692:, who introduced compulsory rationing of meat, sugar and butter in early 1918. By 1918, there were controls over 94% of foodstuffs; the Food Controller bought all essential food supplies and the Corn Production Act guaranteed cereal prices. The ministry had a staff of more than 8,000 with food control committees and divisional commissioners across the country. The Ministry's Wheat Commission took over flour mills and dictated the shape and weight of bread, prohibiting sales of muffins, crumpets and teacakes. Oats, barley and beans were added to bread. These measures were said to have saved about 10 million sacks of wheat, but they were not universally welcomed. Meat was imported from the US and Argentina and refrigerated merchant ships were equipped with guns from April 1915. Meat prices were controlled from September 1917, and meat became scarce. Milk production fell during the war by about 25% and condensed milk imports rose from 49,000 tonnes to 128,000 tonnes. Lord Rhondda died on 1 July 1918 and was succeeded by
178:
732:
473:
347:
24:
831:
914:
known as the
Strategic Food Stockpile, were maintained by the MAFF. The primary purpose of the stockpile was to serve as a food reserve; in the period leading up to a war major food producers would be However, they had a limited variety and supply, and were not intended to provide a balanced or healthy diet to survivors. Among the foodstuffs that were part of the stockpile were:
849:
subsidise the spreading of lime on agricultural land to boost the fertility of the soil. The Food (Defence Plans) Department was established in 1937 and was then constituted as the
Ministry of Food on the outbreak of war in 1939. The Minister of Agriculture was given powers to regulate the cultivation and management of land, end tenancies, even take possession of land, under the
818:. c. 91) abolished the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and created the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, which took on the powers of the Board and the remaining functions of the Food Production Department established during the war. In 1919 prices of farm produce had risen by 25% compared to prices at the end of the war. The
81:
913:
period that would occur in the event of NATO being involved in a large-scale conflict in Europe. Control of food stockpiles was an important part of plans for during and after war, to feed survivors until a normal stockpile could be established. A large network of buffer depots containing foodstuffs,
843:
promoted the standardisation of grades and packaging and introduced the "National Mark", a trade mark denoting home-produced food of a defined quality for eggs, beef, apples and pears. The
Agricultural Marketing Acts of 1931 and 1933 sought to organise farmers into co-operative marketing associations
684:
guaranteed minimum prices for wheat and oats, specified a minimum wage for agricultural workers and established the
Agricultural Wages Board, to ensure stability for farmers and a share of this stability for agricultural workers. The aim was to increase output of home-grown food and reduce dependence
936:
Items with a long shelf life made up much of the stockpile, including tinned and canned foods. Glucose sweets were also produced, but only in limited numbers as they were expensive. A full detailed list of these buffer depots was included in Duncan
Campbell's 1983 book War Plan UK. By 1995, with the
897:
The
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Ministry of Food were merged in 1955, becoming the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. In the 1970s, the IRA detonated some explosives in front of the Ministry of Agriculture building in Whitehall, killing one man and injuring 215. Two other
276:
on 23 August 1793 as the Board or
Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture and Internal Improvement, which lasted until it was dissolved in June 1822. Though its founders hoped the board would become a department of state it was never more than a private society which spread useful knowledge and
877:
was appointed
Minister. The Scientific Food Committee was established in May 1940 and outlined a basal diet of 2000 calories. The Ministry of Food became the sole buyer and importer of food and regulated prices, guaranteeing farmers prices and markets for their produce. The Marketing Boards, except
848:
introduced a tariff on most imports including fruit and vegetables and quotas on imports of bacon, ham and other meat products. In 1936 the tithe rent charge was abolished, compensation paid to the Church and the money recovered from farmers over a 60-year period. In 1937 a scheme was introduce to
822:
set out guaranteed prices for wheat and oats based on the 1919 averages, to be reviewed annually. However, in the early 1920s, prices fell drastically, the Act was repealed, guaranteed prices were replaced by lump sum payments and the
Agricultural Wages Board abolished, as part of the government's
255:
that dealt with the environment (and with a small part of the Home Office) to create a new government department, the
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) in 2001. MAFF was formally dissolved on 27 March 2002, when the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Dissolution)
823:
deflationary policies. By 1922 virtually all of war-time controls had gone. The area under cultivation in Britain fell from 12 million acres (49,000 km²) in 1918 to 9 million acres (36,000 km²) in 1926. Farm prices continued to decline and then fell by 34% in the three years after 1929.
