163:
493:. These developments suggest that the palaces were built as part of a broader pattern of earlier traditions being institutionalized, with particular groups within Minoan society asserting control over important spaces and activities that would have taken place there. One proposal by Stuart Manning attributes these social developments to an expansion and subsequent contraction in international trade. During EM II (c. 2650–2200 BC), the Minoans had forged economic links around the eastern Mediterranean, creating a local culture of elite competition via imported prestige goods. When international trade collapsed during EM III (c. 2200–2100 BC), these goods would have become scarse, increasing the status of those who retained and controlled access to them.
604:
207:
121:, who had interpreted Knossos as the residence of a "Priest-King". The term has generally been retained despite subsequent researchers largely rejecting Evans's interpretation. However, alternative terms have been proposed including “court building” and “court-centered building”, which characterize the buildings in terms of their form while remaining neutral as to their function. Numerous other terms from Minoan archaeology carry similar caveats. For instance, the term "Lustral Basin" is often used to refer to a particular architectural feature even by scholars who do not regard them as having been used for
324:
462:
134:
361:
31:
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frescoes that adopted aspects of mainland
Mycenaean iconography. These new frescoes abandoned earlier Minoan subjects such as fantastical nature scenes and ecstatic rituals, replacing them with figure-eight shields and processions of tribute-bearers. However, the new rulers continued the traditional Knossian use of bulls as a symbol of power. Bulls appear in one third of the surviving frescoes from this period, and in particular at the entrances and in the more ostentatious rooms.
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502:
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178:. In each palace, the court had 2:1 proportions, with the longer side running north-south. This orientation would have maximized sunlight, and oriented important rooms in the west wing's inner facade towards the rising sun. The central courts were typically aligned with the surrounding topography, in particular with nearby sacred mountains. For instance, the palace at Phaistos is aligned with
150:", with corridors often taking circuitous routes even between rooms which shared a wall. They share similar tendencies in organization, for instance having their main storage magazines and industrial areas in the north and northwest wings. Palaces were typically at the center of a larger settlement and are not always clearly demarcated from the rest of the town.
311:(MM III, c. 1750–1700 BC). Earlier examples exist from the Protopalatial period, but only became commonplace and only took on their canonical form during the Neopalatial period. They fell out of use and were filled in during the LM IB period (c. 1625–1470 BC), simultaneous with an island-wide change in religious practice that also saw the abandonment of
542:
permeable, with collondes and pier-and-door partitions replacing earlier solid walls. Many of the archetypal palatial features appear to date from this era, including
Lustral Basins and fresco painting. They are much more uniform in style than their predecessors, leading scholars to suspect that they were constructed by the same team.
591:. While private houses may have been constructed at some palace sites such as Phaistos, the Classical era city of Knossos never encroached on the palace, even as it expanded dramatically over the surrounding area. Though the palaces sites seem to have been regarded as sacred, the ruins themselves were often quarried for
697:
During the
Neopalatial era, ordinary houses took on characteristics of palatial architecture including Minoan Halls, lustral basins, and mason's marks. This trend has been referred to as "palatialization". Alternate terms "Knossosification" and "the Versailles effect" have been proposed, though it is
570:
The date of the final destruction of
Knossos is unclear. It appears to have burned at the end of LM IIIA1 (c. 1370 BC) and possibly again at the end of LM IIIA2 (c. 1330 BC). In its final years, possibly during LM IIIB (c. 1330-1200 BC), it was partly restored as a merely utilitarian building. No new
509:
The first palaces are generally dated to MM IB (c. 1925–1875 BC). In this era, there were only three known palaces, namely those at
Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia. Among them, Phaistos provides the clearest evidence for this period, since later renovations obscured much of the evidence at the other two
481:
and monumental buildings were constructed around them. These early buildings are poorly understood since much of their remains were obliterated by later construction. However, traces of early construction are found at
Knossos throughout the area of the later palace, including a segment of a long wall
655:
Similar considerations apply to a building at Petras, which mixes classic palatial features with characteristics adopted from earlier regional architectural traditions. The multistory building served as an administrative center with a central court and archives. It was also fortified, including with
558:
elite, who adopted a mixture of local Minoan cultural traditions and ones from the mainland. Many of the most famous rooms in the palace took their final form in this era, including the Throne Room and much of the residential quarters in the East Wing. The palace was extensively redecorated with new
517:
The
Protopalatial palaces were a major architectural achievement that coincided with major building projects in the towns around them. However, they were smaller and less complex than their Neopalatial successors. They had a square-within-a-square layout, with fewer internal divisions than later on,
482:
dating to EM III (c. 2200–2100 BC), potentially suggesting development of the site as a whole. At Malia, early remains are substantial enough that some archaeologists have argued that there was full-fledged palace by EM III (c. 2200–2100 BC) and perhaps even a predecessor in EM II (c. 2650–2200 BC).
687:
Could a relatively small and architecturally unpretentious town such as Kommos have promoted and maintained such an enormous structure, or have we misunderstood the palaces? Perhaps they were not so rare nor served such large regions as is generally supposed. Or perhaps in T we see an adaptation of
153:
Despite their common architectural vocabulary, each palace was distinct. For instance, while the palaces share a common overall organization, their specific floorplans are unique. Similarly, while they share the same proportions, they varied considerably in size. In the
Neopalatial era, Knossos was
537:
During the
Neopalatial Period, the palaces at Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia were rebuilt and new ones were constructed at Zakros and Galatas. At Knossos, rebuilding began during MM III (c. 1750–1700 BC), soon after the destruction of the earlier palace. However, the major construction projects from
404:
Unlike the Near
Eastern buildings that influenced them, Minoan palaces were not secure fortresses, and were at least partially accessible to residents of the adjacent towns. Similarly, while Near Eastern societies had separate buildings which served as palaces and temples, Minoan architecture does
108:
The first palaces were constructed around 1900 BC, as the culmination of longer-term social and architectural trends. These initial palaces were destroyed by earthquakes around 1700 BC but were rebuilt on a grander scale, with new palaces appearing at other sites. Around 1450 BC, a wave of violent
615:
Minoan archaeologists generally reserve the term "palace" for five structures. However, many Minoan structures display some hallmarks of palacehood while lacking others. In a study of Minoan architecture, John McEnroe comments that "the distinction between 'Palatial' and 'non-Palatial' is often a
380:
and formation of state-level societies on Crete. While this view is still widespread among scholars, it has also been questioned. In particular, the functions of the palaces seem to have varied by time and by site, and many seemingly palatial functions also took place in other kinds of buildings.
571:
frescoes were painted, and collapsed colonnades and pier-and-door partitions were replaced with minimal rubble walls. Corridors were blocked off, elegant rooms were repurposed for storage, and even the cult rooms which were added were put in areas where they would not have been in earlier times.
