283:
183:
403:
500:
238:
1340:
661:
314:
it protection, jeopardising its sovereignty and causing instability in the region. On the other hand, a well-defended
Singapore could contribute substantially towards future defence arrangements and act as a stabilising force in Southeast Asia. He also emphasised that national service would foster loyalty and national consciousness among the diverse population, supporting the development of a strong national identity.
79:
439:: The presence of Israeli military advisors was initially kept confidential to avoid triggering diplomatic sensitivities. However, during the commissioning parade of the first batch of officer cadets on 16 July 1967, Goh Keng Swee publicly acknowledged their involvement in building the SAF. This disclosure, following the Israeli victory in the
98:(Konfrontasi). Malaysia maintained its right to utilise Singapore's military installations under the terms of the separation agreement. The Malaysian regiment remained until November 1967 in spite of the return of 2 SIR in February 1967 and Singapore's requests for their withdrawal, deepening Singapore’s sense of vulnerability.
310:. Due to limited facilities and training personnel, only 10% of these individuals, often from well-educated backgrounds, were selected for full-time national service. These full-time national servicemen were required to serve between two to three years in the SAF and subsequently fulfil reserve duties until the age of 40.
630:
and its terse relations with neighbouring countries reinforced the necessity of strengthening its external defence. Due to lingering fears that some
Malaysian leaders believed Singapore should be forcefully re-assimilated, tensions with Malaysia persisted. Occasional remarks from regional politicians
354:
The metaphor was first articulated by then-Prime
Minister Lee Kuan Yew in 1966, who stated that in a world where "big fish eat small fish and the small fish eat shrimp," Singapore must become a "poisonous shrimp"—small but lethal if swallowed. This concept emphasised ensuring that any aggressor would
459:
After the division of the MID in 1970, the SAF’s significant growth and enhanced capabilities began to contradict the premises of the "poisonous shrimp" doctrine. The successful implementation of
National Service saw a substantial increase in manpower, with the SAF expanding by 433% between 1965 and
313:
During the second reading of the bill on 13 March 1967, the
Minister for Interior and Defence Goh Keng Swee justified its necessity on the grounds of national security and nation-building. He argued that without a robust defence force, Singapore would be rendered subservient to whoever could provide
655:
was charged with overseeing the SAF and building its conventional military capabilities. After the split, the SAF’s role shifted predominantly towards external defence, and by the early 1970s its involvement in internal security was highly limited. While SAF units participated in internal security
460:
1978. The modern weaponry acquired by the SAF also enabled it to surpass the capabilities of neighbouring countries like
Malaysia and Indonesia. Recognising these developments, Singapore’s defence ministry began transitioning towards the Second Generation SAF (2G SAF), with greater emphasis on
414:
Equipping the SAF: Singapore sought to enhance its military capabilities by acquiring advanced weaponry. Israel became a key supplier of defence equipment and technology due to the battle-tested and superior quality of
Israeli weapons. Mirroring Israel’s military doctrine, the SAF procured its
109:
expressed his view of the communist movement as an existential danger to
Singapore’s stability, emphasising the need for Singapore to safeguard itself against external and internal threats. These concerns were not unfounded, as civil unrest in Malaysia formed the precursor to race riots in
257:
was established in
February 1966 to build the requisite military infrastructure. The Israeli team was also involved in conducting training at SAFTI, ranging from recruit training to advanced courses for platoon commanders and officers. In an unorthodox move, Goh selected
221:
The development of the SAF was guided by two critical documents provided by the
Israeli teams: the "Brown Book", which contained chapters detailing the establishment of Singapore’s infantry and combat doctrine, and the "Blue Book", serving as a template for Singapore’s
197:(IDF) arrived discreetly in Singapore, codenamed as "Mexicans" to avoid offending the local and regional Malay-Muslim population. This partnership led to the formulation of a confidential defence plan in 1966, which involved modelling the SAF after the Israeli army’s
491:
Concurrently, Singapore received repeated threats that the Malay Ultras would cut Singapore’s water supply from Johor, a critical vulnerability given that Singapore imported a significant proportion of its freshwater from Malaysia under the
619:(MCP) remained active in staging bombings and arson attacks from 1970 to 1971, these were deemed as largely inconsequential to the government. By 1994, Singapore’s government had declared the country free from the threat of communist
456:. The doctrine implicitly acknowledged that Singapore might ultimately be overrun, aiming only to ensure that the aggressor suffered severe losses in the process. This approach risked the nation’s existence as a sovereign entity.
