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the
International Union itself was cautious to the point of having resistance to striking whatsoever. The provisions of the International Constitution that required a two thirds vote of the membership to authorize any strike action and that gave the International President the power to withhold strike benefits if he believed that a local union had struck prematurely, It also divided its members into separate unions along craft or industry lines: ice wagon drivers in one local, produce drivers in another, milk drivers in a third, and so forth.
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the strikers filling the surrounding streets. An eyewitness reported that as the pickets moved to aid their fallen comrades, "They flowed directly into buckshot fire ... And the cops let them have it as they picked up their wounded. Lines of living, solid men fell, broke, wavering." He also said he saw one man "stepping on his own intestines, bright and bursting in the street, and another holding his severed arm in his right hand." By the end of hostilities, two strikers (Henry Ness and John Belor) were dead and sixty-seven wounded.
780:, an employer organization, attempted to open up the market for trucking. Fighting began when a loaded truck began leaving a loading dock. The battle became a general melee when hundreds of pickets armed with clubs of all sorts rushed to the area to support the picketers; when the police drew their guns as if to shoot, the union sent a truck loaded with picketers into the mass of police and deputies in order to make it impossible for them to fire without shooting each other.
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justification for further attacks, disarming a number of picketers who wanted to return fire with fire. The union did not make any overt efforts to stop later trucks accompanied by convoys of up to forty police cars that tried to deliver goods, but sent so many cars with pickets to accompany those convoys that the police were never able to shepherd more than a few delivery trucks on any given day.
892:, a law the United States Supreme Court eventually found to be unconstitutional. The members sentenced to prison included James P.Cannon, Grace Carlson, Jake Cooper, Oscar Coover, Harry DeBoer, Farrell Dobbs, V.R. Dunne, Max Geldman, Albert Goldman, Clarence Hamel, Emil Hansen, Carlos Hudson, Karl Kuehn, Felix Morrow, Edward Palmquist, Alfred Russel, Oscar Schoenfeld, Carl Skoglund.
819:. Olson did, but stopped short of actually deploying them, unwilling to alienate his labor supporters. Olson had already been attempting to mediate the dispute, On May 25, the employers and the union reached an agreement on a contract that provided union recognition, reinstatement for all strikers, seniority and a no-discrimination clause. The membership approved it overwhelmingly.
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The union appealed to the
Central Labor Union for a general strike and the governor issued an ultimatum that he would stop all trucks by midnight, August 5, if there was no settlement. Nevertheless, by August 14, there were thousands of trucks operating under military permits. Although the strike was
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The fighting resumed on
Tuesday, May 22. The picketers took the offensive and succeeded in driving both police and deputies from the market and the area around the union's headquarters. Of the several hundred deputized "special police", two (C. Arthur Lyman and Peter Erath) were cornered and killed.
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in 1933, was a conservative union averse to strikes. While the union's members were often called on to support other unions' strikes, since their role in transport brought them in contact with workers in many other unionized industries, and had developed strong traditions of solidarity in some areas,
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The strike began on May 16, 1934. The strike was remarkably effective, shutting down most commercial transport in the city with the exception of certain farmers, who were allowed to bring their produce into town, but delivering directly to grocers, rather than to the market area, which the union had
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The union also began preparing for the strike in a number of ways. It rented a large hall that could be used as a strike headquarters, kitchen and infirmary. It organized a women's auxiliary to staff the headquarters. Finally, it entered into discussions with the sympathetic leaders of organizations
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On Friday, July 20, a single yellow truck drove to the central market escorted by fifty armed policemen. The truck made the small delivery successfully, but a vehicle carrying picketers wielding clubs cut off the truck. The police opened fire on the vehicle with shotguns, then turned their guns on
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The police violence sparked a show of support from other unions and a one-day strike of transport workers. Each side stepped back from the confrontation: Chief
Johannes and Mayor Bainbridge faced calls for their impeachment, while the union continued to urge its members not to give the police any
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The union thought that it had the employers' agreement to include the "inside workers", the warehouse employees as well as the drivers and loaders. When the employers reneged on that agreement the strike resumed on
Tuesday, July 17. Governor Olson again mobilized, but did not deploy, the National
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The
Central Labor Council, the Building Trades Council and the Teamsters Joint Council approached Mike Johannes, the Minneapolis Chief of Police, to propose a truce, under which the local would cease picketing for twenty-four hours if the police and the employers ceased trying to move trucks. The
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On August 21, a federal mediator got acceptance of a settlement proposal from A. W. Strong, head of the
Citizens Alliance, incorporating the union's major demands. The settlement was ratified, breaking the back of employer resistance to unionization in Minneapolis. In March 1935, International
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strength grew to over 100 members. This gave leadership to the
Trotskyists through the various unions they led within the Central Labor Council. As mentioned below, through organizing the first area-wide contract for any union outside of rail, the Trotskyists established locals of their party
928:, who played a significant role in the organization of over-the-road drivers throughout the Midwest. Those efforts led in turn to the transformation of the Teamsters from a craft union, made up of locals with a parochial focus on their own craft and locality, into a truly national union.