541:
The Neopalatial palaces were more imposing than their predecessors, and their interiors were more complex. The renovations introduced more internal divisions and corridors, replacing the earlier bulky masses with a more articulated layout. The interiors were also more spacious and divisions more
566:
which give a snapshot of palace economics. In contrast to the widely dispersed Linear A, most Linear B inscriptions were found at Knossos, suggesting a concentration of political and economic power. The tablets mention 100 place names, which seem economically tied to Knossos. The tablets record
218:
was a spacious public area directly outside a palace's main entrance. Unlike the central court, the west court was located outside the palace's enclosed area, and was thus easily accessible from the lower town. In the Protopalatial era, the courts were lined with raised triangular causeways and
388:
is often taken as evidence for viewing the palaces as regional administration centers. For instance, documents from Knossos suggest that it managed large flocks of sheep in the Protopalatial era, and also appear to record transactions involving figs, olives, cereals, and other produce. Later
351:
incised with the double axe. Like lustral basins, pillar crypts also show up in villas. However, they also show up in tombs, suggesting that their ritual use may have had some relation to the dead. As with lustral basins, these rooms fell into disuse during the LM IB period (c. 1625–1470 BC).
280:
Lustral basins are small rectangular chambers sunk into the floor of the surrounding room. They are reached via a descending L-shaped staircase and are open at the top, allowing occupants to be viewed from above. Each palace had at least one lustral basin, with Phaistos having four of them.
232:
The west courts were adjacent to the palaces' monumental west facades, which towered over them. Like their Near Eastern antecedents, the west facades were punctuated by recesses which would have enhanced the spectacle of public events, creating what is sometimes referred to as a "window of
476:
The palaces were built at sites that had been important communal spaces for a very long time. In particular, communal feasting is attested in the areas of the future Central Courts and West Courts dating back to the Neolithic. During the Early Minoan period, these areas were partly
2259:
There is some controversy over the precise dating of these tablets. This article follows McEnroe (2010) in assuming that they date from LM IIIA, the period when Knossos was at its architectural zenith. However, others have argued that some or all of the tablets date from LM II-LM
428:
The palaces have extensive storage facilities which were used for agricultural commodities as well as tableware. Enormous sets of high quality tableware were stored in the palaces, often produced elsewhere. For instance, Kamares Ware found at Knossos was probably made in Mesara.
545:
The Neopalatial palaces were destroyed at the end of LM IB, with the exception of Knossos. At Knossos, the lower town was burned but the palace itself was not. These destructions have been attributed to warfare, either internal uprisings or external attack by Mycenaean Greeks.
249:
has been referred to as "the very essence of Minoan architecture". Typically found on the palaces' north sides, they consisted of a main room, a forehall, and a lightwell. The latter was separated from the main room by a series of wooden doors mounted on piers, called a
651:
At Gournia, a monumental Neopalatial building adopted palatial features including a public court and an ashlar facade, and may have served a similar administrative function to the palaces. However, its layout and quality of masonry differ from the canonical palaces.
449:, which is often regarded as the mature phase of the Minoan civilization. The Neopalatial palaces were destroyed as part of a wave of violent destructions which shook the island at the end of LM IB, c. 1470 BC. After that, only Knossos continued in use during the
420:
The palaces' courts are generally regarded as having been used for public rituals, though the nature of these rituals is unknown. One hypothesis suggests that the west courts were used for a harvest festival. This view is based largely on the interpretation of
257:
Few artifacts have been found in the halls themselves, leaving little evidence of the activity that went on there. However, several examples are located near tablet archives, raising the possibility that they were used as meeting places for bureaucrats.
397:. However, both writing and sealing predate the construction of the palaces and were never exclusive to them. For instance, there is less evidence of administrative bureaucracy at the Palace of Phaistos than at non-palatial buildings in nearby
284:
They are presumed to have been used for rituals, in particular given that at least some were decorated with religious-themed frescoes. However, their exact function is unknown. The term "lustral basin" was coined by Arthur Evans, who found
698:
not clear that builders were imitating Knossos in particular. Though widely dispersed, palatialized houses were never the norm. Large settlements generally had at least one palatialized residence, but most houses were not palatialized.
567:
enormous quantities of goods, particularly sheep and textiles, but also grain and other produce. The quantities go far beyond what would be needed for local subsitence, suggesting that the palace administered a vibrant export economy.
197:
would have taken place in the courts, though others have argued that the paving would not have been optimal for the animals or the people, and that the restricted access points would have kept the spectacle too far out of public view.
154:
twice as large as Malia and Phaistos, and three times as large as Galatas and Zakros. The palaces also changed dramatically over their lifespans, with many of their most familiar features only appearing in the Neopalatial era.
92:
The palaces' function is a topic of continuing debate in Minoan archaeology. Despite the modern term "palace", it is generally agreed that they did not primarily serve as royal residences. They are known to have contained
408:
Similarly, they do not appear to have been the seats of kings or centralized authority. Emerging evidence suggests that palaces were primarily consumers rather than producers of many goods associated with them, such as
145:
around a rectangular central court. Beyond that, the palaces shared a further common architectural vocabulary of room types, ornamentation styles, and shared tendencies in layout. Their floorplans have been described as
453:, during which a Mycenaean elite ruled the island, forming a hybrid "Mycenoan" culture. The Palace at Knossos was destroyed at an unknown point roughly a century later, marking the end of the Minoan palaces.
81:. Minoan palaces consisted of multistory wings surrounding an open rectangular central court. They shared a common architectural vocabulary and organization, including distinctive room types such as the
445:. The Protopalatial palaces were destroyed around at the end of MM IIB (c. 1700 BC), seemingly by earthquakes. New palaces were constructed during MM III (c. 1750–1700 BC), marking the beginning of the
425:
as grain repositories. However, this interpretation has been questioned on the basis that the kouloures lacked the sort of capping or lining that would have been necessary to keep grain dry.
405:
not make any such obvious distinction. Some scholars have questioned whether these functions were truly grouped under one roof, or if we have somehow fundamentally misunderstood the palaces.
2229:, both of which remain mostly undeciphered. However, the numeral system and some logograms have been deciphered, allowing researchers to recover the information conveyed in some cases.
233:
appearances". The west courts are believed to have been used for public festivals, in contrast to the central courts where events would have included a smaller audience of elites. The
186:. The central courts at Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia were nearly identical in area, measuring roughly 24 by 52 meters. Zakros had a smaller central court, roughly 12 by 29 meters.
162:
554:
During the Final Palace Period (LM II-IIIA, c. 1470-1330 BC), Knossos was rebuilt while the other palaces were left in ruins. In this era, Knossos was ruled by a
339:. They were usually located in lower levels near storage magazines, often directly below a cult room. They are sometimes interpreted as human-made analogues of
2018:
Prent, Mieke (2003). "Glories of the past in the past: Ritual activities at palatial ruins in Early Iron Age Crete". In van Dyke, Ruth; Alock, Susan (eds.).