594:
The evolving security landscape in the late 1960s required a reorganisation of Singapore’s defence and security apparatus. On 11 August 1970, the MID was officially divided into two separate entities: MINDEF and MHA.
1118:
121:
was appointed as the first Minister for Interior and Defence, tasked with the critical role of building a capable defence force from the ground up. A key initiative of the MID was the integration of the
393:
Maximising Aggressor Costs: By raising the human and material costs of aggression to disproportionate levels, Singapore aimed to deter potential adversaries despite its limited offensive capabilities.
130:(SAF), leveraging police experience in maintaining internal security and training the new SAF recruits. The SAF was also designated to assume internal security roles during times of severe unrest.
71:
opposing the separation could influence Malaysian forces stationed in Singapore to act against the newly independent state. These concerns were heightened when Malaysian troops in
515:
light tanks from Israel in January 1968. In a political act to assert its military prowess, Singapore made the calculated move of showcasing a mobile column of AMX-13 and
113:
In response to these multi-dimensional threats, the government recognised the importance of a cohesive and integrated approach to national security. On October 1965, the
1110:
346:, and limited military capabilities. In light of these vulnerabilities, the MID was motivated to adopt the "poisonous shrimp" strategy as its initial defence posture.
410:
In its early years, Singapore lacked the manpower, firepower, and mobility to conduct offensive operations. To compensate for these deficiencies, it focused on:
725:
375:
Defence at the Water’s Edge: The strategy focused on defending Singapore along its coastline to prevent enemy forces from establishing a foothold on the island.
159:
of the MID for his experience in security and intelligence. Acknowledging the lack of local defence expertise, Goh sought external advice and assistance from
90:
Regiment's (2 SIR) barracks at Temasek Camp was a point of contention between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. At the time, 2 SIR had been deployed to
677:
agencies. To improve Singapore's capacity in responding to riots and ethnic clashes, the government expanded the Police Reserve Units (later known as the
1481:
1328:
254:
1065:
1306:
1395:
1022:
Paribatra, Sukhumbhand; Samudavanija, Chai-Anan (1986). "Internal dimensions of regional security in Southeast Asia". In Ayoob, Mohammed (ed.).
1455:
493:
282:
182:
143:
The initial focus of the MID was the rapid development of the SAF. Recognising the urgent need for a credible defence force amid the ongoing
999:
Loo, Bernard Fook Weng (2012). "Goh Keng Swee and the emergence of a modern SAF: The rearing of a poisonous shrimp". In Chew, Ernest (ed.).
1594:
1445:
1564:
1111:""He deserves just as much credit as LKY does" – Singaporeans commemorate Goh Keng Swee's 100th birth anniversary – The Independent News"
647:
The division of the MID into MINDEF and MHA enabled more focused control over the internal and external spheres of Singapore's security.
47:
As the differences between the police force and the armed forces became more defined, the ministry was eventually split into the current
1301:
888:
Chew, Ernest (2012). "Introduction: Goh Keng Swee: Heroic public servant and history-maker of modern Singapore". In Chew, Ernest (ed.).
1589:
1460:
1584:
1450:
1400:
695:
608:
152:
64:
511:
Amid rising Malay nationalism in Malaysia, Singapore took the initiative to enhance its armoured warfare capacity by procuring 72
1569:
1420:
302:
for part-time national service spanning 12 years. These conscripts would serve in volunteer-dependent organisations such as the
1544:
1390:
1321:
1187:
Loo, Bernard Fook Weng (2003). "Explaining changes in Singapore's military doctrines: Material and ideational perspectives".
