Minoan religion - Knowledge

546: 534: 20: 142: 97: 618: 614:, certain rock-cut chamber tombs may have been used solely for the burial of children, indicating complex burial patterns that differed from region to region. Mortuary furniture and grave goods varied widely, but could include storage jars, bronze articles such as tools and weapons, and beauty articles such as pendants. Little is known about mortuary rituals, or the stages through which the deceased passed before final burial, but it has been indicated that 'toasting rituals' may have formed a part of this, suggested by the prevalence of drinking vessels found at some tombs. 734:

broken legs. His arms were raised, as if to protect himself from falling debris, which suggests that his legs were broken by the collapse of the building in the earthquake. In the front hall of the building was the fourth skeleton, too poorly preserved to allow determination of age or gender. Nearby 105 fragments of a clay vase were discovered, scattered in a pattern that suggests it had been dropped by the person in the front hall when he was struck by debris from the collapsing building. The jar appears to have contained bull's blood.

469: 263: 422: 161:, which heavily influenced views for decades. Recent scholarly opinion sees a much more diverse religious landscape although the absence of texts, or even readable relevant inscriptions, leaves the picture very cloudy. There is a considerable diversity of theories. We have no names of deities. Much Minoan art is given a religious significance of some sort, but this tends to be vague, not least because Minoan government is now often seen as a 227: 1694: 572:

and the extent to which what it shows reflects pre-conquest practices is one of the many questions it raises. Apart from what is presumed to be the standing corpse of the deceased (at right on the "front"), the most important figures leading the ritual are female (very possibly the same woman repeated), with men limited to carrying offerings and playing music.

394:, where (according to art historians) a deity appears, or even is summoned, by a worshipper. One type of these scenes is where a worshipper apparently reaches the female deity by shaking or holding a tree. Another type of epiphany scene shows the devotee lying down on an oval rock, perhaps asleep. This has been interpreted as a mourner lying on a grave, but 379:

also thought to represent deities, although others show worshippers. Worshippers often adopt a gesture with the clenched fist held to the forehead, or arms crossed over the chest. Priestess figures, especially when making offerings, extend their arms out and down, with open palms facing up or down, perhaps depending on the deity concerned.

722:. A bronze dagger was among his bones, and the discoloration of the bones on one side of his body suggests he died of blood loss. The bronze blade was fifteen inches long and had images of a boar on each side. The bones were on a raised platform at the centre of the middle room, next to a pillar with a trough at its base. 332:. Over 300 of these have been explored; they were the centres for some cult, but temples, as the Greeks developed them, were unknown. Within the palace complex, no central rooms devoted to a cult have been certainly recognized other than the centre court, where youths, perhaps of both sexes, perhaps performed the 571:

ash-chests that had become common by this late period. It is presumed to show the funeral rituals for the burial of an important male figure, including the sacrifice of a bull, and other offerings. It dates to about 1400 BC or the following decades, well after the presumed Mycenaen conquest of Crete,

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clear evidence that their flesh was carefully cut away, much in the manner of sacrificed animals. In fact the bones of slaughtered sheep were found with those of the children...Moreover, as far as the bones are concerned, the children appear to have been in good health. Startling as it may seem, the

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cemetery, for example, would have served the inhabitants of that island who settled in the south of the area. The cemetery itself has been interpreted to indicate a visible hierarchy, perhaps indicating social differentiation within the local population; larger, monumental tombs for the 'èlite', and

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There is debate among scholars as to whether the athletes actually vaulted over the bull. Sir Arthur Evans argued that the Bull-Leaping Fresco depicts acrobats literally seizing the bull by the horns and leaping over the creature's back. Nanno Marinatos has asserted that the fresco more likely shows

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of Crete, collecting, storing and redistributing agricultural produce. As he recognised, the evidence for this is slim. In contrast to neighbouring mainland civilizations there is a notable absence of clear depictions of monarchs, and few grand royal tombs. Despite this, and the debunking of some

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warns, "To what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenaean religion is a question which has not yet found a conclusive answer". Burkert suggests that useful parallels will be found in the relations between Etruscan and Archaic Greek culture and religion, or between Roman and

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and John G. Younger. Dennis Hughes and Rodney Castleden argue that these bones were deposited as a 'secondary burial'. Secondary burial is the not-uncommon practice of burying the dead twice: immediately following death, and then again after the flesh is gone from the skeleton. The main weakness of

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In the "North House" at Knossos, the bones of at least four children (who had been in good health) were found which bore signs that "they were butchered in the same way the Minoans slaughtered their sheep and goats, suggesting that they had been sacrificed and eaten. The senior Cretan archaeologist