401:. Similarly, even in eras where there is clear evidence of palace-based redistribution, there was still economic activity outside the palaces' control.
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254:. By opening or closing the doors, occupants could control light and airflow, transforming the hall into either an interior or exterior space.
86:
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89:. However, each palace was unique, and their appearances changed dramatically as they were continually remodeled throughout their lifespans.
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The Protopalatial palaces at Knossos and Phaistos were destroyed at the end of MM IIB (c. 1700 BC), either by earthquakes or by violence.
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2238:
Minoan history is divided into Early Minoan, Middle Minoan, and Late Minoan periods, with further subdivisions indicated as needed. This
4602:
2827:
441:, c. 1925–1875 BC. Their appearance was a sudden culmination of longer social and architectural trends, and marks the beginning of the
393:
documents record agricultural surplusses far beyond local needs for subsistence, including 960,000 liters of grain from a place called
193:
found at Knossos. Altars found in the courts of some palaces suggest other kinds of ritual activity. Some scholars have suggested that
97:, open areas for communal festivals, industrial workshops, as well as storage magazines for large agricultural surpluses. Archives of
372:
The palaces are traditionally regarded as the seats of a combined political, economic, and religious authority that presided over a
472:
were built around the time the palace sites, suggesting that earlier forms of worship were being formalized and institutionalized.
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watchtowers. It had a central court, though a tiny one only 6m by 13m which was shrunk to 4.9 m by 12 m in later phases.
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had palatial features such as central courts but otherwise do not pattern with the palaces in terms of form or function.
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3995:
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sites. They appear to have been influenced by the Near Eastern tradition of monumental temples and palaces, which used
538:
this period took place during LM IA (c. 1700–1625 BC), and Phaistos in particular may have been abandoned until then.
331:
Pillar crypts were small dark rooms with one or more square pillars in the center. These pillars were often with the
304:
ritual. An alternate hypothesis regards them as baths, though they lack drains and show no signs of water weathering.
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and are modern tourist destinations. Archaeologists generally recognize five structures as palaces, namely those at
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Like the other palaces, the Palace at Knossos was organized around an open central court, labeled (1) in this map.
109:
destructions destroyed all of the palaces except for Knossos, which was itself destroyed roughly a century later.
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4312:
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229:, and planters for sacred trees. They were removed when the west courts were expanded in the Neopalatial period.
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The central courts were used for rituals and festivals. One of these festivals is believed to be depicted in the
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Younger, John; Rehak, Paul (2008). "The Material Culture of Neopalatial Crete". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
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Younger, John; Rehak, Paul (2008). "The Material Culture of Neopalatial Crete". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
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Younger, John; Rehak, Paul (2008). "The Material Culture of Neopalatial Crete". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
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4015:
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17:
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70:
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Stuart, Manning (2008). "Protopalatial Crete: Formation of the Palaces". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
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Stuart, Manning (2008). "Protopalatial Crete: Formation of the Palaces". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
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Stuart, Manning (2008). "Protopalatial Crete: Formation of the Palaces". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
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Stuart, Manning (2008). "Protopalatial Crete: Formation of the Palaces". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
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Stuart, Manning (2008). "Protopalatial Crete: Formation of the Palaces". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
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Stuart, Manning (2008). "Protopalatial Crete: Formation of the Palaces". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia (ed.).
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pottery, though there is limited evidence for on-site production at the palaces. A major exception is
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3637:
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to signal the building's status. However, the Minoans adapted the style to suit their own purposes.
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4538:
4472:
4138:
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2627:
663:, a grandiose structure known as Building T had a paved rectangular court surrounded by monumental
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Lustral basins were added to the palaces during the renovations that marked the beginning of the
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587:. Later on, small shrines were constructed within the ruins, some of which persisted into the
485:
These early developments at palace sites occurred at the same time as similar construction at
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3359:
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780:
490:
377:
683:, the presence of palatial architecture is a puzzle. In the words of excavator Joseph Shaw:
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The ruins of the palaces remained visible long after the end of the Minoan era. During the
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appears to depict such a ritual at Knossos, the west court identifiable by the causeways.
8:
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58:
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after a circular Cretan pastry. Kouloures have been variously interpreted as granaries,
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used by the Minoans. Because Kommos is thought to have been politically dependent on
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Thus, the role of the palaces in Minoan society remains a topic of scholarly debate.
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294:
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The Palace at Phaistos provides the clearest evidence about the Protopalatial era.
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sign, and sometimes accompanied channels or basins which may have been used for
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facades. The palaces were also more distinct from one another in this period.
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30:
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
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Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1975:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1960:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1945:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1930:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1873:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1855:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1802:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1522:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1465:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1384:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1266:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1251:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1211:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1110:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1095:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1080:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
1065:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
970:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
859:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
844:
Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age
293:
rituals. Subsequent researchers have interpreted them as forefunners of the
289:
flasks in a lustral basin at Knossos and inferred that it had been used for
5930:
5643:
5595:
5461:
5315:
5185:
4824:
4660:
4166:
4128:
3827:
2947:
2779:
2763:
2667:
2582:
2562:
2415:
2405:
2326:
680:
588:
410:
398:
385:
360:
194:
183:
118:
39:
105:
tablets suggest that they served in part as local administrative centers.
6021:
5663:
5555:
5535:
5363:
4871:
4849:
4839:
4834:
4757:
4714:
4261:
4171:
4161:
4048:
4038:
3802:
3179:
3154:
2657:
2577:
2552:
641:
519:
414:
340:
141:
The defining feature of a Minoan palace is its arrangement of multistory
5368:
210:
The west court at the Palace at Knossos, with the west facade behind it.
170:
appears to show a ceremony taking place in the Central Court at Knossos.
6181:
5938:
5920:
5600:
5570:
5565:
5550:
5436:
5403:
5072:
5042:
4709:
4437:
4271:
4113:
4108:
4098:
4083:
4068:
4058:
4033:
3409:
3164:
3119:
2592:
2536:
2465:
2311:
903:
Hitchcock, Louise (2012). "Minoan Architecture". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
712:
348:
344:
332:
301:
290:
54:
2266:
2160:. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. pp. 30–35.
1815:
1813:
1811:
5575:
5501:
5486:
5456:
5451:
5383:
5307:
5292:
5277:
5220:
5120:
4772:
4704:
4276:
4256:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4181:
4176:
4146:
4093:
4053:
3832:
3698:
3652:
3632:
3263:
3134:
2567:
2516:
2491:
2470:
629:
469:
422:
221:
147:
611:
shows the adoption of palace-like features in domestic architecture.
