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1865:, having fewer children, using clothes and electrical products for longer, and electrifying homes. These approaches are more practical for people in high-income countries with high-consumption lifestyles. Naturally, it is more difficult for those with lower income statuses to make these changes. This is because choices like electric-powered cars may not be available. Excessive consumption is more to blame for climate change than population increase. High-consumption lifestyles have a greater environmental impact, with the richest 10% of people emitting about half the total lifestyle emissions.
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2246:, are centuries old but the biggest obstacle towards implementation is ownership of the trees by the state. The state often sells timber rights to businesses which leads to locals uprooting seedlings because they see them as a liability. Legal aid for locals and changes to property law such as in Mali and Niger have led to significant changes. Scientists describe them as the largest positive environmental transformation in Africa. It is possible to discern from space the border between Niger and the more barren land in Nigeria, where the law has not changed.
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1803:("green buildings"), industrial processes and transportation could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third. This would help reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases. For example, insulating a building allows it to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain thermal comfort. Improvements in energy efficiency are generally achieved by adopting a more efficient technology or production process. Another way is to use commonly accepted methods to reduce energy losses.
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13774:: The global benefits of pathways limiting warming to 2°C (>67%) outweigh global mitigation costs over the 21st century, if aggregated economic impacts of climate change are at the moderate to high end of the assessed range, and a weight consistent with economic theory is given to economic impacts over the long term. This holds true even without accounting for benefits in other sustainable development dimensions or nonmarket damages from climate change (medium confidence).
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across regions, especially in those that are relatively carbon intensive at present. Pathways with uniform carbon values show higher mitigation costs in more carbon-intensive regions, in fossil-fuels exporting regions and in poorer regions. Aggregate quantifications expressed in GDP or monetary terms undervalue the economic effects on households in poorer countries. The actual effects on welfare and well-being are comparatively larger.
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more than double the number of jobs per average MW capacity. Investments in renewable energies, especially in solar- and wind energy, can boost the value of production. Countries which rely on energy imports can enhance their energy independence and ensure supply security by deploying renewables. National energy generation from renewables lowers the demand for fossil fuel imports which scales up annual economic saving.
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1098:: coal, oil, and natural gas. Human-caused emissions have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. Emissions in the 2010s averaged a record 56 billion tons (Gt) a year. In 2016, energy for electricity, heat and transport was responsible for 73.2% of GHG emissions. Direct industrial processes accounted for 5.2%, waste for 3.2% and agriculture, forestry and land use for 18.4%.
2494:. Conversely, when blue carbon ecosystems are degraded or lost they release carbon back to the atmosphere. There is increasing interest in developing blue carbon potential. Scientists have found that in some cases these types of ecosystems remove far more carbon per area than terrestrial forests. However, the long-term effectiveness of blue carbon as a carbon dioxide removal solution remains under discussion.
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936:(SRM) could reduce surface temperatures, it temporarily masks climate change rather than addressing the root cause, which is greenhouse gases. SRM would work by altering how much solar radiation the Earth absorbs. Examples include reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the surface, reducing the optical thickness and lifetime of clouds, and changing the ability of the surface to reflect radiation. The
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3672:, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever. This can be up to 20% of GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts. But mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of GDP. Also it may not be a good idea from a financial perspective to delay significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
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nutrient pollution, and ecosystem loss in the agricultural sector. A failure to mitigate GHG emissions from the food system, especially animal-based agriculture, could prevent the world from meeting the climate objective of limiting global warming to 1.5°C, as set forth in the Paris
Climate Agreement, and complicate the path to limiting climate change to well below 2°C of warming (Clark et al. 2020).
1341:). Rapid and deep reductions in the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector are necessary to limit global warming to well below 2 °C. IPCC recommendations include reducing fossil fuel consumption, increasing production from low- and zero carbon energy sources, and increasing use of electricity and alternative energy carriers.
1734:. For example, people with high socio-economic status often cause more greenhouse gas emissions than those from a lower status. If they reduce their emissions and promote green policies, these people could become low-carbon lifestyle role models. However, there are many psychological variables that influence consumers. These include awareness and perceived risk.
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of air conditioners typically increases in warmer areas at above $ 10,000 annual household income. By combining energy efficiency improvements and decarbonising electricity for air conditioning with the transition away from super-polluting refrigerants, the world could avoid cumulative greenhouse gas emissions of up to 210–460 GtCO
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This leads to more greenhouse gas emissions and fewer carbon sinks. Some scholars have argued that humane policies to slow population growth should be part of a broad climate response together with policies that end fossil fuel use and encourage sustainable consumption. Advances in female education and
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Harenda K.M., Lamentowicz M., Samson M., Chojnicki B.H. (2018) The Role of
Peatlands and Their Carbon Storage Function in the Context of Climate Change. In: Zielinski T., Sagan I., Surosz W. (eds) Interdisciplinary Approaches for Sustainable Development Goals. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences.
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have helped position greentech (as an example) as a vital area for venture capital investment. By 2023, venture capital in the EU's greentech sector equaled that of the United States, reflecting a concerted effort to drive innovation and mitigate climate change through targeted financial support. The
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Almost 20% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the agriculture and forestry sector. To significantly reduce these emissions, annual investments in the agriculture sector need to increase to $ 260 billion by 2030. The potential benefits from these investments are estimated at about $ 4.3 trillion by
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Energy consumption for cooling is likely to rise significantly due to increasing heat and availability of devices in poorer countries. Of the 2.8 billion people living in the hottest parts of the world, only 8% currently have air conditioners, compared with 90% of people in the US and Japan. Adoption
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die within two years. Reforestation has higher carbon storage potential than afforestation. Even long-deforested areas still contain an "underground forest" of living roots and tree stumps. Helping native species sprout naturally is cheaper than planting new trees and they are more likely to survive.
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An evaluation was conducted on 1,500 climate policy interventions made between 1998 and 2022. The interventions took place in 41 countries and across 6 continents, which together contributed 81% of the world's total emissions as of 2019. The evaluation found 63 successful interventions that resulted
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may be unsuitable for analysing climate change mitigation as a whole. But it is still useful for analysing the difference between a 1.5 °C target and 2 °C. One way of estimating the cost of reducing emissions is by considering the likely costs of potential technological and output changes.
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Globally, limiting warming to 2 °C may result in higher economic benefits than economic costs. The economic repercussions of mitigation vary widely across regions and households, depending on policy design and level of international cooperation. Delayed global cooperation increases policy costs
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Some scientists say that avoiding meat and dairy foods is the single biggest way an individual can reduce their environmental impact. The widespread adoption of a vegetarian diet could cut food-related greenhouse gas emissions by 63% by 2050. China introduced new dietary guidelines in 2016 which aim
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The emissions of the richest 1% of the global population account for more than twice the combined share of the poorest 50%. Meeting the 1.5°C goal of the 2015 Paris
Agreement means that the richest 1% would need to reduce their current emissions by at least a factor of 30, while per capita emissions
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demand exceeded 161,000 terawatt hours (TWh) in 2018. This refers to electricity, transport and heating including all losses. In transport and electricity production, fossil fuel usage has a low efficiency of less than 50%. Large amounts of heat in power plants and in motors of vehicles go to waste.
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of natural gas are around 40 times the emissions of wind or nuclear energy but are much less than coal. Burning natural gas produces around half the emissions of coal when used to generate electricity and around two-thirds the emissions of coal when used to produce heat. Natural gas combustion also
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sources such as wind and solar, electrical power systems must be flexible. Most electrical grids were constructed for non-intermittent energy sources such as coal-fired power plants. The integration of larger amounts of solar and wind energy into the grid requires a change of the energy system; this
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The IPCC pointed out in 2007: "Co-benefits of GHG mitigation can be an important decision criteria in analyses carried out by policy-makers, but they are often neglected" and added that the co-benefits are "not quantified, monetised or even identified by businesses and decision-makers". Appropriate
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In 2021 the US and EU launched the Global
Methane Pledge to cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030. The UK, Argentina, Indonesia, Italy and Mexico joined the initiative. Ghana and Iraq signaled interest in joining. A White House summary of the meeting noted those countries represent six of the top 15
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animal-based agriculture and feed crop production account for approximately 83 percent of agricultural land globally and are responsible for approximately 67 percent of deforestation (Poore and
Nemecek 2018). This makes livestock farming the single largest driver of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
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While overall venture capital investment in the EU remains about six times lower than in the United States, the greentech sector has closed this gap significantly, attracting substantial funding. Key areas benefitting from increased investments are energy storage, circular economy initiatives, and
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One study estimates that only 0.12% of all funding for climate-related research goes on the social science of climate change mitigation. Vastly more funding goes on natural science studies of climate change. Considerable sums also go on studies of the impact of climate change and adaptation to it.
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In order to reconcile economic development with mitigating carbon emissions, developing countries need particular support. This would be both financial and technical. The IPCC found that accelerated support would also tackle inequities in financial and economic vulnerability to climate change. One
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Mitigation measures can also have negative side effects and risks. In agriculture and forestry, mitigation measures can affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In renewable energy, mining for metals and minerals can increase threats to conservation areas. There is some research into ways to
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Land-based mitigation options are referred to as "AFOLU mitigation options" in the 2022 IPCC report on mitigation. The abbreviation stands for "agriculture, forestry and other land use" The report described the economic mitigation potential from relevant activities around forests and ecosystems as
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The construction of new nuclear reactors currently takes about 10 years. This is much longer than scaling up the deployment of wind and solar. And this timing gives rise to credit risks. However nuclear may be much cheaper in China. China is building a significant number of new power plants. As of
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in
Glasgow. The group of researchers running the Climate Action Tracker looked at countries responsible for 85% of greenhouse gas emissions. It found that only four countries or political entities—the EU, UK, Chile and Costa Rica—have published a detailed official policy‑plan that describes
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described the situation on 9 November 2021 as follows. The global temperature will rise by 2.7 °C by the end of the century with current policies and by 2.9 °C with nationally adopted policies. The temperature will rise by 2.4 °C if countries only implement the pledges for 2030. The
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Analysis of wetland restoration costs relative to the amount of carbon they can sequester revealed that restoration is more cost-effective in coastal wetlands such as mangroves (US$ 1800 ton C−1) compared with inland wetlands (US$ 4200–49 200 ton C−1). We advise that for inland wetlands, priority
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But many German researchers and the country's agriculture ministry warn that soil carbon sequestration is easily reversible, hard to measure, and could lead to greenwashing. Existing frameworks for carbon farming certificates deploy a wide variety of approaches to quantifying the amount of carbon
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Co-benefits can positively impact employment, industrial development, states' energy independence and energy self-consumption. The deployment of renewable energies can foster job opportunities. Depending on the country and deployment scenario, replacing coal power plants with renewable energy can
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globally have been removed in the last two centuries. Oyster reefs clean the water and help other species thrive. This increases biomass in that area. In addition, oyster reefs mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing the force of waves from hurricanes. They also reduce the erosion from
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globally covers just 3% of the land's surface. But it stores up to 550 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon. This represents 42% of all soil carbon and exceeds the carbon stored in all other vegetation types, including the world's forests. The threat to peatlands includes draining the areas for agriculture.
1943:
has resulted in higher greenhouse gas emissions in most regions, particularly Africa. However, economic growth has a bigger effect than population growth. Rising incomes, changes in consumption and dietary patterns, as well as population growth, cause pressure on land and other natural resources.
14082:
Stechemesser, Annika; Koch, Nicolas; Mark, Ebba; Dilger, Elina; Klösel, Patrick; Menicacci, Laura; Nachtigall, Daniel; Pretis, Felix; Ritter, Nolan; Schwarz, Moritz; Vossen, Helena; Wenzel, Anna (2024). "Climate policies that achieved major emission reductions: Global evidence from two decades".
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Global
Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and
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In 2015, the UNFCCC's "structured expert dialogue" came to the conclusion that, "in some regions and vulnerable ecosystems, high risks are projected even for warming above 1.5 °C". Together with the strong diplomatic voice of the poorest countries and the island nations in the
Pacific, this
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Climate change mitigation policies can have a large and complex impact on the socio-economic status of individuals and countries This can be both positive and negative. It is important to design policies well and make them inclusive. Otherwise climate change mitigation measures can impose higher
3616:
Several factors affect mitigation cost estimates. One is the baseline. This is a reference scenario that the alternative mitigation scenario is compared with. Others are the way costs are modelled, and assumptions about future government policy. Cost estimates for mitigation for specific regions
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at oil and gas wells and processing plants are cost-effective to fix in countries which can easily trade gas internationally. There are leaks in countries where gas is cheap; such as Iran, Russia, and
Turkmenistan. Nearly all this can be stopped by replacing old components and preventing routine
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Global
Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to
8399:
Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to
4883:
Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to
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release averted by these interventions was between 0.6 and 1.8 billion metric tonnes. The study focused on interventions with at least 4.5% emission reductions, but the researchers noted that meeting the reductions required by the Paris Agreement would require 23 billion metric tonnes per year.
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There are various ways to make the electricity system more flexible. In many places, wind and solar generation are complementary on a daily and a seasonal scale. There is more wind during the night and in winter when solar energy production is low. Linking different geographical regions through
3699:. A specific proposal is "equal per capita entitlements". This approach has two categories. In the first category, emissions are allocated according to national population. In the second category, emissions are allocated in a way that attempts to account for historical or cumulative emissions.
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stated in 2022 that it was necessary to almost halve emissions. "To get on track for limiting global warming to 1.5°C, global annual GHG emissions must be reduced by 45 per cent compared with emissions projections under policies currently in place in just eight years, and they must continue to
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measures have been mentioned in research since the 1990s. The IPCC first mentioned the role of co-benefits in 2001, followed by its fourth and fifth assessment cycle stressing improved working environment, reduced waste, health benefits and reduced capital expenditures. In the early 2000s the
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for which electricity is not an option. Further mitigation options involve the steel and cement industry, which can switch to a less polluting production process. Products can be made with less material to reduce emission-intensity and industrial processes can be made more efficient. Finally,
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was a highly cost-effective way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. About 95% of deforestation occurs in the tropics, where clearing of land for agriculture is one of the main causes. One forest conservation strategy is to transfer rights over land from public ownership to its indigenous
1368:
The competitiveness of renewable energy is a key to a rapid deployment. In 2020, onshore wind and solar photovoltaics were the cheapest source for new bulk electricity generation in many regions. Renewables may have higher storage costs but non-renewables may have higher clean-up costs. A
3456:
The health benefits from climate change mitigation are significant. Potential measures can not only mitigate future health impacts from climate change but also improve health directly. Climate change mitigation is interconnected with various health co-benefits, such as those from reduced
2814:-eq over the next four decades. A shift to renewable energy in the cooling sector comes with two advantages: Solar energy production with mid-day peaks corresponds with the load required for cooling and additionally, cooling has a large potential for load management in the electric grid.
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and hydrogen can only cover a small proportion of flights in the coming years. Experts expect hybrid-driven aircraft to start commercial regional scheduled flights after 2030. Battery-powered aircraft are likely to enter the market after 2035. Under CORSIA, flight operators can purchase
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rise would be 2.1 °C with the achievement of the long-term targets too. Full achievement of all announced targets would mean the rise in global temperature will peak at 1.9 °C and go down to 1.8 °C by the year 2100. Experts gather information about climate pledges in the
3364:, were firstly dominated in the scientific literature by studies that describe how lower GHG emissions lead to better air quality and consequently impact human health positively. The scope of co-benefits research expanded to its economic, social, ecological and political implications.
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in 1987 is a precedent that this approach can work. But some critics say the top-down framework of only utilizing the UNFCCC consensus approach is ineffective. They put forward counter-proposals of bottom-up governance. At this same time this would lessen the emphasis on the UNFCCC.
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Gt per year by 2030. Overall, food accounts for the largest share of consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions. It is responsible for nearly 20% of the global carbon footprint. Almost 15% of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have been attributed to the livestock sector.
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Our first action call is a direct, global appeal to all women and men to choose none or at most one child. Individuals, especially if they aspire to large families, may pursue adoption, which is a desirable and compassionate choice for children who are here and need to be cared
3235:
It is possible to cut methane emissions in rice cultivation by improved water management, combining dry seeding and one drawdown, or executing a sequence of wetting and drying. This results in emission reductions of up to 90% compared to full flooding and even increased yields.
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are more expensive. But offshore units deliver more energy per installed capacity with less fluctuations. In most regions, wind power generation is higher in the winter when PV output is low. For this reason, combinations of wind and solar power lead to better-balanced systems.
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IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate
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led some governments to shift their focus away from climate action, at least temporarily. This obstacle to environmental policy efforts may have contributed to slowed investment in green energy technologies. The economic slowdown resulting from COVID-19 added to this effect.
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Another threat is cutting down trees for lumber, as the trees help hold and fix the peatland. Additionally, peat is often sold for compost. It is possible to restore degraded peatlands by blocking drainage channels in the peatland, and allowing natural vegetation to recover.
4265:
In 2020, carbon dioxide emissions fell by 6.4% or 2.3 billion tonnes globally. Greenhouse gas emissions rebounded later in the pandemic as many countries began lifting restrictions. The direct impact of pandemic policies had a negligible long-term impact on climate change.
13823:
Hansen, James; Sato, Makiko; Kharecha, Pushker; von Schuckmann, Karina; Beerling, David J.; Cao, Junji; Marcott, Shaun; Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Prather, Michael J.; Rohling, Eelco J.; Shakun, Jeremy; Smith, Pete; Lacis, Andrew; Russell, Gary; Ruedy, Reto (18 July 2017).
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Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Hauck, Judith; Olsen, Are; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Sitch, Stephen; Le Quéré, Corinne; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Alin, Simone (2020).
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2019 the cost of extending nuclear power plant lifetimes is competitive with other electricity generation technologies if long term costs for nuclear waste disposal are excluded from the calculation. There is also no sufficient financial insurance for nuclear accidents.
15753:
Rennert, Kevin; Errickson, Frank; Prest, Brian C.; Rennels, Lisa; Newell, Richard G.; Pizer, William; Kingdon, Cora; Wingenroth, Jordan; Cooke, Roger; Parthum, Bryan; Smith, David; Cromar, Kevin; Diaz, Delavane; Moore, Frances C.; Müller, Ulrich K. (October 2022).
1720:. Another is by reducing the demand by improving infrastructure, by building a good public transport network, for example. Lastly, changes in end-use technology can reduce energy demand. For instance a well-insulated house emits less than a poorly-insulated house.
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The decarbonisation of cement production requires new technologies, and therefore investment in innovation. Bioconcrete is one possibility to reduce emissions. But no technology for mitigation is yet mature. So CCS will be necessary at least in the short-term.
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With 21% of global methane emissions, cattle are a major driver of global warming. When rainforests are cut and the land is converted for grazing, the impact is even higher. In Brazil, producing 1 kg of beef can result in the emission of up to 335 kg
8416:
Bui, Mai; Adjiman, Claire S.; Bardow, André; Anthony, Edward J.; Boston, Andy; Brown, Solomon; Fennell, Paul S.; Fuss, Sabine; Galindo, Amparo; Hackett, Leigh A.; Hallett, Jason P.; Herzog, Howard J.; Jackson, George; Kemper, Jasmin; Krevor, Samuel (2018).
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on climate change. It warned that greenhouse gas emissions must peak before 2025 at the latest and decline 43% by 2030 to have a good chance of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). Or in the words of Secretary-General of the United Nations
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over the 21st century. There are concerns about over-reliance on these technologies, and their environmental impacts. But ecosystem restoration and reduced conversion are among the mitigation tools that can yield the most emissions reductions before 2030.
4103:") which could be used by the Annex 1 countries to meet their emission reduction commitments. According to Bashmakov, use of these instruments could significantly reduce the costs for Annex 1 countries in meeting their emission reduction commitments.
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Trading schemes offer the possibility to limit emission allowances to certain reduction targets. However, an oversupply of allowances keeps most ETS at low price levels around $ 10 with a low impact. This includes the Chinese ETS which started with $
2311:. Scientists have described the best management practices for European soils to increase soil organic carbon. These are conversion of arable land to grassland, straw incorporation, reduced tillage, straw incorporation combined with reduced tillage,
2454:. The IPCC found in 2022 ocean-based mitigation options currently have only limited deployment potential. But it assessed that their future mitigation potential is large. It found that in total, ocean-based methods could remove 1–100 Gt of CO
7376:
Carman, Jennifer; Goldberg, Matthew; Marlon, Jennifer; Wang, Xinran; Lacroix, Karine; Neyens, Liz; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Maibach, Edward; Rosenthal, Seth; Kotcher, John (Aug 3, 2021). "Americans' Actions to Limit and Prepare For Global Warming".
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Equity and Social Considerations. In: Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (J. P. Bruce et al.
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In order to decarbonise societies the state needs to play a predominant role. This is because it requires a massive coordination effort. This strong government role can only work well if there is social cohesion, political stability and trust.
2330:. Biochar production releases half of the carbon from the biomass—either released into the atmosphere or captured with CCS—and retains the other half in the stable biochar. It can endure in soil for thousands of years. Biochar may increase the
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would help to mitigate climate change. In particular, reducing meat consumption would help to reduce methane emissions. If high-income nations switched to a plant-based diet, vast amounts of land used for animal agriculture could be allowed to
9291:
Terrer, C.; Phillips, R. P.; Hungate, B. A.; Rosende, J.; Pett-Ridge, J.; Craig, M. E.; van Groenigen, K. J.; Keenan, T. F.; Sulman, B. N.; Stocker, B. D.; Reich, P. B.; Pellegrini, A. F. A.; Pendall, E.; Zhang, H.; Evans, R. D. (March 2021).
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Hasler, Natalia; Williams, Christopher A.; Denney, Vanessa Carrasco; Ellis, Peter W.; Shrestha, Surendra; Terasaki Hart, Drew E.; Wolff, Nicholas H.; Yeo, Samantha; Crowther, Thomas W.; Werden, Leland K.; Cook-Patton, Susan C. (2024-03-26).
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Heavyweight, large personal vehicles (such as cars) require a lot of energy to move and take up much urban space. Several alternatives modes of transport are available to replace these. The European Union has made smart mobility part of its
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Mitigation policies can also promote healthier diets such as less red meat, more active lifestyles, and increased exposure to green urban spaces. Access to urban green spaces provides benefits to mental health as well. The increased use of
15248:"Barriers, Opportunities, and Market Potential of Technologies and Practices. In: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz,
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uses thermal energy directly. Sufficiency measures include moving to smaller houses when the needs of households change, mixed use of spaces and the collective use of devices. Planners and civil engineers can construct new buildings using
2047:, savannas and grasslands)". A high mitigation potential is found for reducing deforestation in tropical regions. The economic potential of these activities has been estimated to be 4.2 to 7.4 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO
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Wetland restoration is an important mitigation measure. It has moderate to great mitigation potential on a limited land area with low trade-offs and costs. Wetlands perform two important functions in relation to climate change. They can
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2022 Worldwide GHG emissions (per capita, by region, growth). Vertical scale shows emissions per person, and areas of rectangles indicate total emissions for countries. Though China has larger emissions, the U.S. has more emissions per
2159:) until 2100. But they are not a viable alternative to aggressive emissions reduction. This is because the plantations would need to be so large they would eliminate most natural ecosystems or reduce food production. One example is the
281:, and incentives offered for installing energy efficiency measures or switching to electric power sources. Another issue is overcoming environmental objections when constructing new clean energy sources and making grid modifications.
1616:. This and their cost makes them impractical for the large energy storage necessary to balance inter-seasonal variations in energy production. Some locations have implemented pumped hydro storage with capacity for multi-month usage.
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Scientists increasingly use satellites to locate and measure greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation. Earlier, scientists largely relied on or calculated estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and governments' self-reported data.
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The cost of capital increased in the early 2020s. A lack of available capital and finance is common in developing countries. Together with the absence of regulatory standards, this barrier supports the proliferation of inefficient
8392:
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., D. Jacob, M. Taylor, M. Bindi, S. Brown, I. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K.L. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J.Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, A. Payne, S.I. Seneviratne, A. Thomas, R. Warren, and G. Zhou, 2018:
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and environmentally friendly rail help to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. In most cases, electric trains are more efficient than air transport and truck transport. Other efficiency means include improved public transport,
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can play in carbon sequestration. Some of these efforts can also take place in deep ocean waters. This is where the vast majority of ocean carbon is held. These ecosystems can contribute to climate change mitigation and also to
1419:(PV) has become the cheapest way to generate electricity in many regions of the world. The growth of photovoltaics has been close to exponential. It has about doubled every three years since the 1990s. A different technology is
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is the establishment of trees where there was previously no tree cover. Scenarios for new plantations covering up to 4000 million hectares (Mha) (6300 x 6300 km) suggest cumulative carbon storage of more than 900 GtC
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Mitigation at the speed and scale required to limit warming to 2 °C or below implies deep economic and structural changes. These raise multiple types of distributional concerns across regions, income classes and sectors.