1172:
Vasu, Norman; Loo, Bernard (2015). "National security and Singapore: An assessment". In Desker, Barry; Tan, Chung B. (eds.).
230:. On 24 December 1965, the Israeli team began to supervise the establishment of the first SAF military base, designed by the
1579:
1430:
670:
144:
75:
were placed on alert, leading Singapore’s political leaders to perceive Singapore as highly vulnerable to foreign threats.
52:
1291:
294:
was introduced in parliament by the Singapore government. The bill would enforce the registration of all 18-year-old male
473:
1296:
36:
as the inaugural minister. The ministry was responsible for both internal and external security, controlling both the
1465:
1410:
1149:
737:
612:
484:. The civil unrest resulted in a spillover of ethnic violence across the Johor-Singapore Causeway in the form of the
105:
was linked to communist elements, raising concerns over internal subversion. At public events, former Prime Minister
1440:
1375:
1336:
1314:
627:
488:. In response to the racial riots, the MID fully mobilised the SAF to assist the police in restoring public order.
95:
25:
452:
While the "poisonous shrimp" strategy served Singapore well in its infancy, its main flaw was in being inherently
1508:
1415:
1405:
733:
652:
477:
48:
531:
with Israel. These actions were part of the same political calculus to deter would-be aggressors in the region.
101:
Internally, Singapore faced threats from domestic communism and ethno-religious extremism. The opposition party
1425:
528:
307:
914:
Leininger, Vivian (2013). "Jews in Singapore: Tradition and transformation". In Goldstein, Jonathan L. (ed.).
656:
exercises with the police up till 1986, its primary mission became centred on countering external aggression.
607:
had significantly diminished internal security threats by the early 1970s. Under the purview of the MID, the
520:
504:
326:
303:
291:
1221:
From 'Poisonous Shrimp' to 'Porcupine': An Analysis of Singapore's Defence Posture Change in the Early 1980s
266:
in 1967, aiming to instil strong moral values within the armed forces. In June 1966, the first batch of 140
485:
443:, served as a psychological deterrent by signalling that the SAF was trained by experienced Israeli forces.
1574:
1526:
1435:
1208:
Strategic Planning or Innovation Institutionalization? The Case of Singapore Armed Forces' Modernization
685:, with the Gurkha Contingent particularly valued as a neutral force for handling race-related conflicts.
639:: "Singapore lies inside ". As a result, the city-state invested consistently in strengthening the SAF.
67:
in 1965, the nation faced significant security concerns. Externally, Singapore’s leadership feared that
342:
Post independence, Singapore suffered security constraints due to its small geographical size, lack of
322:
295:
274:
in July 1967. To register the incoming conscripts, the Central Manpower Base (CMPB) was established.
231:
87:
673:
assumed responsibility for internal security matters, taking control of the SPF, the ISD, and other
615:
were effective in curtailing the operations of pro-communist and communalist elements. Although the
1270:
151:, Goh acted swiftly in making strategic decisions. He appointed George Bogaars, the former Head of
1086:
Yeo, George (2019). "Reflections on Singapore–Israel relations". In Ho, Peter; Tomba, Mel (eds.).
866:
Lau, Albert (2018). "National service in Singapore". In Ho, Shu Huang; Ong, Graham Gerald (eds.).
1344:
1271:"Speech by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong at the 35 Years of National Service Commemoration Dinner"
969:
Ho, Peter (2019). "A Mexican fandango with a poisonous shrimp". In Ho, Peter; Tomba, Mel (eds.).
616:
29:
480:, Malaysia experienced an episode of violent Chinese-Malay clashes in Kuala Lumpur known as the
1360:
699:
516:
355:
suffer unacceptable losses if they attempted an invasion, thereby deterring potential attacks.