583:
they became places of open-air worship, as evidenced by deposits of
6252:
6041:
5625:
5615:
5605:
5580:
5358:
5325:
5287:
5230:
5145:
5130:
4987:
4977:
4894:
4889:
4286:
4281:
4241:
4236:
4211:
4191:
4118:
4073:
4063:
3919:
3817:
3752:
3680:
3288:
2805:
2743:
2738:
2672:
2597:
2587:
2501:
2430:
2374:
2222:
1808:
676:
668:
645:
608:
563:
390:
365:
336:
102:
98:
66:
5378:
2158:
Kommos: A Minoan Harbor Town and Greek Sanctuary in Southern Crete
5768:
5758:
5703:
5698:
5683:
5673:
5658:
5653:
5540:
5428:
5418:
5297:
5272:
5267:
5240:
5235:
5215:
5205:
5195:
5160:
5150:
5140:
5092:
5082:
5057:
5022:
5017:
4992:
4645:
4427:
4088:
4078:
3837:
3807:
3797:
3792:
3772:
3767:
3647:
3594:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3268:
2980:
2526:
2521:
2506:
2445:
2425:
2420:
2369:
769:
Confronting the Classics: Traditions, Adventures, and Innovations
286:
226:
62:
35:
5713:
5027:
5738:
5668:
5648:
5610:
5476:
5282:
5175:
5112:
5102:
5047:
4665:
4650:
4246:
4231:
4206:
4201:
4186:
3847:
3842:
3609:
3589:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3189:
3149:
3139:
3124:
2531:
2450:
2440:
2384:
672:
625:
592:
584:
523:
297:
94:
78:
1213:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 54, 67, 89, 100.
501:
272:
5889:
5748:
5723:
5620:
5560:
5545:
5413:
5373:
5125:
5037:
5032:
5002:
4997:
4972:
4655:
4196:
4151:
4103:
3675:
3627:
3328:
3298:
3245:
3220:
3159:
3129:
2840:
2572:
50:
981:
979:
5753:
5728:
5678:
5165:
5155:
667:
much like the palaces. Comparable in size to the palace at
1487:
MacDonald, Colin (2012). "Knossos". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
1112:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 64, 88, 177.
2221:
During the Protopalatial Period, records were made using
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
976:
2045:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 54, 89–90.
2007:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 133–135.
1992:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 117–118.
1977:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 124–125.
1962:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 122–123.
1947:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 84, 119.
1932:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 113–114.
1895:
Hallager, Erik (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
1471:
1253:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 117–118.
1155:. Oxford University Press. pp. 94, 100, 125–126.
376:. Thus, their development is often taken as a sign of
2200:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 98–106.
1866:
1864:
1386:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 41, 43.
1082:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 57, 60.
1030:
Lupack, Susan (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
990:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111, 156–157.
2185:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 91–92.
1875:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 78–79.
1857:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 82–83.
1804:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 78–82.
1067:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 84–85.
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
809:
Schoep, Ilse (2012). "Crete". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
562:
In this period, administrative records were kept in
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
174:Minoan palaces were organized around a rectangular
1861:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1428:
1426:
861:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. viii.
846:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. viii.
368:tablet from the west wing of the Palace at Zakros.
219:circular stone-lined pits which excavators dubbed
2242:based on pottery styles is necessary because the
2085:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 170.
2055:
1716:
1356:
1331:
1306:
1223:
1150:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
739:
6263:
2115:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 91.
2100:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 90.
1888:
1885:Preziosi, D. & Hitchcock, L.A. (1999) p. 121
1822:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
1744:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
1638:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117.
1636:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
1605:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–108.
1603:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
1572:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–114.
1570:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
1537:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
1524:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 41.
1467:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 43.
1401:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–108.
1399:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
1268:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 92.
1180:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–157.
1178:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
1097:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 57.
988:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
972:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 84.
865:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
3216:
1451:
1423:
2130:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–76.
1671:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–38.
1286:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–69.
1277:
1275:
1146:
1144:
1012:
671:, its facade was constructed from the largest
57:. They are often considered emblematic of the
5905:
2996:
2821:
2282:
2060:. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–122.
1899:. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–159.
1491:. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–542.
1034:. Oxford University Press. pp. 251–262.
907:. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–199.
813:. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–125.
785:
437:The first palaces are generally dated to the
112:
2056:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise (1999).
1897:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
1819:
1717:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise (1999).
1489:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
1357:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise (1999).
1332:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise (1999).
1307:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise (1999).
1224:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise (1999).
1175:
1151:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise (1999).
1032:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
985:
905:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
811:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
740:Preziosi, Donald; Hitchcock, Louise (1999).
2151:
2149:
2147:
1824:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111.
1779:. Cambridge University Press. p. 676.
1746:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111.
1539:. Cambridge University Press. p. 110.
1361:. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–86.
1272:
1228:. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–92.
1141:
598:
518:and may have lacked later features such as
5912:
5898:
3882:
3003:
2989:
2828:
2814:
2289:
2275:
1696:. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
1437:. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
276:A lustral basin at the Palace of Phaistos.
38:, as controversially reconstructed by Sir
1486:
902:
432:
49:were massive building complexes built on
2246:calendar dates are often uncertain. See
2144:
1894:
1721:. Oxford University Press. p. 121.
938:
936:
934:
932:
735:
733:
688:the palace form for commercial purposes.
619:
602:
500:
496:
460:
359:
322:
271:
205:
161:
132:
29:
2296:
2195:
2180:
2125:
2110:
2095:
2080:
2040:
2002:
1987:
1972:
1957:
1942:
1927:
1905:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0011
1870:
1852:
1799:
1774:
1691:
1666:
1519:
1497:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0040
1462:
1432:
1381:
1336:. Oxford University Press. p. 64.
1311:. Oxford University Press. p. 65.
1281:
1263:
1248:
1208:
1107:
1092:
1077:
1062:
1040:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0019
967:
913:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0014
856:
841:
819:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0008
744:. Oxford University Press. p. 63.
14:
6264:
4936:
1741:
1633:
1600:
1567:
1534:
1396:
1125:Art and Archaeology of the Greek World
1116:
1029:
945:Art and Archaeology of the Greek World
808:
549:
532:
343:, where worship often centered around
327:A pillar crypt in the Palace of Malia.
5893:
5793:
4935:
4364:
3868:
3215:
3035:
2984:
2809:
2270:
2017:
929:
730:
5404:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
3036:
2835:
2155:
1122:
942:
574:
456:
117:The term "palace" was introduced by
24:
4365:
3010:
2688:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a
692:
240:
25:
6298:
1127:. Thames and Hudson. p. 29.
947:. Thames and Hudson. p. 26.