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Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021:
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The aviation industry has become more fuel efficient. But overall emissions have risen as the volume of air travel has increased. By 2020, aviation emissions were 70% higher than in 2005 and they could grow by 300% by 2050.
1414:
Wind and sun can provide large amounts of low-carbon energy at competitive production costs. The IPCC estimates that these two mitigation options have the largest potential to reduce emissions before 2030 at low cost. Solar
3417:. Solar-powered mini-grids can remain economically viable, cost-competitive and reduce the number of power cuts. Energy reliability has additional social implications: stable electricity improves the quality of education.
1785:. This means using less energy than before to produce the same service. Another way is to reduce the amount of service used. An example of this would be to drive less. Energy conservation is at the top of the sustainable
1530:
from the atmosphere while they grow. The technologies for producing, transporting and processing a fuel have a significant impact on the lifecycle emissions of the fuel. For example, aviation is starting to use renewable
4968:
4733:
Ram M., Bogdanov D., Aghahosseini A., Gulagi A., Oyewo A.S., Child M., Caldera U., Sadovskaia K., Farfan J., Barbosa LSNS., Fasihi M., Khalili S., Dalheimer B., Gruber G., Traber T., De Caluwe F., Fell H.-J., Breyer C.
3543:
and so forth. The mitigation is achieved through the conservation and expansion of carbon sinks and reduced energy use of buildings. Adaptation benefits come for example through reduced heat stress and flooding risk.
7442:
Patrick Devine-Wright, Julio Diaz-José, Frank Geels, Arnulf Grubler, Nadia Maïzi, Eric Masanet, Yacob Mulugetta, Chioma Daisy Onyige-Ebeniro, Patricia E. Perkins, Alessandro Sanches Pereira, Elke Ursula Weber (2022)
3380:
consideration of co-benefits can greatly "influence policy decisions concerning the timing and level of mitigation action", and there can be "significant advantages to the national economy and technical innovation".
2966:
The World Bank is helping lower income countries buy electric buses. Their purchase price is higher than diesel buses. But lower running costs and health improvements due to cleaner air can offset this higher price.
2271:
Globally, protecting healthy soils and restoring the soil carbon sponge could remove 7.6 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere annually. This is more than the annual emissions of the US. Trees capture
1905:
by the end of the century. A comprehensive analysis found that plant based diets reduce emissions, water pollution and land use significantly (by 75%), while reducing the destruction of wildlife and usage of water.
5641:
Friedlingstein, Pierre; Jones, Matthew W.; O'Sullivan, Michael; Andrew, Robbie M.; Hauck, Judith; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Sitch, Stephen; Le Quéré, Corinne; Bakker, Dorothee C. E. (2019).
5444:"Ambitious Action Key to Resolving Triple Planetary Crisis of Climate Disruption, Nature Loss, Pollution, Secretary-General Says in Message for International Mother Earth Day | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"
9368:) experiments SOC has been observed to increase, remain unchanged or even decline. The mechanisms that drive this variation across experiments remain poorly understood, creating uncertainty in climate projections
30:
This article is about limiting climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions or removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. For supplementary climate technologies such as solar radiation management, see
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Another estimate says that financial flows for climate mitigation and adaptation are going to be over $ 800 billion per year. These financial requirements are predicted to exceed $ 4 trillion per year by 2030.
2014:
as "Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere". Globally, the two most important carbon sinks are vegetation and the
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may continue leaking even after the mine has been closed. But it can be captured by drainage and/or ventilation systems. Fossil fuel firms do not always have financial incentives to tackle methane leakage.
2186:
Helping existing roots and tree stumps regrow even in long deforested areas is argued to be more efficient than planting trees. Lack of legal ownership to trees by locals is the biggest obstacle preventing
13520:
5212:
Pérez-Domínguez, Ignacio; del Prado, Agustin; Mittenzwei, Klaus; Hristov, Jordan; Frank, Stefan; Tabeau, Andrzej; Witzke, Peter; Havlik, Petr; van Meijl, Hans; Lynch, John; Stehfest, Elke (December 2021).
4454:
European Green Deal has fostered policies that contributed to a 30% rise in venture capital for greentech companies in the EU from 2021 to 2023, despite a downturn in other sectors during the same period.
1344:
Nearly all scenarios and strategies involve a major increase in the use of renewable energy in combination with increased energy efficiency measures. It will be necessary to accelerate the deployment of
1789:. When consumers reduce wastage and losses they can conserve energy. The upgrading of technology as well as the improvements to operations and maintenance can result in overall efficiency improvements.
912:) from the atmosphere and durably storing it in geological, terrestrial, or ocean reservoirs, or in products. It includes existing and potential anthropogenic enhancement of biological or geochemical CO
11386:
15391:
Filho, Walter Leal; Hickmann, Thomas; Nagy, Gustavo J.; Pinho, Patricia; Sharifi, Ayyoob; Minhas, Aprajita; Islam, M Rezaul; Djalanti, Riyanti; García Vinuesa, Antonio; Abubakar, Ismaila Rimi (2022).
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Mitigation costs will vary according to how and when emissions are cut. Early, well-planned action will minimize the costs. Globally, the benefits of keeping warming under 2 °C exceed the costs.
3892:
Imposing additional costs on greenhouse gas emissions can make fossil fuels less competitive and accelerate investments into low-carbon sources of energy. A growing number of countries raise a fixed
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Creutzig, Felix; Niamir, Leila; Bai, Xuemei; Callaghan, Max; Cullen, Jonathan; Díaz-José, Julio; Figueroa, Maria; Grubler, Arnulf; Lamb, William F.; Leip, Adrian; Masanet, Eric (25 November 2021).
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Boysen, Lena R.; Lucht, Wolfgang; Gerten, Dieter; Heck, Vera; Lenton, Timothy M.; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (17 May 2017). "The limits to global-warming mitigation by terrestrial carbon removal".
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3413:. Socioeconomic co-benefits have been analysed such as energy access in rural areas and improved rural livelihoods. Rural areas which are not fully electrified can benefit from the deployment of
9783:
Tiwari, Shashank; Singh, Chhatarpal; Singh, Jay Shankar (2020). "Wetlands: A Major Natural Source Responsible for Methane Emission". In Upadhyay, Atul Kumar; Singh, Ranjan; Singh, D. P. (eds.).
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3967:(UNFCCC). The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.
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2619:. The biomass yields energy in useful forms such as electricity, heat, biofuels, etc. through consumption of the biomass via combustion, fermentation, or pyrolysis. The process captures the CO
15188:
13427:
Lamb, William F.; Mattioli, Giulio; Levi, Sebastian; Roberts, J. Timmons; Capstick, Stuart; Creutzig, Felix; Minx, Jan C.; Müller-Hansen, Finn; Culhane, Trevor; Steinberger, Julia K. (2020).
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It is possible to approach various mitigation measures in parallel. This is because there is no single pathway to limit global warming to 1.5 or 2 °C. There are four types of measures:
238:
is a short lived greenhouse gas that is produced by decaying organic matter and livestock, as well as fossil fuel extraction. Land use changes can also impact precipitation patterns and the
14949:
Zefferman, Matthew R. (1 January 2018). "Cultural multilevel selection suggests neither large or small cooperative agreements are likely to solve climate change without changing the game".
11824:
Parmar, N.R.; Nirmal Kumar, J.I.; Joshi, C.G. (2015). "Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach".
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Scholars have found that discussions about risks and negative side effects of mitigation measures can lead to deadlock or the feeling that there are insuperable barriers to taking action.
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of different methods to assess the cost and amount of possible abatement over time. The marginal abatement costs of the various measures will differ by country, by sector, and over time.
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techniques. In addition, it is possible to design buildings that are more energy-efficient to cool by using lighter-coloured, more reflective materials in the development of urban areas.
11047:
10332:
Boyd, Philip W.; Bach, Lennart T.; Hurd, Catriona L.; Paine, Ellie; Raven, John A.; Tamsitt, Veronica (2022). "Potential negative effects of ocean afforestation on offshore ecosystems".
211:(CCS) can be an option to reduce net emissions in these circumstances, although fossil fuel power plants with CCS technology is currently a high cost climate change mitigation strategy.
2634:
Scientists estimated the potential range of negative emissions from BECCS in 2018 as 0–22 Gt per year. As of 2022, BECCS was capturing approximately 2 million tonnes per year of CO
2264:
There are many measures to increase soil carbon. This makes it complex and hard to measure and account for. One advantage is that there are fewer trade-offs for these measures than for
161:
from the atmosphere. Current climate change mitigation policies are insufficient as they would still result in global warming of about 2.7 °C by 2100, significantly above the 2015
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annually. The cost and availability of biomass limits wide deployment of BECCS. BECCS currently forms a big part of achieving climate targets beyond 2050 in modelling, such as by the
1612:. This requires locations with large differences in height and access to water. Batteries are also in wide use. They typically store electricity for short periods. Batteries have low
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within each income group. For example, the 10% with the highest incomes are responsible for half of carbon emissions, and its members emit an average of more than five times as much
1423:(CSP). This uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight on to a receiver. With CSP, the energy can be stored for a few hours. This provides supply in the evening.
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Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety of U.S. Nuclear Plants (Appendix L - Factoring the Costs of Severe Nuclear Accidents into Backfit Decisions)
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can include personal choices in many areas. These include diet, travel, household energy use, consumption of goods and services, and family size. People who wish to reduce their
1685:
Switching from coal to natural gas reduces emissions in the short term and thus contributes to climate change mitigation. However, in the long term it does not provide a path to
10110:
should be given to conservation rather than restoration; while for coastal wetlands, both conservation and restoration may be effective techniques for climate change mitigation.
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Lehmann, Johannes; Cowie, Annette; Masiello, Caroline A.; Kammann, Claudia; Woolf, Dominic; Amonette, James E.; Cayuela, Maria L.; Camps-Arbestain, Marta; Whitman, Thea (2021).
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Historically efforts to deal with climate change have taken place at a multinational level. They involve attempts to reach a consensus decision at the United Nations, under the
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to the UNFCCC adopted in 1997 set out legally binding emission reduction commitments for the "Annex 1" countries. The Protocol defined three international policy instruments ("
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surfaces, can reduce air conditioning use. Suburbs and cities in hot and arid climates can significantly reduce energy consumption from cooling with daytime radiative cooling.
1205:(SLCPs) persist in the atmosphere for a period ranging from days to 15 years. Carbon dioxide can remain in the atmosphere for millennia. Short-lived climate pollutants include
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power plants. It then stores it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. The IPCC estimates that the costs of halting global warming would double without CCS.
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Coal, gas and oil production often come with significant methane leakage. In the early 2020s some governments recognized the scale of the problem and introduced regulations.
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There has not been a definitive or detailed evaluation of most goals set for 2020. But it appears the world failed to meet most or all international goals set for that year.
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4205:
There are individual, institutional and market barriers to achieving climate change mitigation. They differ for all the different mitigation options, regions and societies.
3900:(ETS) systems. In 2021, more than 21% of global greenhouse gas emissions were covered by a carbon price. This was a big increase from earlier due to the introduction of the
3461:. Air pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion is both a major driver of global warming and the cause of a large number of annual deaths. Some estimates are as high as
3308:
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Mitigation solutions are often evaluated in terms of costs and greenhouse gas reduction potentials. This fails to take into account the direct effects on human well-being.
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Rogelj, J., D. Shindell, K. Jiang, S. Fifita, P. Forster, V. Ginzburg, C. Handa, H. Kheshgi, S. Kobayashi, E. Kriegler, L. Mundaca, R. Séférian, and M.V.Vilariño, 2018:
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Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories. These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in
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make up the majority of the ocean's vegetated habitats. They only equal 0.05% of the plant biomass on land. But they store carbon 40 times faster than tropical forests.
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Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
13792:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
13765:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
13252:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
13235:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
10132:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
8278:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
7449:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
7416:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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5727:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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4910:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4835:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4722:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Sampedro, Jon; Smith, Steven J.; Arto, Iñaki; González-Eguino, Mikel; Markandya, Anil; Mulvaney, Kathleen M.; Pizarro-Irizar, Cristina; Van Dingenen, Rita (2020).
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1410:. The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity for 7.5 hours after the sun has stopped shining.
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13135:
12660:"Securing Turkey's energy supply and balancing the current account deficit through renewable energy. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector"
9455:
Papanicolaou, A. N. (Thanos); Wacha, Kenneth M.; Abban, Benjamin K.; Wilson, Christopher G.; Hatfield, Jerry L.; Stanier, Charles O.; Filley, Timothy R. (2015).
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4087:(UNFCCC). This is the dominant approach historically of engaging as many international governments as possible in taking action on a worldwide public issue. The
3323:
Another sector with a significant carbon footprint is the steel sector, which is responsible for about 7% of global emissions. Emissions can be reduced by using
14366:
10275:
Hurd, Catriona L.; Law, Cliff S.; Bach, Lennart T.; Britton, Damon; Hovenden, Mark; Paine, Ellie R.; Raven, John A.; Tamsitt, Veronica; Boyd, Philip W. (2022).
10200:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5270:
Franziska Funke; Linus Mattauch; Inge van den Bijgaart; H. Charles J. Godfray; Cameron Hepburn; David Klenert; Marco Springmann; Nicolas Treich (19 July 2022).
4863:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3527:. Examples in the urban context include urban green and blue infrastructure which provide mitigation as well as adaptation benefits. This can be in the form of
20003:
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Climate change 2001 : mitigation : contribution of Working Group III to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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3765:. Complementary policy mixes benefited from synergies, and were mostly found to be more effective interventions than the implementation of isolated policies.
1727:. This could be in their choice of transport or food. So these mitigation options have many social aspects that focus on demand reduction; they are therefore
17303:
4084:
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601:
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2880:, lakes and other blue and green infrastructure can reduce emissions directly and indirectly by reducing energy demand for cooling. Methane emissions from
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For land-based mitigation options, finance is a major barrier. Other barriers are cultural values, governance, accountability and institutional capacity.
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12635:"Industrial development, trade opportunities and innovation with renewable energy in Turkey. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector"
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measures reduce the need for new materials. This also saves on emissions that would have been released from the mining of collecting of those materials.
2709:
2016 global greenhouse gas emissions by sector. Percentages are calculated from estimated global emissions of all Kyoto Greenhouse Gases, converted to CO
1170:(F-Gases) play a minor role. Livestock and manure produce 5.8% of all greenhouse gas emissions. But this depends on the time frame used to calculate the
818:
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In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Schematic showing both terrestrial and geological sequestration of carbon dioxide emissions from a large point source, for example burning natural gas
16602:
15978:
15646:
13805:
12828:"Secure and reliable electricity access with renewable energy mini-grids in rural India. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector"
12756:"Secure and reliable electricity access with renewable energy mini-grids in rural India. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector"
11983:
11043:
9496:
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recognise 48 distinct climate mitigation policies suitable for implementation at national level. Broadly, these can be categorised into three types:
1748:
There is a debate regarding the correlation of economic growth and emissions. It seems economic growth no longer necessarily means higher emissions.
13060:
6354:
Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply
5785:
2787:. A modern heat pump typically transports around three to five times more thermal energy than electrical energy consumed. The amount depends on the
15393:"The Influence of the Corona Virus Pandemic on Sustainable Development Goal 13 and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Processes"
15184:
15010:
Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
13518:
Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
11448:
11411:
10956:
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An analysis of climate action in the UK found that public health benefits are a major component of the total benefits derived from climate action.
3012:
as one of the preferred fuel types of the future. It has announced the first carbon-neutral vessel on the water by 2023, running on carbon-neutral
15047:
Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
14513:
14310:
14231:
Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
8762:"Quantifying the effectiveness of climate change mitigation through forest plantations and carbon sequestration with an integrated land-use model"
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3465:
excess deaths during 2018. A 2023 study estimated that fossil fuels kill over 5 million people each year, as of 2019, by causing diseases such as
16582:
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14767:
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Utility-scale solar PV and onshore wind are the cheapest options for new electricity generation in a significant majority of countries worldwide.
5745:
Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5°C and +2°C
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1712:
Reducing demand for products and services that cause greenhouse gas emissions can help in mitigating climate change. One is to reduce demand by
19499:
17791:
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4152:
3401:
The European Commission forecasts a shortage of 180,000 skilled workers in hydrogen production and 66,000 in solar photovoltaic power by 2030.
3213:-eq. Other livestock, manure management and rice cultivation also emit greenhouse gases, in addition to fossil fuel combustion in agriculture.
199:
for powering transportation, heating buildings, and running industrial processes. Certain processes are more difficult to decarbonise, such as
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Davis, L., Gertler, P., Jarvis, S., & Wolfram, C. (2021). Air conditioning and global inequality. Global Environmental Change, 69, 102299.
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immediately when wood is burned. If dead wood remains untouched, only some of the carbon returns to the atmosphere as decomposition proceeds.
20170:
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Sabel, Charles F.; Victor, David G. (1 September 2017). "Governing global problems under uncertainty: making bottom-up climate policy work".
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has benefited climate change mitigation efforts. The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of
3248:
1291:
7022:"Insurmountable Risks: The Dangers of Using Nuclear Power to Combat Global Climate Change – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research"
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directly from the ambient air. This is in contrast to CCS which captures carbon from point sources. It generates a concentrated stream of CO
2117:
inhabitants. Land concessions often go to powerful extractive companies. Conservation strategies that exclude and even evict humans, called
16471:
13485:
11275:
11102:
Kwan, Soo Chen; Hashim, Jamal Hisham (1 April 2016). "A review on co-benefits of mass public transportation in climate change mitigation".
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17:
10852:"Performance analysis on system-level integration and operation of daytime radiative cooling technology for air-conditioning in buildings"
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from fossil fuel extraction are also occasionally taxed. But methane and nitrous oxide from agriculture are typically not subject to tax.
20028:
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18316:
16355:
9912:
5215:"Short- and long-term warming effects of methane may affect the cost-effectiveness of mitigation policies and benefits of low-meat diets"
3920:
in 2022. This results in additional costs of about €0.04/KWh for coal and €0.02/KWh for gas combustion for electricity, depending on the
15097:
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Bashmakov, Igor; Jepma, Catrinus (2001). "6. Policies, Measures, and Instruments". In Metz, B.; Davidson, O; Swart, R.; Pan, J. (eds.).
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2121:, often lead to more exploitation of the land. This is because the native inhabitants turn to work for extractive companies to survive.
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14735:
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7044:"Nuclear energy: Between global electricity demand, worldwide decarbonisation imperativeness, and planetary environmental implications"
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8171:
Sun, Zhongxiao; Scherer, Laura; Tukker, Arnold; Spawn-Lee, Seth A.; Bruckner, Martin; Gibbs, Holly K.; Behrens, Paul (January 2022).
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in the scientific literature for both CDR or SRM, if the techniques are used at a global scale. IPCC reports no longer use the terms
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215:
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Experts expect emissions from aviation to rise in most projections, at least until 2040. They currently amount to 180 Mt of CO
1697:, where new fossil infrastructure either commits to decades of carbon emissions, or has to be written off before it makes a profit.
315:
12297:"Ancillary benefits of reduced air pollution in the US from moderate greenhouse gas mitigation policies in the electricity sector"
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4458:
agricultural technology. This is supported by the EU's ambitious goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030.
2194:
is the restocking of existing depleted forests or in places where there were recently forests. Reforestation could save at least 1
18336:
17190:
16979:
16137:
14143:
12610:"Future skills and job creation through renewable energy in Vietnam. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector"
7548:
6022:
utility-scale solar PV is the least costly option for new electricity generation in a significant majority of countries worldwide
5160:
3627:. While this is a large sum, it is still far less than the subsidies governments provide to the ailing fossil fuel industry. The
3514:
3216:
Important mitigation options for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock include genetic selection, introduction of
3180:
2914:
Transportation accounts for 15% of emissions worldwide. Increasing the use of public transport, low-carbon freight transport and
1816:
1500:
and plays a leading role in countries like Brazil, Norway and China. but there are geographical limits and environmental issues.
646:
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Eckard, R. J.; et al. (2010). "Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review".
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Energy storage helps overcome barriers to intermittent renewable energy. The most commonly used and available storage method is
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Sudmant, Andrew; Boyle, Dom; Higgins‐Lavery, Ruaidhri; Gouldson, Andy; Boyle, Andy; Fulker, James; Brogan, Jamie (2024-07-05).
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3924:. Industries which have high energy requirements and high emissions often pay only very low energy taxes, or even none at all.
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emissions caused by fossil fuel-based energy production and the use of fluorinated gases. Alternative cooling systems, such as
1109:
and other changes in land use also emit carbon dioxide and methane. The largest sources of anthropogenic methane emissions are
456:
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to accelerate growth. This also provides woodfuel, which is otherwise a major source of deforestation. Such practices, called
1641:
could complement renewables for electricity. On the other hand, environmental and security risks could outweigh the benefits.
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13539:"Health co-benefits and mitigation costs as per the Paris Agreement under different technological pathways for energy supply"
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6489:
6379:
2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)
6362:
5792:
4941:
3852:
is crucial to address the climate crisis. It must however be done carefully to avoid protests and making poor people poorer.
3474:
3429:
2420:
rising sea levels. Restoration of coastal wetlands is thought to be more cost-effective than restoration of inland wetlands.
1295:
the steps to realise 2030 mitigation targets. These four polities are responsible for 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
1198:
1178:
917:
14792:
14170:
12659:
11387:"Hydrogen v battery trucks | UK launches $ 240m competition to find out which is best for zero-emissions haulage | Recharge"
10989:
9516:"Potential carbon sequestration of European arable soils estimated by modelling a comprehensive set of management practices"
6050:
5341:
4865:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
1655:
1352:
1250:." The report commented that the world should focus on broad-based economy-wide transformations and not incremental change.
19631:
18531:
17836:
17520:
16466:
16461:
13688:
10203:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi: 10.1017/9781009157896.007.
9456:
9165:
7855:
7227:
6654:"Power-to-heat for renewable energy integration: A review of technologies, modeling approaches, and flexibility potentials"
6472:
6338:
4536:
1281:
1242:
20033:
18536:
17941:
17886:
17001:
16779:
16597:
16519:
16509:
16492:
16399:
16206:
14283:
10665:
Fajardy, M., Köberle, A., Mac Dowell, N., Fantuzzi, A. (2019) BECCS deployment: a reality check. Imperial College London.
7201:
6784:
4327:
4066:
3958:
3611:
2243:
1850:
1717:
1713:
1707:
451:
398:
16524:
15078:. UNFCCC, Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice & Subsidiary Body for Implementation. 4 April 2015
12827:
12755:
11511:
D. S. Lee; et al. (2021), "The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018",
8493:
8375:
6392:"Wind and solar generation may reduce the inter-annual variability of peak residual load in certain electricity systems"
6123:
5855:
5840:
4634:
3171:
for different foods, showing which type of food should be encouraged and which discouraged from a mitigation perspective
20135:
20103:
19510:
19388:
19308:
19148:
19123:
18286:
17430:
17291:
17248:
16744:
15142:
13961:
12269:
9213:
8041:
7736:
7653:
5761:
4111:
3659:
2681:
804:
476:
293:
15630:
Tyndall Centre Working Paper 12: The climate regime from The Hague to Marrakech: Saving or sinking the Kyoto Protocol?
10047:
7223:
3820:
has been found to be the most effective (at least for developed economies), and has its own section below. Additional
3595:
recycle solar panels and electronic waste. This would create a source for materials so there is no need to mine them.
19925:
19057:
18396:
18301:
18251:
18221:
17357:
17233:
17050:
16243:
14235:
12522:
12480:
12352:"Air pollution and climate change co-benefit opportunities in the road transportation sector in Durban, South Africa"
10069:
Taillardat, Pierre; Thompson, Benjamin S.; Garneau, Michelle; Trottier, Karelle; Friess, Daniel A. (6 October 2020).