127:
123:
41:
37:
329:
was enlisted, leading to the formation of the 3rd and 4th Singapore Infantry Regiments (SIR).
1518:
1355:
436:
271:
227:
194:
527:
and other foreign delegates were in attendance. Within the same year, Singapore established
1365:
1206:
678:
604:
544:
385:
160:
1024:
Regional Security in the Third World: Case Studies from Southeast Asia and the Middle East
8:
299:
156:
380:
Urban Warfare: If coastal defences were breached, the plan envisioned engaging in close
524:
1249:
Yong, Tan Tai (2001). "Singapore: Civil-Military Fusion". In Alagappa, Muthiah (ed.).
1145:
682:
674:
626:
However, external security concerns remained. Singapore’s historical trauma from the
388:, aiming to maximise difficulties for the invader and inflict significant casualties.
321:
activists took place between 1967 and 1968. However, the bill passed smoothly in the
198:
1228:
Ho, Peter (2015). "Organising for National Security – The Singapore Experience". In
916:
Between Mumbai and Manila: Judaism in Asia since the founding of the State of Israel
1531:
1254:
1237:
1091:
1046:
1004:
974:
893:
803:
499:
402:
206:
102:
68:
209:
for women. Over a ten-year period, the plan intended to expand the army to twelve
1037:
Luan, Ivan Ong Boon (2010). "Singapore water management policies and practices".
481:
343:
263:
242:
1241:
1095:
1008:
978:
897:
461:
267:
1258:
1050:
807:
800:
Across the causeway: A multi-dimensional study of Malaysia–Singapore relations
798:
Thayer, Carlyle A. (2008). "Security relations". In Shiraishi, Takashi (ed.).
1558:
1266:
1251:
Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia
636:
564:
325:(PAP)-dominated Parliament on 14 March 1967. In 1967, the first batch of 900
286:
Former Parliamentary Chamber, the Arts House at the Old Parliament Singapore.
259:
250:
237:
118:
33:
1500:
1229:
632:
381:
202:
148:
106:
1214:(Doctoral dissertation). Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School.
576:
440:
428:
424:
168:
620:
210:
660:
631:
provoked wariness, including a loaded comment by Indonesian president
1339:
1144:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 162–193.
453:
416:
318:
934:
Military Innovation in Small States: Creating a Reverse Asymmetry
1302:
Goh Keng Swee at the Opening of the School of Artillery at SAFTI
1223:(Master's thesis). Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.
512:
420:
223:
176:
78:
1234:
Perspectives on the Security of Singapore: The First 50 Years
1174:
Perspectives on the Security of Singapore: The First 50 Years
1140:
Latif, Asad (2009). "Minister for the Interior and Defence".
172:
164:
91:
72:
1189:
Asia in the New Millennium: APISA First Congress Proceedings
1088:
Beating the Odds Together: 50 Years of Singapore–Israel Ties
971:
Beating the Odds Together: 50 Years of Singapore–Israel Ties
951:. Singapore: Ministry of Defence, Public Affairs Department.
337:
270:
began their training, with 117 successfully receiving their
86:
The Malaysian regiment's occupation of the second Singapore
770:
From Third World to First: The Singapore Story: 1965–2000
216:
186:
193:
In November 1965, the first group of advisors from the
1273:. Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts
838:
Defending the Lion City: The Armed Forces of Singapore
175:
without success, before securing defence support from
138:
1021:
1039:
International Journal of Water Resources Development
1482:
Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports
277:
467:
1236:. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 285–294.
1003:. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 127–152.
598:
255:Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute (SAFTI)
1556:
723:
1396:Ministry of Digital Development and Information
1253:. Stanford University Press. pp. 276–293.
1090:. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 27–33.
973:. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 35–63.
1456:Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment
1176:. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 21–43.
892:. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 1–44.
1322:
726:"1965 - The Ministry of Interior and Defence"
694:A legacy of the ministry can be found in the
431:variants in the 1970s and 1980s respectively.