261:
157:
27:Ancient Minoan buildings in Crete
5873:
5863:
5854:
5853:
2862:Classical and Hellenistic period
767:, "Builder of Ruins", p. 20, in
318:
5874:
2790:Archaeological Museum of Chania
2785:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
2713:Papoura Hill Circular Structure
2253:
2232:
2215:
2189:
2174:
2119:
2104:
2089:
2074:
2049:
2034:
2011:
1996:
1981:
1966:
1951:
1936:
1921:
1879:
1846:
1793:
1768:
1735:
1710:
1685:
1660:
1627:
1594:
1561:
1528:
1513:
1390:
1375:
1350:
1325:
1300:
1257:
1242:
1217:
1202:
1169:
1101:
1086:
1071:
1056:
417:found at Knossos and Phaistos.
128:
6072:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
5919:
2795:Archaeological Museum of Sitia
2022:. Blackwell. pp. 81–100.
961:
850:
835:
758:
201:
13:
1:
3475:
3462:
3443:
3426:
2128:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
1830:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.007
1777:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
1752:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.005
1694:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
1669:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
1644:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.005
1611:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.005
1578:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.005
1545:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.005
1435:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
1407:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.005
1284:Minoan Crete: An Introduction
1186:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.007
996:10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.007
723:
6122:South-Western Iberian Bronze
4603:Funeral and burial practices
3788:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2703:Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro
607:A Minoan Hall in a house at
182:and Knossos is aligned with
7:
701:
355:
10:
6303:
6172:Wilburton-Wallington Phase
4527:Greek Revival architecture
3869:
2126:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
1775:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
1692:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
1667:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
1433:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
1282:Watrous, L. Vance (2021).
265:
113:Definition and terminology
6249:
6180:
6057:Indus Valley Civilisation
5967:Armorican Tumulus culture
5937:
5927:
5849:
5800:
5794:
5789:
5634:
5511:
5500:
5427:
5349:
5306:
5253:
5111:
4963:
4954:
4950:
4931:
4880:
4795:
4733:
4695:
4688:
4638:
4598:
4589:
4511:
4388:
4384:
4360:
4326:
4295:
4137:
4024:
3968:
3935:Attalid kings of Pergamon
3890:
3881:
3877:
3864:
3743:Antigonid Macedonian army
3716:
3689:
3661:
3618:
3575:
3566:
3408:
3347:
3244:
3240:
3211:
3110:
3059:
3055:
3031:
3018:
2847:
2772:
2731:
2610:
2545:
2479:
2398:
2362:
2355:
2304:
2196:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
2181:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
2111:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
2096:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
2081:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
2041:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
2028:10.1002/9780470774304.ch5
2003:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1988:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1973:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1958:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1943:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1928:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1871:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1853:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1800:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1520:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1463:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1382:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1264:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1249:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1209:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1108:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1093:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1078:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
1063:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
968:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
857:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
842:McEnroe, John C. (2010).
2628:Hagia Triada Sarcophagus
2208:
624:Monumental buildings at
599:Palace-like architecture
6017:Deverel–Rimbury culture
2931:Great Cretan Revolution
2892:Second Byzantine period
2723:Wall Paintings of Thera
2638:Snake goddess figurines
2020:Archaeologies of Memory
252:pier-and-door partition
3969:Artists & scholars
3884:List of ancient Greeks
3521:Second Athenian League
3370:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3195:Ancient Greek colonies
2882:First Byzantine period
2643:La Parisienne (fresco)
1123:Neer, Richard (2012).
943:Neer, Richard (2012).
690:
612:
506:
473:
433:Historical development
374:redistributive economy
369:
328:
300:or as the locus of an
277:
211:
171:
138:
43:
34:Part of the palace at
5088:Sybaris on the Traeis
3813:Sacred Band of Thebes
3553:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
3067:Cycladic civilization
2902:Revolt of Saint Titus
2633:Horns of Consecration
2623:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco
2156:Shaw, Joseph (2006).
685:
620:Palace-like buildings
606:
504:
497:Protopalatial palaces
464:
378:social stratification
363:
326:
275:
209:
165:
136:
33:
6087:Mumun pottery period
4613:mythological figures
4334:Ancient Greek tribes
3459:Peloponnesian League
2653:Prince of the Lilies
2611:Art and Architecture
6272:Minoan civilization
6082:Minoan civilization
6012:Deer stones culture
5972:Atlantic Bronze Age
5952:Aegean civilization
4725:Tunnel of Eupalinos
4720:Theatre of Dionysus
4344:Ancient Macedonians
3960:Tyrants of Syracuse
3472:Amphictyonic League
3072:Minoan civilization
2875:Crete and Cyrenaica
2298:Minoan civilization
2240:relative chronology
771:, 2013, Liveright,
616:matter of degree."
550:Final Palace Period
533:Neopalatial palaces
468:such as the one at
235:Sacred Grove Fresco
59:Minoan civilization
6277:Pre-Indo-Europeans
6231:Leyla-Tepe culture
6188:and Transcaucasia)
6002:Chinese Bronze Age
5982:Bronze Age Britain
5399:Menestheus's Limin
5053:Pandosia (Lucania)
4941:Greek colonisation
4303:Athenian statesmen
4064:Diogenes of Sinope
3925:Kings of Macedonia
3915:Kings of Commagene
3783:Macedonian phalanx
3763:Hellenistic armies
3511:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
3375:Indo-Greek Kingdom
3097:Hellenistic Greece
2759:Arkalochori script
2749:Cretan hieroglyphs
2708:Minoan Bull-leaper
2678:Knossos board game
2227:Cretan hieroglyphs
613:
507:
474:
370:
329:
309:Neopalatial period
278:
212:
172:
139:
44:
6282:Prehistoric Crete
6259:
6258:
6142:Terramare culture
6097:Nordic Bronze Age
6047:Hallstatt culture
5992:Canegrate culture
5987:Bronze Age Europe
5957:Andronovo culture
5887:
5886:
5845:
5844:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5351:Iberian Peninsula
5283:Lipara/Meligounis
5249:
5248:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4900:Cypriot syllabary
4791:
4790:
4700:Athenian Treasury
4684:
4683:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
3945:Ptolemaic dynasty
3905:Archons of Athens
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3731:Athenian military
3712:
3711:
3545:League of Corinth
3527:Thessalian League
3503:Chalcidian League
3485:Acarnanian League
3395:Ptolemaic Kingdom
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
2978:
2977:
2803:
2802:
2693:Malia altar stone
2606:
2605:
2317:Minoan chronology
2250:for more details.