4627:
4597:
4405:
2901:
2803:
2697:
Taking into account direct and indirect emissions, industry is the sector with the highest share of global emissions.
363:
200:
15278:
14557:
13787:
11341:
10216:
Ricart, Aurora M.; Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Hancke, Kasper; Price, Nichole N.; Masqué, Pere; Duarte, Carlos M. (2022).
10127:
9414:
8471:
8273:
7444:
6872:
5722:
4905:
4830:
4423:
2906:
2642:(IAMs) associated with the IPCC process. But many scientists are sceptical due to the risk of loss of biodiversity.
2043:
follows: "the conservation, improved management, and restoration of forests and other ecosystems (coastal wetlands,
940:
describes SRM as a climate risk reduction strategy or supplementary option rather than a climate mitigation option.
19679:
19436:
19393:
18633:
18566:
17590:
17228:
17208:
17155:
17107:
16159:
13247:
13230:
13006:"Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem"
7744:
4391:
into law, which is estimated to provide around $ 375 billion over 10 years to fight climate change. As of 2022 the
4176:
4172:
3032:
2136:
2064:
1940:
1593:
can provide further flexibility. This involves coupling the electricity sector to the heat and mobility sector via
791:
14600:
11609:
6150:"Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide"
3220:
into the rumen, vaccines, feeds, diet modification and grazing management. Other options are diet changes towards
3023:
Hybrid and all electric ferries are suitable for short distances. Norway's goal is an all electric fleet by 2025.
2229:
Planting new trees can be expensive and a risky investment. For example, about 80 percent of planted trees in the
1973:
20074:
20008:
19431:
19113:
19042:
18981:
18774:
18666:
17976:
17347:
17298:
16724:
16686:
16631:
16091:
15998:
15696:
13484:
Barker, T.; et al. (2007). "Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective.". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).
12116:"Why fixing methane leaks from the oil and gas industry can be a climate game-changer – one that pays for itself"
7534:
4388:
3939:
has bought ownership over an area equivalent to the United Kingdom to be preserved in return for carbon credits.
3121:
2639:
1737:
Government policies can support or hinder demand-side mitigation options. For example, public policy can promote
1723:
Mitigation options that reduce demand for products or services help people make personal choices to reduce their
1609:
684:
12871:
12779:
Chhatre, Ashwini; Lakhanpal, Shikha; Larson, Anne M; Nelson, Fred; Ojha, Hemant; Rao, Jagdeesh (December 2012).
12573:"Climate policy as social policy? A comprehensive assessment of the economic impact of climate action in the UK"
11792:
11146:
8670:
8394:
8144:
5498:
4878:
4858:
2910:
Sales of electric vehicles (EVs) indicate a trend away from gas-powered vehicles that generate greenhouse gases.
20160:
20155:
20023:
19353:
19251:
18786:
18506:
18406:
18376:
18356:
17761:
17415:
16699:
16446:
15303:
12218:
7283:
6602:
6520:
4279:
3743:
emissions in the world with the U.S. second, per capita the U.S. leads China by a fair margin (data from 2017).
3617:
depend on the quantity of emissions allowed for that region in future, as well as the timing of interventions.
2661:
1945:
1202:
729:
14651:
13396:
11062:
9697:. Climate Ready Estuaries Program, EPA 430-F-08-024. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. 2009.
9177:
7578:
3392:
2866:
to reduce the distance travelled. This lowers emissions from transportation. Switching from cars by improving
2623:
that was extracted from the atmosphere when it grew. It then stores it underground or via land application as
1633:
20140:
19597:
19576:
19544:
19421:
19348:
18446:
18416:
18411:
18341:
18246:
18226:
18041:
17881:
17691:
17641:
17525:
17060:
16592:
15255:
12084:
4717:
2769:
1829:
1482:
714:
15045:
15008:
10934:
10627:"Biomass with capture: Negative emissions within social and environmental constraints: An editorial comment"
9982:
9930:
9629:
Dominic Woolf; James E. Amonette; F. Alayne Street-Perrott; Johannes Lehmann; Stephen Joseph (August 2010).
7411:
5056:
4442:
estimates that an additional €477 million in annual investment is needed for the European Union to meet its
4216:). The strategies that companies follow can act as a barrier. But they can also accelerate decarbonisation.
2672:. Artificial processes vary, and there are concerns about the long-term effects of some of these processes.
19333:
18601:
18546:
18466:
18371:
18201:
18191:
18166:
18131:
18126:
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18061:
17936:
17866:
17816:
17786:
17696:
17686:
17508:
17180:
16709:
16704:
16609:
16476:
16033:
15919:
12970:
8628:"Intact Forests in the United States: Proforestation Mitigates Climate Change and Serves the Greatest Good"
8345:
7625:
6072:
4342:
3687:
There have been different proposals on how to allocate responsibility for cutting emissions. These include
2477:(CDR). It can involve land-based as well as ocean-based measures. The term usually refers to the role that
2447:
1741:
concepts which would support climate change mitigation. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is linked to the
1454:
Regions in the higher northern and southern latitudes have the greatest potential for wind power. Offshore
1254:
14228:
Bashmakov, I.; et al. (2001). "Policies, Measures, and Instruments". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).
4790:
Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window — Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies
4745:. Study by Lappeenranta University of Technology and Energy Watch Group, Lappeenranta, Berlin, March 2019.
2373:. They also store and regulate water. Wetlands store about 45 million tonnes of carbon per year globally.
2226:
are growing. In some countries, promoting regrowth on abandoned farmland could offset years of emissions.
2218:, there is an increase in the amount of abandoned farmland. By some estimates, for every acre of original
1716:, for example by making changes in diet, especially the decision to reduce meat consumption, an effective
1600:
20048:
20038:
19951:
19857:
19441:
19373:
18749:
18556:
18426:
18381:
18276:
18231:
18171:
18121:
18011:
17966:
17676:
17666:
16719:
16562:
14052:
11015:
7197:
6516:
5125:
Coal power plants produce a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions – more than any other single source.
4341:
The United States government has held shifting attitudes toward addressing greenhouse gas emissions. The
3994:
3719:
3628:
3421:
2970:
Between one quarter and three quarters of cars on the road by 2050 are forecast to be electric vehicles.
1578:
1568:
Wind and solar power production does not consistently match demand. To deliver reliable electricity from
1396:
719:
481:
15158:
12709:"The future choice of technologies and co-benefits of CO2 emission reduction in Bangladesh power sector"
10963:
10600:
9514:
Lugato, Emanuele; Bampa, Francesca; Panagos, Panos; Montanarella, Luca; Jones, Arwyn (1 November 2014).
9203:
8881:
7021:
6035:
5108:
3201:
is an effective way to reduce food emissions. Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as
1129:, partly due to fertilizers. There is now a political solution to the problem of fluorinated gases from
19920:
19143:
18764:
18643:
18576:
18476:
18471:
18436:
18391:
18386:
18311:
18291:
18266:
18186:
18146:
18141:
18071:
17991:
17906:
17901:
17856:
17851:
17811:
17776:
17771:
17756:
17741:
17701:
17578:
17342:
17145:
17102:
16875:
16797:
16651:
15001:
13769:
13738:
13196:"The co-benefits of climate change mitigation strategies on cardiovascular health: a systematic review"
12295:
Burtraw, Dallas; Krupnick, Alan; Palmer, Karen; Paul, Anthony; Toman, Michael; Bloyd, Cary (May 2003).
11297:
5524:
5269:
4681:"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target – UN Report"
4516:
4358:
4164:
3948:
3928:
3442:
Effects of climate change on human health § Benefits from climate change mitigation and adaptation
2933:. Fossil-fuel for passenger cars can be included in emissions trading. Furthermore, moving away from a
2788:
2730:
2586:
2556:
2491:
2255:
1800:
779:
501:
421:
338:
208:
102:
14826:
14760:
14576:"The new 'scramble for Africa': how a UAE sheikh quietly made carbon deals for forests bigger than UK"
12550:
10851:
9628:
6816:"A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage"
6717:
6549:"A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage"
5880:
4802:
4628:"Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5 °C in the Context of Sustainable Development"
1799:) is the process of reducing the amount of energy required to provide products and services. Improved
1675:
produces less air pollution than coal. However, natural gas is a potent greenhouse gas in itself, and
19830:
19654:
19343:
19138:
18976:
18628:
18561:
18551:
18541:
18521:
18496:
18401:
18361:
18321:
18241:
18211:
18206:
18196:
18181:
18111:
18106:
18101:
18046:
18001:
17996:
17961:
17946:
17921:
17896:
17891:
17871:
17846:
17821:
17766:
17731:
17711:
17706:
17681:
17671:
17651:
17646:
17617:
17447:
17122:
17097:
17070:
17032:
16949:
16614:
16567:
16317:
16086:
16076:
13136:"The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future"
12889:
Workman, Annabelle; Blashki, Grant; Bowen, Kathryn J.; Karoly, David J.; Wiseman, John (April 2018).
4736:
Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy – Power, Heat, Transport and Desalination Sectors
4021:
3975:
3954:
3665:
3642:
3520:
3368:
3299:
Industry is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases when direct and indirect emissions are included.
3133:
2823:
2377:
2339:
1625:
1569:
1559:
1407:
1122:
699:
641:
591:
571:
16962:
15955:"The scale-up gap: Financial market constraints holding back innovative firms in the European Union"
15940:
15895:"The scale-up gap: Financial market constraints holding back innovative firms in the European Union"
13134:
Romanello, Marina; McGushin, Alice; Di Napoli, Claudia; Drummond, Paul; et al. (October 2021).
12684:"The scale-up gap: Financial market constraints holding back innovative firms in the European Union"
4143:
More firms plan to invest in climate change mitigation, specifically focusing on low-carbon sectors.
4114:
committed to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in
3931:
can be part of a voluntary market as well such as on the international market. Notably, the company
2355:
2206:). Restoring all degraded forests all over the world could capture about 205 GtC (750 GtCO
2060:
19835:
19624:
19276:
19153:
19118:
18867:
18857:
18831:
18571:
18516:
18511:
18501:
18461:
18441:
18366:
18331:
18326:
18306:
18281:
18256:
18176:
18136:
18096:
18081:
18076:
18056:
18031:
17981:
17971:
17956:
17926:
17831:
17781:
17751:
17746:
17726:
17716:
17656:
17457:
17452:
17442:
17383:
17223:
16729:
16694:
16577:
16504:
16345:
16174:
16110:
16071:
14468:
10218:"Sinking seaweed in the deep ocean for carbon neutrality is ahead of science and beyond the ethics"
7520:
7495:"2021-2022 EIB Climate Survey, part 3 of 3: The economic and social impact of the green transition"
4115:
3647:
3164:
3160:
3125:
3089:
2952:
2734:
1582:
1489:
Other well-established renewable energy forms include hydropower, bioenergy and geothermal energy.
1435:
1420:
1190:
1171:
1102:
968:
848:
689:
596:
548:
466:
320:
192:
15474:"Coronavirus could weaken climate change action and hit clean energy investment, researchers warn"
14504:
13978:
10800:
7680:
Wolf, C.; Ripple, W.J.; Crist, E. (2021). "Human population, social justice, and climate policy".
7317:"The systemic impact of a transition fuel: Does natural gas help or hinder the energy transition?"
2992:(LNG) as a marine bunker fuel is driven by emissions regulations. Ship operators must switch from
2127:
is promoting forests to capture their full ecological potential. This is a mitigation strategy as
19777:
19564:
19338:
19181:
18991:
18963:
18686:
18676:
18594:
18486:
18451:
18431:
18421:
18351:
18271:
18236:
18216:
18156:
18116:
18066:
18051:
18036:
18006:
17986:
17951:
17931:
17876:
17806:
17801:
17721:
17566:
17488:
17398:
17140:
17112:
16792:
16441:
16419:
16026:
14391:
13527:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States., XXX pp.
13194:
Shrestha, Pallavi; Nukala, Sai Keerthana; Islam, Fariha; Badgery-Parker, Tim; Foo, Fiona (2024).
11513:
10071:"Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration"
9825:
8291:
7827:"Electric Monaros and hotted-up skateboards : the 'genius' who wants to electrify our world"
7043:
6447:
4409:
4380:
3897:
3867:
3696:
3577:
3557:
3184:
3101:
2996:
to more expensive oil-based fuels, implement costly flue gas treatment technologies or switch to
2083:
1515:
888:
884:
526:
270:
14367:"Nigeria's energy transition: reforming fossil fuel subsidies and other financing opportunities"
13491:
9237:"Community forestry can work, but plans in the Democratic Republic of Congo show what's missing"
5978:"Renewable power's growth is being turbocharged as countries seek to strengthen energy security"
3844:
Many countries provide subsidies for activities that affect emissions. For example, significant
2026:
to sequester carbon, changes are necessary in agriculture and forestry. Examples are preventing
908:
The IPCC defined carbon dioxide removal as "Anthropogenic activities removing carbon dioxide (CO
19946:
19904:
19899:
19782:
19659:
19590:
19583:
19403:
19358:
19313:
19128:
19092:
19082:
18877:
18852:
18836:
18821:
18803:
18481:
18296:
18261:
18151:
18091:
18021:
18016:
17916:
17826:
17796:
17165:
16985:
16927:
16844:
16829:
16714:
16350:
16296:
16291:
16286:
16281:
16276:
16271:
15557:
Forster PM, Forster HI, Evans MJ, Gidden MJ, Jones CD, Keller CA, et al. (7 August 2020).
12572:
9429:
9057:"In semi-arid Africa, farmers are transforming the "underground forest" into life-giving trees"
4311:
4148:
4100:
3624:
3524:
2871:
2628:
2594:
2525:
2474:
2160:
2035:
1981:
1676:
1276:
898:
651:
626:
536:
516:
486:
441:
368:
353:
114:
13889:"Demand-side solutions to climate change mitigation consistent with high levels of well-being"
13113:
8145:"How plant-based diets not only reduce our carbon footprint, but also increase carbon capture"
7090:
6906:"Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage"
5417:
4925:
Reflecting Sunlight: Recommendations for Solar Geoengineering Research and Research Governance
4879:
Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development
3547:
2937:-dominated transport system towards low-carbon advanced public transport system is important.
2691:
2131:
that have regrown in abandoned farmland are found to have less biodiversity than the original
2034:. Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5 °C typically project the large-scale use of
1629:
20165:
20145:
20013:
19877:
19716:
19481:
19426:
19383:
19266:
19241:
19206:
18882:
17554:
17200:
17077:
16885:
16335:
16258:
15927:
15124:
15101:
11984:"Wetting and Drying: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Saving Water from Rice Production"
8174:"Dietary change in high-income nations alone can lead to substantial double climate dividend"
7863:
6910:
4531:
4475:
4392:
4168:
4078:
3932:
3845:
3478:
3324:
3117:
3017:
2989:
2897:
2881:
2211:
2118:
1581:
also makes it possible to reduce variability. It is possible to shift energy demand in time.
870:
767:
586:
541:
358:
274:
146:
76:
15622:
14724:
13997:"Social impacts of climate change mitigation policies and their implications for inequality"
13949:
13323:
Sonter, Laura J.; Dade, Marie C.; Watson, James E. M.; Valenta, Rick K. (1 September 2020).
12891:"The Political Economy of Health Co-Benefits: Embedding Health in the Climate Change Agenda"
11591:
9708:
4147:
More than 1000 organizations with investments worth US$ 8 trillion have made commitments to
2974:
may be a solution for long-distance heavy freight trucks, if batteries alone are too heavy.
20043:
19998:
19966:
19961:
19887:
19862:
19818:
19446:
19416:
19368:
19363:
19286:
19191:
19087:
18910:
18769:
18754:
18729:
18714:
18671:
17610:
17393:
17271:
16932:
16497:
16424:
15771:
15570:
15515:
15345:
14958:
14907:
14864:
14678:
14365:
Gencsu, Ipek; Walls, Ginette; Picciariello, Angela; Alasia, Ibifuro Joy (2 November 2022).
14008:
13900:
13851:
13644:
13550:
13440:
13336:
13017:
12792:
12720:
12363:
12308:
11958:
11713:
11522:
11211:
11111:
10863:
10638:
10562:
10341:
10288:
10229:
9837:
9747:
9642:
9587:
9527:
9468:
9309:
9111:
8974:
8836:
8773:
8732:
8639:
8303:
8079:
7872:
7753:
7689:
7055:
6919:
6829:
6729:
6667:
6562:
6403:
6161:
5943:
5892:
5655:
4999:
4789:
4350:
3490:
3425:
3336:
3037:
2956:
2777:
2657:
2359:
2292:
2007:
1985:
1792:
1782:
1761:
933:
902:
879:
631:
531:
471:
154:
32:
14626:"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | United Nations Secretary-General"
12945:"Reducing Emissions to Lessen Climate Change Could Yield Dramatic Health Benefits by 2030"
11887:"Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review"
11198:
Mattioli, Giulio; Roberts, Cameron; Steinberger, Julia K.; Brown, Andrew (1 August 2020).
10162:
10145:
9084:
Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change: Part III: The Economics of Stabilisation.
8760:
van Minnen, Jelle G; Strengers, Bart J; Eickhout, Bas; Swart, Rob J; Leemans, Rik (2008).
6378:
4074:
3000:. Methane slip, when gas leaks unburned through the engine, lowers the advantages of LNG.
1349:
six-fold from 0.25% annual growth in 2015 to 1.5% to keep global warming under 2 °C.
1201:. Estimates largely depend on the ability of oceans and land sinks to absorb these gases.
8:
20114:
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19001:
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14564:", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States.
14343:
13281:
11917:
Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale.
11811:"The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review"
11810:
4450:
4439:
4314:
per person, though the rate of increase diminishes with average GDP/pp of about $ 10,000.
4185:
4151:. Socially responsible investing funds allow investors to invest in funds that meet high
3805:. These set technology or performance standards. They can be effective in addressing the
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13269:
The essential drop to Net-Zero: Unpacking freshwater's role in climate change mitigation
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https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14466-ipcc-wrong-on-logging-threat-toclimate.html
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4912:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States]
4180:
4044:(UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the three UNFCCC member states which have not
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15802:
15755:
15539:
15506:
Tollefson J (January 2021). "COVID curbed carbon emissions in 2020 - but not by much".
14982:
14931:
14701:
14666:
14418:"How to design clean energy subsidies that work – without wasting money on free riders"
14034:
13926:
13869:
13841:
13794:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
13762:
IPCC (2022). Shukla, P.R.; Skea, J.; Slade, R.; Al Khourdajie, A.; et al. (eds.).
13586:
13466:
13378:
13365:
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13254:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
13237:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
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Energy technology perspectives 2017 : catalysing energy technology transformations
10519:
10468:
10384:"Guest post: How 'enhanced weathering' could slow climate change and boost crop yields"
10365:
10314:
10257:
10175:
10146:"The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities"
10134:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
10095:
10070:
9889:
9864:
9863:
Thompson, A. J.; Giannopoulos, G.; Pretty, J.; Baggs, E. M.; Richardson, D. J. (2012).
9806:
9765:
9671:
9630:
9611:
9351:
9143:
9032:"The Great Green Wall: African Farmers Beat Back Drought and Climate Change with Trees"
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8804:
8761:
8327:
8280:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
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7777:
7705:
7451:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
7418:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
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Hunt, Julian D.; Byers, Edward; Wada, Yoshihide; Parkinson, Simon; et al. (2020).
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5767:
5729:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
5293:
5247:
5214:
4947:
4837:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
4724:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States
4307:
4016:(also called the Paris Accords or Paris Climate Accords) is an international treaty on
3979:
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3762:
3482:
2645:
2552:
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Farming can deplete soil carbon and render soil incapable of supporting life. However,
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866:
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218:
and deforestation cause about 1/4th of climate change. These changes impact how much CO
150:
13490:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Archived from
13154:
12320:
10725:
8553:
7144:"May: Steep decline in nuclear power would threaten energy security and climate goals"
5138:
4395:
is 51 dollars a tonne whereas academics say it should be more than three times higher.
3861:
to support clean generation which is not yet commercially viable such as tidal power.
2703:
1101:
Electricity generation and transport are major emitters. The largest single source is
19993:
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15918:
Andersson, Malin; Nerlich, Carolin; Pasqua, Carlo; Rusinova, Desislava (2024-06-18).
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Hittinger, Eric; Williams, Eric; Miao, Qing; Tibebu, Tiruwork B. (21 November 2022).
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11959:"The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane?"
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10523:
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10306:
10277:"Forensic carbon accounting: Assessing the role of seaweeds for carbon sequestration"
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5443:
5392:"It's over for fossil fuels: IPCC spells out what's needed to avert climate disaster"
5342:"How satellites could help hold countries to emissions promises made at COP26 summit"
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to lay down this 1.5 °C long-term target on top of the existing 2 °C goal.
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These often require domestic emitters to pay a fixed fee or tax for every tonne of CO
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2524:, onto surfaces. This speeds up chemical reactions between rocks, water, and air. It
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2140:
2132:
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1893:
1835:
This pie chart illustrates both total emissions for each income group, and emissions
1542:
1337:
includes the delivery and use of energy. It is the main emitter of carbon dioxide (CO
1312:
1210:
1197:
methods that convert volumes of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases to
1194:
1167:
1121:
from the fossil-fuel industry. The largest agricultural methane source is livestock.
1083:
461:
348:
222:
is absorbed by plant matter and how much organic matter decays or burns to release CO
13873:
13806:"Inaction on climate change risks leaving future generations $ 530 trillion in debt"
12430:
12351:
12336:
11845:
11733:
11699:
implications of land occupation in LCAs – method and example for livestock products"
10472:
9865:"Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions"
9769:
9615:
8866:
8315:
7765:
6101:
2828:
2135:. Original forests store 60% more carbon than these new forests. Strategies include
1670:
has advantages in terms of sustainability. For a given unit of energy produced, the
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19684:
19456:
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16375:
16248:
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15797:
15779:
15578:
15523:
15414:
15404:
15363:
15353:
15130:
15016:. Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. pp. 809–822.
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12580:
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12410:
12375:
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12296:
12244:
12193:"CO2 Emissions: Multiple Countries - Fossil fuel operations - 2021 - Climate TRACE"
11940:
11898:
11833:
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there is zero net cost to the economy of switching from cars to walking and cycling
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10646:
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10493:
10452:
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10237:
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9476:
9325:
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9119:
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8982:
8852:
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8740:
8702:"The natural world can help save us from climate catastrophe | George Monbiot"
8647:
8440:
8430:
8311:
8292:"Population growth and climate change: Addressing the overlooked threat multiplier"
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6737:
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5951:
5900:
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5673:
5663:
5418:"The evidence is clear: the time for action is now. We can halve emissions by 2030"
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5017:
5007:
4929:
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4526:
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3144:
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emissions. This was from producing and consuming goods and services. Climate-smart
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2742:
2517:
2223:
2128:
1878:
1862:
1854:
1786:
1738:
1724:
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1493:
1478:
1400:
1346:
1326:
1237:
Global greenhouse gas emission scenarios, based on policies and pledges as of 11/21
1134:
734:
506:
378:
247:
176:
134:
118:
86:
36:
14443:"How tide has turned on UK tidal stream energy as costs ebb and reliability flows"
14144:"Most Climate Policies Don't Work. Here's What Science Says Does Reduce Emissions"
14021:
13996:
13825:
13005:
12780:
12708:
11837:
11659:"Recipe for a Livable Planet: Achieving Net Zero Emissions in the Agrifood System"
10919:
10875:
10456:
9087:
8963:"Accounting for albedo change to identify climate-positive tree cover restoration"
8575:"India should follow China to find a way out of the woods on saving forest people"
7067:
3623:
Economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of
3096:
effects on climate from nitrogen oxides, particulates or contrails can also help.
2565:
2295:
can protect carbon in soils, and repair damage over time. The farming practice of
1246:
decline rapidly after 2030, to avoid exhausting the limited remaining atmospheric
20150:
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19291:
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19017:
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17388:
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16436:
16387:
16365:
13563:
13538:
13524:
13212:
13195:
13029:
12804:
12732:
12168:"Iran and Turkmenistan among methane 'super emitters' spotted by Nasa from space"
11944:
11628:
11427:"'Transitional fuels are capturing the regulatory agenda and incentives': Maersk"
10700:
10144:
Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (2020).