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burials emerges, where the body was deposited in a clay or wooden sarcophagus. These coffins were often richly decorated with motifs and scenes similar to those of the earlier fresco and vase painting tradition. However, rock-cut tombs and tholoi remained in use even by the LM III period, including

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for worship in a shrine that has survived; it seems to have been deliberately destroyed in the Mycenean invasion. Parts of other large sculptures, possibly cult images mostly made of wood, have been found at Knossos: a gold "wig", and clay feet. Many types of smaller terracotta votive images are

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The positions of the other three skeletons suggest that an earthquake caught them by surprise—the skeleton of a twenty-eight-year-old woman was spread-eagled on the ground in the same room as the sacrificed male. Next to the sacrificial platform was the skeleton of a man in his late thirties, with

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The temple at Anemospilia was destroyed by earthquake in the MMII period. The building seems to be a tripartite shrine, and terracotta feet and some carbonized wood were interpreted by the excavators as the remains of a cult statue. Four human skeletons were found in its ruins; one, belonging to a

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Many fundamental questions about Minoan religious practice remain extremely uncertain. These include: the extent to which it, and its "priests", were tied into the political system; the amount of centralization or regional divergence; the changes over time, especially after the presumed Mycenaean

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and Syria, Minoan religious practice was not centred around massive formal public temples. However, it Is now thought the Minoan "palaces" and perhaps also the smaller "villas", were themselves the temples, and the performance of religious rituals were one of their main purposes. There were also

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It is generally agreed that the dominant figure in Minoan religion was a goddess, with whom a younger male figure, perhaps a consort or son, is often associated, usually in contexts suggesting that the male figure is a worshipper. The Goddess was also often associated with animals and escorted by

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It is very often difficult to distinguish between images of worshippers, priests and priestesses, rulers and deities; indeed the priestly and royal roles may have often been the same, as leading rituals is often seen as the essence of rulership. It is also possible that religious ritual involved

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says the man supposedly sacrificed died in the earthquake that hit at the time he died. She notes that this earthquake destroyed the building, and killed the two Minoans who supposedly sacrificed him. She also argues that the building was not a temple and that the evidence for sacrifice "is far

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figurines from the pre-Minoan Neolithic period have been excavated, mostly around houses. The figurines depict squatting women with an emphasis on large parts of the female body from the breasts to the thighs, and they often have small heads and no feet. These are interpreted as associated with

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from ... conclusive." Dennis Hughes concurs and argues that the platform where the man lay was not necessarily an altar, and the blade was probably a spearhead that may not have been placed on the young man, but could have fallen during the earthquake from shelves or an upper floor.

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These tombs often evidence group burial, where more than one body is deposited. These may represent the burial crypts for generations of a kin group, or of a particular settlement where the individuals are not closely related and shared in the construction of the tomb. The house tomb at

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The evidence for priestesses leading rituals is stronger, though there are also men with a special role as priests or priest-kings are identifiable by diagonal bands on their long robes, and carrying over their shoulder a ritual "axe-sceptre" with a rounded blade. These increase in the

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and gold rings. Young people—whether young women were involved, and if so how, remains a matter of debate—are shown with bulls, including executing spectacular vaults that springboard off the bulls' back. Such a figure is included in most depictions.

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had a religious role. The bull-leaping ritual is so prominently depicted that it is assumed it had a religious significance. Bulls, especially their heads, are very prominent in palace art, but they were probably not worshipped. The very late

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was the most popular; cremation does not seem to have been a popular means of burial in Bronze Age Crete. Throughout this period there is a trend towards individual burials, with some distinguished exceptions. These include the much-debated

242:. These figures (often pairs or multiple ones are shown) appears as an attendant and supporter of deities, and may have played a role as a protector of children, related to fertility. They probably did not receive worship themselves. The 580:

Like much of the archaeology of the Bronze Age, burial remains constitute much of the material and archaeological evidence for the period. By the end of the Second Palace Period, Minoan burial practice is dominated by two broad forms:

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fantastic creatures. She seems to have been served by priestesses, and one complicating issue is that some scholars have proposed that these imitated or performed as the deity in the course of rituals, confusing what images in

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available evidence so far points to an argument that the children were slaughtered and their flesh cooked and possibly eaten in a sacrifice ritual made in the service of a nature deity to assure an annual renewal of fertility.

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At the sanctuary-complex of Fournou Korifi, fragments of a human skull were found in the same room as a small hearth, cooking-hole, and cooking-equipment. This skull has been interpreted as the remains of a sacrificed victim.