262:Father Terence J. Sheridan to draft the SAF
213:by mobilising Singapore’s male population.
133:
117:was established to address these concerns.
1329:
1315:
1108:
539:The ministry was previously headed by the
447:
349:
249:Under the leadership of Brigadier-General
1451:Ministry of Social and Family Development
1204:
1001:Goh Keng Swee: A Legacy of Public Service
913:
890:Goh Keng Swee: A Legacy of Public Service
868:40 Years of National Service in Singapore
642:
589:
423:60mm and 81mm mortars, later introducing
1401:Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1081:
1079:
1063:
994:
992:
990:
988:
964:
962:
960:
958:
659:
498:
401:
332:
281:
236:
181:
77:
1171:
94:at Malaysia’s request to engage in the
1557:
1545:Template:Statutory boards of Singapore
946:
927:
925:
909:
907:
883:
881:
879:
877:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
835:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
802:. ISEAS Publishing. pp. 163–174.
797:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
719:
717:
715:
217:Establishment of Military Institutions
189:soldiers conducting a battalion drill.
115:Ministry of Interior and Defence (MID)
65:Singapore’s independence from Malaysia
1310:
1292:People's Defence Force is Established
1180:
1158:
1139:
1121:from the original on 29 December 2019
1076:
1057:
1030:
1015:
985:
955:
931:
541:Minister for the Interior and Defence
1248:
1109:Stolarchuk, Jewel (7 October 2018).
1036:
949:SAF and 30 Years of National Service
887:
724:Germaine Foo-Tan (7 November 2003).
671:Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore)
317:Anti-conscription demonstrations by
1595:1970 disestablishments in Singapore
1265:
1186:
1142:Lim Kim San: A Builder of Singapore
1085:
998:
940:
922:
904:
874:
865:
844:
814:
776:
767:
752:
712:
543:, who was appointed as part of the
523:on 9 August 1969, during which the
474:United Malays National Organisation
472:In May 1969, following the loss of
147:and the British military draw-down
139:Collaboration with Foreign Advisors
32:. It was established in 1965, with
13:
1565:Government ministries of Singapore
1227:
1218:
1205:Wicaksono, William Hendro (2020).
1066:"A deep, dark, secret love affair"
968:
201:, weapons platforms and universal
14:
1606:
1590:Ministries disestablished in 1970
1285:
419:systems from Israel, such as the
397:
292:National Service (Amendment) Bill
1585:1965 establishments in Singapore
1487:Ministry of Interior and Defence
1446:Ministry of National Development
1338:
1064:Barzilai, Amnon (15 July 2004).
581:17 August 1967 – 10 August 1970
306:(PDF), Vigilante Corps, and the
278:Introduction of National Service
145:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
96:Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation
18:Ministry of Interior and Defence
1509:Monetary Authority of Singapore
1199:
1133:
1102:
734:Singaporean Ministry of Defence
653:Ministry of Defence (Singapore)
635:to second Minister for Defence
569:9 August 1965 – 16 August 1967
478:1969 Malaysian general election
468:Responding to Regional Tensions
358:
338:The "Poisonous Shrimp" Doctrine
1570:Ministries established in 1965
1461:Ministry of Trade and Industry
1219:Ng, Patrick Shih Yuen (2005).
870:. World Scientific Publishing.
599:Shift Towards External Defence
494:1961 and 1962 Water Agreements
205:system, with the exception of
1:
1026:. Croom Helm. pp. 79–95.
918:. De Gruyter. pp. 53–70.
705:
698:of vehicles belonging to the
519:armoured vehicles during its
327:full-time national servicemen
1297:MID Commemorative Exhibition
772:. Harper Collins Publishers.
611:(ISD) and its employment of
609:Internal Security Department
534:
486:1969 race riots of Singapore
7:
1580:Internal affairs ministries
1421:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
696:vehicle registration plates
664:Singapore Gurkha Contingent
529:formal diplomatic relations
406:Soltam M-71 155mm howitzer.