7732:
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7603:
5955:
5743:
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4362:
4354:
4025:
4013:
4006:
3998:
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to cover their emissions above 2019 levels. CORSIA will be compulsory from 2027.
3058:
2799:
2760:
2442:
These options focus on the carbon which ocean reservoirs can store. They include
2404:
2304:
1949:
1874:
1858:
1742:
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can provide energy for electricity, heat and transport. Bioenergy, in particular
581:
576:
566:
436:
251:
196:
180:
162:
15608:"The United States has caused the most global warming. When will China pass it?"
13713:
9792:
9785:
Restoration of Wetland Ecosystem: A Trajectory Towards a Sustainable Environment
9102:; Brancalion, Pedro (5 July 2019). "Restoring forests as a means to many ends".
7986:"Avoiding meat and dairy is 'single biggest way' to reduce your impact on Earth"
7169:
5904:
1589:
make it possible to match the times when variable energy production is highest.
1430:
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19216:
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16676:
16671:
16666:
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16189:
16169:
16128:
16049:
15784:
15672:"Effect of the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement | Climate Action Tracker"
15527:
15358:
15333:
13913:
13888:
13656:
13348:
12781:"Social safeguards and co-benefits in REDD+: a review of the adjacent possible"
12585:
11224:
11199:
10353:
10242:
10217:
10035:
9849:
9599:
9321:
8986:
8402:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 175-312.
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8067:
7701:
7335:
7316:
6932:
6842:
6815:
6658:
6575:
6548:
6174:
6149:
6124:"Onshore vs offshore wind energy: what's the difference? | National Grid Group"
5678:
5550:"World fails to meet a single target to stop destruction of nature – UN report"
5230:
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4574:
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4107:
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4017:
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3688:
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3304:
3005:
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2577:) from the air, other technologies are under development. These could reduce CO
2434:
Ocean acidification § Technologies to remove carbon dioxide from the ocean
2370:
2331:
2300:
2259:
2124:
2087:
2006:
from the atmosphere and to store it durably. Scientists call this process also
1884:
to cut meat consumption by 50% and thereby reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 1
1767:
1690:
1613:
1563:
1271:
1193:(GWP). This depends on their lifetime in the atmosphere. There are widely used
1140:
1091:
1087:
943:
The terminology in this area is still evolving. Experts sometimes use the term
856:
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674:
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491:
446:
343:
310:
278:
188:
138:
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15558:
15409:
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13291:
12504:
11725:
11123:
10785:
10651:
10626:
10009:"Climate change: National Trust joins international call for peat product ban"
7193:
6741:
5753:
5668:
5012:
4886:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 93-174.
2091:
1960:
1679:
can negate the advantages of switching away from coal. The technology to curb
67:
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15863:
China's New Growth Pathway: From the 14th Five-Year Plan to Carbon Neutrality
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11131:
10489:
Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda
10171:
9961:
9913:"Climate change and deforestation threaten world's largest tropical peatland"
9662:
9607:
9549:
9339:
9131:
9099:
8994:
8795:
8454:
8198:
7899:"COP26: How can an average family afford an electric car? And more questions"
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7354:
6941:
6866:"Climate change and batteries: the search for future power storage solutions"
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larger amounts of carbon below ground. Trees contribute to the building of a
2191:
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2113:
2031:
2027:
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of the poorest 50% could increase by around three times their current levels.
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15868:(Report). Energy Foundation China. December 2020. p. 24. Archived from
14691:
14102:
13397:"Solar panels are a pain to recycle. These companies are trying to fix that"
13325:"Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity"
12707:
Mondal, Md. Alam Hossain; Denich, Manfred; Vlek, Paul L.G. (December 2010).
12490:
12056:"The role of CCUS in decarbonizing the cement industry: A German case study"
10738:
9123:
8652:
8627:
8480:
8479:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 3-24.
8403:
8042:"China's plan to cut meat consumption by 50% cheered by climate campaigners"
7925:"Emissions inequality—a gulf between global rich and poor – Nicholas Beuret"
7119:"Nuclear Power Is Declining in the West and Growing in Developing Countries"
5881:"Can carbon pricing counteract renewable energies' cannibalization problem?"
4966:
Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions: 2021 summary report
4887:
3327:
to melt and recycle scrap steel. To produce virgin steel without emissions,
3004:, the world's biggest container shipping line and vessel operator, warns of
2096:
1771:
The actual amount of energy consumed is significantly lower at 116,000 TWh.
1317:
56:
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12971:"Fossil fuel pollution causes one in five premature deaths globally: study"
12926:
12907:
11552:
11412:"LNG projected to gain significant market share in transport fuels by 2035"
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10361:
10310:
10104:
10086:
9898:
9880:
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9557:
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many factors can affect how easy it is for micro-organisms to access carbon
9139:
9012:
8813:
8721:"Effects of gray wolf-induced trophic cascades on ecosystem carbon cycling"
8445:
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8011:
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Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation
4045:
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and its storage in soils This is the solid material that remains after the
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1969:
1467:
1382:
1370:
1253:
In 2022, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its
1218:
836:
614:
431:
258:
227:
179:
options. The availability of sunshine and wind is variable and can require
168:
13608:"Can cost benefit analysis grasp the climate change nettle? And can we..."
11200:"The political economy of car dependence: A systems of provision approach"
11174:"EU's end-of-year energy breakthroughs will have big climate implications"
8786:
8290:
Dodson, Jenna C.; Dérer, Patrícia; Cafaro, Philip; Götmark, Frank (2020).
7800:"Six key lifestyle changes can help avert the climate crisis, study finds"
7168:"Factoring the Costs of Severe Nuclear Accidents into Backfit Decisions".
5576:"Glasgow's 2030 credibility gap: net zero's lip service to climate action"
5469:"Glasgow's 2030 credibility gap: net zero's lip service to climate action"
3608:
Economics of climate change mitigation § Assessing costs and benefits
3432:) operationalised the list of co-benefits of the renewable energy sector.
2755:. Building insulation can reduce the primary energy demand significantly.
2573:
In addition to traditional land-based methods to remove carbon dioxide (CO
19755:
19077:
19072:
19037:
18900:
17405:
16922:
16914:
16164:
15368:
14876:
14392:"How Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies Can Go Wrong: A lesson from Ecuador"
13263:
Ingemarsson, M. L., Weinberg, J., Rudebeck, T., Erlandsson, L. W. (2022)
13163:
11860:"Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions"
11613:
11088:
10824:
10676:"Rishi Sunak lambasted by scientists for UK's 'disturbing' energy source"
9760:
9735:
9481:
8848:
7884:
7284:"As Coal Fades in the U.S., Natural Gas Becomes the Climate Battleground"
5316:
5211:
4383:
committed to reducing emissions to half of 2005 levels by 2030. In 2022,
4122:
expert finding was the driving force leading to the decision of the 2015
4029:
3692:
2867:
2478:
2437:
2416:
2366:
2335:
2312:
2202:
per year, at an estimated cost of $ 5–15 per tonne of carbon dioxide (tCO
2172:
2101:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1667:
1586:
1501:
1322:
1130:
1114:
1095:
894:
852:
621:
383:
90:
15647:"President Obama: The United States Formally Enters the Paris Agreement"
13453:
13428:
12398:
11016:"This is how cities can reduce emissions with waste-reduction solutions"
10252:
9330:
8376:"How Effective Is Land At Removing Carbon Pollution? The IPCC Weighs In"
8068:"Eat less meat: UN climate-change report calls for change to human diet"
6718:"A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments"
6690:
6377:
Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen,
5367:"Satellites offer new ways to study ecosystems—and maybe even save them"
5022:
4253:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment § Climate change
2607:(BECCS) expands on the potential of CCS and aims to lower atmospheric CO
2171:
are suitable for conversion into forests. Grasslands can even turn from
1932:
19640:
19236:
19221:
19047:
19027:
17437:
16814:
15954:
15894:
15419:
14311:"Analysis: Ukraine crisis could boost ballooning fossil fuel subsidies"
13573:
13248:
Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term
12683:
12414:
11564:
10575:
10550:
10008:
9654:
8935:"Massive restoration of world's forests would cancel out a decade of CO
8857:
8435:
8418:
8395:
Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems
7345:
6999:
5640:
5084:"Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?"
4984:
4659:"UN calls for push to cut greenhouse gas levels to avoid climate chaos"
4443:
3893:
3884:
3581:
3567:
3536:
3532:
3494:
3198:
3057:
Jet airliners contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide,
3008:
when investing in transitional fuels like LNG. The company lists green
2946:
2533:
2513:
2396:
2296:
1545:. Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 26 countries.
1497:
1455:
1386:
1361:
927:
496:
426:
393:
262:
184:
172:
94:
14761:"Reference: C.N.464.2017.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d (Depositary Notification)"
14561:
14117:"Effectiveness of 1,500 global climate policies ranked for first time"
13791:
13763:
13251:
13234:
11472:"Viking's new cruise ship equipped with hydrogen fuel cells delivered"
10585:
10301:
10276:
10199:
10195:
Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks
10131:
9540:
9515:
8745:
8720:
8277:
7448:
7415:
7379:
Americans' Actions to Limit and Prepare for Global Warming, March 2021
5726:
4909:
4862:
4834:
4721:
4020:
that was signed in 2016. The treaty covers climate change mitigation,
3088:
It is possible to reduce aviation's environmental footprint by better
2342:. During production of biochar, heat is released which may be used as
1901:. This in turn has the potential to sequester 100 billion tonnes of CO
1573:
is necessary to ensure that the supply of electricity matches demand.
27:
Actions to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change
19810:
19505:
19451:
18905:
16382:
15126:
EIB Investment Report 2021/2022: Recovery as a springboard for change
12450:. Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment.
12445:
12270:"Driving Down Methane Leaks from the Oil and Gas Industry – Analysis"
12192:
11997:
11657:
Sutton, William R.; Lotsch, Alexander; Prasann, Ashesh (2024-05-06).
11150:
9430:"Protecting and Restoring Soils Could Remove 5.5 Billion Tonnes of CO
7275:
4755:
4593:
4556:
Fawzy, Samer; Osman, Ahmed I.; Doran, John; Rooney, David W. (2020).
4384:
4366:
3695:
according to a minimum level of consumption, proportionality and the
2794:
Refrigeration and air conditioning account for about 10% of global CO
2756:
2616:
2343:
2323:
2239:
2168:
2044:
2023:
1909:
1507:
1262:: "Main emitters must drastically cut emissions starting this year".
832:
12470:
11903:
11886:
11677:
Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions: 2020 report
11498:"Norway moves closer to its ambition of an all-electric ferry fleet"
11449:"Maersk backs plan to build Europe's largest green ammonia facility"
11063:"4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors"
11061:
Ge, Mengpin; Friedrich, Johannes; Vigna, Leandro (6 February 2020).
10801:"Now is the time for all consumers to come to the aid of their grid"
9294:"A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO
8908:"One trillion trees - uniting the world to save forests and climate"
8882:"Does planting trees actually help the climate? Here's what we know"
7956:"Climate change: yes, your individual action does make a difference"
6471:
4626:
Rogelj, J.; Shindell, D.; Jiang, K.; Fifta, S.; et al. (2018).
4189:
A typology of discourses aimed at delaying climate change mitigation
3360:
Co-benefits of climate change mitigation, also often referred to as
2458:
per year. Their costs are in the order of US$ 40–500 per tonne of CO
2104:
to indigenous inhabitants is argued to efficiently conserve forests.
195:
can limit power use when power generation is low. Cleanly generated
19882:
19805:
19766:
19298:
15839:
emissions fall but policies still not aligned with long-term goals"
15559:"Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19"
13846:
11255:
Venkat Sumantran; Charles Fine; David Gonsalvez (16 October 2017).
10497:
9178:"In Latin America, Forests May Rise to Challenge of Carbon Dioxide"
5288:
5271:
4933:
4419:
4370:
3376:
was further fostering its efforts in promoting ancillary benefits.
3339:. Alternatively, carbon capture and storage solutions can be used.
3221:
3013:
2971:
2960:
2759:
loads may also provide a flexible resource that can participate in
2486:
2482:
2408:
2400:
2392:
1472:
1439:
1391:
47:
15134:
15073:"Report on the structured expert dialogue on the 2013–2015 review"
13133:
12570:
8120:"Final warning: what does the IPCC's third report instalment say?"
6448:"You've heard of water droughts. Could 'energy' droughts be next?"
5272:"Toward Optimal Meat Pricing: Is It Time to Tax Meat Consumption?"
3367:
Positive secondary effects that occur from climate mitigation and
2010:. In the context of climate change mitigation, the IPCC defines a
2002:
in a way that preserves or increases their capability to remove CO
153:. Secondary mitigation strategies include changes to land use and
19271:
18586:
16360:
16018:
15697:"The U.S. Has a New Climate Goal. How Does It Stack Up Globally?"
15443:"Cop26 climate talks postponed to 2021 amid coronavirus pandemic"
14258:
14171:"Most climate policies have something in common: They don't work"
13689:"Below 1.5°C: a breakthrough roadmap to solve the climate crisis"
13631:
Kotz, Mazimilian.; Levermann, Anders; Wenz, Leonie (2024-04-17).
13193:
13061:"Air pollution from fossil fuels 'kills 5 million people a year'"
12895:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
11044:"Electric Vehicles Look Poised for Slower Sales Growth This Year"
10770:. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
10726:"Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty"
10068:
9381:"Carbon farming explained: the pros, the cons and the EU's plans"
8016:"Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say"
7258:"Methane Leaks Erase Some of the Climate Benefits of Natural Gas"
3990:
3110:
Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
3009:
2984:
Environmental effects of shipping § Greenhouse gas emissions
2915:
2885:
2832:
2669:
2624:
2612:
2473:
Blue carbon management is another type of ocean-based biological
2466:. This is the drop in pH value caused by increased atmospheric CO
2327:
2319:
2235:
1532:
1519:
1206:
1148:
235:
98:
13822:
13536:
11087:
Jochem, Patrick; Rothengatter, Werner; Schade, Wolfgang (2016).
9164:
New Scientist, 5 August 2008. Retrieved on 18 August 2008, from
8759:
8626:
Moomaw, William R.; Masino, Susan A.; Faison, Edward K. (2019).
8256:
6652:
Bloess, Andreas; Schill, Wolf-Peter; Zerrahn, Alexander (2018).
6351:
Bassam, Nasir El; Maegaard, Preben; Schlichting, Marcia (2013).
5786:"Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050 (2019 edition)"
4497:
4335:
Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States § Federal Policies
3232:. Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit far fewer GHGs.
3077:. In 2018, global commercial operations generated 2.4% of all CO
2747:
The building sector accounts for 23% of global energy-related CO
2182:
1450:. Each turbine is a nameplate 2 or 2.5 MW electricity generator.
19787:
18935:
17373:
15920:"Massive investment needs to meet EU green and digital targets"
14853:"Advantages of a polycentric approach to climate change policy"
14667:"The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate"
11298:"The essentials of the "Green Deal" of the European Commission"
11197:
10486:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (24 October 2018).
9862:
9497:"Cover Crops, a Farming Revolution With Deep Roots in the Past"
8719:
Wilmers, Christopher C.; Schmitz, Oswald J. (19 October 2016).
7635:. United Nations Environment Programme. 2021. p. XV Fig. ES.8.
6313:"Virgin Atlantic purchases 10 million gallons of SAF from Gevo"
6230:"Large hydropower dams not sustainable in the developing world"
5934:
Cartlidge, Edwin (18 November 2011). "Saving for a rainy day".
3470:
3001:
2521:
2112:
on the economics of climate change stated in 2007 that curbing
1511:
1447:
839:. This requires drastic cuts in greenhouse gas emissions . The
242:. It is possible to cut emissions from agriculture by reducing
239:
204:
15917:
14259:"Can We Widely Adopt A Methane Tax to Cut the Greenhouse Gas?"
13788:
Chapter 3: Mitigation pathways compatible with long-term goals
11565:
Brandon Graver; Kevin Zhang; Dan Rutherford (September 2019).
10485:
10215:
9513:
6148:
Nyenah, Emmanuel; Sterl, Sebastian; Thiery, Wim (1 May 2022).
4975:. PBL Netherlands, Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague.
4921:
3916:
where prices began to rise in 2018. They reached about €80/tCO
3857:: Creating subsidies and financial incentives. One example is
2430:
Carbon sequestration § Sequestration techniques in oceans
1299:
methane emitters globally. Israel also joined the initiative.
1082:
Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities strengthen the
234:
that was buried underground as part of the slow carbon cycle.
175:
can replace fossil fuels at the lowest cost compared to other
19609:
17287:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
16370:
14364:
10997:
8274:
Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)
8230:"Vegan diet massively cuts environmental damage, study shows"
6598:
5814:"Share of cumulative power capacity by technology, 2010-2027"
4922:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (25 March 2021).
4483:
4037:
2230:
2016:
1994:
An important mitigation measure is "preserving and enhancing
1913:
Environmental footprint of 55,504 UK citizens by diet group (
110:
15752:
15304:"The cost of capital in clean energy transitions – Analysis"
12778:
10418:
turned into stone in Iceland in climate change breakthrough"
9950:"What Do the Protectors of Congo's Peatlands Get in Return?"
9736:"Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils"
9454:
9415:"Forests Absorb Twice As Much Carbon As They Emit Each Year"
9290:
8497:
8475:
8398:
7646:
7579:"The value of urgent action on energy efficiency – Analysis"
7445:
Chapter 5: Demand, services and social aspects of mitigation
5841:"Scale-up of Solar and Wind Puts Existing Coal, Gas at Risk"
5628:"At OECD, Israel joins global battle against climate change"
4882:
3757:
Generally, carbon pricing was found to be most effective in
3515:
Climate change adaptation § Co-benefits with mitigation
2589:(CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing CO
2536:. Cost estimates are in the US$ 50–200 per tonne range of CO
2369:, converting carbon dioxide to solid plant material through
2303:. Methods that enhance carbon sequestration in soil include
2069:
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
15477:
14415:
13004:; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Mickley, Loretta J. (April 2021).
10763:
9573:
6051:"Is exponential growth of solar PV the obvious conclusion?"
4049:
3769:
3409:
A higher share of renewables can additionally lead to more
3373:
2385:
1663:
1364:
power, are providing an increasing share of power capacity.
15756:"Comprehensive evidence implies a higher social cost of CO
14162:
14081:
13886:
12999:
11627:
Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020).
11095:
9026:
9024:
9022:
8520:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. xxv.
7186:
5602:"Biden asks world leaders to cut methane in climate fight"
5321:
Institute of Governance and Sustainable Development (IGSD)
5137:
Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020).
4449:
In the European Union, government-driven policies and the
4226:
Developing countries face further barriers to mitigation.
3653:
3551:
Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2019)
2751:
emissions. About half of the energy is used for space and
2631:. This makes BECCS a negative emissions technology (NET).
257:
Various policies can encourage climate change mitigation.
17463:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
15979:"Financing and commercialisation of cleantech innovation"
15729:"Biden signs massive climate and health care legislation"
15556:
15279:"Energy transition will move slowly over the next decade"
15122:
14198:
12888:
12506:
Ancillary Benefits and Costs of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
12294:
8959:
8170:
7462:"Economic growth no longer means higher carbon emissions"
7251:
7249:
6788:
6350:
4978:
4422:
by 2060. Warming cannot be limited to 1.5 °C if any
4212:
can act as economic barriers. This would apply to BECCS (
3936:
3824:
policy instruments for climate change mitigation include:
3678:
3519:
Some mitigation measures have co-benefits in the area of
3452:
Health and environmental impact of the petroleum industry
3190:
2030, offering a substantial economic return of 16-to-1.
2934:
2763:
to integrate variable renewable resources into the grid.
2543:
1972:, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake (
1656:
Sustainable energy § Fossil fuel switching and mitigation
1284:. The scientific community is checking their fulfilment.
165:'s goal of limiting global warming to below 2 °C.
14505:"China's carbon market scheme too limited, say analysts"
13995:
Markkanen, Sanna; Anger-Kraavi, Annela (9 August 2019).
12142:"Explainer: How methane leaks accelerate global warming"
11680:
11086:
8289:
7620:
7618:
7375:
5161:"Biden signs international climate deal on refrigerants"
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4625:
4418:
China has committed to peak emissions by 2030 and reach
2783:
Heat pumps efficiently heat buildings, and cool them by
1955:
1553:
19476:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
15332:
Overland, Indra; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (1 April 2020).
13426:
13322:
13089:"Phasing out fossil fuels could save millions of lives"
11823:
10143:
9631:"Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change"
9019:
8510:
8415:
6992:
6036:"Explaining the Exponential Growth of Renewable Energy"
5499:"Global Data Community Commits to Track Climate Action"
5187:"Methane vs. Carbon Dioxide: A Greenhouse Gas Showdown"
4558:"Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review"
4118:
if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.
2918:
are important components of transport decarbonisation.
847:(of climate change) as "a human intervention to reduce
20004:
International Conference on Population and Development
15390:
14753:
13979:"Synthesis Report of The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report"
13956:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
13114:"Data review: how many people die from air pollution?"
12872:"Capturing the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency"
11276:"We don't just need electric cars, we need fewer cars"
11034:
10601:"Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage – Analysis"
9826:"Nitrous oxide and methane in European coastal waters"
9622:
9457:"Conservation Farming Shown to Protect Carbon in Soil"
7722:
7246:
6903:
5820:. International Energy Agency (IEA). 5 December 2022.
3386:
2378:
wetlands are a significant source of methane emissions
1928:
Individual action on climate change § Family size
1485:, the largest hydroelectric power station in the world
1373:
can increase the competitiveness of renewable energy.
17304:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
13994:
13714:"The crucial intersection between gender and climate"
12399:"The greenhouse effect: Damages, costs and abatement"
11342:"How electric vehicles can help the developing world"
10850:
Zhou, Kai; Miljkovic, Nenad; Cai, Lili (March 2021).
9360:
Although plant biomass often increases in elevated CO
9263:"What to consider when increasing soil carbon stocks"
8826:
7854:
Ripple, William J.; Smith, Pete; et al. (2013).
7615:
7123:
BRINK – Conversations and Insights on Global Business
7113:
7111:
6785:"The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete"
6100:. DTU Technical University of Denmark. Archived from
5826:
Source states "Fossil fuel capacity from IEA (2022),
4840:
4685:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
4555:
4085:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
4042:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3965:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3713:
Economics of climate change mitigation § Finance
3155:
2528:
from the atmosphere, permanently storing it in solid
1751:
1634:
Nuclear power § Comparison with renewable energy
14785:
14652:"Full Text of the Convention, Article 2: Objectives"
14601:"UN Framework Convention on Climate Change – UNFCCC"
14199:"Climate actions and policies measurement framework"
14077:
14075:
14073:
12853:"Renewable Energy Benefits: Measuring the Economics"
9727:
6711:
6709:
6484:. United Nations Environment Programme. p. 47.
5879:
Liebensteiner, Mario; Naumann, Fabian (2022-11-01).
5878:
4465:
3448:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
1998:". This refers to the management of Earth's natural
1158:) emissions almost have the same short-term impact.
928:
Relationship with solar radiation modification (SRM)
35:. For actions focusing on politics and society, see
15185:"5 Mutual Funds for Socially Responsible Investors"
14717:
14095:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
12078:
12076:
11692:
11656:
11414:. Gas Processing News/Bloomberg. 28 September 2014.
10122:
10120:
10118:
8419:"Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward"
6651:
6390:Ruggles, Tyler H.; Caldeira, Ken (1 January 2022).
5600:Mason, Jeff; Alper, Alexandra (18 September 2021).
4246:
3631:estimated this at more than $ 5 trillion per year.
2682:
Greenhouse gas emissions § Emissions by sector
1133:. This is because many countries have ratified the
15599:
15501:
15499:
14573:
14503:
13948:
13826:"Young people's burden: requirement of negative CO
13782:
13780:
13225:
13223:
13129:
13127:
12350:Thambiran, Tirusha; Diab, Roseanne D. (May 2011).