460:. The extent to which Crete retained a distinctive religion in this period is a complicated question; the ruling elite were probably immigrants, but the mass of the population were probably descended from Minoan Cretans. 589:, located in southern Crete, and "house tombs" in the north and the east. Of course, there are many trends and patterns within Minoan mortuary practice that do not conform to this simple breakdown. Over all, 351:

excavations have revealed basins for animal sacrifice dating to the period 2000 to 1700 BC. Whether human sacrifices were made is controversial, as discussed below. It has been suggested that both

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His ankles had evidently been tied and his legs folded up to make him fit on the table...He had been ritually murdered with the long bronze dagger engraved with a boar's head that laid besides him.

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young man, was found in an unusually contracted position on a raised platform, suggesting that he had been trussed up for sacrifice, much like the bull in the sacrifice scene on the Mycenaean-era

409:, found in other contexts and accepted as having religious significance. Kyriakidis interprets these, when floating in the upper parts of seals (whether in stone or metal), as representations of 602:, consisting of a number of buildings forming a complex. This is located in the centre of Malia's burial area and may have been the focus for burial rituals, or the 'crypt' for a notable family. 57:, and its central deity is generally agreed to have been a goddess, although a number of deities are now generally thought to have been worshipped. Prominent Minoan sacred symbols include the 238:, alternatively as a "demon", although they seem to be mostly benign. This was a fantastic creature with similarities both to the lion and the hippopotamus, which implies a connection with 165:, so politics and religion have a considerable overlap. The Minoan pantheon featured many deities -- the majority are female, but a young, spear-wielding male god is also prominent. 499:

young Minoan people attempting to ride the bull and that the act of catching a charging bull and vaulting over it is unrealistic. Others see the demanding ritual as some kind of

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utilise the geography of the area for structural support, where chambers are dug deep into the rock. Generally, cemeteries tend to cluster in regions close to settled areas. The

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The distribution of burial sites varies in time and space. Some functional demands may have influenced the decision to locate a cemetery: the Late Minoan rock-cut tombs at

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Worn gold ring with epiphany scene: at right a worshipper invokes a tree, at left a goddess with two birds appears in the air. The standing central figure may be a god.

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fertility, but the uses of these feminine figures in homes and who they were intended to represent is unclear. The female "ritual dress" appears in art from the

45:. In the absence of readable texts from most of the period, modern scholars have reconstructed it almost totally on the basis of archaeological evidence such as 405:

These and similar types of epiphanic scenes very often include what E. Kyriakidis calls “Unidentified Floating Objects on Minoan Seals", many, like the snake or

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show two different methods of capturing wild bulls. Many scholars believe the central courts of the Minoan palaces were where the bull-leaping took place, but

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in later Mediterranean cultures. This and the tree-shaking scene can appear together, but unlike the tree-shakers, those lying on rocks can face the deity.

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The bones, found by Peter Warren, date to Late Minoan IB (1580–1490 BC), before the Myceneans arrived (in LM IIIA, c. 1320–1200 BC) according to

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Unfortunately, the excavators of this site have not published an official excavation report; the site is mainly known through a 1981 article in

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Hellenistic culture. Minoan religion has not been transmitted in its own language, and the uses literate Greeks later made of surviving Cretan

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Possibly as aspects of the main, probably dominant, nature / mother goddess, archaeologists have identified a mountain goddess, worshipped at

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Goddess from Pano Chorio", c. 5800–4800 BC, terracotta, AMH. The finest such Cretan figure; whether she is really a goddess is uncertain.

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shows a bull sacrifice, but it is not clear if this was typical of earlier cult practices. Whether sacrifices were burned is unclear.

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Whether the bull was then sacrificed is unclear; what is clearly a bull sacrifice (probably as part of a funeral) is depicted on the

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conquest around 1450 BC; the depth of borrowings from Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia, and the degree to which it influenced later

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Rehak, Paul; Younger, John G. (1998). "Review of Aegean Prehistory VII: Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete".

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suggests the rock represents a special place, or rock, believed to be where the deity may become manifest; what is called a

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Rodney Castleden, Minoans. Life in Bronze Age Crete (illustrated by the author), London-New York, Routledge, pp 170-173.

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is a typical example, where the construction consisted of a clay and reed roof, topping a mud-brick and stone base. At

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doubts this, because there was too little safe space for spectators, and the stone paving would make the bulls slip.

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Minoan Crete and Ecstatic Religion: Preliminary Observations on the 1979 Excavations at Knossos. Peter Warren. 1981

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Rodney Castleden, discussing the findings, labeled it the remains of a seventeen-year-old boy who was sacrificed.

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in Egypt include a large bull-leaping scene; possibly these were painted after a marriage with a Minoan princess.

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Castleden, Rodney. (2012). The Knossos labyrinth: A New View of the ‘Palace of Minos’ at Knossos, pp 121-122.

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Branigan, Keith (1978). "Reviewed work: The Secret of Crete, Hans Georg Wunderlich, Richard Winston".