10:
1611:
1242:10.1142/9789814689342_0017
1096:10.1142/9789811214691_0004
1009:10.1142/9789814390767_0006
979:10.1142/9789811214691_0005
947:Chiang, Ming Shun (1997).
898:10.1142/9789814390767_0001
58:
1540:
1517:
1499:
1474:
1383:
1374:
1351:
1259:10.1515/9780804779234-017
1051:10.1080/07900620903392190
808:10.1355/9789812307842-011
689:
290:On 27 February 1967, the
232:Israeli Engineering Corps
134:Building the Armed Forces
55:(MHA) on 11 August 1970.
1431:Ministry of Home Affairs
736:(MINDEF). Archived from
525:Malaysian Prime Minister
437:Psychological Deterrence
110:multi-ethnic Singapore.
53:Ministry of Home Affairs
1391:Prime Minister's Office
1345:Government of Singapore
932:Raska, Michael (2016).
617:Malayan Communist Party
448:Criticism and Evolution
350:Origins of the Doctrine
30:Government of Singapore
1361:President of Singapore
768:Lee, Kuan Yew (2000).
700:Singapore Armed Forces
665:
643:Organisational Changes
590:Dissolution and Legacy
508:
407:
304:People’s Defence Force
287:
246:
190:
128:Singapore Armed Forces
124:Singapore Police Force
83:
82:Barisan Sosialis Logo.
1519:Sovereign wealth fund
1466:Ministry of Transport
1411:Ministry of Education
1356:Politics of Singapore
1232:; Tan, Chung (eds.).
663:
502:
464:and forward defence.
405:
333:Early Defence Posture
323:People’s Action Party
285:
240:
195:Israel Defence Forces
185:
161:non-aligned countries
81:
1441:Ministry of Manpower
1366:Cabinet of Singapore
1269:(7 September 2002).
840:. Allen & Unwin.
836:Huxley, Tim (2000).
679:Police Tactical Unit
613:anti-subversion laws
545:Cabinet of Singapore
462:offensive preemption
386:Battle of Stalingrad
308:Special Constabulary
241:SAFTI was opened at
1416:Ministry of Finance
1406:Ministry of Defence
628:Japanese occupation
521:National Day Parade
505:National Day Parade
300:permanent residents
157:Permanent Secretary
49:Ministry of Defence
1575:Defence ministries
1426:Ministry of Health
666:
603:Singapore’s rapid
509:
408:
296:Singapore citizens
288:
247:
228:intelligence units
191:
84:
1552:
1551:
1495:
1494:
1191:. pp. 27–30.
702:, bearing "MID".
683:Gurkha Contingent
675:homeland security
587:
586:
199:military doctrine
51:(MINDEF) and the
1602:
1532:Temasek Holdings
1381:
1380:
1343:
1342:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1262:
1245:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1012:
996:
983:
982:
966:
953:
952:
944:
938:
937:
929:
920:
919:
911:
902:
901:
885:
872:
871:
863:
842:
841:
833:
812:
811:
795:
774:
773:
765:
750:
749:
747:
745:
730:History Snippets
721:
550:
549:
371:
370:
366:
224:defence ministry
207:national service
103:Barisan Sosialis
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1536:
1513:
1491:
1470:
1436:Ministry of Law
1370:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1288:
1276:
1274:
1211:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1159:
1152:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1115:The Independent
1107:
1103:
1084:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1016:
997:
986:
967:
956:
945:
941:
930:
923:
912:
905:
886:
875:
864:
845:
834:
815:
796:
777:
766:
753:
743:
741:
740:on 26 June 2007
722:
713:
708:
692:
645:
605:economic growth
601:
592:
537:
482:13 May Incident
470:
450:
400:
384:similar to the
372:
368:
364:
362:
361:
352:
344:strategic depth
340:
335:
280:
264:code of conduct
243:Pasir Laba Camp
219:
141:
136:
126:(SPF) into the
61:
12:
11:
5:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1538:
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