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president Daniel Tobin expelled Local 574 from the
International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT). However, in August 1936, Tobin was forced to relent and recharter the local as 544. The leaders of 544 went on to develop the conference bargaining that exists today in the IBT.
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drivers were unloading newsprint at the two major dailies' (newspapers) loading docks. Police followed injured strikers to the strikers headquarters. The strikers refused to let the police into the headquarters, leading to more violence between police and strikers.
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Between July 26 and August 1, the
National Guard began issuing operating permits to truck drivers, and engaging in roving patrols, curfews, and security details. On August 1, National Guard troops seized strike headquarters and placed arrested union leaders in a
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The union's leadership had chosen to use different tactics in this strike; it ordered its members to picket without carrying any clubs or weapons of any sort. The police, on the other hand, armed themselves with riot guns which sprayed buckshot over a wide arc.
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The strike changed Minneapolis, which had been an open shop citadel under the control of the Citizens Alliance for years before 1934. In the aftermath of this strike thousands of other workers in other industries organized with the assistance of Local 574.
738:– began by organizing coal drivers through a strike in the coldest part of 1933 that ignored both the cumbersome approval procedures established under the International's Constitution and the ineffective mediation procedures offered under the
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employers, the Teamsters and the building trades signed a formal truce agreement. Johannes, however, declared that the police would move trucks once the truce expired, leading the union to announce that it was resuming picketing.
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at the state fairgrounds in Saint Paul. The next day, the headquarters were restored to the union and the leaders released from the stockade, as the National Guard carried out a token raid on the Citizens Alliance headquarters.
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657:, when police shot at strikers in a downtown truck battle, killing two and injuring 67. Ensuing violence lasted periodically throughout the summer. The strike was formally ended on August 22.
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and private guards beat a number of strikers trying to prevent strikebreakers from unloading a truck in that area and waylaid several strikers who had responded to a report that
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The Teamsters also had a number of general locals; Local 574 in Minneapolis, which had no more than 75 members in 1934, was one of them. A number of members, including several
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742:. The victory gave the union a great deal of credibility among both drivers and their employers. The union began organizing drivers wherever they could be found.
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Police took direct aim at the pickets and fired to kill. Physical safety of the police was at no time endangered. No weapons were in possession of the pickets.
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in Minneapolis offered financial and moral support for the strike, allowing the union to coordinate some of its picketing activities from its headquarters.
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wherever there were Teamster locals, from South Dakota to Iowa to Colorado. The party was later driven out of that local by prosecutions under the
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Johnson, Jack (Winter 2012). "Allies". Newsletter for Members and Friends of the Military Historical Society of Minnesota. XX (1): 1–3.
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and mobilized four thousand National Guardsmen of the 34th Infantry. Following this mobilization, there was no further loss of life.
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In the following "general riot" another roughly two dozen special police, municipal police, and strikers were beaten or wounded.
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1033:"The 34th 'Red Bull' Infantry Division 1917 - 2010" (PDF). Minnesota Military Museum. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
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gravely weakened by martial law and economic pressure, union leaders made it clear that it would continue.
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Paperback reissue. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. (Originally published in 1937.)
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Local 544 remained under socialist leadership until 1941, when eighteen leaders of the union and the
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Open battle between striking teamsters armed with pipes and the police in the streets of Minneapolis
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of farmers and the unemployed to obtain their support for the upcoming strike.