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that the Greeks later located at Knossos, does not appear on seals until after the Mycenean invasion.

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Peter Warren, "Knossos: New Excavations and Discoveries," Archaeology (July /August 1984): p. 48-55.

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was so horrified at this suggestion that he insisted the bones must be those of apes, not humans."

719: 558: 550: 538: 510:, but this dates to after the Mycenaean conquest, and may not reflect earlier practices. The gold 507: 247: 1039:

Ridderstad, Marianna (26 October 2009). "Evidence of Minoan astronomy and calendrical practises".

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One supernatural type of figure in ancient Crete and later of the Mycenaeans is called as the

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Frescos showing bulls and bull-leaping come mainly from Knossos, but the recently discovered

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and his consort, a priest queen, who led elaborate rituals, and also controlled much of the

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this argument is that it does not explain the type of cuts and knife marks upon the bones.

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in the Egyptian style. This interpretation is strongly rejected by mainstream archaeology.

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Many very elaborate vessels are made with a hole at the bottom, so are clearly for pouring

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was the Minoan snake-goddess, citing that Athena was closely related with snakes.

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The Cultic Life of Trees in the Prehistoric Aegean, Levant, Egypt and Cyprus

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In later periods (EM III) a trend towards singular burials, usually in clay

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The old view was that, in stark contrast to contemporary cultures in Egypt,

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is mostly in good condition, and was a much grander version of the pottery

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The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations

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Arthur Evans thought the Minoans worshipped, more or less exclusively, a

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Kyriakidis, E. (2005). "Unidentified Floating Objects on Minoan Seals".

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uncovered additional mass burials, possibly revealing the practice of

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existed on Crete. This would align Crete with contemporary Egypt and

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Some scholars see in the Minoan Goddess a female divine solar figure.

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and seals was followed or even understood by most of the population.

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Gulizio, Joann; Nakassis, Dimitri (2014). "The Minoan Goddess(es)".

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Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth"

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However, Μ. Nilsson proposed that the origin of the Greek goddess

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In the small courtyard of the east wing of the palace of Knossos.

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humans performing as deities, further confusing what art shows.

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Marinatos, Nanno (2004). "The Character of Minoan Epiphanies".

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of Evans' claims, such as his reconstruction of the so-called

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Arthur Evans came to believe that at the peak of the power of

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goddess of animals, and a goddess of childbirth. Late Minoan

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A major festive celebration or ritual was the famous Minoan

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Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine

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give the names of some deities, also found from mainland

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KE-RA-ME-JA: Studies Presented to Cynthia W. Shelmerdine

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Minoan religion appears to have changed emphasis in the

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A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great

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The home of the heroes: The Aegean before the Greeks

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or initiation test for entry into the Minoan elite.

250:. The bull-headed man, perhaps the precursor of the 230:

Two Minoan Genii performing a libation over an altar

246:also appears, for example drawing a chariot on the 2273: 3063: 1115:Dionysos: Archetypal image of indestructible life 791:Legacy in Mycenaean and classical Greek tradition 149:figures bearing offerings, found in context from 3829: 1401: 665:burials, for the larger part of the population. 1643: 1612:. Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1993. 1561:Kristiansen, Kristian & Thomas B. Larsson. 575: 293:), many scholars still think that some form of 1565:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 1200:Kyriakidis, throughout. Conclusion from p. 147 968:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 30. 761:as well. The British School at Athens, led by 452:After the Mycenaean invasion, inscriptions in 382:An aspect of Minoan religion interpreted from 2259: 1720: 199:believed that the most important goddess was 1459: 1064:. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press. 938:(3 ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 18. 807:legend. A few Cretan names are preserved in 104:figures, believed to represent deities. The 996: 528: 2266: 2252: 1727: 1713: 1610:Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol 1568: 1083:Kristiansen & Larsson, 2005: Chapter 3 1029:Kristiansen & Larsson, (2005) pp 84–86 933: 145:Gold ring with Sitting Goddess and row of 117:represent, for example in the case of the 1615: 1059: 1044: 1009:. Harvard University Press. p. 206. 696:, in a MMII (1800–1700 BC) building near 1506:Die Geschichte der Griechischen Religion 1330: 983:. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 90. 616: 544: 532: 467: 420: 261: 225: 140: 95: 18: 3156: 1734: 1540:. Sydney: Shakespeare Head Press, 1987. 1503: 1171:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 1134:(Harvard University Press, 1985), 24ff. 1121:(Princeton University Press, 1976), 18. 1006:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide 963: 3830: 714:) The subject remains controversial. 463: 49:, statuettes, vessels for rituals and 3797:Christianization of saints and feasts 3554:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 3508: 3299: 3155: 3062: 2953: 2607: 2335: 2247: 1708: 934:Bury, J. B.; Meiggs, Russell (1956). 688:Evidence pointing to the practice of 993:Marinatos, Chapter 3; Castleden, 5-7 978: 948: 661:smaller tombs, including some early 563:This virtually unique painted stone 416: 69:double-headed axe, and possibly the 27:" or a priestess performing a ritual 1173:, Spring 2012 Volume LXIX, Number 4 1092:Kristiansen & Larsson, 2005: 85 692:has been found at three sites: (1) 13: 2126:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a 1637: 683: 627:Archaeological Museum of Heraklion 257: 153:, but probably made in Crete, NAMA 14: 3864: 1686: 1545:Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete 1405:Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete 537:Scene on the "front" side of the 523:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Daba 2955:Middle-Eastern and North African 1692: 1508:. München, DE: C.F. Beck Verlag. 1119:The Cretan core of Dionysos myth 704:in south central Crete, and (3) 549:Scene on the "rear" side of the 2228:Archaeological Museum of Chania 2223:Heraklion Archaeological Museum 2151:Papoura Hill Circular Structure 1571:American Journal of Archaeology 1512: 1497: 1488: 1462:American Journal of Archaeology 1453: 1440: 1431: 1422: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1324: 1312: 1303: 1291: 1266: 1257: 1248: 1239: 1230: 1221: 1212: 1203: 1194: 1185: 1176: 1159: 1148:, The Modern Antiquarian (2007) 1137: 1124: 1104: 1095: 1086: 1077: 1068: 966:A history of Greece to 322 B. C 474:Heraklion Archaeological Museum 328:, some among the very numerous 3569:Polytheistic reconstructionism 2233:Archaeological Museum of Sitia 1547:. Taylor & Francis, 2002. 1053: 1032: 1023: 987: 972: 957: 942: 927: 832:983) mentions the horn altar ( 472:The bull leaper from Knossos ( 55:Near Eastern ancient religions 1: 3848:2nd millennium BC in religion 3843:3rd millennium BC in religion 3064:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 1530: 1282:"The Agia Triada sarcophagus" 1003:Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). 