11793:"Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy"
11626:
10274:
8625:
8268:
8266:
8172:
7978:
7454:
7108:
6513:"Introduction to System Integration of Renewables"
5136:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4588:
4106:The Paris Agreement reached in 2015 succeeded the
4040:, France. As of February 2023, 195 members of the
3888:Carbon emission trade – allowance prices from 2008
3801:policies include the Implementing or tighening of
3424:) spelled out the "multiple benefits approach" of
3393:Renewable energy § Market and industry trends
2512:per year. This process aims to accelerate natural
2508:Enhanced weathering could remove 2–4 Gt of CO
2462:. Most of these options could also help to reduce
2146:
1843:as members of the lowest half of the income scale.
1781:by using less of an energy service. One way is to
1648:
15327:
15325:
15215:Sustainable action : overcoming the barriers
14309:Browning, Noah; Kelly, Stephanie (8 March 2022).
14284:"New Zealand Outlines Plans to Tax Livestock Gas"
14070:
13630:
12301:Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
10443:Obersteiner, M. (2001). "Managing Climate Risk".
10331:
9869:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
9695:Synthesis of Adaptation Options for Coastal Areas
9098:
8517:The economics of climate change: the Stern review
7438:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7424:
6715:
6706:
6147:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
4825:
4823:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4426:(without carbon capture) operate after 2045. The
4310:countries. Emissions are roughly proportional to
4056:from the agreement in 2020, but rejoined in 2021.
3793:Establishing an Independent climate advisory body
3664:It is possible to avoid some of the costs of the
3428:while the International Renewable Energy Agency (
2874:is beneficial to a country's economy as a whole.
1325:remain the primary global energy sources even as
924:uptake not directly caused by human activities."
20127:
17504:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
15331:
14793:"US makes official return to Paris climate pact"
14550:
12706:
12447:The secondary benefits of greenhouse gas control
12073:
11981:
11060:
10849:
10115:
9782:
9569:
9567:
7314:
3752:in significant emission reductions; the total CO
1952:, can contribute to reducing population growth.
1683:is widely available but it is not always used.
15496:
15334:"The misallocation of climate research funding"
15159:"Major milestone: 1000+ divestment commitments"
14942:
14664:
13777:
13422:
13420:
13418:
13240:
13220:
13124:
12785:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
12082:
11610:"The aviation network – Decarbonisation issues"
11144:
10935:"Cooling Emissions and Policy Synthesis Report"
9461:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
9413:Harris, Nancy; Gibbs, David (21 January 2021).
9088:http://hm-treasury.gov.uk/sternreview_index.htm
8665:
8663:
8552:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (9 February 2021).
8263:
7849:
7847:
7679:
7626:"Emissions Gap Report 2020 / Executive Summary"
6389:
4893:
2415:have damaged coastal habitats. Notably, 85% of
2318:Another mitigation option is the production of
1718:action individuals take to fight climate change
1177:Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are measured in
191:can also be used to even out power output, and
19500:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
15694:
15322:
15043:
14665:Velders, G.J.M.; et al. (20 March 2007).
14223:
14221:
14219:
13530:
13231:Chapter 8: Urban systems and other settlements
12109:
12107:
12105:
11257:"Our cities need fewer cars, not cleaner cars"
10211:
10209:
9856:
8718:
8696:
8694:
8692:
7856:"Ruminants, climate change and climate policy"
7421:
7041:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6339:Geothermal Energy: International Market Update
5706:
4873:
4871:
4820:
4699:
4647:
4153:environmental, social and corporate governance
3927:While this is often part of national schemes,
2284:. Carbon formed above ground is released as CO
1857:can take high-impact actions such as avoiding
1689:. Developing natural gas infrastructure risks
962:
271:cap total emissions and trade emission credits
85:Various aspects of climate change mitigation:
19625:
18602:
17632:
17618:
16239:History of climate change policy and politics
16034:
15632:, Norwich, UK: Tyndall Centre, archived from
15550:
15208:
15206:
14308:
14227:
13602:
13600:
13000:Vohra, Karn; Vodonos, Alina; Schwartz, Joel;
12607:
12577:Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences
12349:
11669:
11578:International Council on Clean Transportation
10718:
10436:
10406:
9564:
9051:
9049:
8671:"New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests"
8569:
8567:
8466:
8464:
7088:
6858:
6371:
5737:
5735:
5038:
4788:United Nations Environment Programme (2022).
4673:
4201:emissions from developed fossil fuel reserves
4071:History of climate change policy and politics
4034:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
3761:, while regulation was most effective in the
3668:by limiting climate change. According to the
1292:2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference
918:direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage
812:
15695:Plumer, Brad; Popovich, Nadja (2021-04-22).
15254:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from
14234:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from
13415:
13200:The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific
11584:
11558:
10899:"How India is solving its cooling challenge"
10036:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71788-3_12
8660:
8619:
8551:
8033:
8004:
7844:
7818:
7609:Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy
7406:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7082:
5806:
5276:Review of Environmental Economics and Policy
5078:
5076:
4958:
4028:. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196
3970:Although not designed for this purpose, the
3835:emissions they release into the atmosphere.
3739:Although China is the leading producer of CO
3718:way to achieve this is the Kyoto Protocol's
3508:
197:electricity can usually replace fossil fuels
141:. Climate change mitigation actions include
20029:United Nations world population conferences
16356:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
15245:
14897:
14891:
14216:
13633:"The economic commitment of climate change"
12396:
12102:
12023:"Adding bacteria can make concrete greener"
11683:Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague.
11675:Olivier J.G.J. and Peters J.A.H.W. (2020),
11041:
10990:"The Sixth Carbon Budget Surface Transport"
10929:
10927:
10739:"Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector"
10624:
10548:
10442:
10206:
9817:
9412:
9408:
9406:
8689:
8065:
7853:
6637:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6546:
6535:
6344:
5856:"The Cost of Energy, Key to Sustainability"
5525:"Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020"
4868:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
3955:Climate change § Policies and politics
3942:
3016:. Cruise operators are trialling partially
2581:emissions and lower existing atmospheric CO
19942:Population and housing censuses by country
19632:
19618:
19571:
18609:
18595:
17625:
17611:
17585:
17573:
17030:
16041:
16027:
15203:
15037:
14999:
14844:
13946:
13942:
13940:
13597:
13483:
12543:"Co-benefits of climate change mitigation"
11982:Searchinger, Tim; Adhya, Tapan K. (2014).
11693:Schmidinger, Kurt; Stehfest, Elke (2012).
11101:
10843:
10625:Rhodes, James S.; Keith, David W. (2008).
10549:Smith, Pete; Porter, John R. (July 2018).
10150:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
9059:. University of Minnesote. 28 January 2011
9046:
8564:
8461:
8227:
7521:Global Energy & CO2 Status Report 2019
7042:Prăvălie, Remus; Bandoc, Georgeta (2018).
6813:
5732:
5599:
5205:
5179:
4112:Countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol
3136:may replace fossil fuel-powered aircraft.
3120:, train connections, personal choices and
3092:. Optimising flight routes to lower non-CO
2167:is also important and for example not all
1677:leaks during extraction and transportation
1147:) is the dominant emitted greenhouse gas.
831:Climate change mitigation aims to sustain
819:
805:
786:
774:
19511:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
17325:
17131:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
16264:United Nations Climate Change conferences
15801:
15783:
15582:
15505:
15471:
15418:
15408:
15367:
15357:
14948:
14725:"Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1"
14700:
14690:
14193:
14191:
14020:
13912:
13863:
13845:
13664:
13624:
13572:
13562:
13452:
13364:
13211:
13162:
12949:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
12916:
12906:
12825:
12753:
12584:
12547:Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change
12219:"Turkmenistan, the unknown mega-polluter"
11902:
11571:emissions from commercial aviation, 2018"
11542:
11510:
11504:
11451:(Press release). Maersk. 23 February 2021
11223:
10650:
10584:
10574:
10325:
10300:
10251:
10241:
10161:
10094:
9888:
9759:
9670:
9539:
9480:
9329:
9205:Securing Rights, Combating Climate Change
9078:
9076:
9074:
9002:
8932:
8856:
8803:
8785:
8744:
8651:
8481:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.001
8444:
8434:
8404:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.005
8091:
7385:
7344:
7334:
7091:World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2021
6949:
6931:
6841:
6689:
6679:
6574:
6415:
6173:
5933:
5833:
5677:
5667:
5308:
5287:
5246:
5073:
5046:"Chapter 2: Emissions trends and drivers"
5021:
5011:
4888:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.004
4573:
4214:bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
4048:the agreement, the only major emitter is
3177:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
2605:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
2561:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
1936:Since 1950, world population has tripled.
1861:and petrol-fuelled cars, eating mainly a
841:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
115:remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
19665:Estimates of historical world population
19539:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
16835:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
14501:
13389:
12938:
12936:
12657:
12632:
12536:
12534:
11598:. European Commission. 23 November 2016.
11424:
11147:"Back on Track: The Global Rail Revival"
10924:
10618:
9403:
9162:IPCC Wrong On Logging Threat to Climate.
7953:
7541:
7487:
7322:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
6821:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
6554:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
6281:"Biomass – Carbon sink or carbon sinner"
5854:Emilio, Maurizio Di Paolo (2022-09-15).
5317:"Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs)"
5109:"It's critical to tackle coal emissions"
4773:
4192:
4184:
4138:
4134:
3989:
3963:Almost all countries are parties to the
3883:
3734:
3589:
3546:
3523:. This is for example the case for many
3435:
3159:
3036:
2951:
2905:
2827:
2564:
2360:Wetland § Climate change mitigation
2181:
2095:
1959:
1931:
1908:
1599:
1466:
1429:
1390:
1376:
1351:
1316:
1232:
1228:
284:
240:reflectivity of the surface of the Earth
17191:National Adaptation Programme of Action
16980:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
15832:
15605:
15053:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
14574:Patrick Greenfield (30 November 2023).
14470:State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021
13937:
13283:State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019
13058:
12397:Ayres, Robert U.; Walter, Jörg (1991).
12216:
11384:
11267:
11171:
10896:
10128:Chapter 12: Cross sectoral perspectives
9947:
9787:. Singapore: Springer. pp. 59–74.
9398:removals, the European Commission says.
8593:
7655:Climate Equality: a Climate for the 99%
7136:
6974:"Climate Change and Nuclear Power 2022"
6627:from the original on 23 September 2020.
6331:
6286:. UK environment agency. Archived from
5625:
4748:
4727:
3995:Signatories (yellow) and parties (blue)
3654:Avoided costs of climate change effects
3181:Environmental impact of meat production
2675:
2256:Carbon sequestration § Agriculture
1626:Sustainable energy § Nuclear power
647:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
254:), and by improving farming processes.
14:
20128:
19109:Corporate environmental responsibility
16840:Economics of climate change mitigation
16803:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
16316:
16144:Scientific consensus on climate change
15993:
15991:
15947:
15887:
15465:
14649:
14188:
14168:
14141:
12443:
12403:Environmental & Resource Economics
12242:
12165:
11930:
11762:"Bovine Genomics | Genome Canada"
11495:
11469:
11273:
11042:McKerracher, Colin (12 January 2023).
10913:
10798:
9733:
9576:"Biochar in climate change mitigation"
9427:
9071:
8632:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
8114:
8039:
8010:
7824:
7668:from the original on 23 November 2023.
7661:. Oxfam International. November 2023.
7296:from the original on 23 September 2019
7281:
6716:Koohi-Fayegh, S.; Rosen, M.A. (2020).
6073:"Renewables 2021 Global Status Report"
6048:
6033:
5853:
4653:
4428:Chinese national carbon trading scheme
4269:
4129:
3914:European Union Emission Trading Scheme
3902:Chinese national carbon trading scheme
3679:Distributing emissions abatement costs
2497:
2084:Desertification § Countermeasures
1105:with 20% of greenhouse gas emissions.
457:Economics of climate change mitigation
185:long-distance electricity transmission
19613:
18590:
17606:
17499:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
17324:
17029:
16765:
16315:
16227:
16108:
16060:
16022:
15191:from the original on 22 February 2019
15098:"1.5°C temperature limit – key facts"
14803:from the original on 19 February 2021
14741:from the original on 12 December 2015
14516:from the original on 11 December 2022
14053:"Social Dimensions of Climate Change"
13111:
12981:from the original on 25 February 2021
12968:
12933:
12850:
12676:
12531:
12139:
12113:
12085:"How to decarbonize the steel sector"
11884:
11050:from the original on 12 January 2023.
10987:
10962:. London Canal Museum. Archived from
10394:from the original on 8 September 2021
10163:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019
9823:
9034:. Scientific America. 28 January 2011
8879:
8601:"How Conservation Became Colonialism"
8373:
8356:from the original on 14 December 2020
8066:Schiermeier, Quirin (8 August 2019).
7966:from the original on 18 December 2019
7549:"A guide for effective energy saving"
7204:from the original on 1 September 2019
6874:Climate change: science and solutions
6604:Renewables 2020: Global Status Report
6597:
6154:Environmental Research Communications
5824:from the original on 4 February 2023.
5793:International Renewable Energy Agency
5741:
4906:Chapter 14: International cooperation
4210:accounting for carbon dioxide removal
3475:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2988:In the shipping industry, the use of
2544:Other methods to capture and store CO
1956:Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks
1630:Nuclear power § Carbon emissions
1554:Integrating variable renewable energy
1356:Renewable energy sources, especially
1241:The annual "Emissions Gap Report" by
261:systems have been set up that either
226:. These changes are part of the fast
20171:Numerical climate and weather models
20098:
19482:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
17521:Representative Concentration Pathway
16462:Tipping points in the climate system
16138:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
15338:Energy Research & Social Science
15212:
14850:
14827:"History of the Convention | UNFCCC"
14502:Shepherd, Christian (16 July 2021).
14256:
13803:
13761:
13403:from the original on 8 November 2021
12468:
12083:Renewable Reads (16 November 2023).
11204:Energy Research & Social Science
10886:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
10764:International Energy Agency (2017).
9830:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
8933:Gabbatiss, Josh (16 February 2019).
7935:from the original on 26 October 2019
7228:US Energy Information Administration
7089:Schneider, Mycle; Froggatt, Antony.
6885:from the original on 16 October 2021
6814:Herib, Blanco; André, Faaij (2018).
6795:from the original on 11 January 2021
6782:
6547:Blanco, Herib; Faaij, André (2018).
6473:United Nations Environment Programme
5479:from the original on 9 November 2021
5314:
4537:Tipping points in the climate system
3748:financial costs on poor households.
3730:
3601:
3303:can reduce emissions from industry.
2356:Carbon sequestration § Wetlands
2222:cut down, more than 50 acres of new
2061:Carbon sequestration § Forestry
2030:and restoring natural ecosystems by
1806:
1302:
1282:Global Climate Action Portal - Nazca
277:can be eliminated in favor of clean
20034:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
17292:Nationally determined contributions
17002:Individual action on climate change
16207:World energy supply and consumption
15988:
15435:
15276:
15100:. Climate Analytics. Archived from
15007:. In Metz, B.; et al. (eds.).
14851:Cole, Daniel H. (28 January 2015).
14773:from the original on 15 August 2017
13736:
12869:
12772:
12060:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
11790:
11496:Parker, Selwyn (8 September 2020).
11470:Bahtić, Fatima (10 November 2022).
11274:Casson, Richard (25 January 2018).
10551:"Bioenergy in the IPCC Assessments"
8228:Carrington, Damian (21 July 2023).
7737:"Scientists' warning on population"
7527:
7315:Gürsan, C.; de Gooyert, V. (2021).
7255:
7048:Journal of Environmental Management
5748:. Springer Science+Business Media.
5522:
4831:Chapter 1: Introduction and Framing
4328:Climate change in the United States
4238:barrier in many of these countries.
4067:Climate change mitigation framework
3982:. These are also greenhouse gases.
3959:Climate change mitigation framework
3612:Economic analysis of climate change
3481:kills by far the most, followed by
3387:Employment and economic development
2949:, smart mobility is also important.
2244:farmer-managed natural regeneration
1851:Individual action on climate change
1708:Individual action on climate change
1701:
1672:life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions
1541:is electrical power generated from
1516:dispatchable electricity generation
1462:
452:Economic analysis of climate change
399:World energy supply and consumption
187:to group a range of power sources.
24:
19124:Environmental full-cost accounting
18616:
17431:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
16048:
15618:from the original on 1 March 2023.
15484:from the original on 15 March 2020
15397:Frontiers in Environmental Science
15277:Loe, Catherine (1 December 2022).
15123:European Investment Bank. (2022).
14169:Jacoby, Jeff (September 4, 2024).
13265:Key messages and executive summary
12969:Green, Matthew (9 February 2021).
12217:Combier, Etienne (10 March 2022).
12166:Heyman, Taylor (26 October 2022).
11592:"Reducing emissions from aviation"
11425:Chambers, Sam (26 February 2021).
11172:Keating, Dave (21 December 2022).
9948:Maclean, Ruth (22 February 2022).
8423:Energy & Environmental Science
7642:from the original on 31 July 2021.
6610:. REN21 Secretariat. p. 177.
6198:
6034:Jaeger, Joel (20 September 2021).
6007:"Solar - Fuels & Technologies"
5742:Teske, Sven, ed. (2 August 2019).
4803:"Climate Change Performance Index"
4079:Paris Agreement § Development
3985:
3660:Economic impacts of climate change
3404:
3156:Agriculture, forestry and land use
3069:is estimated at 1.3–1.4 that of CO
1752:Energy conservation and efficiency
477:Environmental full-cost accounting
25:
20187:
19926:Population and Development Review
19058:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
17358:Satellite temperature measurement
16963:forestry for carbon sequestration
16244:History of climate change science
15453:from the original on 4 April 2020
15246:Sathaye, J.; et al. (2001).
14766:. United Nations. 8 August 2017.
13286:. World Bank Group. 6 June 2019.
12942:
7954:Westlake, Steve (11 April 2019).
7559:from the original on 11 June 2016
7234:from the original on 2 April 2021
7224:"Natural gas and the environment"
7174:. National Research Council. 2014
7019:
6783:Katz, Cheryl (17 December 2020).
6764:from the original on 17 July 2021
6049:Wanner, Brent (6 February 2019).
4433:
4406:Greenhouse gas emissions by China
3873:
3850:Phasing-out fossil fuel subsidies
3420:The International Energy Agency (
3049:grew from 0.7% to 2.65% of all CO
2902:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
2817:
2804:passive daytime radiative cooling
1868:
1777:is the effort made to reduce the
230:, whereas fossil fuels release CO
20110:
20109:
20097:
19974:Population concern organizations
19680:Projections of population growth
19570:
19559:
19558:
19528:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
18347:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
17842:Democratic Republic of the Congo
17584:
17572:
17561:
17560:
17548:
17209:Climate Change Performance Index
16588:Destruction of cultural heritage
15999:"Cleantech Annual Briefing 2023"
15971:
15911:
15855:
15826:
15746:
15721:
15688:
15664:
15639:
15384:
15296:
15270:
15239:
15177:
15151:
15116:
15090:
15065:
14993:
14819:
14658:
14643:
14618:
14605:IISD Earth Negotiations Bulletin
14593:
14567:
14528:
14495:
14461:
14435:
14409:
14384:
14358:
14328:
14302:
14276:
14250:
14142:Niiler, Eric (August 22, 2024).
14135:
14109:
14045:
13988:
13971:
13947:Banuri, T.; et al. (1996).
13880:
13816:
13797:
13755:
13730:
13706:
13681:
13506:
13477:
13316:
13274:
13257:
13187:
13105:
13081:
13052:
12993:
12962:
12882:
12878:from the original on 2019-07-01.
12863:
12859:from the original on 2017-12-01.
12844:
12840:from the original on 2020-10-21.
12819:
12768:from the original on 2020-10-21.
12747:
12700:
12672:from the original on 2021-03-05.
12651:
12647:from the original on 2021-04-20.
12626:
12622:from the original on 2021-04-20.
12601:
12564:
12540:
12497:
12462:
12437:
12390:
12343:
12288:
12262:
12236:
12210:
12185:
12159:
12140:Cocks, Tim (29 September 2022).
12133:
12048:
12015:
11990:
11975:
11951:
11924:
11911:
11878:
11852:
11817:
11803:
11784:
11754:
11686:
11650:
11620:
11602:
11489:
11463:
11441:
11418:
11404:
11378:
11360:
11334:
11324:"Smart Mobility in Smart Cities"
11316:
11290:
11248:
11191:
11165:
11138:
11080:
11054:
11008:
10981:
10949:
10890:
10817:
10792:
10757:
10731:
10693:
10668:
10659:
10593:
10542:
10530:from the original on 25 May 2020
10479:
10376:
10268:
10186:
10137:
10062:
10040:
10027:
10001:
9975:
9941:
9923:
9905:
9776:
9701:
9687:
9507:
9489:
9448:
9428:Rosane, Olivia (18 March 2020).
9421:
9373:
9284:
9255:
9229:
9196:
9170:
9154:
9092:
8953:
8926:
8900:
8873:
8820:
8753:
8712:
8545:
8504:
8486:
8409:
8386:
8367:
8338:
8296:Science of the Total Environment
8283:
8249:
8221:
8164:
8137:
8108:
8059:
7947:
7917:
7891:
7792:
7745:Science of the Total Environment
7716:
7673:
7535:Key World Energy Statistics 2020
7524:, IEA, Paris, License: CC BY 4.0
6501:from the original on 7 May 2021.
5626:Bassist, Rina (6 October 2021).
4496:
4482:
4468:
4333:This section is an excerpt from
4321:
4291:
4278:
4247:Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
4177:Public opinion on climate change
4173:Media coverage of climate change
4075:Kyoto Protocol § Chronology
4005:This section is an excerpt from
3108:, part of the 191 nation ICAO's
3041:Between 1940 and 2018, aviation
3033:environmental impact of aviation
3026:
2702:
2690:
2065:Deforestation and climate change
1968:emissions have been absorbed by
1828:
1815:
1714:behavioural and cultural changes
1654:This section is an excerpt from
1619:
1579:long-distance transmission lines
920:(DACCS), but excludes natural CO
785:
773:
761:
75:
66:
55:
46:
20075:Human impact on the environment
20009:Population Action International
19114:Corporate social responsibility
19043:Ocean thermal energy conversion
18982:Community-supported agriculture
18667:Human impact on the environment
17348:Instrumental temperature record
17299:Sustainable Development Goal 13
15606:Stevens, Harry (1 March 2023).
14336:"Breaking up with fossil fuels"
14257:Pham, Alexander (7 June 2022).
13876:– via esd.copernicus.org.
12243:US EPA, OAR (8 December 2015).
12114:Krane, Jim (17 November 2022).
10799:Thomas, Nathalie (2022-11-30).
10701:"Direct Air Capture – Analysis"
8534:from the original on 2006-11-14
8316:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141346
8040:Milman, Oliver (20 June 2016).
7766:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166
7597:
7571:
7512:
7369:
7308:
7216:
7194:"The Role of Gas: Key Findings"
7161:
7035:
7013:
6966:
6897:
6807:
6776:
6645:
6591:
6505:
6465:
6440:
6383:
6337:Geothermal Energy Association.
6317:Biofuels International Magazine
6305:
6273:
6248:
6222:
6141:
6116:
6090:
6065:
6042:
6027:
5999:
5970:
5927:
5872:
5847:
5778:
5694:from the original on 6 May 2021
5634:
5619:
5593:
5568:
5542:
5516:
5491:
5461:
5436:
5410:
5384:
5359:
5334:
5263:
5153:
5130:
5101:
4915:
4795:
4596:; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020).
4562:Environmental Chemistry Letters
4365:while increasing the export of
3848:are present in many countries.
3197:. On the demand side, limiting
3143:or 11% of transport emissions.
2884:can be reduced by segregation,
2276:while growing above ground and
2268:or afforestation, for example.
2147:Afforestation and reforestation
2073:
1649:Replacing coal with natural gas
1610:pumped-storage hydroelectricity
1597:-systems and electric vehicles.
1504:can be used in coastal regions.
1446:, wind farm in the US state of
1185:. Scientists determine their CO
685:Corporate social responsibility
214:Human land use changes such as
20024:United Nations Population Fund
19639:
19354:Socially responsible marketing
17912:Federated States of Micronesia
17416:Climate variability and change
16766:
16447:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
13059:Gregory, Andrew (2023-11-29).
12475:. Cambridge University Press.
12444:Pearce, David William (1992).
12376:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.059
11535:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117834
11385:Collins, Leigh (13 May 2022).
11368:"How green are electric cars?"
11145:Lowe, Marcia D. (April 1994).