672:
appointed Food Controller to regulate the supply and consumption of food and to encourage food production. A Food Production Department was established by the Board of Agriculture in 1917 to organise and distribute agricultural inputs, such as labour, feed, fertiliser and machinery, and increase
656:
was declared on 4 August 1914. Good harvests and little interruption to imports of food during the first two years of meant that there were no shortages of food, though the ministry was buying wheat, meat and sugar. The agricultural situation then changed for the worse with a poor crop harvest,
826:
During this period, the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries remained a small department concerned with pest and disease control, agricultural research and education, improvement of livestock, and provision of allotments and smallholdings. Over the next few years, its workload
673:
output of crops. Provision of labour provided considerable difficulty as many men working on farms had enlisted but co-operation between the War Office and the board enabled men to be released to help with spring cultivation and harvest. Also in 1917, the
909:, it had become clear that in the event of a nuclear strike against Britain, such an attack would have devastating effects on the food supply. The MAFF would play a central role in government emergency planning, especially with the
838:
In the late 1920s and early 1930s the government introduced new measures to support domestic agriculture and farmers' income. Subsidies or price insurance schemes were created for sugar beet, wheat, cattle, dairy and sheep. The
840:
632:
In 1904, the board appointed honorary agricultural correspondents throughout the country to liaise with the Board on Regional Matters and to give advice to farmers. In 1911, responsibility for all agricultural matters in
749:
An Act to provide for the constitution of a Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and of Councils and Committees in connection with agriculture, and to amend the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Acts, 1889 to
542:
440:, passed on 12 August, established the Board of Agriculture and combined all government responsibilities for agricultural matters in one department. The first President of the new Board was the Rt. Hon.
665:
1039:
1205:
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was declared on 3 September 1939. The UK entered the war well prepared for the maintenance of supplies of food but with less than 40% of the country's needs produced at home. The
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Meanwhile, the country was increasingly becoming dependent on imported food. By 1914, the output of home-grown food only met one-third of the country's needs.
1245:
252:
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133:
444:, there were 90 members of staff and the first annual estimate was for ÂŁ55,000. From 1892 to 1913, its secretary, the most senior civil servant, was
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An Act to transfer to the Board of Agriculture powers and duties relating to the Industry of Fishing and to amend the Board of Agriculture Act 1889.
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97:
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622:
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A significant predecessor of the second Board of Agriculture (later MAFF) was the Tithe Commission, which was set up in 1841 under the
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was appointed President of the Board of Agriculture with a seat in the Cabinet and with the aim of stimulating food production.
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The Board of Agriculture, which later become the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), was established under the
190:
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1024:
997:
898:
bombs that had been set to go off at the same time were defused by military and police experts. Ten suspects were taken into
697:
132:, a name that lasted until the Ministry was dissolved in 2002, at which point its responsibilities had been merged into the
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ending World War I was signed on 11 November 1918. Following the war, the Food Controller resigned in 1919 and the
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was created, it was responsible for both food production and food safety, which was seen by some to give rise to a
445:
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101:
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Account of the Origin of the Board of Agriculture and its progress for three years after its establishment
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Loaves and Fishes, an illustrated history of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1889–1999
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32:
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was passed under which food, agricultural machinery and equipment was sent from the US to the UK.
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and the Copyhold Commissioners to become the Lord Commissioners for England and Wales under the
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49:
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failure of the potato crop, declining harvest abroad and increased shipping losses. In 1916,
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was passed to transfer certain powers and duties relating to the fishing industry from the
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120:. It attained its final name in 1955 with the addition of responsibilities for the British
8:
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Recruiting began for the Women's Land Army and, in 1940, food rationing was introduced.
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Debate on draft Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Dissolution) Order 2002
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Text of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Dissolution) Order 2002
1148:(1956). "Chapter XIX The War and State Control, 1914–1918". In Hall, G. (ed.).
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293:
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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273:
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
121:
1191:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 421–423.
1180:
834:
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries advert promoting National Mark produce
296:, which became the Land Department of the new Board of Agriculture in 1889.
844:
and created Marketing Boards for bacon, pigs, hops, milk and potatoes. The
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689:
688:
In June 1917, Lord Devonport resigned as Food Controller to be replaced by
513:
387:
304:
125:
1103:"Strategic Food Stockpile, Volume 195: debated on Thursday 18 July 1991"
830:
308:
1172:, Fifth Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation, 22 January 2002.
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Biscuits, which came in large tins, and baked around the early 1960s.
853:. On 1 September 1939 many of these powers were delegated to county
677:
was created to provide substitutes for men called up to the forces.
165:
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Dissolution) Order 2002
906:
634:
500:
885:
succeeded William Morrison as Minister for Food. In 1941, the US
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An Act for establishing a Board of Agriculture for Great Britain.