951:The Pelican history of Greece 343:, probably of the blood from 2608: 2141:Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro 1167:Art of the Aegean Bronze Age 711:explanation of abbreviations 576:Burial and mortuary practice 312:Retrieval of metal and clay 7: 1309:Dickinson, O (1994) pg. 219 847: 830:The Intelligence of Animals 10: 3869: 3853:Ancient Near East religion 3300: 1618:Illinois Classical Studies 1408:. Routledge. p. 172. 1274:"Hagia Triada sarcophagus" 964:Hammond, N. G. L. (1967). 556: 479: 136: 3792:Christianity and paganism 3782: 3596: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3504: 3312: 3308: 3295: 3282: 3168: 3164: 3151: 3073: 3069: 3058: 2964: 2960: 2949: 2618: 2614: 2603: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2314: 2286: 2210: 2169: 2048: 1983: 1917: 1836: 1800: 1793: 1742: 1402:Rodney Castleden (2002). 1060:Marinatos, Nanno (2013). 1019:– via Google Books. 209:mistress of the labyrinth 16:Prehistoric belief system 2066:Hagia Triada Sarcophagus 1682:. Leuven: Peeters, 2018. 1333:The Geographical Journal 920: 720:Agia Triadha Sarcophagus 559:Hagia Triada sarcophagus 551:Hagia Triada sarcophagus 539:Hagia Triada sarcophagus 529:Hagia Triada sarcophagus 508:Hagia Triada Sarcophagus 248:Hagia Triada sarcophagus 184:votive figures like the 34:was the religion of the 2161:Wall Paintings of Thera 2076:Snake goddess figurines 1678:Tully, Caroline. 2018. 1654:10.2307/j.ctt1287gx6.18 1374:Marinatos 1993, p. 114. 1254:Marinatos, 1993, p. 219 1191:Marinatos (2004), 32-39 1182:Marinatos (2004), 25-31 1153:April 16, 2016, at the 979:Hood, Sinclair (1967). 362:Agia Triada Sarcophagus 119:snake goddess figurines 3700:Religion and mythology 3626:Dying and rising deity 3606:Veneration of the dead 3340:Native American Church 2081:La Parisienne (fresco) 1538:Antiquity: The Minoans 1286:Ancient World Magazine 1245:Callender, 1987, p. 81 953:. Penguin. p. 38. 772: 731: 629: 554: 542: 477: 430: 386:and gold rings is the 267: 231: 154: 131:Ancient Greek religion 109: 28: 2071:Horns of Consecration 2061:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco 1583:10.3764/aja.109.2.137 767: 727: 670:Hans Georg Wunderlich 668:The German geologist 620: 553:, with bull sacrifice 548: 536: 480:Further information: 471: 424: 374:is the only probable 330:sacred caves of Crete 265: 229: 211:who is identified in 144: 100:Very late terracotta 99: 63:horns of consecration 22: 2969:Ancient Near Eastern 2756:Hellenistic religion 2091:Prince of the Lilies 2049:Art and Architecture 1701:at Wikimedia Commons 1504:Nilsson, M. (1967). 1494:Burkert 1985, p. 21. 1280:; Brouwers, Josho, 1074:Marinatos (2004), 29 949:Burn, A. R. (1988). 840:, which survived on 440:Protopalatial Period 291:Prince of the Lilies 125:' original thought. 3802:Constantinian shift 3524:Neopagan witchcraft 3158:Sub-Saharan African 1736:Minoan civilization 1543:Castleden, Rodney. 1446:MacGillivray 2000, 1319:The Secret of Crete 739:National Geographic 482:Bull-Leaping Fresco 464:Bull-leaping ritual 39:Minoan civilization 3742:Trees in mythology 3737:Supernatural magic 3646:Magic and religion 2197:Arkalochori script 2187:Cretan hieroglyphs 2146:Minoan Bull-leaper 2116:Knossos board game 1227:Vasilakis, 200-203 1218:Vasilakis, 126-128 1146:Knossos Fieldnotes 914:Vulcan (mythology) 870:Europa (Mythology) 836:) associated with 630: 555: 543: 478: 447:Neopalatial Period 431: 372:Palaikastro Kouros 307:Neopalatial Period 286:Priest-King Fresco 274:it was ruled by a 268: 232: 155: 110: 108:is in the back row 29: 3825: 3824: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3142: 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2279:modern paganism 2272: 2242: 2237: 2206: 2165: 2056:Aegina Treasure 2040: 1979: 1913: 1832: 1789: 1780:Minoan eruption 1775:Minoan religion 1738: 1733: 1699:Minoan religion 1689: 1672:j.ctt1287gx6.18 1664: 1640: 1638:Further reading 1533: 1528: 1527: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1458: 1454: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1416: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1272:German, Senta, 1271: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1164: 1160: 1155:Wayback Machine 1142: 1138: 1129: 1125: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1058: 1054: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1017: 1001: 997: 992: 988: 977: 973: 962: 958: 947: 943: 932: 928: 923: 850: 809:Greek mythology 793: 777:Nikolaos Platon 759:child sacrifice 753:Excavations at 743:Nanno Marinatos 690:human sacrifice 686: 684:Human sacrifice 678:mortuary temple 578: 561: 531: 516:Nanno Marinatos 501:rite