11104:Sustainable Cities and Society
11089:"Climate change and transport"
10728:. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
10334:Nature Ecology & Evolution
10222:Environmental Research Letters
10048:"How oysters can stop a flood"
9983:"Peatlands and climate change"
9931:"Peatlands and climate change"
8374:Levin, Kelly (8 August 2019).
7670:Fig. ES.2, Fig. ES.3, Box 1.2.
6681:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.073
6417:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117773
5843:. BloombergNEF. 28 April 2020.
4619:
4582:
4549:
4181:Sustainability § Barriers
3912:in 2021. One exception is the
3355:
3331:could be replaced by hydrogen
2629:removes it from the atmosphere
2597:, such as cement factories or
2036:carbon dioxide removal methods
1921:
1801:energy efficiency in buildings
1518:. While burning plant-derived
1427:doubled between 2010 and 2019.
1329:have begun rapidly increasing.
1203:Short-lived climate pollutants
977:GHG emissions 2020 by gas type
13:
1:
19545:Sustainable Development Goals
19349:Socially responsible business
17526:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
17061:Climate emergency declaration
15833:Stanway, David (2022-11-21).
15472:Newburger E (13 March 2020).
15217:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
14022:10.1080/14693062.2019.1596873
13429:"Discourses of climate delay"
13155:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6
12321:10.1016/s0095-0696(02)00022-0
11838:10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550
11633:and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
10876:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110749
10457:10.1126/science.294.5543.786b
9208:. World Resources Institute.
8939:emissions, analysis suggests"
8766:Carbon Balance and Management
7282:Plumer, Brad (26 June 2019).
7068:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.043
5774:– via www.springer.com.
5143:and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
4602:and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
4542:
4343:George W. Bush administration
4234:There are also financial and
3842:Removing unhelpful subsidies:
3646:Policymakers can compare the
2791:and the outside temperature.
2770:passive solar building design
2423:
1899:return to their natural state
715:Socially responsible business
137:in the atmosphere that cause
17509:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
16735:Middle East and North Africa
16061:
15628:Dessai, S. (December 2001),
15129:. European Investment Bank.
13804:Dyke, James (18 July 2017).
13564:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105513
13213:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101098
13030:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754
12805:10.1016/j.cosust.2012.08.006
12733:10.1016/j.energy.2010.08.037
11945:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010
9740:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
9709:"Coastal Wetland Protection"
8257:"World Population Prospects"
7735:; Wolf, Christopher (2022).
7000:"World Nuclear Waste Report"
6206:"BP Statistical Review 2019"
5956:10.1126/science.334.6058.922
4637:efforts to eradicate poverty
4197:Distribution of committed CO
3224:-free alternatives, such as
2891:
2724:
2648:is a process of capturing CO
2640:Integrated Assessment Models
2448:ocean alkalinity enhancement
2411:for coastal development and
2080:Deforestation § Control
1496:is electricity generated by
1033: Fluorinated gases (3%)
934:solar radiation modification
18:Mitigation of global warming
7:
20049:World Population Foundation
20039:World Population Conference
19952:World population milestones
19374:Sustainability organization
19159:Standards and certification
18750:Social return on investment
16583:Depopulation of settlements
16228:
15283:Economist Intelligence Unit
9793:10.1007/978-981-13-7665-8_5
8880:Yoder, Kate (12 May 2022).
8554:"Forests and Deforestation"
8350:National Geographic Society
5905:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106345
5830:. IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0."
5644:"Global Carbon Budget 2019"
4988:"Global Carbon Budget 2020"
4461:
4158:
3725:
3720:Clean Development Mechanism
3629:International Monetary Fund
3309:energy-intensive industries
3269: European Union (4.9%)
3263: United States (14.4%)
3239:
3124:can lead to fewer flights.
2977:
2843:Cities emitted 28 GtCO
2713:equivalent quantities (GtCO
2516:by spreading finely ground
2349:
1783:use energy more efficiently
1397:Andasol solar power station
1290:One update came during the
998:mostly by fossil fuel (72%)
963:Emission trends and pledges
720:Sustainability organization
482:Environmental impact design
155:removing carbon dioxide (CO
10:
20192:
19921:Population and Environment
18799:Systemic change resistance
17343:Global surface temperature
17234:Popular culture depictions
17146:Ecosystem-based adaptation
16876:Carbon capture and storage
16798:Carbon offsets and credits
16109:
16003:www.cleantechforeurope.com
15785:10.1038/s41586-022-05224-9
15528:10.1038/d41586-021-00090-3
15359:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101349
13968:PDF version: IPCC website.
13914:10.1038/s41558-021-01219-y
13770:Cambridge University Press
13657:10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0
13349:10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5
12586:10.1007/s13412-024-00955-9
11799:– via www.wired.com.
11225:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101486
10957:"The Future of the Canals"
10724:The Royal Society, (2009)
10354:10.1038/s41559-022-01722-1
9850:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.042
9824:Bange, Hermann W. (2006).
9600:10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8
9322:10.1038/s41586-021-03306-8
8987:10.1038/s41467-024-46577-1
8346:"Carbon Sources and Sinks"
8191:10.1038/s43016-021-00431-5
8093:10.1038/d41586-019-02409-7
7702:10.1007/s11625-021-00951-w
7336:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110552
6933:10.1038/s41467-020-14555-y
6843:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062
6576:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062
5231:10.1038/s43016-021-00385-8
4575:10.1007/s10311-020-01059-w
4517:Carbon offsets and credits
4403:
4332:
4325:
4250:
4165:Politics of climate change
4162:
4064:
4060:
4004:
3976:ozone-depleting substances
3952:
3949:Politics of climate change
3946:
3929:carbon offsets and credits
3896:or participate in dynamic
3877:
3855:Creating helpful subsidies
3809:of informational barriers.
3706:
3702:
3657:
3605:
3512:
3445:
3439:
3390:
3174:
3030:
2981:
2895:
2847:-eq in 2020 of combined CO
2821:
2789:coefficient of performance
2731:Energy-efficient buildings
2728:
2679:
2611:levels. This process uses
2587:Carbon capture and storage
2557:Carbon capture and storage
2550:
2501:
2492:ecosystem-based adaptation
2427:
2353:
2253:
2092:Wildfire § Prevention
2077:
2058:
2054:
2022:To enhance the ability of
1979:
1925:
1872:
1755:
1705:
1653:
1623:
1557:
1549:is in use in 70 countries.
1483:People's Republic of China
1380:
1306:
1269:
1265:
1199:carbon dioxide equivalents
966:
502:High-performance buildings
422:Carbon offsets and credits
339:Carbon capture and storage
209:Carbon capture and storage
103:public transport in France
29:
20136:Climate change mitigation
20093:
20057:
19982:
19934:
19913:
19831:Human population planning
19796:
19742:
19693:
19655:Demographics of the world
19647:
19554:
19465:
19402:
19174:
19101:
19010:
18977:Climate-smart agriculture
18962:
18934:
18891:
18845:
18812:
18685:
18642:
18624:
17638:
17633:Climate change by country
17555:Climate change portal
17542:
17481:
17448:Extreme event attribution
17366:
17335:
17331:
17320:
17264:
17199:
17121:
17071:School Strike for Climate
17043:
17039:
17025:
16994:
16950:Climate-smart agriculture
16911:
16868:
16778:
16774:
16761:
16685:
16538:
16485:
16328:
16324:
16311:
16234:
16223:
16152:
16121:
16117:
16104:
16087:Climate change adaptation
16082:Climate change mitigation
16077:Effects of climate change
16067:
16056:
15636:on 31 October 2012. p. 5.
15584:10.1038/s41558-020-0883-0
15410:10.3389/fenvs.2022.784466
14971:10.1007/s11625-017-0488-3
14920:10.1007/s10584-015-1507-y
14479:10.1596/978-1-4648-1728-1
13543:Environment International
13292:10.1596/978-1-4648-1435-8
13271:, SIWI, Stockholm, Sweden
13112:Roser, Max (2024-03-18).
12245:"About Coal Mine Methane"
11826:Frontiers in Life Science
11726:10.1007/s11367-012-0434-7
11124:10.1016/j.scs.2016.01.004
11067:World Resources Institute
10652:10.1007/s10584-007-9387-4
8380:World Resources Institute
6742:10.1016/j.est.2019.101047
6722:Journal of Energy Storage
6478:Emissions Gap Report 2019
6078:. REN21. pp. 137–138
5828:World Energy Outlook 2022
5754:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2
5723:Chapter 6: Energy systems
5669:10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019
5648:Earth System Science Data
5013:10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020
4992:Earth System Science Data
4718:Summary for policy makers
3666:effects of climate change
3521:climate change adaptation
3509:Climate change adaptation
3479:Particulate air pollution
3307:can play a major role in
3134:hydrogen-powered aircraft
3073:alone, excluding induced
2824:Climate change and cities
2340:agricultural productivity
1974:2020 Global Carbon Budget
1570:variable renewable energy
1560:Variable renewable energy
1211:hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
1195:greenhouse gas accounting
1103:coal-fired power stations
700:Effects of climate change
642:Climate-smart agriculture
592:Sustainability accounting
572:Climate change litigation
316:Co-benefits of mitigation
302:Climate change mitigation
133:) is action to limit the
127:Climate change mitigation
19836:Compulsory sterilization
19119:Environmental accounting
18868:Sustainable architecture
18858:Environmental technology
17792:Central African Republic
17458:Global warming potential
17265:International agreements
16912:Preserving and enhancing
16346:Arctic methane emissions
16268:Years in climate change
16175:Greenhouse gas emissions
16072:Causes of climate change
15959:European Investment Bank
15899:European Investment Bank
15676:climateactiontracker.org
15213:Berg, Christian (2020).
14473:. The World Bank. 2021.
13718:European Investment Bank
12688:European Investment Bank
12515:10.1787/9789264188129-en
10243:10.1088/1748-9326/ac82ff
8472:Summary for Policymakers
7825:Adcock, Bronwyn (2022).
6175:10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb
5580:climateactiontracker.org
5473:climateactiontracker.org
4399:
4124:Paris Climate Conference
4116:carbon emissions trading
3943:International agreements
3648:marginal abatement costs
3570:implemented or scheduled
3560:implemented or scheduled
3249:carbon dioxide emissions
3165:Greenhouse gas emissions
3126:Hybrid electric aircraft
3090:fuel economy in aircraft
3065:and particulates. Their
2735:Sustainable architecture
2315:system and cover crops.
2249:
1604:Battery storage facility
1583:Energy demand management
1526:, the plants withdraw CO
1436:Shepherds Flat Wind Farm
1421:concentrated solar power
1406:power plant, located in
1191:global warming potential
1172:global warming potential
969:Greenhouse gas emissions
690:Corporate sustainability
597:Sustainability reporting
549:Verified Carbon Standard
467:Environmental accounting
321:Greenhouse gas emissions
183:upgrades, such as using
19778:Malthusian growth model
18992:Sustainable agriculture
17489:Climate change scenario
17141:Disaster risk reduction
16793:Carbon emission trading
16603:U.S. insurance industry
16573:Civilizational collapse
16420:sea surface temperature
15187:. Kiplinger. May 2012.
15000:Verbruggen, A. (2007).
14692:10.1073/pnas.0610328104
14148:The Wall Street Journal
14103:10.1126/science.adl6547
13739:"Finance & Justice"
12356:Atmospheric Environment
11706:Int J Life Cycle Assess
11514:Atmospheric Environment
10897:Radhika, Lalik (2019).
10825:"Heat Pumps – Analysis"
9124:10.1126/science.aax9539
8653:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00027
8512:Stern, Nicholas Herbert
8494:Global Warming of 1.5°C
6357:. Newnes. p. 187.
6256:"From baseload to peak"
4964:Olivier J.G.J. (2022),
4446:decarbonization goals.
4410:Climate change in China
4389:Inflation Reduction Act
4377:the largest producer.
4306:per person than poorer
4110:which expired in 2020.
3898:carbon emission trading
3697:polluter-pays principle
3578:Carbon emission trading
3558:Carbon emission trading
3218:methanotrophic bacteria
3185:Sustainable agriculture
3102:carbon emission trading
2307:, residue mulching and
1948:, especially voluntary
1255:Sixth Assessment Report
1189:equivalents from their
1174:of the respective gas.
1046:emissions by fuel type
980:without land-use change
889:green industrial policy
885:Sustainable agriculture
561:Frameworks and treaties
19905:Zero population growth
19900:Sustainable population
19824:Malthusian catastrophe
19783:Overshoot (population)
19660:Demographic transition
19535:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
19404:Sustainable management
19389:Urban drainage systems
19129:Environmental planning
19093:Water recycling shower
19083:Tidal stream generator
18878:Sustainable industries
18837:Sustainable population
18822:Demographic transition
18804:Tragedy of the commons
17737:Bosnia and Herzegovina
17482:Research and modelling
17166:Nature-based solutions
16986:Nature-based solutions
16928:Carbon dioxide removal
16845:Fossil fuel divestment
16830:Climate risk insurance
16740:Small island countries
16351:Arctic sea ice decline
15935:Cite journal requires
14951:Sustainability Science
13865:10.5194/esd-8-577-2017
13010:Environmental Research
12908:10.3390/ijerph15040674
12608:IASS/Green ID (2019).
12549:. IPCC. Archived from
10901:. World Economic Forum
10087:10.1098/rsfs.2019.0129
9881:10.1098/rstb.2011.0415
9734:Chmura, G. L. (2003).
7682:Sustainability Science
7553:Renewable Energy World
5860:Power Electronics News
5055:. 2022. Archived from
4345:opted not to sign the
4302:countries emit more CO
4202:
4190:
4149:fossil fuel divestment
4144:
4101:Flexibility Mechanisms
4054:United States withdrew
4001:
3889:
3744:
3586:
3525:nature-based solutions
3172:
3118:Short-haul flight bans
3112:(CORSIA), can lower CO
3054:
3018:hydrogen-powered ships
2963:
2911:
2872:cycling infrastructure
2840:
2570:
2526:removes carbon dioxide
2475:carbon dioxide removal
2188:
2163:. However, preserving
2161:Trillion Tree Campaign
2105:
1982:Carbon dioxide removal
1977:
1937:
1918:
1605:
1486:
1451:
1411:
1365:
1330:
1277:Climate Action Tracker
1238:
1086:. This contributes to
899:carbon dioxide removal
652:Nature-based solutions
627:Carbon dioxide removal
517:Public interest design
487:Fossil fuel divestment
442:Climate risk insurance
369:Low-carbon electricity
354:Fossil fuel divestment
246:, switching to a more
147:replacing fossil fuels
117:, and an example of a
20161:Climate change policy
20156:Chemical oceanography
20014:Population Connection
19878:Mere addition paradox
19717:Physiological density
19427:Humanistic capitalism
19242:Environmental finance
18883:Sustainable packaging
18457:São Tomé and Príncipe
18337:Saint Kitts and Nevis
18317:Republic of the Congo
17443:Earth's energy budget
17326:Background and theory
17214:Climate crisis (term)
16886:Fossil fuel phase-out
16780:Economics and finance
16745:by individual country
16687:By country and region
16662:Security and conflict
16657:Psychological impacts
16336:Abrupt climate change
16259:Charles David Keeling
16092:By country and region
15563:Nature Climate Change
14857:Nature Climate Change
14536:"Carbon Price Viewer"
13893:Nature Climate Change
13834:Earth System Dynamics
13433:Global Sustainability
13329:Nature Communications
10050:. Vox. 31 August 2021
9635:Nature Communications
9520:Global Change Biology
9086:HM Treasury, London:
8967:Nature Communications
8787:10.1186/1750-0680-3-3
7864:Nature Climate Change
6911:Nature Communications
4532:Climate change denial
4476:Climate change portal
4393:social cost of carbon
4196:
4188:
4169:Climate change denial
4142:
4135:Commitments to divest
3993:
3887:
3870:can limit emissions.
3846:fossil fuel subsidies
3791:policies include the
3738:
3643:Cost–benefit analysis
3590:Negative side effects
3550:
3513:Further information:
3501:effect. This reduces
3440:Further information:
3436:Health and well-being
3337:electric arc furnaces
3325:electric arc furnaces
3163:
3040:
3031:Further information:
2990:liquefied natural gas
2982:Further information:
2955:
2909:
2898:Sustainable transport
2882:municipal solid waste
2831:
2729:Further information:
2568:
2428:Further information:
2354:Further information:
2254:Further information:
2212:intensive agriculture
2185:
2119:fortress conservation
2099:
2059:Further information:
1963:
1935:
1926:Further information:
1912:
1779:consumption of energy
1706:Further information:
1624:Further information:
1603:
1558:Further information:
1470:
1433:
1394:
1377:Solar and wind energy
1355:
1320:
1270:Further information:
1236:
1229:Needed emissions cuts
871:sustainable transport
587:Social responsibility
359:Fossil fuel phase-out
285:Definitions and scope
275:Fossil fuel subsidies
250:(also referred to as
20141:Biogeochemical cycle
20044:World Population Day
19999:Church of Euthanasia
19888:Non-identity problem
19863:Political demography
19819:Human overpopulation
19394:Urban infrastructure
19088:Water heat recycling
18911:Conservation biology
18755:Steady-state economy
18730:Micro-sustainability
18715:Ecological footprint
18672:Planetary boundaries
18527:United Arab Emirates
17272:Glasgow Climate Pact
16933:Carbon sequestration
16498:Mass mortality event
14877:10.1038/nclimate2490
14799:. 19 February 2021.
14558:Chapter 11: Industry
14121:University of Oxford
13611:Oxford Martin School
13149:(10311): 1619–1662.
11921:4 : pp 351-365.
11346:World Economic Forum
11020:World Economic Forum
10856:Energy and Buildings
10390:. 19 February 2018.
10281:Journal of Phycology
9761:10.1029/2002GB001917
9482:10.1002/2015JG003078
8912:World Economic Forum
8849:10.1002/2016EF000469
7885:10.1038/nclimate2081
7612:, UNSW Press, p. 86.
7537:(Report). IEA. 2020.
6128:www.nationalgrid.com
4657:(26 November 2019).
4424:coal plants in China
4381:Biden administration
4359:Trump administration
4351:Obama administration
3803:Regulatory standards
3763:developing countries
3251:by country in 2023:
3205:are also effective.
2957:Battery electric bus
2802:building design and
2778:zero-energy building
2676:Mitigation by sector
2293:conservation farming
2008:carbon sequestration
1986:Carbon sequestration
1793:Efficient energy use
1762:Efficient energy use
903:carbon sequestration
880:efficient energy use
632:Carbon sequestration
472:Environmental design
364:Fossil fuel vehicles
151:clean energy sources
33:solar geoengineering
19893:Reproductive rights
19724:Population dynamics
19675:Population momentum
19495:Earth Summit (1992)
19149:Metrics and indices
19002:Sustainable fishery
18921:Holocene extinction
18740:Product stewardship
18710:Earth Overshoot Day
18492:Trinidad and Tobago
17662:Antigua and Barbuda
17411:Climate sensitivity
17186:The Adaptation Fund
16642:Infectious diseases
16539:Social and economic
15776:2022Natur.610..687R
15612:The Washington Post
15575:2020NatCC..10..913F
15520:2021Natur.589..343T
15350:2020ERSS...6201349O
15165:. December 13, 2018
15002:"Annex I. Glossary"
14963:2018SuSc...13..109Z
14912:2017ClCh..144...15S
14869:2015NatCC...5..114C
14683:2007PNAS..104.4814V
14013:2019CliPo..19..827M
13905:2022NatCC..12...36C
13856:2017ESD.....8..577H
13649:2024Natur.628..551K
13555:2020EnInt.13605513S
13454:10.1017/sus.2020.13
13445:2020GlSus...3E..17L
13341:2020NatCo..11.4174S
13022:2021ER....19510754V
12797:2012COES....4..654C
12725:2010Ene....35.4902M
12469:Metz, Bert (2001).
12368:2011AtmEn..45.2683T
12313:2003JEEM...45..650B
11998:"Cement – Analysis"
11866:. 30 September 2021
11766:www.genomecanada.ca
11718:2012IJLCA..17..962S
11616:. 4 September 2019.
11527:2021AtmEn.24417834L
11216:2020ERSS...6601486M
11116:2016SusCS..22...11K
10868:2021EneBu.23510749Z
10643:2008ClCh...87..321R
10567:2018GCBBi..10..428S
10346:2022NatEE...6..675B
10293:2022JPcgy..58..347H
10234:2022ERL....17h1003R
9875:(1593): 1157–1168.
9842:2006ECSS...70..361B
9752:2003GBioC..17.1111C
9647:2010NatCo...1...56W
9592:2021NatGe..14..883L
9532:2014GCBio..20.3557L
9473:2015JGRG..120.2375P
9314:2021Natur.591..599T
9116:2019Sci...365...24C
8979:2024NatCo..15.2275H
8841:2017EaFut...5..463B
8778:2008CarBM...3....3V
8737:2016Ecosp...7E1501W
8644:2019FrFGC...2...27M
8308:2020ScTEn.74841346D
8084:2019Natur.572..291S
7877:2014NatCC...4....2R
7758:2022ScTEn.84557166C
7694:2021SuSc...16.1753W
7262:Scientific American
7256:Storrow, Benjamin.
7060:2018JEnvM.209...81P
6924:2020NatCo..11..947H
6834:2018RSERv..81.1049B
6734:2020JEnSt..2701047K
6672:2018ApEn..212.1611B
6567:2018RSERv..81.1049B
6408:2022ApEn..30517773R
6166:2022ERCom...4e5011N
6104:on 24 February 2020
6098:"Global Wind Atlas"
5948:2011Sci...334..922C
5897:2022EneEc.11506345L
5679:20.500.11850/385668
5660:2019ESSD...11.1783F
5556:. 15 September 2020
5193:. 30 September 2014
5113:blogs.worldbank.org
5004:2020ESSD...12.3269F
4859:Annex VII: Glossary
4756:"Cement – Analysis"
4451:European Green Deal
4440:European Commission
4270:Examples by country
4130:Society and culture
3759:developed countries
3584:under consideration
3495:blue infrastructure
3333:direct reduced iron
3293: Other (30.1%)
3281: Russia (5.8%)
3257: China (31.8%)
3122:taxation on flights
2943:European Green Deal
2774:low-energy building
2765:Solar water heating
2666:carbon-neutral fuel
2627:. This effectively
2504:Enhanced weathering
2498:Enhanced weathering
2464:ocean acidification
2452:enhanced weathering
2444:ocean fertilization
2234:This could include
1946:reproductive health
1775:Energy conservation
1758:Energy conservation
1425:Solar water heating
1076: others (1.5%)
957:climate engineering
949:climate engineering
876:Energy conservation
710:Ethical consumerism
705:Energy conservation
417:Building insulation
20019:Population Matters
19734:Population pyramid
19712:Population density
19707:Population decline
18954:Sustainable energy
18916:Endangered species
18873:Sustainable design
18787:Consumer behaviour
17862:Dominican Republic
16982:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
16954:Forest management
16938:Direct air capture
16903:Sustainable energy
16860:Net zero emissions
16855:Low-carbon economy
16850:Green Climate Fund
16637:Indigenous peoples
16530:Plant biodiversity
16318:Effects and issues
15701:The New York Times
15310:. 17 December 2021
14732:UNFCCC secretariat
14449:. 23 November 2022
13523:2009-12-11 at the
12826:IASS/TERI (2019).
12754:IASS/TERI (2019).
12415:10.1007/bf00367920
11153:on 4 December 2006
10576:10.1111/gcbb.12514
9954:The New York Times
9937:. 6 November 2017.
9919:. 25 January 2018.
9655:10.1038/ncomms1053
9501:The New York Times
9269:. 14 February 2022
9160:Young, E. (2008).
9082:Stern, N. (2006).
8436:10.1039/C7EE02342A
7905:. 11 November 2021
7725:Ripple, William J.
7289:The New York Times
4971:2023-03-08 at the
4741:2021-04-01 at the
4361:withdrew from the
4208:Difficulties with
4203:
4191:
4155:(ESG) standards.