2248:Minoan chronology
1839:978-0-521-89127-1
1761:978-0-521-89127-1
1653:978-0-521-89127-1
1620:978-0-521-89127-1
1587:978-0-521-89127-1
1554:978-0-521-89127-1
1416:978-0-521-89127-1
1195:978-0-521-89127-1
1134:978-0-500-05166-5
1005:978-0-521-89127-1
954:978-0-500-05166-5
708:Egyptian pyramids
575:After the palaces
457:Early antecedents
443:Protopalatial era
191:Grandstand Fresco
168:Grandstand Fresco
16:(Redirected from
6294:
6287:History of Crete
6189:
6162:Urnfield culture
6127:Srubnaya culture
6092:Mycenaean Greece
6077:Lusatian culture
6027:Ewart Park Phase
6007:Cycladic culture
5997:Catacomb culture
5962:Apennine culture
5947:Abashevo culture
5914:
5907:
5900:
5891:
5890:
5877:
5876:
5867:
5857:
5856:
5791:
5790:
5509:
5508:
5008:Heraclea Lucania
4961:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4933:
4932:
4693:
4692:
4625:Twelve Olympians
4596:
4595:
4386:
4385:
4362:
4361:
3950:Seleucid dynasty
3930:Kings of Paionia
3879:
3878:
3866:
3865:
3736:Scythian archers
3643:Graphe paranomon
3573:
3572:
3480:
3477:
3467:
3464:
3448:
3445:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3242:
3241:
3213:
3212:
3092:Classical Greece
3077:Mycenaean Greece
3057:
3056:
3033:
3032:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2941:1897–1898 revolt
2830:
2823:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2360:
2359:
2347:Peak sanctuaries
2291:
2284:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2219:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2153:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1484:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1449:
1448:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1027:
1010:
1009:
983:
974:
973:
965:
959:
958:
940:
927:
926:
900:
863:
862:
854:
848:
847:
839:
833:
832:
806:
783:
762:
756:
755:
737:
487:peak sanctuaries
466:Peak sanctuaries
451:Monopalatial era
313:peak sanctuaries
21:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6245:
6241:Khojaly–Gadabay
6211:Shulaveri-Shomu
6187:
6186:(North Caucasus
6185:
6184:
6176:
6157:Únětice culture
6152:Tumulus culture
6067:Karasuk culture
6052:Helladic period
6042:Argaric culture
6037:Glazkov culture
5933:
5923:
5918:
5888:
5883:
5841:
5796:
5773:
5636:
5630:
5513:
5504:
5496:
5467:Melaina Korkyra
5423:
5345:
5302:
5255:Aeolian Islands
5245:
5107:
4965:
4946:
4945:
4919:
4876:
4787:
4729:
4680:
4634:
4585:
4507:
4498:Wedding customs
4380:
4379:
4348:
4339:Thracian Greeks
4322:
4313:Olympic victors
4291:
4133:
4020:
3964:
3955:Kings of Sparta
3940:Kings of Pontus
3910:Kings of Athens
3886:
3873:
3852:
3748:Army of Macedon
3708:
3685:
3657:
3614:
3562:
3535:(370–c. 230 BC)
3533:Arcadian League
3517:(c. 400–188 BC)
3515:Aetolian League
3509:Boeotian League
3491:Hellenic League
3478:
3465:
3455:(c. 650–404 BC)
3446:
3440:Italiote League
3433:
3429:
3423:Doric Hexapolis
3413:
3404:
3400:Seleucid Empire
3343:
3236:
3235:
3199:
3106:
3082:Greek Dark Ages
3051:
3050:
3027:
3014:
3009:
2979:
2974:
2963:Battle of Crete
2914:Siege of Candia
2897:Venetian period
2857:Mycenean period
2843:
2834:
2804:
2799:
2768:
2727:
2618:Aegina Treasure
2602:
2541:
2475:
2394:
2351:
2342:Minoan eruption
2337:Minoan religion
2300:
2295:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2237:
2233:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2154:
2145:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2109:
2105:
2094:
2090:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2054:
2050:
2039:
2035:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1982:
1971:
1967:
1956:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1862:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1818:
1809:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1485:
1472:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1395:
1391:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1280:
1273:
1262:
1258:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1222:
1218:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1121:
1117:
1106:
1102:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1028:
1013:
1006:
984:
977:
966:
962:
955:
941:
930:
923:
901:
866:
855:
851:
840:
836:
829:
807:
786:
763:
759:
752:
738:
731:
726:
704:
695:
693:Palatialization
622:
601:
577:
556:Mycenaean Greek
552:
535:
499:
459:
447:Neopalatial era
435:
358:
321:
270:
264:
243:
241:The Minoan hall
204:
160:
131:
115:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6300:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6257:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6226:Maykop culture
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6192:
6190:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6167:Wessex culture
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6102:Okunev culture
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5871:
5861:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5506:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5201:Megara Hyblaea
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5181:Hybla Gereatis
5178:
5173:
5171:Heraclea Minoa
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4958:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4915:Attic numerals
4912:
4910:Greek numerals
4907:
4905:Greek alphabet
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4559:Musical system
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4518:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3991:Mathematicians
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:Kings of Argos
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:Cretan archers
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3557:Achaean League
3554:
3551:Euboean League
3548:
3542:
3539:Epirote League
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3487:(c. 500–31 BC)
3482:
3469:
3456:
3450:
3437:
3419:
3417:
3415:Confederations
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3339:Lissus (Crete)
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:Archaic Greece
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:Ancient Greece
3008:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2953:Theriso revolt
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2921:Ottoman period
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Harvester Vase
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:Minoan palaces
2329:
2324:
2322:Minoan pottery
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2231:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2188:
2173:
2166:
2143:
2136:
2118:
2103:
2088:
2073:
2066:
2048:
2033:
2010:
1995:
1980:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1920:
1914:978-0199873609
1913:
1887:
1878:
1860:
1845:
1838:
1807:
1792:
1785:
1767:
1760:
1734:
1727:
1709:
1702:
1684:
1677:
1659:
1652:
1626:
1619:
1593:
1586:
1560:
1553:
1527:
1512:
1506:978-0199873609
1505:
1470:
1450:
1443:
1422:
1415:
1389:
1374:
1367:
1349:
1342:
1324:
1317:
1299:
1292:
1271:
1256:
1241:
1234:
1216:
1201:
1194:
1168:
1161:
1140:
1133:
1115:
1100:
1085:
1070:
1055:
1049:978-0199873609
1048:
1011:
1004:
975:
960:
953:
928:
922:978-0199873609
921:
864:
849:
834:
828:978-0199873609
827:
784:
757:
750:
728:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
718:Palace economy
715:
710:
703:
700:
694:
691:
621:
618:
600:
597:
581:Early Iron Age
576:
573:
551:
548:
534:
531:
512:ashlar masonry
498:
495:
458:
455:
434:
431:
357:
354:
320:
317:
266:Main article:
263:
262:Lustral basins
260:
242:
239:
203:
200:
159:
158:Central courts
156:
130:
127:
114:
111:
47:Minoan palaces
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6299:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6183:
6179:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6132:Tagar culture
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6117:Samus culture
6115:
6113:
6112:Penard Period
6110:
6108:
6107:Ordos culture
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:Ezero culture
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5910:
5908:
5903:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5880:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5860:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5792:
5788:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5379:Hemeroscopion
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:Magna Graecia
4953:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:Arcadocypriot
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4783:Zeus, Olympia
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:Hera, Olympia
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Mount Olympus
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:Sacred places
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Olympic Games
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Homosexuality
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Seleucid army
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3497:Delian League
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3473:
3470:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3453:Ionian League
3451:
3441:
3438:
3434: 560 BC
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Magna Graecia
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:World War II
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:Cretan League
2868:
2867:
2866:Roman period
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Minoan period
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Phaistos disc
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Vasiliki ware
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Malia Pendant
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Minoan Genius
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Lustral basin
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Chryssolakkos
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
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316:
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292:
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268:Lustral basin
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37:
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19:
18:Minoan palace
5931:Chalcolithic
5674:Dionysopolis
5644:Abonoteichos
5596:Pantikapaion
5186:Hybla Heraea
4522:Architecture
4478:Prostitution
4167:Aristophanes
4026:Philosophers
3996:Philosophers
3828:Spartan army
3559:(280–146 BC)
3547:(338–322 BC)
3541:(370–168 BC)
3529:(374–196 BC)
3523:(378–355 BC)
3505:(430–348 BC)
3499:(478–404 BC)
3493:(499–449 BC)
3180:Peloponnesus
3102:Roman Greece
2948:Cretan State
2780:Arthur Evans
2764:Minoan seals
2668:Kamares ware
2583:Mount Juktas
2563:Psychro Cave
2406:Hagia Triada
2331:
2327:Minoan seals
2255:
2234:
2217:
2197:
2191:
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2019:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1989:
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1968:
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837:
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781:google books
768:
760:
741:
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681:Hagia Triada
658:
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634:Makrygiallos
623:
614:
578:
569:
561:
553:
544:
540:
536:
528:
516:
508:
491:sacred caves
484:
475:
450:
446:
442:
439:MM IB period
436:
427:
419:
415:loom weights
411:Kamares Ware
407:
403:
394:
384:Writing and
383:
371:
341:sacred caves
330:
306:
283:
279:
256:
251:
246:
244:
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231:
220:
215:
213:
195:bull-leaping
190:
188:
184:Mount Juktas
175:
173:
167:
152:
148:labyrinthine
140:
129:Architecture
119:Arthur Evans
116:
107:
91:
87:pillar crypt
46:
45:
40:Arthur Evans
6206:Kura–Araxes
6137:Tarim Basin
6022:Elp culture
5822:Place names
5734:Salmydessus
5556:Kalos Limen
5536:Chersonesus
5526:Borysthenes
5231:Tauromenion
5043:Metapontion
4805:Proto-Greek
4758:Erechtheion
4753:Athena Nike
4715:Philippeion
4544:Mathematics
4515:and science
4398:Agriculture
4262:Stesichorus
4172:Bacchylides
4162:Archilochus
4049:Antisthenes
4039:Anaximander
4011:Seven Sages
4001:Playwrights
3981:Geographers
3976:Astronomers
3803:Pezhetairos
3430: 1100
3410:Federations
3309:Megalopolis
3246:City states
3221:City states
2936:1878 revolt
2926:1841 revolt
2887:Arab period
2658:Stirrup jar
2553:Arkalochori
2546:Sanctuaries
2512:Nea Roumata
2456:Monastiraki
2416:Palaikastro
2399:Settlements
765:Beard, Mary
642:Monastiraki
520:orthostates
399:Ayia Triada
349:stalactites
345:stalagmites
247:Minoan Hall
202:West courts
53:during the
6266:Categories
6236:Jar-Burial
6182:Bronze Age
6062:Late Jomon
5939:Bronze Age
5921:Bronze Age
5724:Polemonion
5601:Phanagoria
5571:Kimmerikon
5566:Kerkinitis
5551:Hermonassa
5541:Dioscurias
5437:Aspalathos
5384:Kalathousa
5359:Akra Leuke
5288:Phoenicusa
5073:Scylletium
5058:Poseidonia
4978:Brentesion
4865:Pamphylian
4860:Macedonian
4778:Samothrace
4763:Hephaestus
4710:Long Walls
4689:Structures