of passage 484: 466: 458:Mycenean Greece 425:The Neolithic " 419: 396:Nanno Marinatos 260: 258:Cultic practice 139: 102:votive offering 91:Minoan painting 51:seals and rings 32:Minoan religion 17: 12: 11: 5: 3866: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3817:Virtuous pagan 3814: 3812:Religio licita 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3774:Animal worship 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3534:Feri Tradition 3531: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 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1149: 1147: 1140: 1133: 1127: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1080: 1071: 1063: 1056: 1047: 1042: 1035: 1026: 1018: 1012: 1008: 1007: 999: 990: 982: 975: 967: 960: 952: 945: 937: 930: 926: 915: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 860: 857: 855: 852: 851: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 788: 785: 780: 778: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 751: 747: 744: 740: 735: 730: 726: 723: 721: 715: 713: 712: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 681: 679: 676:itself was a 675: 671: 666: 664: 659: 655: 650: 648: 643: 642: 637: 636: 628: 624: 619: 615: 613: 609: 603: 601: 597: 596:Chryssolakkos 592: 588: 584: 583:beehive tombs 573: 570: 566: 560: 552: 547: 540: 535: 526: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 504: 502: 496: 493: 489: 483: 475: 470: 461: 459: 455: 450: 448: 443: 441: 436: 428: 423: 414: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 377: 373: 370: 365: 363: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287: 281: 277: 273: 264: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 240:ancient Egypt 237: 236:Minoan Genius 228: 224: 222: 219:) tablets in 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 193: 191: 187: 186:poppy goddess 183: 179: 178:Potnia Theron 175: 170: 166: 164: 160: 152: 148: 147:Minoan Genius 143: 134: 132: 126: 124: 120: 116: 107: 106:poppy goddess 103: 98: 94: 92: 88: 84: 79: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 37: 33: 26: 25:Snake Goddess 21: 3807:Neoplatonism 3747:Tree of life 3710:Sacred grove 3611:Bear worship 3564:Neoshamanism 3426:Zalmoxianism 3379:Adyghe Habze 3284:Modern pagan 2991:Mesopotamian 2847:Paleo-Balkan 2836: 2781:Samothracian 2660:Old Prussian 2557:Bongthingism 2218:Arthur Evans 2202:Minoan seals 2106:Kamares ware 2021:Mount Juktas 2001:Psychro Cave 1844:Hagia Triada 1774: 1765:Minoan seals 1679: 1645: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1557:google books 1544: 1537: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1490: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1447: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1404: 1397: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1293: 1285: 1278:Khan Academy 1268: 1259: 1250: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1214: 1205: 1196: 1187: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1145: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1118: 1114: 1111:Karl Kerenyi 1106: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1061: 1055: 1034: 1025: 1005: 998: 989: 980: 974: 965: 959: 950: 944: 935: 929: 833: 829: 824: 817: 794: 781: 773: 768: 763:Peter Warren 752: 748: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 716: 709: 698:Mount Juktas 687: 667: 662: 651: 645:the site of 639: 633: 631: 604: 586: 579: 562: 520: 505: 497: 492:Minoan seals 488:bull-leaping 485: 451: 444: 432: 427:Steatopygous 404: 384:Minoan seals 381: 366: 338: 334:bull-leaping 311: 303: 290: 284: 269: 233: 208: 194: 171: 167: 156: 127: 123:Arthur Evans 111: 87:sacred caves 75: 31: 30: 3416:Italo-Roman 3320:Ausar Auset 3088:Micronesian 2879:Gallo-Roman 2729:Anglo-Saxon 2527:Satsana Phi 2411:Momolianism 2315:Historical 2296:Panentheism 2096:Stirrup jar 1991:Arkalochori 1984:Sanctuaries 1950:Nea Roumata 1894:Monastiraki 1854:Palaikastro 1837:Settlements 859:Britomartis 694:Anemospilia 612:Ayia Photia 565:sarcophagus 512:Vaphio Cups 318:double axes 299:Mesopotamia 276:priest king 78:Mesopotamia 3832:Categories 3769:Witchcraft 3752:World tree 3690:Orthopraxy 3539:Stregheria 3486:Udmurt Vos 3449:Burkhanism 3357:Dievturība 3335:Mexicayotl 3103:Polynesian 3083:Melanesian 3078:Australian 2996:Babylonian 2810:Lusitanian 2805:Gallaecian 2795:Cantabrian 2771:Eleusinian 2685:Circassian 2681:Caucasian 2670:Lithuanian 2587:Sanamahism 2567:Donyi-Polo 2428:Philippine 2406:Kaharingan 2391:Vietnamese 2306:Polytheism 2031:Traostalos 1975:Yerokambos 1904:Vathypetro 1750:Minoan art 1531:References 912:(see also 880:Korybantes 865:Eileithyia 861:(Diktynna) 815:-goddess. 