340:
338:
332:
327:
326:
318:
317:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
305:
296:
295:
292:
291:
287:
286:
285:
283:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
233:
232:
228:
227:
225:
219:
214:
213:
206:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
191:
187:
186:Werner Kogler
184:
183:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
165:Karl Nehammer
163:
162:
158:
154:
153:
149:
148:
145:
142:
141:
137:
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
119:
118:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
72:
67:
66:
62:
58:
57:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
32:
31:Hartwig Löger
28:
25:
21:
4036:. Retrieved
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3982:. Retrieved
3976:
3953:
3934:
3915:
3896:
3871:
3850:
3835:. Retrieved
3819:. Retrieved
3813:
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3772:
3756:. Retrieved
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3715:
3700:. Retrieved
3694:
3679:. Retrieved
3673:
3653:. Springer.
3650:
3631:
3619:. Retrieved
3613:
3598:. Retrieved
3592:
3577:. Retrieved
3571:
3555:. Retrieved
3549:
3534:. Retrieved
3528:
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3477:. Retrieved
3454:
3435:
3416:
3382:
3352:
3322:
3292:
3268:
3244:
3237:Stadler 1983
3232:
3220:
3210:Pelinka 1998
3196:
3166:
3142:
3118:
3111:Pelinka 1998
3106:
3094:
3082:
3052:
3028:
3018:Pelinka 1998
3004:
2994:Pelinka 1998
2974:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2860:
2824:
2794:
2758:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2664:Kittner 2017
2650:
2638:
2631:Pelinka 1998
2626:
2610:Pelinka 1998
2578:
2568:Pelinka 1998
2542:
2518:
2508:Pelinka 1998
2482:
2440:
2433:Pelinka 1998
2428:
2404:
2392:
2368:
2338:
2314:
2302:
2278:
2242:
2230:
2214:Pelinka 1998
2194:
2182:
2146:
2122:
2086:
2064:Pelinka 1998
2050:
2020:
1990:
1948:
1924:
1894:
1870:
1846:
1816:
1780:
1750:
1726:
1714:
1692:
1663:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1563:
1538:
1504:
1462:
1448:
1425:
1417:Hilmar Kabas
1394:
1378:
1371:
1342:
1319:
1316:
1300:
1274:
1266:
1247:
1242:Beamtenstand
1220:
1196:weisungsfrei
1170:
1139:
1106:
1083:
1047:
1014:
1008:
904:
895:
872:
863:
836:
827:
800:
791:
764:
755:
728:
719:
715:Sankt Pölten
706:Mikl-Leitner
692:
683:
656:
647:
620:
594:Chairwoman:
585:
576:
558:
549:
534:
525:
507:
498:
479:
452:
407:
391:Legislative:
310:
301:
288:
279:
273:
265:
257:
249:
246:Rendi-Wagner
241:
236:
229:
204:
171:
150:
129:
100:Human rights
95:State Treaty
78:Constitution
29:swearing in
3691:"Kreisky I"
2921:, Art. 140.
2768:, Art. 142.
2658:Fritzl 2013
2598:MĂĽller 2016
2532:Widder 1980
2496:MĂĽller 2016
2466:MĂĽller 2003
1672:Chancellery
1570:Chancellery
1471:before the
1452:rule of law
1445:Impeachment
1409:Jörg Haider
1397:figureheads
1353:Appointment
1297:Eligibility
1290:Ministerrat
1215:Josef Moser
1130:Grete Rehor
1080:Terminology
1043:Chancellery
560:Green Party
218:Legislature
4051:Categories
3530:Die Presse
3409:References
3366:Berka 2016
3336:Berka 2016
3306:Berka 2016
3258:Berka 2016
3225:Berka 2016
3066:Berka 2016
3012:Berka 2016
2958:Berka 2016
2948:, Art. 64.
2933:, Art. 47.
2874:Berka 2016
2870:, Art. 70.
2844:Berka 2016
2834:, Art. 69.
2816:, Rz 1048.
2808:Berka 2016
2778:Berka 2016
2736:Berka 2016
2717:, Art. 71.
2676:Welan 2000
2592:Berka 2016
2556:Berka 2016
2552:, Art. 74.
2382:Berka 2016
2352:Berka 2016
2328:Berka 2016
2309:, Art. 19.
2262:Berka 2016
2208:Berka 2016
2187:Berka 2016
2160:Berka 2016
2136:Berka 2016
2106:Berka 2016
2076:Temel 2017
2034:Berka 2016
2030:, Art. 86.
1968:Berka 2016
1932:Berka 2016
1902:Berka 2016
1878:Berka 2016
1794:Berka 2016
1764:Berka 2016
1721:, Art. 69.