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in 1869 and became part of the new Board of Agriculture in 1889.
151:(more widely known as mad cow disease) and later the outbreak of
147:. MAFF was widely criticised for its handling of the outbreak of
315:
in June 1865. This was renamed the Veterinary Department of the
923:
Fat, known as 'Ministry Marge' and had a shelf life of 20 years
312:
1154:(5th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. Archived from
929:
Yeast, packed in tins, with an expected shelf life of 10 years
1079:"From the archives: Ten held after Provo bombs blast London"
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to what then became the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.
1206:
Defunct departments of the Government of the United Kingdom
664:
In December 1916, a Ministry of Food was created under the
798:
Text of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1919
618:
1158:
on 24 February 2015 – via Soil And Health Library.
937:
end of the Cold War, all buffer depots had been closed.
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except animal health was transferred to a newly created
597:
Text of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1903
84:
Logo of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
80:
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Agricultural organisations based in the United Kingdom
704:
progressively wound down and closed on 31 March 1921.
1019:. US: University of Chicago Press. pp. 149–150.
841:
Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marketing) Act 1928
253:
Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions
134:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
1197:
1057:. US: University of Chicago Press. p. 161.
992:. US: University of Chicago Press. p. 149.
812:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1919
719:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1919
1246:2002 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
932:Flour, which was turned over every 4-5 years
613:in 1890, and it took responsibility for the
957:Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
623:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1903
543:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1909
460:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1903
408:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries Act 1903
90:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
268:. It was preceded, however, by an earlier
256:Order 2002 (SI 2002/794) came into force.
1236:1889 establishments in the United Kingdom
666:New Ministries & Secretaries Act 1916
424:Text of the Board of Agriculture Act 1889
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
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31:This article includes a list of general
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1221:Economic history of the United Kingdom
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609:The board took responsibility for the
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1091:from the original on 29 October 2023.
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855:War Agricultural Executive Committees
791:Text of statute as originally enacted
708:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
590:Text of statute as originally enacted
417:Text of statute as originally enacted
124:to the existing responsibilities for
118:Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
277:encouraged improvements in farming.
98:United Kingdom government department
17:
878:for milk and hops, were suspended.
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851:Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939
251:It was merged with the part of the
108:c. 30) and at that time called the
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114:Board of Agriculture and Fisheries
37:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1040:The National Archives, class BT60
639:Board of Agriculture for Scotland
1151:English Farming Past and Present
737:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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478:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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352:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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183:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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149:bovine spongiform encephalopathy
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232:Ministers of the Crown Act 1975
1241:Defunct environmental agencies
1231:Ministries established in 1889
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962:Sir John Sinclair, 1st Baronet
952:Lobbying in the United Kingdom
873:was formed on 8 September and
573:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1986
568:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1978
153:foot and mouth disease in 2001
1:
1182:"Agriculture, Board of"
548:Statute Law Revision Act 1927
531:Board of Agriculture Act 1889
438:Board of Agriculture Act 1889
334:Board of Agriculture Act 1889
266:Board of Agriculture Act 1889
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102:Board of Agriculture Act 1889
307:to deal with an outbreak of
299:Another predecessor was the
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1141:. London: W. Bulmer and Co.
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621:in 1903. Also in 1903, the
563:Trade Descriptions Act 1968
10:
1262:
1122:"Strategic Food Stockpile"
926:Sugar, held in 56 lb sacks
712:United Kingdom legislation
453:United Kingdom legislation
327:United Kingdom legislation
282:Tithe Commutation Act 1836
158:United Kingdom legislation
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301:Cattle Plague Department
1188:Encyclopædia Britannica
1054:Diet for a large planet
1016:Diet for a large planet
989:Diet for a large planet
286:Enclosure Commissioners
52:more precise citations.
1126:Subterranea Britannica
846:Import Duties Act 1932
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85:
1137:Sinclair, J. (1796).
1051:Otter, Chris (2020).
1013:Otter, Chris (2020).
986:Otter, Chris (2020).
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615:Royal Botanic Gardens
553:Crown Estate Act 1961
292:, responsible to the
290:Settled Land Act 1882
141:Food Standards Agency
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1162:Foreman, S. (1991).
973:References and notes
820:Agriculture Act 1920
323:Board of Agriculture
270:Board of Agriculture
171:Statutory Instrument
145:conflict of interest
116:, and from 1919 the
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900:Metropolitan Police
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802:legislation.gov.uk
601:legislation.gov.uk
446:Sir Thomas Elliott
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243:legislation.gov.uk
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999:978-0-226-69710-9
911:Transition to War
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761:9 & 10 Geo. 5
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558:Forestry Act 1967
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