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American Workers, American Unions The Twentieth Century (The American Moment)
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75th anniversary of the Minneapolis truck drivers’ strike, by Ron Jorgenson
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On July 26, after the violence which led to the deaths of two protesters,
649:. The strike began on May 16, 1934 in the Market District (the modern day
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1934 labor strike and protest in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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The International Brotherhood of Teamsters, under the leadership of
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Revolutionary teamsters: The Minneapolis truckers’ strikes of 1934
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Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
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Labor disputes led by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters
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A public commission, set up later by the governor, reported:
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With a coalition formed by local leaders associated with the
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East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press, 1995.
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expulsion, became members of Local 574 in the early 1930s.
1116:. New York: The Johns Hopkins UP, 2002. Print. Page 74.
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Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States
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and a trusteeship imposed by Tobin in the early 1940s.
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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in the 1930s, much of which was organized through the
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List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
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More importantly, the strike launched the career of
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At this point city government appealed for Governor
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against most of the trucking companies operating in
1143:Trotskyist Work in the Trade Unions, by Chris Knox
719:(Left Opposition) in the internal split following
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1050:Paperback ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1998.
687:, were also important catalysts for the rise of
653:). The worst single day was Friday, July 20,
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1004:"Killings, Riots Mark Strikes in Minnesota"
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1447:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
1134:1934 Minneapolis Teamster Strikes Archive
1006:. Chicago Tribune. 15 May 1948. p. 4
715:members who had gone to the newly formed
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1724:Labor-related riots in the United States
1647:Anti-union violence in the United States
1333:Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
1112:Zieger, Robert H., and Gilbert J. Gall.
645:, the major distribution center for the
32:This article includes a list of general
1100:American City: A Rank-and-File History.
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669:Socialist Workers Party (United States)
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1530:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1498:Streetcar strikes in the United States
1458:Streetcar strikes in the United States
964:34th Infantry Division (United States)
813:34th Infantry Division (United States)
213:International Brotherhood of Teamsters
1734:Riots and civil disorder in Minnesota
1729:Police brutality in the United States
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1076:Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934.
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1749:General strikes in the United States
811:to mobilize the National Guard, the
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1642:Union violence in the United States
1515:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
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1550:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
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1064:New York: Pathfinder Press, 1973.
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959:1938 New York City truckers strike
631:Minneapolis general strike of 1934
86:Minneapolis general strike of 1934
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1328:List of incidents of civil unrest
667:, a group that later founded the
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1608:Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike
1520:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
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740:National Industrial Recovery Act
730:, his brothers Miles and Grant,
677:1934 West Coast Longshore Strike
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675:. This strike, along with the
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1436:Cotton pickers' strike of 1891
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114:May 16, 1934 - August 21, 1934
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241:Minnesota Army National Guard
1602:West Coast waterfront strike
1386:American labor union history
785:American Federation of Labor
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1739:Labor disputes in Minnesota
1338:2021 Minneapolis Question 2
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756:Bloody Friday (Minneapolis)
717:Communist League of America
665:Communist League of America
209:Communist League of America
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1669:Portal:Organized Labour
1590:Columbine Mine massacre
946:Organized labour portal
886:Socialist Workers Party
815:under Adjutant General
228:Government of Minnesota
53:more precise citations.
1709:History of Minneapolis
1540:Colorado Coalfield War
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979:History of Minneapolis
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685:American Workers Party
655:called "Bloody Friday"
124:Minneapolis, Minnesota
1614:Memorial Day massacre
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1406:Rock Springs massacre
1400:Great Railroad Strike
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789:Central Labor Council
354:2 deputized civilians
312:Casualties and losses
146:44.98111°N 93.27694°W
1754:1930s in Minneapolis
908:, later renamed the
699:Leadup to the strike
679:and the 1934 Toledo
1504:Colorado Labor Wars
1048:Teamster Rebellion.