4630:Underworld
4576:Technology
4539:Literature
4473:Philosophy
4438:Euergetism
4327:By culture
4272:Thucydides
4114:Pythagoras
4109:Protagoras
4099:Parmenides
4084:Heraclitus
4069:Empedocles
4059:Democritus
4044:Anaximenes
4034:Anaxagoras
3986:Historians
3479: 595
3466: 550
3447: 800
3432: – c.
3360:Cappadocia
3165:Ionian Sea
3155:Hellespont
3120:Aegean Sea
2968:Resistance
2909:Cretan War
2593:Traostalos
2537:Yerokambos
2466:Vathypetro
2312:Minoan art
724:References
713:Minoan art
333:double axe
302:initiation
291:annointing
216:west court
123:lustration
55:Bronze Age
6147:Trzciniec
5810:in Epirus
5759:Trapezous
5704:Mesambria
5689:Eupatoria
5659:Apollonia
5654:Anchialos
5616:Theodosia
5586:Nymphaion
5576:Myrmekion
5546:Gorgippia
5502:Black Sea
5487:Tragurion
5472:Nymphaion
5457:Epidauros
5452:Epidamnos
5442:Apollonia
5419:Zacynthos
5341:Ptolemais
5335:Apollonia
5308:Cyrenaica
5298:TherassĂa
5293:Strongyle
5273:Ereikousa
5196:Leontinoi
5136:Apollonia
5013:Hipponion
4810:Mycenaean
4773:Parthenon
4705:Lion Gate
4608:Mythology
4571:Sculpture
4534:Astronomy
4468:Pederasty
4443:Festivals
4428:Education
4308:Lawgivers
4277:Timocreon
4257:Sophocles
4252:Simonides
4227:Philocles
4222:Panyassis
4217:Mimnermus
4182:Herodotus
4177:Euripides
4147:Aeschylus
4094:Leucippus
4054:Aristotle
3833:Strategos
3699:Synedrion
3653:Ostracism
3633:Areopagus
3585:Free city
3380:Macedonia
3264:Byzantion
3170:Macedonia
3135:Cyrenaica
3112:Geography
3046:Geography
2568:Atsipades
2517:Odigitria
2492:Apesokari
2471:Zominthos
630:Zominthos
589:Roman era
470:Petsophas
423:kouloures
337:libations
222:kouloures
180:Mount Ida
6253:Iron Age
6221:Trialeti
6216:Colchian
5859:Category
5837:Theatres
5764:Tripolis
5699:Kerasous
5694:Heraclea
5626:Tyritake
5581:Nikonion
5492:Thronion
5414:Salauris
5369:Emporion
5326:Berenice
5316:Balagrae
5268:Euonymos
5241:Tyndaris
5226:Syracuse
5221:Selinous
5191:Kamarina
5146:Casmenae
5131:Akrillai
5048:Neápolis
4983:Caulonia
4964:Mainland
4895:Linear B
4890:Linear A
4820:Dialects
4797:Language
4591:Religion
4549:Medicine
4483:Religion
4448:Folklore
4433:Emporium
4408:Clothing
4403:Calendar
4287:Xenophon
4282:Tyrtaeus
4267:Theognis
4242:Polybius
4237:Plutarch
4212:Menander
4192:Hipponax
4119:Socrates
4074:Epicurus
3920:Diadochi
3818:Sciritae
3778:Hetairoi
3753:Ballista
3718:Military
3681:Gerousia
3671:Ekklesia
3638:Ecclesia
3620:Athenian
3568:Politics
3481:–279 BC)
3468:–366 BC)
3449:–389 BC)
3385:Pergamon
3355:Bithynia
3348:Kingdoms
3289:Pergamon
3231:Military
3226:Politics
3023:Timeline
2773:See also
2744:Linear B
2739:Linear A
2673:Kouloura
2598:Vrysinas
2588:Petsofas
2502:Kamilari
2461:Vasiliki
2431:Troullos
2375:Phaistos
2244:absolute
2223:Linear A
702:See also
677:Phaistos
669:Phaistos
646:Archanes
609:Tylissos
564:Linear B
479:terraced
391:Linear B
366:Linear A
356:Function
227:cisterns
103:Linear B
99:Linear A
85:and the
67:Phaistos
5879:Outline
5832:Temples
5769:Zaliche
5749:Thèrmae
5739:Sesamus
5709:Odessos
5684:Cytorus
5679:Cotyora
5429:Illyria
5394:Mainake
5389:Kypsela
5278:Hycesia
5236:Thermae
5216:Segesta
5206:Messana
5161:Helorus
5141:Calacte
5121:Akragas
5083:Sybaris
5068:Rhegion
5023:Krimisa
4973:Alision
4882:Writing
4855:Locrian
4845:Epirote
4815:Homeric
4748:Artemis
4735:Temples
4676:Olympia
4646:Eleusis
4581:Theatre
4566:Pottery
4493:Warfare
4488:Slavery
4423:Economy
4418:Cuisine
4413:Coinage
4390:Society
4375:Culture
4370:Society
4318:Tyrants
4157:Alcaeus
4139:Authors
4089:Hypatia
4079:Gorgias
4016:Writers
3838:Toxotai
3808:Sarissa
3798:Peltast
3793:Phalanx
3773:Hoplite
3768:Hippeis
3691:Macedon
3663:Spartan
3648:Heliaia
3595:Proxeny
3304:Larissa
3299:Kerkyra
3294:Eretria
3284:Miletus
3279:Ephesus
3274:Corinth
3269:Chalcis
3190:Taurica
3060:Periods
3041:History
2837:History
2732:Writing
2558:Kamares
2527:Phylaki
2522:Phourni
2507:Koumasa
2446:Amnisos
2436:Trypiti
2426:Gournia
2421:Kydonia
2390:Galatas
2370:Knossos
2363:Palaces
673:ashlars
585:votives
386:sealing
287:unguent
95:shrines
75:Galatas
63:Knossos
36:Knossos
6196:Kurgan
5869:Portal
5817:People
5805:Cities
5744:Sinope
5729:Rhizos
5719:Phasis
5669:Bathus
5664:Athina
5649:Amisos
5611:Tanais
5606:Pityus
5531:Charax
5482:Pharos
5477:Orikon
5374:Helike
5364:Alonis
5331:Cyrene
5263:Didyme
5176:Himera
5151:Catana
5113:Sicily
5103:Thurii
5098:Terina
5063:Pixous
5018:Hydrus
4993:Croton
4825:Aeolic
4743:Aphaea
4666:Dodona
4651:Delphi
4620:Temple
4296:Others
4247:Sappho
4232:Pindar
4207:Lucian
4202:Ibycus
4187:Hesiod
4124:Thales
3892:Rulers
3871:People
3848:Xyston
3843:Xiphos
3704:Koinon
3610:Tyrant
3600:Stasis
3590:Koinon
3390:Pontus
3365:Epirus
3334:Sparta
3324:Rhodes
3319:Megara
3314:Thebes
3259:Athens
3185:Pontus
3150:Epirus
3140:Cyprus
3125:Aeolis
2532:Stylos
2487:Armeni
2451:Petras
2441:Lakkos
2411:Kommos
2385:Zakros
2305:Topics
2164:
2134:
2064:
2058:Aegean
1911:
1836:
1783:
1758:
1725:
1719:Aegean
1700:
1675:
1650:
1617:
1584:
1551:
1503:
1441:
1413:
1365:
1359:Aegean
1340:
1334:Aegean
1315:
1309:Aegean
1290:
1232:
1226:Aegean
1192:
1159:
1153:Aegean
1131:
1046:
1002:
951:
919:
825:
775:
748:
742:Aegean
661:Kommos
644:, and
638:Kommos
626:Petras
593:spolia
524:ashlar
298:adyton
79:Zakros
77:, and
6201:Koban
5827:Stoae
5795:Lists
5714:Oinòe
5637:coast
5635:South
5621:Tyras
5591:Olbia
5561:Kepoi
5514:coast
5512:North
5505:basin
5447:Aulon
5409:Rhode
5321:Barca
5211:Naxos
5166:Henna
5126:Akrai
5093:Taras
5078:Siris
5038:Medma
5033:Locri
4998:Cumae
4988:Chone
4966:Italy
4872:Koine
4850:Ionic
4840:Doric
4835:Attic
4656:Delos
4554:Music
4197:Homer
4152:Aesop
4104:Plato
4006:Poets
3676:Ephor
3628:Agora
3605:Tagus
3580:Boule
3329:Samos
3254:Argos
3160:Ionia
3145:Doris
3130:Crete
2841:Crete
2573:Karfi
2480:Tombs
2380:Malia
2356:Sites
2260:IIIB.
2209:Notes
665:wings
395:Da-wo
143:wings
71:Malia
51:Crete
5977:BMAC
5754:Tium
5521:Akra
5462:Issa
5156:Gela
5028:LaĂĽs
5003:Elea
4661:Dion
4513:Arts
4503:Wine
4129:Zeno
3726:Wars
2578:Modi
2225:and
2162:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2062:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1673:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1044:ISBN
1000:ISBN
949:ISBN
917:ISBN
823:ISBN
773:ISBN
746:ISBN
679:and
522:and
489:and
347:and
245:The
214:The
166:The
101:and
4458:Law
2839:of
2024:doi
1901:doi
1826:doi
1748:doi
1640:doi
1607:doi
1574:doi
1541:doi
1493:doi
1403:doi
1182:doi
1036:doi
992:doi
909:doi
815:doi
659:At
6268::
6251:↓
5929:↑
3476:c.
3463:c.
3444:c.
3427:c.
2146:^
1907:.
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