4145:
4002:
3922:emission intensity
3890:
3745:
3587:
3531:and street trees,
3483:ground-level ozone
3415:renewable energies
3362:ancillary benefits
3287: Japan (3.5%)
3275: India (9.5%)
3173:
3055:
2964:
2912:
2841:
2646:Direct air capture
2571:
2553:Direct air capture
2530:carbonate minerals
2282:soil carbon sponge
2210:). With increased
2189:
2141:wildlife corridors
2133:old-growth forests
2106:
1978:
1938:
1919:
1917:4, 565–574, 2023).
1732:mitigation actions
1687:net-zero emissions
1606:
1547:Geothermal heating
1487:
1476:nameplate capacity
1452:
1444:nameplate capacity
1412:
1366:
1358:solar photovoltaic
1331:
1309:Sustainable energy
1239:
1215:tropospheric ozone
1123:Agricultural soils
1119:fugitive emissions
1027:nitrous oxide (6%)
982:using 100 year GWP
867:Sustainable energy
837:human civilisation
730:Consumer behaviour
680:Conscious business
637:Direct air capture
512:Low-carbon economy
389:Sustainable energy
20123:
20122:
19994:7 Billion Actions
19868:Population ethics
19761:Carrying capacity
19670:Population growth
19607:
19606:
19533:Earth Summit 2002
19516:Lisbon Principles
19488:Our Common Future
19166:Sustainable yield
18972:Civic agriculture
18725:Green consumption
18662:Global governance
18584:
18583:
17887:Equatorial Guinea
17600:
17599:
17538:
17537:
17534:
17533:
17473:Radiative forcing
17316:
17315:
17312:
17311:
17136:Adaptive capacity
17021:
17020:
17017:
17016:
16881:Energy transition
16757:
16756:
16753:
16752:
16467:Tropical cyclones
16393:Urban heat island
16307:
16306:
16219:
16218:
16215:
16214:
16180:Carbon accounting
16134:Greenhouse effect
16100:
16099:
15770:(7933): 687–692.
15447:Climate Home News
15258:on 5 October 2018
15224:978-0-429-57873-1
15023:978-0-521-88011-4
14488:978-1-4648-1728-1
14371:ODI: Think change
14290:. 12 October 2022
13737:Nations, United.
13643:(8008): 551–557.
13514:Technical Summary
13301:978-1-4648-1435-8
13118:Our World in Data
13002:Marais, Eloise A.
12719:(12): 4902–4909.
12658:IASS/IPC (2020).
12633:IASS/IPC (2019).
12362:(16): 2683–2689.
12276:. 18 January 2021
11963:Our World in Data
11933:Livestock Science
11891:Can. J. Anim. Sci
11885:Boadi, D (2004).
11772:on 10 August 2019
11637:Our World in Data
11348:. 5 December 2022
11022:. 7 November 2022
10777:978-92-64-27597-3
10507:978-0-309-48452-7
10302:10.1111/jpy.13249
10015:. 7 November 2021
9989:. 6 November 2017
9802:978-981-13-7665-8
9715:. 6 February 2020
9580:Nature Geoscience
9541:10.1111/gcb.12551
9526:(11): 3557–3567.
9467:(11): 2375–2401.
9385:Clean Energy Wire
9308:(7851): 599–603.
8914:. 22 January 2020
8746:10.1002/ecs2.1501
8677:. 29 January 2009
8558:Our World in Data
8527:978-0-521-70080-1
8477:eradicate poverty
8400:eradicate poverty
8150:Leiden University
8078:(7769): 291–292.
8014:(21 March 2016).
7931:. 10 April 2019.
7412:Technical Summary
6879:The Royal Society
6617:978-3-948393-00-7
6491:978-92-807-3766-0
6364:978-0-12-397178-4
6341:May 2010, p. 4-6.
6319:. 7 December 2022
6236:. 5 November 2018
5984:. 6 December 2022
5523:Nations, United.
5167:. 27 October 2022
5147:Our World in Data
5088:Our World in Data
4943:978-0-309-67605-2
4884:eradicate poverty
4606:Our World in Data
4430:started in 2021.
4259:COVID-19 pandemic
4089:Montreal Protocol
3972:Montreal Protocol
3837:Methane emissions
3731:National policies
3602:Costs and funding
3541:urban agriculture
3499:urban heat island
3426:energy efficiency
3203:plant-based diets
3130:electric aircraft
3106:carbon offsetting
3067:radiative forcing
2929:, carsharing and
2922:Electric vehicles
2888:, and recycling.
2664:or production of
2413:fertilizer runoff
2380:. Some also emit
2224:secondary forests
2220:old-growth forest
2139:and establishing
2129:secondary forests
1941:Population growth
1894:plant-based diets
1807:Lifestyle changes
1797:energy efficiency
1543:geothermal energy
1313:Energy transition
1303:Low-carbon energy
1168:fluorinated gases
1084:greenhouse effect
1070: cement (4%)
901:(CDR), including
829:
828:
462:Emissions trading
349:Energy transition
205:cement production
193:demand management
143:conserving energy
16:(Redirected from
20183:
20113:
20112:
20101:
20100:
20070:Green Revolution
19851:Two-child policy
19846:One-child policy
19769:
19729:Population model
19685:World population
19634:
19627:
19620:
19611:
19610:
19574:
19573:
19562:
19561:
19506:Agenda 21 (1992)
19477:
19442:Natural resource
19329:Organic movement
19304:Impact investing
19023:Hydroelectricity
18997:Sustainable diet
18949:Renewable energy
18944:Carbon footprint
18926:Invasive species
18863:Natural building
18814:World population
18775:Marketing myopia
18735:Over-consumption
18705:Circular economy
18700:Anti-consumerism
18657:Environmentalism
18611:
18604:
18597:
18588:
18587:
18287:Papua New Guinea
18162:Marshall Islands
17627:
17620:
17613:
17604:
17603:
17588:
17587:
17576:
17575:
17564:
17563:
17553:
17552:
17551:
17516:Paleoclimatology
17333:
17332:
17322:
17321:
17083:Ecological grief
17066:Climate movement
17041:
17040:
17027:
17026:
17007:Plant-based diet
16898:Renewable energy
16776:
16775:
16763:
16762:
16598:Economic impacts
16520:Invasive species
16376:Coastal flooding
16326:
16325:
16313:
16312:
16249:Svante Arrhenius
16225:
16224:
16195:from agriculture
16185:Carbon footprint
16170:Greenhouse gases
16119:
16118:
16106:
16105:
16058:
16057:
16043:
16036:
16029:
16020:
16019:
16013:
16012:
16010:
16009:
15995:
15986:
15985:
15983:
15975:
15969:
15968:
15966:
15965:
15951:
15945:
15944:
15938:
15933:
15931:
15923:
15915:
15909:
15908:
15906:
15905:
15891:
15885:
15884:
15882:
15880:
15875:on 16 April 2021
15874:
15867:
15859:
15853:
15852:
15850:
15849:
15830:
15824:
15823:
15805:
15787:
15750:
15744:
15743:
15741:
15740:
15725:
15719:
15718:
15716:
15715:
15692:
15686:
15685:
15683:
15682:
15668:
15662:
15661:
15659:
15658:
15643:
15637:
15626:
15620:
15619:
15603:
15597:
15596:
15586:
15554:
15548:
15547:
15503:
15494:
15493:
15491:
15489:
15469:
15463:
15462:
15460:
15458:
15449:. 1 April 2020.
15439:
15433:
15432:
15422:
15412:
15388:
15382:
15381:
15371:
15361:
15329:
15320:
15319:
15317:
15315:
15300:
15294:
15293:
15291:
15289:
15274:
15268:
15267:
15265:
15263:
15243:
15237:
15236:
15210:
15201:
15200:
15198:
15196:
15181:
15175:
15174:
15172:
15170:
15155:
15149:
15148:
15120:
15114:
15113:
15111:
15109:
15094:
15088:
15087:
15085:
15083:
15077:
15069:
15063:
15062:
15060:
15058:
15052:
15041:
15035:
15034:
15032:
15030:
15015:
15006:
14997:
14991:
14990:
14946:
14940:
14939:
14895:
14889:
14888:
14848:
14842:
14841:
14839:
14837:
14823:
14817:
14816:
14810:
14808:
14797:Associated Press
14789:
14783:
14782:
14780:
14778:
14772:
14765:
14757:
14751:
14750:
14748:
14746:
14740:
14729:
14721:
14715:
14714:
14704:
14694:
14662:
14656:
14655:
14647:
14641:
14640:
14638:
14636:
14622:
14616:
14615:
14613:
14611:
14597:
14591:
14590:
14588:
14586:
14571:
14565:
14554:
14548:
14547:
14545:
14543:
14532:
14526:
14525:
14523:
14521:
14507:
14499:
14493:
14492:
14465:
14459:
14458:
14456:
14454:
14439:
14433:
14432:
14430:
14428:
14422:The Conversation
14413:
14407:
14406:
14404:
14402:
14388:
14382:
14381:
14379:
14377:
14362:
14356:
14355:
14353:
14351:
14342:. Archived from
14332:
14326:
14325:
14323:
14321:
14306:
14300:
14299:
14297:
14295:
14280:
14274:
14273:
14271:
14269:
14254:
14248:
14247:
14245:
14243:
14225:
14214:
14213:
14211:
14209:
14195:
14186:
14185:
14183:
14181:
14175:The Boston Globe
14166:
14160:
14159:
14157:
14155:
14139:
14133:
14132:
14130:
14128:
14123:. 24 August 2024
14113:
14107:
14106:
14079:
14068:
14067:
14065:
14063:
14049:
14043:
14042:
14024:
13992:
13986:
13985:
13983:
13975:
13969:
13967:
13955:
13944:
13935:
13934:
13916:
13884:
13878:
13877:
13867:
13849:
13820:
13814:
13813:
13810:The Conversation
13801:
13795:
13784:
13775:
13773:
13759:
13753:
13752:
13750:
13749:
13734:
13728:
13727:
13725:
13724:
13710:
13704:
13703:
13701:
13699:
13685:
13679:
13678:
13668:
13628:
13622:
13621:
13619:
13617:
13604:
13595:
13594:
13576:
13566:
13534:
13528:
13510:
13504:
13503:
13501:
13499:
13481:
13475:
13474:
13456:
13424:
13413:
13412:
13410:
13408:
13393:
13387:
13386:
13368:
13320:
13314:
13313:
13278:
13272:
13261:
13255:
13244:
13238:
13227:
13218:
13217:
13215:
13191:
13185:
13184:
13166:
13140:
13131:
13122:
13121:
13109:
13103:
13102:
13100:
13099:
13085:
13079:
13078:
13056:
13050:
13049:
12997:
12991:
12990:
12988:
12986:
12966:
12960:
12959:
12957:
12955:
12943:Molar, Roberto.
12940:
12931:
12930:
12920:
12910:
12886:
12880:
12879:
12867:
12861:
12860:
12848:
12842:
12841:
12839:
12832:
12823:
12817:
12816:
12776:
12770:
12769:
12767:
12760:
12751:
12745:
12744:
12704:
12698:
12697:
12695:
12694:
12680:
12674:
12673:
12671:
12664:
12655:
12649:
12648:
12646:
12639:
12630:
12624:
12623:
12621:
12614:
12605:
12599:
12598:
12588:
12568:
12562:
12561:
12559:
12558:
12538:
12529:
12528:
12501:
12495:
12494:
12466:
12460:
12459:
12441:
12435:
12434:
12394:
12388:
12387:
12347:
12341:
12340:
12292:
12286:
12285:
12283:
12281:
12266:
12260:
12259:
12257:
12255:
12240:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12229:
12223:Novastan English
12214:
12208:
12207:
12205:
12203:
12197:climatetrace.org
12189:
12183:
12182:
12180:
12178:
12163:
12157:
12156:
12154:
12152:
12137:
12131:
12130:
12128:
12126:
12120:The Conversation
12111:
12100:
12099:
12097:
12095:
12080:
12071:
12070:
12068:
12066:
12052:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12041:
12019:
12013:
12012:
12010:
12008:
11994:
11988:
11987:
11979:
11973:
11972:
11970:
11969:
11955:
11949:
11948:
11928:
11922:
11915:
11909:
11908:
11906:
11882:
11876:
11875:
11873:
11871:
11856:
11850:
11849:
11821:
11815:
11814:
11807:
11801:
11800:
11791:Airhart, Ellen.
11788:
11782:
11781:
11779:
11777:
11768:. Archived from
11758:
11752:
11751:
11749:
11748:
11742:
11736:. Archived from
11703:
11690:
11684:
11673:
11667:
11666:
11654:
11648:
11647:
11645:
11643:
11624:
11618:
11617:
11606:
11600:
11599:
11588:
11582:
11581:
11575:
11562:
11556:
11555:
11546:
11508:
11502:
11501:
11493:
11487:
11486:
11484:
11482:
11467:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11456:
11445:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11422:
11416:
11415:
11408:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11397:
11382:
11376:
11375:
11364:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11353:
11338:
11332:
11331:
11320:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11309:
11304:. 7 January 2020
11294:
11288:
11287:
11285:
11283:
11271:
11265:
11264:
11252:
11246:
11245:
11227:
11195:
11189:
11188:
11186:
11184:
11169:
11163:
11162:
11160:
11158:
11149:. Archived from
11142:
11136:
11135:
11099:
11093:
11092:
11084:
11078:
11077:
11075:
11073:
11058:
11052:
11051:
11046:. BloombergNEF.
11038:
11032:
11031:
11029:
11027:
11012:
11006:
11005:
10994:
10985:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10974:
10968:
10961:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10942:
10937:. IEA/UNEP. 2020
10931:
10922:
10917:
10911:
10910:
10908:
10906:
10894:
10888:
10887:
10847:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10836:
10821:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10811:
10796:
10790:
10789:
10761:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10735:
10729:
10722:
10716:
10715:
10713:
10711:
10697:
10691:
10690:
10688:
10686:
10672:
10666:
10663:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10622:
10616:
10615:
10613:
10611:
10597:
10591:
10590:
10588:
10578:
10546:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10483:
10477:
10476:
10440:
10434:
10433:
10431:
10429:
10410:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10380:
10374:
10373:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10304:
10272:
10266:
10265:
10255:
10245:
10213:
10204:
10190:
10184:
10183:
10165:
10141:
10135:
10124:
10113:
10112:
10098:
10066:
10060:
10059:
10057:
10055:
10044:
10038:
10034:Springer, Cham.
10031:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10020:
10005:
9999:
9998:
9996:
9994:
9979:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9968:
9945:
9939:
9938:
9927:
9921:
9920:
9909:
9903:
9902:
9892:
9860:
9854:
9853:
9821:
9815:
9814:
9780:
9774:
9773:
9763:
9731:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9720:
9713:Project Drawdown
9705:
9699:
9698:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9674:
9626:
9620:
9619:
9571:
9562:
9561:
9543:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9493:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9443:
9441:
9425:
9419:
9418:
9410:
9401:
9400:
9394:
9392:
9377:
9371:
9370:
9333:
9288:
9282:
9281:
9276:
9274:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9248:
9241:The Conversation
9233:
9227:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9174:
9168:
9158:
9152:
9151:
9096:
9090:
9080:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9053:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9028:
9017:
9016:
9006:
8957:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8904:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8860:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8807:
8789:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8698:
8687:
8686:
8684:
8682:
8667:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8623:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8571:
8562:
8561:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8508:
8502:
8490:
8484:
8468:
8459:
8458:
8448:
8438:
8429:(5): 1062–1176.
8413:
8407:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8371:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8361:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8287:
8281:
8270:
8261:
8260:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8176:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8130:
8118:(4 April 2022).
8112:
8106:
8105:
8095:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8037:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8026:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7997:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7960:The Conversation
7951:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7860:
7851:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7741:
7733:Rees, William E.
7729:Ehrlich, Paul R.
7720:
7714:
7713:
7688:(5): 1753–1756.
7677:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7660:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7630:
7622:
7613:
7604:Diesendorf, Mark
7601:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7555:. 9 April 2015.
7545:
7539:
7538:
7531:
7525:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7458:
7452:
7440:
7419:
7408:
7383:
7382:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7348:
7338:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7253:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7115:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7095:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6980:. 19 August 2020
6970:
6964:
6963:
6953:
6935:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6870:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6845:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6713:
6704:
6703:
6693:
6683:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6636:
6628:
6626:
6609:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6578:
6544:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6519:. Archived from
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6483:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6419:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6348:
6342:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6293:on 28 March 2020
6292:
6285:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6260:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6210:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6177:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6077:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6017:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5989:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5942:(6058): 922–24.
5931:
5925:
5924:
5885:Energy Economics
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5739:
5730:
5719:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5681:
5671:
5654:(4): 1783–1838.
5638:
5632:
5631:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5291:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5250:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5191:One Green Planet
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:. 8 October 2021
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5080:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5061:
5050:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5025:
5015:
4998:(4): 3269–3340.
4982:
4976:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4919:
4913:
4902:
4891:
4875:
4866:
4855:
4838:
4827:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4799:
4793:
4786:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4752:
4746:
4731:
4725:
4714:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4687:. United Nations
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4632:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4568:(6): 2069–2094.
4553:
4527:Climate movement
4506:
4501:
4500:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4295:
4282:
3864:Tradable permits
3859:energy subsidies
3799:Non market based
3780:instruments and
3778:non market based
3575:
3565:
3555:
3464:
3314:circular economy
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3226:milk substitutes
3145:Aviation biofuel
3098:Aviation biofuel
2931:electric hybrids
2857:
2837:carbon footprint
2785:air conditioning
2743:Low-energy house
2706:
2694:
2470:concentrations.
2367:sequester carbon
2197:
1892:A shift towards
1887:
1879:Plant-based diet
1863:plant-based diet
1855:carbon footprint
1832:
1819:
1787:energy hierarchy
1739:circular economy
1725:carbon footprint
1702:Demand reduction
1539:Geothermal power
1494:Hydroelectricity
1479:Three Gorges Dam
1463:Other renewables
1401:parabolic trough
1399:is a commercial
1347:renewable energy
1260:António Guterres
1157:
1135:Kigali Amendment
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1052: coal (39%)
1051:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1003:
993:
984:Total: 49.8 GtCO
857:greenhouse gases
821:
814:
807:
789:
788:
777:
776:
770:
766:
765:
764:
507:Impact investing
379:Renewable energy
289:
288:
279:energy subsidies
248:plant-based diet
177:renewable energy
135:greenhouse gases
119:plant-based meal
87:Renewable energy
79:
70:
59:
50:
37:climate movement
21:
20191:
20190:
20186:
20185:
20184:
20182:
20181:
20180:
20126:
20125:
20124:
20119:
20089:
20053:
19987:
19985:
19978:
19930:
19909:
19858:Overconsumption
19841:Family planning
19798:
19792:
19765:
19749:
19746:
19738:
19700:
19697:
19689:
19643:
19638:
19608:
19603:
19550:
19475:
19467:
19466:Agreements and
19461:
19398:
19202:Climate finance
19170:
19097:
19053:Reclaimed water
19006:
18958:
18930:
18887:
18841:
18827:Family planning
18808:
18681:
18638:
18620:
18615:
18585:
18580:
18397:Solomon Islands
18252:North Macedonia
17634:
17631:
17601:
17596:
17549:
17547:
17530:
17477:
17468:Orbital forcing
17362:
17327:
17308:
17282:Paris Agreement
17260:
17256:Warming stripes
17195:
17161:Managed retreat
17156:Loss and damage
17117:
17051:Business action
17035:
17013:
16990:
16913:
16907:
16864:
16825:Climate finance
16770:
16749:
16681:
16534:
16510:Extinction risk
16486:Flora and fauna
16481:
16442:Permafrost thaw
16437:Ozone depletion
16366:Extreme weather
16320:
16303:
16230:
16211:
16148:
16113:
16096:
16063:
16052:
16047:
16017:
16016:
16007:
16005:
15997:
15996:
15989:
15981:
15977:
15976:
15972:
15963:
15961:
15953:
15952:
15948:
15936:
15934:
15925:
15924:
15916:
15912:
15903:
15901:
15893:
15892:
15888:
15878:
15876:
15872:
15865:
15861:
15860:
15856:
15847:
15845:
15838:
15831:
15827:
15759:
15751:
15747:
15738:
15736:
15727:
15726:
15722:
15713:
15711:
15693:
15689:
15680:
15678:
15670:
15669:
15665:
15656:
15654:
15645:
15644:
15640:
15627:
15623:
15604:
15600:
15569:(10): 913–919.
15555:
15551:
15504:
15497:
15487:
15485:
15470:
15466:
15456:
15454:
15441:
15440:
15436:
15389:
15385:
15330:
15323:
15313:
15311:
15302:
15301:
15297:
15287:
15285:
15275:
15271:
15261:
15259:
15244:
15240:
15225:
15211:
15204:
15194:
15192:
15183:
15182:
15178:
15168:
15166:
15157:
15156:
15152:
15145:
15121:
15117:
15107:
15105:
15104:on 30 June 2016
15096:
15095:
15091:
15081:
15079:
15075:
15071:
15070:
15066:
15056:
15054:
15050:
15042:
15038:
15028:
15026:
15024:
15013:
15004:
14998:
14994:
14947:
14943:
14900:Climatic Change
14896:
14892:
14849:
14845:
14835:
14833:
14825:
14824:
14820:
14806:
14804:
14791:
14790:
14786:
14776:
14774:
14770:
14763:
14759:
14758:
14754:
14744:
14742:
14738:
14727:
14723:
14722:
14718:
14677:(12): 4814–19.
14663:
14659:
14650:UNFCCC (2002).
14648:
14644:
14634:
14632:
14624:
14623:
14619:
14609:
14607:
14599:
14598:
14594:
14584:
14582:
14572:
14568:
14555:
14551:
14541:
14539:
14534:
14533:
14529:
14519:
14517:
14510:Financial Times
14500:
14496:
14489:
14467:
14466:
14462:
14452:
14450:
14441:
14440:
14436:
14426:
14424:
14414:
14410:
14400:
14398:
14390:
14389:
14385:
14375:
14373:
14363:
14359:
14349:
14347:
14334:
14333:
14329:
14319:
14317:
14307:
14303:
14293:
14291:
14282:
14281:
14277:
14267:
14265:
14255:
14251:
14241:
14239:
14238:on 5 March 2016
14226:
14217:
14207:
14205:
14197:
14196:
14189:
14179:
14177:
14167:
14163:
14153:
14151:
14140:
14136:
14126:
14124:
14115:
14114:
14110:
14080:
14071:
14061:
14059:
14051:
14050:
14046:
13993:
13989:
13981:
13977:
13976:
13972:
13964:
13945:
13938:
13885:
13881:
13829:
13821:
13817:
13802:
13798:
13785:
13778:
13760:
13756:
13747:
13745:
13735:
13731:
13722:
13720:
13712:
13711:
13707:
13697:
13695:
13687:
13686:
13682:
13629:
13625:
13615:
13613:
13606:
13605:
13598:
13535:
13531:
13525:Wayback Machine
13511:
13507:
13497:
13495:
13482:
13478:
13425:
13416:
13406:
13404:
13395:
13394:
13390:
13321:
13317:
13302:
13280:
13279:
13275:
13262:
13258:
13245:
13241:
13228:
13221:
13192:
13188:
13138:
13132:
13125:
13110:
13106:
13097:
13095:
13087:
13086:
13082:
13057:
13053:
12998:
12994:
12984:
12982:
12967:
12963:
12953:
12951:
12941:
12934:
12887:
12883:
12868:
12864:
12849:
12845:
12837:
12830:
12824:
12820:
12777:
12773:
12765:
12758:
12752:
12748:
12705:
12701:
12692:
12690:
12682:
12681:
12677:
12669:
12662:
12656:
12652:
12644:
12637:
12631:
12627:
12619:
12612:
12606:
12602:
12569:
12565:
12556:
12554:
12539:
12532:
12525:
12503:
12502:
12498:
12483:
12467:
12463:
12442:
12438:
12395:
12391:
12348:
12344:
12293:
12289:
12279:
12277:
12268:
12267:
12263:
12253:
12251:
12241:
12237:
12227:
12225:
12215:
12211:
12201:
12199:
12191:
12190:
12186:
12176:
12174:
12164:
12160:
12150:
12148:
12138:
12134:
12124:
12122:
12112:
12103:
12093:
12091:
12089:Renewable Reads
12081:
12074:
12064:
12062:
12054:
12053:
12049:
12039:
12037:
12021:
12020:
12016:
12006:
12004:
11996:
11995:
11991:
11980:
11976:
11967:
11965:
11957:
11956:
11952:
11929:
11925:
11916:
11912:
11904:10.4141/a03-109
11883:
11879:
11869:
11867:
11858:
11857:
11853:
11822:
11818:
11809:
11808:
11804:
11789:
11785:
11775:
11773:
11760:
11759:
11755:
11746:
11744:
11740:
11701:
11698:
11691:
11687:
11681:PBL Netherlands
11674:
11670:
11655:
11651:
11641:
11639:
11632:
11625:
11621:
11608:
11607:
11603:
11590:
11589:
11585:
11573:
11570:
11563:
11559:
11509:
11505:
11494:
11490:
11480:
11478:
11476:Offshore Energy
11468:
11464:
11454:
11452:
11447:
11446:
11442:
11432:
11430:
11423:
11419:
11410:
11409:
11405:
11395:
11393:
11383:
11379:
11366:
11365:
11361:
11351:
11349:
11340:
11339:
11335:
11322:
11321:
11317:
11307:
11305:
11296:
11295:
11291:
11281:
11279:
11272:
11268:
11253:
11249:
11196:
11192:
11182:
11180:
11170:
11166:
11156:
11154:
11143:
11139:
11100:
11096:
11085:
11081:
11071:
11069:
11059:
11055:
11039:
11035:
11025:
11023:
11014:
11013:
11009:
10992:
10986:
10982:
10972:
10970:
10969:on 3 March 2016
10966:
10959:
10955:
10954:
10950:
10940:
10938:
10933:
10932:
10925:
10918:
10914:
10904:
10902:
10895:
10891:
10848:
10844:
10834:
10832:
10823:
10822:
10818:
10809:
10807:
10805:Financial Times
10797:
10793:
10778:
10762:
10758:
10748:
10746:
10737:
10736:
10732:
10723:
10719:
10709:
10707:
10699:
10698:
10694:
10684:
10682:
10674:
10673:
10669:
10664:
10660:
10631:Climatic Change
10623:
10619:
10609:
10607:
10599:
10598:
10594:
10547:
10543:
10533:
10531:
10508:
10484:
10480:
10451:(5543): 786–7.