784:Paul Rehak 435:terracotta 413:of stars. 376:cult image 205:King Minos 182:terracotta 115:Minoan art 36:Bronze Age 3720:Sacrifice 3715:Holy well 3683:Mythology 3666:Stone row 3476:Hungarian 3406:Hellenism 3401:Heathenry 3369:Caucasian 3331:American 3325:Godianism 3286:movements 3018:Canaanite 2921:Hungarian 2889:Mithraism 2820:Camunnian 2761:Hero cult 2628:Anatolian 2542:Benzhuism 2537:Bathouism 2465:Dravidian 2396:Indonesia 2366:Mongolian 2301:Pantheism 2006:Atsipades 1955:Odigitria 1930:Apesokari 1909:Zominthos 1624:: 25–42. 1599:192949342 1263:Marinatos 1046:0910.4801 910:Velchanos 885:Mount Ida 598:complex, 433:Numerous 392:theophany 341:libations 295:theocracy 163:theocracy 85:and many 3651:Megalith 3641:Idolatry 3636:Folklore 3466:Estonian 3421:Kemetism 3396:Canarian 3347:Armenian 3316:African 3235:Malagasy 3205:Dahomean 3183:Bushongo 3128:Tahitian 3123:Rapa Nui 3113:Hawaiian 3001:Sumerian 2979:Egyptian 2901:Scythian 2862:Thracian 2857:Illyrian 2825:Ligurian 2734:Frankish 2724:Germanic 2719:Etruscan 2695:Ossetian 2690:Georgian 2650:Armenian 2643:Phrygian 2623:Albanian 2609:European 2577:Kiratism 2497:Ryukyuan 2455:Hinduism 2401:Parmalim 2386:Sarnaism 2371:Tengrism 2323:extinct) 2275:Paganism 2211:See also 2182:Linear B 2177:Linear A 2111:Kouloura 2036:Vrysinas 2026:Petsofas 1940:Kamilari 1899:Vasiliki 1869:Troullos 1813:Phaistos 1630:23065339 1591:40024508 1450:p.312-13 1151:Archived 895:Pasiphaë 854:Asterion 848:See also 826:Plutarch 801:mythemes 454:Linear B 388:epiphany 349:Phaistos 336:ritual. 252:Minotaur 213:Linear B 61:and the 3621:Tumulus 3549:Druidry 3481:Mordvin 3471:Finnish 3436:Semitic 3384:Uatsdin 3245:Odinani 3225:Lugbara 3093:Nauruan 3030:Persian 3025:Iranian 3013:Arabian 3008:Semitic 2974:Hurrian 2842:Nuragic 2830:Umbrian 2816:Italic 2790:Iberian 2700:Vainakh 2665:Latvian 2633:Hittite 2562:Burmese 2547:Bimoism 2482:Punjabi 2450:Chinese 2433:Tagalog 2418:Kejawèn 2291:Animism 2170:Writing 1996:Kamares 1965:Phylaki 1960:Phourni 1945:Koumasa 1884:Amnisos 1874:Trypiti 1864:Gournia 1859:Kydonia 1828:Galatas 1808:Knossos 1801:Palaces 890:Melissa 838:Theseus 834:keraton 813:serpent 805:Theseus 755:Knossos 706:Knossos 658:Mochlos 647:Phylaki 608:Gournia 353:saffron 272:Knossos 244:griffin 221:Knossos 201:Ariadne 190:diadems 137:Deities 71:serpent 3764:Virtue 3725:animal 3705:Ritual 3661:Menhir 3656:Dolmen 3461:Uralic 3441:Slavic 3431:Romani 3391:Celtic 3374:Abkhaz 3362:Romuva 3352:Baltic 3302:Ethnic 3260:Somali 3230:Maasai 3133:Tongan 3098:Papuan 3037:Berber 2984:Nubian 2911:Uralic 2906:Slavic 2874:Cybele 2852:Dacian 2837:Minoan 2800:Castro 2776:Orphic 2739:Gothic 2707:Celtic 2677:Basque 2655:Baltic 2638:Lydian 2572:Heraka 2502:Korean 2492:Shinto 2477:Kalash 2440:Marapu 2376:Turkic 2361:Manchu 2356:Altaic 1970:Stylos 1925:Armeni 1889:Petras 1879:Lakkos 1849:Kommos 1823:Zakros 1743:Topics 1670: 1660: 1628: 1597: 1589: 1551: 1482:506138 1480: 1412: 1353:634841 1351: 1321:, 1974 1169:, 31, 1013: 820:Athena 663:pithoi 654:Armeni 641:larnax 635:pithoi 623:larnax 591:burial 587:tholoi 569:larnax 407:labrys 400:baetyl 81:rural 67:labrys 65:, the 3759:Totem 3730:human 3631:Ethos 3544:Wicca 3510:Other 3411:Hindu 3255:Serer 3240:Mbuti 3220:Hausa 3210:Dinka 3188:Kongo 3178:Bantu 3118:Māori 3042:Punic 2869:Roman 2751:Greek 2744:Norse 2712:Irish 2582:Qiang 2487:Vedic 2470:Tamil 2423:Malay 2337:Asian 2277:(and 2011:Karfi 1918:Tombs 1818:Malia 1794:Sites 1668:JSTOR 1626:JSTOR 1595:S2CID 1587:JSTOR 1478:JSTOR 1349:JSTOR 1041:arXiv 921:Notes 905:Talos 875:Idaea 842:Delos 600:Malia 357:honey 43:Crete 3673:Myth 3616:Blót 3215:Efik 3198:Zulu 3193:Lozi 3173:Akan 2931:Sami 2926:Mari 2517:Ahom 2507:Miao 2351:Ainu 2016:Modi 1658:ISBN 1549:ISBN 1410:ISBN 1011:ISBN 367:The 355:and 322:cult 289:(or 207:and 59:bull 3250:San 2552:Bon 2512:Tai 1650:doi 1579:doi 1575:109 1470:doi 1466:102 1341:doi 1337:144 585:or 390:or 41:of 3834:: 2522:Mo 1666:. 1656:. 1622:29 1620:. 1608:. 1593:. 1585:. 1573:. 1555:, 1476:. 1464:. 1347:. 1335:. 1284:, 1276:, 1113:, 649:. 316:, 223:. 192:. 73:. 2281:) 2267:e 2260:t 2253:v 1728:e 1721:t 1714:v 1674:. 1652:: 1632:. 1601:. 1581:: 1522:. 1484:. 1472:: 1418:. 1355:. 1343:: 1049:. 1043:: 916:) 828:( 476:) 215:( 23:"

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