689:industrial unionism
254:City of Minneapolis
151:44.98111; -93.27694
142: /
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1470:Illinois coal wars
1424:Thibodaux massacre
1148:2007-05-16 at the
823:The strike resumes
766:Minneapolis Police
651:Warehouse District
1704:1934 in Minnesota
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1596:Harlan County War
1584:Hanapepe massacre
1566:Battle of Matewan
1464:Lattimer massacre
1430:Morewood massacre
1412:Bay View massacre
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1088:Palmer, Bryan D.
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1555:Everett massacre
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1233:Derek Chauvin
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1108:0-8166-4607-4
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1070:0-913460-20-6
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1056:0-87348-845-8
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736:Farrell Dobbs
733:
732:Carl Skoglund
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647:Upper Midwest
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500:San Francisco
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442:First May Day
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294:Farrell Dobbs
291:
290:Carl Skoglund
287:
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52:
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42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1667:
1491:20th century
1393:19th century
1293:George Floyd
1217:Brian O'Hara
1138:marxists.org
1113:
1099:
1089:
1075:
1061:
1047:
1029:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
998:
923:
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883:
879:
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858:Farmer-Labor
855:
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834:
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799:Negotiations
793:
782:
775:
763:
759:
744:
725:
710:
705:Daniel Tobin
702:
659:
630:
628:
504:
471:Philadelphia
419:Philadelphia
351:
337:
331:
325:
299:
280:
273:Lead figures
245:
219:
200:
166:Unionization
91:Part of The
65:
56:
37:
1598:, 1931–1932
1546:, 1913–1914
1506:, 1903–1904
1500:, 1895–1929
1472:, 1898–1899
1460:, 1895–1929
1281:Jamar Clark
862:martial law
761:shut down.
683:led by the
673:labor union
643:Minneapolis
505:Minneapolis
452:New Orleans
352:Fatalities:
332:Fatalities:
149: /
51:introducing
1699:1934 riots
1683:Categories
1311:Amir Locke
1212:Tony Bouza
990:References
914:Trotskyist
754:See also:
750:The strike
734:and later
662:Trotskyist
334:2 strikers
137:93°16′37″W
134:44°58′52″N
59:April 2009
34:references
1299:Dolal Idd
1267:homicides
1250:Bob Kroll
919:Smith Act
890:Smith Act
728:Ray Dunne
721:Trotsky's
639:Teamsters
477:Vancouver
431:St. Louis
326:Injuries:
1275:Fong Lee
1226:Officers
1146:Archived
1010:16 April
932:See also
870:stockade
592:European
529:Paraguay
488:Winnipeg
436:Scranton
338:Arrests:
119:Location
1321:Related
828:Guard.
615:Catalan
609:Catalan
541:Uruguay
535:Namibia
523:Finland
517:Austria
511:Oakland
494:Germany
483:Seattle
425:Catalan
190:Parties
180:Protest
176:Strikes
172:Methods
47:improve
1622:, 1938
1616:, 1937
1610:, 1935
1604:, 1934
1592:, 1927
1586:, 1924
1580:, 1922
1574:, 1921
1568:, 1920
1557:, 1916
1466:, 1897
1454:, 1894
1443:, 1892
1432:, 1891
1426:, 1887
1420:, 1886
1414:, 1886
1408:, 1885
1402:, 1877
1313:(2022)
1307:(2021)
1301:(2020)
1295:(2020)
1289:(2017)
1283:(2015)
1277:(2006)
1199:Chiefs
1120:
1106:
1094:online
1082:
1068:
1054:
896:Impact
635:strike
604:Brazil
568:Guinea
465:Sweden
448:) 1886
36:, but
1238:trial
598:India
586:Spain
574:Egypt
562:2000s
555:Nepal
547:Spain
459:1900s
413:1800s
162:Goals
1118:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1066:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1012:2017
770:scab
629:The
617:2019
611:2017
600:2016
594:2012
588:2010
582:2009
576:2008
570:2007
557:1992
549:1988
543:1973
537:1971
531:1958
525:1956
519:1950
513:1946
507:1934
496:1920
490:1919
479:1918
473:1910
467:1909
454:1892
438:1877
427:1855
421:1835
340:Many
111:Date
1136:at
787:'s
637:by
328:67+
1685::
695:.
182:,
178:,
1377:e
1370:t
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1183:e
1176:t
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1014:.
444:(
391:e
384:t
377:v
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