1597:ex officio
1495:Chancellor
1098:chancellor
906:Vorarlberg
679:Klagenfurt
643:Eisenstadt
622:Burgenland
543:Chairman:
152:Chancellor
105:Neutrality
3374:, Rz 510.
3368:, Rz 698.
3344:, Rz 257.
3338:, Rz 718.
3314:, Rz 510.
3308:, Rz 698.
3282:Kreisky I
3260:, Rz 696.
3227:, Rz 716.
3188:, Rz 510.
3134:, Rz 512.
3101:, Rz 512.
3068:, Rz 712.
3044:, Rz 511.
2966:, Rz 489.
2960:, Rz 688.
2882:, Rz 514.
2852:, Rz 511.
2846:, Rz 711.
2780:, Rz 708.
2750:, Rz 356.
2738:, Rz 663.
2606:, Rz 515.
2558:, Rz 702.
2460:Hoke 1996
2420:, Rz 514.
2384:, Rz 705.
2354:, Rz 545.
2330:, Rz 705.
2294:, Rz 375.
2222:, Rz 249.
2210:, Rz 710.
2138:, Rz 715.
2114:, Rz 492.
2108:, Rz 690.
2042:, Rz 621.
2036:, Rz 823.
2006:, Rz 497.
1970:, Rz 823.
1940:, Rz 521.
1910:, Rz 519.
1838:, Rz 510.
1802:, Rz 510.
1766:, Rz 715.
1760:, 69 (1).
1742:, Rz 249.
1706:Citations
1670:) of the
1469:impeached
1374:president
1322:president
1250:president
1190:Weisungen
1151:‹See Tfd›
1146:judiciary
1066:president
1020:‹See Tfd›
935:Districts
925:Capital:
857:Capital:
823:Innsbruck
821:Capital:
785:Capital:
749:Capital:
713:Capital:
677:Capital:
658:Carinthia
641:Capital:
568:Spokesman
437:European:
385:Elections
331:Judiciary
205:Ministers
131:President
123:Executive
24:President
3849:(2007).
2474:, Rz 45.
1566:ministry
1558:de facto
1552:de facto
1465:culpable
1256:and the
1015:minister
914:Governor
846:Governor
810:Governor
774:Governor
751:Salzburg
742:Haslauer
738:Governor
730:Salzburg
702:Governor
666:Governor
634:Doskozil
630:Governor
517:Chairman
495:(acting)
489:Chairman
238:Wöginger
90:Taxation
1667:Sektion
1515:cabinet
1166:
1094:Cabinet
1039:Cabinet
1035:
1011:Austria
927:Bregenz
918:Wallner
850:Stelzer
778:Drexler
201:Cabinet
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1155:German
1100:, the
1024:German
874:Vienna
814:Mattle
766:Styria
670:Kaiser
262:Maurer
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3332:, §7.
3330:BMinG
2399:, §3.
2378:, §2.
1332:, or
920:(Ă–VP)
892:(SPĂ–)
852:(Ă–VP)
816:(Ă–VP)
802:Tyrol
780:(Ă–VP)
744:(Ă–VP)
708:(Ă–VP)
672:(SPĂ–)
636:(SPĂ–)
254:Kickl
4040:2018
4015:ISBN
4002:2018
3986:2018
3958:ISBN
3939:ISBN
3920:ISBN
3901:ISBN
3878:ISBN
3855:ISBN
3839:2018
3823:2018
3795:ISBN
3782:2018
3760:2018
3738:ISBN
3725:2018
3704:2018
3683:2018
3655:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3623:2018
3602:2018
3581:2018
3559:2018
3538:2018
3510:ISBN
3497:2018
3481:2018
3459:ISBN
3440:ISBN
3421:ISBN
3396:Kurz
3360:B-VG
3300:B-VG
3174:B-VG
3156:Kurz
3126:B-VG
3060:B-VG
3036:B-VG
2946:B-VG
2931:B-VG
2919:B-VG
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2895:B-VG
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2802:B-VG
2766:B-VG
2715:B-VG
2550:B-VG
2412:B-VG
2307:B-VG
2286:NRWO
2250:B-VG
2235:B-VG
2094:B-VG
2028:B-VG
1998:B-VG
1956:B-VG
1824:B-VG
1788:B-VG
1758:B-VG
1719:B-VG
1564:The
1419:and
1164:lit.
1084:The
1033:lit.
1013:, a
859:Linz
787:Graz
587:NEOS
454:2024
448:2019
443:2014
431:2022
426:2016
421:2010
408:2024
402:2019
397:2017
178:list
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