10441:
10437:
10427:
10425:
10417:
10412:
10411:
10407:
10397:
10395:
10382:
10381:
10377:
10330:
10326:
10273:
10269:
10214:
10207:
10191:
10187:
10142:
10138:
10125:
10116:
10081:(5): 20190129.
10075:Interface Focus
10067:
10063:
10053:
10051:
10046:
10045:
10041:
10032:
10028:
10018:
10016:
10007:
10006:
10002:
9992:
9990:
9981:
9980:
9976:
9966:
9964:
9946:
9942:
9929:
9928:
9924:
9911:
9910:
9906:
9861:
9857:
9822:
9818:
9803:
9781:
9777:
9746:(4): Abstract.
9732:
9728:
9718:
9716:
9707:
9706:
9702:
9693:
9692:
9688:
9627:
9623:
9586:(12): 883–892.
9572:
9565:
9512:
9508:
9495:
9494:
9490:
9453:
9449:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9426:
9422:
9411:
9404:
9390:
9388:
9387:. 17 March 2022
9379:
9378:
9374:
9367:
9363:
9297:
9289:
9285:
9272:
9270:
9261:
9260:
9256:
9246:
9244:
9235:
9234:
9230:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9202:
9201:
9197:
9187:
9185:
9176:
9175:
9171:
9159:
9155:
9110:(6448): 24–25.
9097:
9093:
9081:
9072:
9062:
9060:
9055:
9054:
9047:
9037:
9035:
9030:
9029:
9020:
8958:
8954:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8931:
8927:
8917:
8915:
8906:
8905:
8901:
8891:
8889:
8878:
8874:
8825:
8821:
8758:
8754:
8717:
8713:
8708:. 3 April 2019.
8700:
8699:
8690:
8680:
8678:
8669:
8668:
8661:
8624:
8620:
8610:
8608:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8584:
8582:
8573:
8572:
8565:
8550:
8546:
8537:
8535:
8528:
8509:
8505:
8491:
8487:
8469:
8462:
8414:
8410:
8391:
8387:
8372:
8368:
8359:
8357:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8288:
8284:
8271:
8264:
8255:
8254:
8250:
8240:
8238:
8226:
8222:
8169:
8165:
8155:
8153:
8143:
8142:
8138:
8128:
8126:
8113:
8109:
8064:
8060:
8050:
8048:
8038:
8034:
8024:
8022:
8009:
8005:
7995:
7993:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7969:
7967:
7952:
7948:
7938:
7936:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7908:
7906:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7858:
7852:
7845:
7835:
7833:
7823:
7819:
7809:
7807:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7739:
7723:Crist, Eileen;
7721:
7717:
7678:
7674:
7665:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7647:
7639:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7616:
7602:
7598:
7588:
7586:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7562:
7560:
7547:
7546:
7542:
7533:
7532:
7528:
7517:
7513:
7503:
7501:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7478:
7476:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7441:
7422:
7409:
7386:
7374:
7370:
7313:
7309:
7299:
7297:
7280:
7276:
7266:
7264:
7254:
7247:
7237:
7235:
7222:
7221:
7217:
7207:
7205:
7192:
7191:
7187:
7177:
7175:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7152:
7150:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7117:
7116:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7083:
7040:
7036:
7026:
7024:
7018:
7014:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6983:
6981:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6902:
6898:
6888:
6886:
6881:. 19 May 2021.
6868:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6812:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6781:
6777:
6767:
6765:
6714:
6707:
6650:
6646:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6607:
6596:
6592:
6545:
6536:
6526:
6524:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6498:
6492:
6481:
6470:
6466:
6456:
6454:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6388:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6365:
6349:
6345:
6336:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6146:
6142:
6132:
6130:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6107:
6105:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6056:
6054:
6047:
6043:
6032:
6028:
6015:
6013:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5987:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5932:
5928:
5877:
5873:
5864:
5862:
5852:
5848:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5797:
5795:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5764:
5740:
5733:
5720:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5639:
5635:
5630:. Al – Monitor.
5624:
5620:
5610:
5608:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5557:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5531:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5480:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5371:www.science.org
5365:
5364:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5346:Washington Post
5340:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5313:
5309:
5268:
5264:
5225:(12): 970–980.
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5142:
5135:
5131:
5118:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5082:
5081:
5074:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5039:
4983:
4979:
4973:Wayback Machine
4963:
4959:
4944:
4920:
4916:
4903:
4894:
4876:
4869:
4856:
4841:
4828:
4821:
4811:
4809:
4808:. November 2022
4805:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4787:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4743:Wayback Machine
4732:
4728:
4715:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4601:
4590:Ritchie, Hannah
4587:
4583:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4436:
4416:
4404:Main articles:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4385:President Biden
4363:Paris Agreement
4355:Paris Agreement
4338:
4330:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4296:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4272:
4255:
4249:
4200:
4183:
4161:
4137:
4132:
4081:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4014:Paris Agreement
4010:
4007:Paris Agreement
3999:Paris Agreement
3988:
3986:Paris Agreement
3961:
3951:
3945:
3919:
3911:
3882:
3876:
3862:
3853:
3840:
3834:
3829:Emissions taxes
3755:
3742:
3733:
3728:
3715:
3709:Climate finance
3707:Main articles:
3705:
3681:
3662:
3656:
3614:
3606:Main articles:
3604:
3592:
3585:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3517:
3511:
3497:can reduce the
3454:
3444:
3438:
3411:energy security
3407:
3405:Energy security
3395:
3389:
3358:
3349:Coalbed methane
3301:Electrification
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3242:
3212:
3187:
3158:
3142:
3115:
3095:
3080:
3072:
3059:nitrogen oxides
3052:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3006:stranded assets
2986:
2980:
2904:
2896:Main articles:
2894:
2862:aims to reduce
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2835:have almost no
2826:
2820:
2813:
2800:passive cooling
2797:
2761:demand response
2750:
2745:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2684:
2678:
2655:
2651:
2637:
2622:
2610:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2563:
2551:Main articles:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2440:
2426:
2405:Bottom trawling
2362:
2352:
2305:no-till farming
2287:
2275:
2262:
2252:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2158:
2155:(2300 GtCO
2149:
2094:
2078:Main articles:
2076:
2071:
2057:
2051:-eq) per year.
2050:
2005:
1992:
1980:Main articles:
1967:
1964:About 58% of CO
1958:
1950:family planning
1930:
1924:
1904:
1885:
1881:
1875:Low-carbon diet
1873:Main articles:
1871:
1859:frequent flying
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1764:
1756:Main articles:
1754:
1743:sharing economy
1710:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1695:stranded assets
1662:Switching from
1659:
1651:
1636:
1622:
1591:Sector coupling
1585:and the use of
1566:
1556:
1529:
1525:
1465:
1389:
1381:Main articles:
1379:
1340:
1321:Coal, oil, and
1315:
1307:Main articles:
1305:
1274:
1268:
1231:
1188:
1182:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1064: gas (21%)
1061:
1059:
1058: oil (34%)
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1001:
999:
997:
991:
987:
983:
981:
979:
971:
965:
930:
923:
915:
911:
851:or enhance the
843:(IPCC) defines
825:
762:
760:
759:
752:
751:
670:
669:Related content
662:
661:
617:
607:
606:
582:Paris Agreement
577:Ethical banking
567:Business ethics
562:
554:
553:
437:Climate finance
412:
404:
403:
334:
287:
266:
252:low-carbon diet
233:
225:
221:
181:electrical grid
163:Paris Agreement
158:
131:decarbonisation
124:
123:
122:
121:
82:
81:
80:
72:
71:
62:
61:
60:
52:
51:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
20189:
20179:
20178:
20173:
20168:
20163:
20158:
20153:
20148:
20143:
20138:
20121:
20120:
20118:
20117:
20107:
20094:
20091:
20090:
20088:
20087:
20085:Sustainability
20082:
20077:
20072:
20067:
20061:
20059:
20058:Related topics
20055:
20054:
20052:
20051:
20046:
20041:
20036:
20031:
20026:
20021:
20016:
20011:
20006:
20001:
19996:
19990:
19988:
19983:
19980:
19979:
19977:
19976:
19971:
19970:
19969:
19964:
19959:
19949:
19947:Largest cities
19944:
19938:
19936:
19932:
19931:
19929:
19928:
19923:
19917:
19915:
19911:
19910:
19908:
19907:
19902:
19897:
19896:
19895:
19890:
19885:
19880:
19875:
19865:
19860:
19855:
19854:
19853:
19848:
19843:
19838:
19828:
19827:
19826:
19816:
19808:
19802:
19800:
19794:
19793:
19791:
19790:
19785:
19780:
19775:
19770:
19767:I = P × A × T
19763:
19758:
19752:
19750:
19743:
19740:
19739:
19737:
19736:
19731:
19726:
19721:
19720:
19719:
19709:
19703:
19701:
19694:
19691:
19690:
19688:
19687:
19682:
19677:
19672:
19667:
19662:
19657:
19651:
19649:
19645:
19644:
19637:
19636:
19629:
19622:
19614:
19605:
19604:
19602:
19601:
19594:
19587:
19580:
19568:
19555:
19552:
19551:
19549:
19548:
19542:
19541:(Rio+20, 2012)
19536:
19530:
19525:
19519:
19513:
19508:
19503:
19497:
19492:
19484:
19479:
19471:
19469:
19463:
19462:
19460:
19459:
19454:
19449:
19444:
19439:
19434:
19429:
19424:
19419:
19414:
19408:
19406:
19400:
19399:
19397:
19396:
19391:
19386:
19381:
19376:
19371:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19351:
19346:
19341:
19336:
19331:
19326:
19321:
19316:
19311:
19306:
19301:
19296:
19295:
19294:
19289:
19287:Infrastructure
19284:
19274:
19269:
19264:
19259:
19254:
19249:
19244:
19239:
19234:
19229:
19224:
19219:
19217:Eco-capitalism
19214:
19209:
19204:
19199:
19194:
19189:
19184:
19178:
19176:
19172:
19171:
19169:
19168:
19163:
19162:
19161:
19156:
19151:
19146:
19141:
19134:Sustainability
19131:
19126:
19121:
19116:
19111:
19105:
19103:
19102:Accountability
19099:
19098:
19096:
19095:
19090:
19085:
19080:
19075:
19070:
19065:
19060:
19055:
19050:
19045:
19040:
19035:
19030:
19025:
19020:
19014:
19012:
19008:
19007:
19005:
19004:
18999:
18994:
18989:
18984:
18979:
18974:
18968:
18966:
18960:
18959:
18957:
18956:
18951:
18946:
18940:
18938:
18932:
18931:
18929:
18928:
18923:
18918:
18913:
18908:
18903:
18897:
18895:
18889:
18888:
18886:
18885:
18880:
18875:
18870:
18865:
18860:
18855:
18849:
18847:
18843:
18842:
18840:
18839:
18834:
18829:
18824:
18818:
18816:
18810:
18809:
18807:
18806:
18801:
18796:
18795:
18794:
18789:
18779:
18778:
18777:
18772:
18767:
18760:Sustainability
18757:
18752:
18747:
18742:
18737:
18732:
18727:
18722:
18717:
18712:
18707:
18702:
18697:
18695:Anthropization
18691:
18689:
18683:
18682:
18680:
18679:
18674:
18669:
18664:
18659:
18654:
18648:
18646:
18640:
18639:
18637:
18636:
18631:
18625:
18622:
18621:
18618:Sustainability
18614:
18613:
18606:
18599:
18591:
18582:
18581:
18579:
18574:
18569:
18567:Western Sahara
18564:
18559:
18554:
18549:
18544:
18539:
18534:
18532:United Kingdom
18529:
18524:
18519:
18514:
18509:
18504:
18499:
18494:
18489:
18484:
18479:
18474:
18469:
18464:
18459:
18454:
18449:
18444:
18439:
18434:
18429:
18424:
18419:
18414:
18409:
18404:
18399:
18394:
18389:
18384:
18379:
18374:
18369:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18324:
18319:
18314:
18309:
18304:
18299:
18294:
18289:
18284:
18279:
18274:
18269:
18264:
18259:
18254:
18249:
18244:
18239:
18234:
18229:
18224:
18219:
18214:
18209:
18204:
18199:
18194:
18189:
18184:
18179:
18174:
18169:
18164:
18159:
18154:
18149:
18144:
18139:
18134:
18129:
18124:
18119:
18114:
18109:
18104:
18099:
18094:
18089:
18084:
18079:
18074:
18069:
18064:
18059:
18054:
18049:
18044:
18039:
18034:
18029:
18024:
18019:
18014:
18009:
18004:
17999:
17994:
17989:
17984:
17979:
17974:
17969:
17964:
17959:
17954:
17949:
17944:
17939:
17934:
17929:
17924:
17919:
17914:
17909:
17904:
17899:
17894:
17889:
17884:
17879:
17874:
17869:
17864:
17859:
17854:
17849:
17844:
17839:
17837:Czech Republic
17834:
17829:
17824:
17819:
17814:
17809:
17804:
17799:
17794:
17789:
17784:
17779:
17774:
17769:
17764:
17759:
17754:
17749:
17744:
17739:
17734:
17729:
17724:
17719:
17714:
17709:
17704:
17699:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17674:
17669:
17664:
17659:
17654:
17649:
17644:
17639:
17636:
17635:
17630:
17629:
17622:
17615:
17607:
17598:
17597:
17595:
17594:
17582:
17570:
17558:
17543:
17540:
17539:
17536:
17535:
17532:
17531:
17529:
17528:
17523:
17518:
17513:
17512:
17511:
17501:
17496:
17491:
17485:
17483:
17479:
17478:
17476:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17435:
17434:
17433:
17423:
17421:Cloud feedback
17418:
17413:
17408:
17403:
17402:
17401:
17396:
17391:
17386:
17376:
17370:
17368:
17364:
17363:
17361:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17339:
17337:
17329:
17328:
17318:
17317:
17314:
17313:
17310:
17309:
17307:
17306:
17301:
17296:
17295:
17294:
17289:
17279:
17277:Kyoto Protocol
17274:
17268:
17266:
17262:
17261:
17259:
17258:
17253:
17252:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17231:
17229:Media coverage
17226:
17221:
17219:Climate spiral
17216:
17211:
17205:
17203:
17197:
17196:
17194:
17193:
17188:
17183:
17178:
17173:
17168:
17163:
17158:
17153:
17148:
17143:
17138:
17133:
17127:
17125:
17119:
17118:
17116:
17115:
17110:
17108:Public opinion
17105:
17100:
17095:
17090:
17085:
17080:
17075:
17074:
17073:
17063:
17058:
17056:Climate action
17053:
17047:
17045:
17037:
17036:
17023:
17022:
17019:
17018:
17015:
17014:
17012:
17011:
17010:
17009:
16998:
16996:
16992:
16991:
16989:
16988:
16983:
16977:
16976:
16975:
16970:
16968:REDD and REDD+
16965:
16960:
16952:
16947:
16945:Carbon farming
16942:
16941:
16940:
16935:
16925:
16919:
16917:
16909:
16908:
16906:
16905:
16900:
16895:
16890:
16889:
16888:
16878:
16872:
16870:
16866:
16865:
16863:
16862:
16857:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16806:
16805:
16795:
16790:
16784:
16782:
16772:
16771:
16759:
16758:
16755:
16754:
16751:
16750:
16748:
16747:
16742:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16722:
16717:
16712:
16707:
16702:
16697:
16691:
16689:
16683:
16682:
16680:
16679:
16677:Water security
16674:
16672:Water scarcity
16669:
16667:Urban flooding
16664:
16659:
16654:
16649:
16644:
16639:
16634:
16629:
16628:
16627:
16617:
16612:
16607:
16606:
16605:
16595:
16590:
16585:
16580:
16575:
16570:
16565:
16560:
16559:
16558:
16553:
16542:
16540:
16536:
16535:
16533:
16532:
16527:
16522:
16517:
16515:Forest dieback
16512:
16507:
16502:
16501:
16500:
16489:
16487:
16483:
16482:
16480:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16452:Sea level rise
16449:
16444:
16439:
16434:
16433:
16432:
16427:
16425:stratification
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16397:
16396:
16395:
16390:
16380:
16379:
16378:
16368:
16363:
16358:
16353:
16348:
16343:
16338:
16332:
16330:
16322:
16321:
16309:
16308:
16305:
16304:
16302:
16301:
16300:
16299:
16294:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16266:
16261:
16256:
16251:
16246:
16241:
16235:
16232:
16231:
16221:
16220:
16217:
16216:
16213:
16212:
16210:
16209:
16204:
16203:
16202:
16197:
16192:
16190:Carbon leakage
16187:
16182:
16172:
16167:
16162:
16156:
16154:
16150:
16149:
16147:
16146:
16141:
16131:
16129:Climate system
16125:
16123:
16115:
16114:
16102:
16101:
16098:
16097:
16095:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16079:
16074:
16068:
16065:
16064:
16054:
16053:
16050:Climate change
16046:
16045:
16038:
16031:
16023:
16015:
16014:
15987:
15970:
15946:
15937:|journal=
15910:
15886:
15854:
15836:
15825:
15757:
15745:
15720:
15687:
15663:
15651:whitehouse.gov
15638:
15621:
15598:
15549:
15495:
15464:
15434:
15383:
15321:
15295:
15269:
15238:
15223:
15202:
15176:
15150:
15144:978-9286151552
15143:
15115:
15089:
15064:
15036:
15022:
14992:
14957:(1): 109–118.
14941:
14890:
14863:(2): 114–118.
14843:
14818:
14784:
14752:
14716:
14657:
14642:
14617:
14592:
14566:
14549:
14527:
14494:
14487:
14460:
14434:
14408:
14383:
14357:
14346:on 3 June 2023
14327:
14301:
14275:
14249:
14215:
14187:
14161:
14134:
14108:
14069:
14044:
14007:(7): 827–844.
14001:Climate Policy
13987:
13970:
13963:978-0521568548
13962:
13936:
13879:
13840:(3): 577–616.
13827:
13815:
13796:
13776:
13772:. p. 300.
13754:
13743:United Nations
13729:
13705:
13680:
13623:
13596:
13529:
13505:
13494:on 8 June 2011
13476:
13414:
13388:
13315:
13300:
13273:
13256:
13239:
13219:
13186:
13123:
13104:
13080:
13051:
12992:
12961:
12932:
12881:
12862:
12851:IRENA (2016).
12843:
12818:
12791:(6): 654–660.
12771:
12746:
12699:
12675:
12650:
12625:
12600:
12563:
12530:
12523:
12509:. 2000-10-25.
12496:
12481:
12461:
12436:
12409:(3): 237–270.
12389:
12342:
12307:(3): 650–673.
12287:
12261:
12235:
12209:
12184:
12158:
12132:
12101:
12072:
12047:
12014:
11989:
11974:
11950:
11939:(1–3): 47–56.
11923:
11910:
11897:(3): 319–335.
11877:
11851:
11832:(4): 371–378.
11816:
11802:
11783:
11753:
11696:
11685:
11668:
11649:
11630:
11619:
11601:
11596:Climate Action
11583:
11568:
11557:
11503:
11488:
11462:
11440:
11417:
11403:
11377:
11359:
11333:
11315:
11289:
11266:
11247:
11190:
11178:Energy Monitor
11164:
11137:
11094:
11079:
11053:
11033:
11007:
10988:UKCCC (2020).
10980:
10948:
10923:
10912:
10889:
10842:
10816:
10791:
10776:
10756:
10745:. 6 March 2020
10730:
10717:
10692:
10667:
10658:
10637:(3–4): 321–8.
10617:
10592:
10561:(7): 428–431.
10541:
10506:
10498:10.17226/25259
10478:
10435:
10415:
10405:
10375:
10340:(6): 675–683.
10324:
10287:(3): 347–363.
10267:
10205:
10185:
10136:
10114:
10061:
10039:
10026:
10000:
9974:
9940:
9922:
9904:
9855:
9836:(3): 361–374.
9816:
9801:
9775:
9726:
9700:
9686:
9621:
9563:
9506:
9488:
9447:
9431:
9420:
9402:
9372:
9365:
9361:
9295:
9283:
9267:Farmers Weekly
9254:
9243:. 29 June 2020
9228:
9215:978-1569738290
9214:
9195:
9182:New York Times
9169:
9153:
9100:Chazdon, Robin
9091:
9070:
9045:
9018:
8952:
8936:
8925:
8899:
8872:
8835:(5): 463–474.
8829:Earth's Future
8819:
8752:
8711:
8688:
8675:New York Times
8659:
8618:
8607:. 16 July 2018
8605:Foreign Policy
8592:
8581:. 22 July 2016
8563:
8544:
8526:
8503:
8485:
8460:
8408:
8385:
8366:
8352:. 2020-03-26.
8337:
8282:
8262:
8248:
8220:
8163:
8136:
8107:
8058:
8032:
8003:
7977:
7946:
7916:
7890:
7843:
7817:
7806:. 7 March 2022
7791:
7715:
7672:
7645:
7614:
7596:
7570:
7540:
7526:
7511:
7486:
7453:
7420:
7384:
7368:
7307:
7274:
7245:
7215:
7185:
7160:
7135:
7107:
7081:
7034:
7020:Smith, Brice.
7012:
6991:
6965:
6896:
6857:
6806:
6775:
6705:
6659:Applied Energy
6644:
6616:
6590:
6534:
6523:on 15 May 2020
6504:
6490:
6464:
6439:
6396:Applied Energy
6382:
6370:
6363:
6343:
6330:
6304:
6272:
6247:
6221:
6197:
6140:
6115:
6089:
6064:
6041:
6026:
5998:
5969:
5926:
5871:
5846:
5832:
5805:
5777:
5763:978-3030058425
5762:
5731:
5705:
5633:
5618:
5592:
5567:
5541:
5529:United Nations
5515:
5490:
5460:
5435:
5424:. 4 April 2022
5409:
5398:. 4 April 2022
5383:
5358:
5333:
5307:
5289:10.1086/721078
5262:
5204:
5178:
5152:
5140:
5129:
5100:
5072:
5053:Ipcc_Ar6_Wgiii
5037:
4977:
4957:
4942:
4934:10.17226/25762
4914:
4892:
4867:
4839:
4819:
4794:
4772:
4747:
4726:
4698:
4672:
4661:. The Guardian
4646:
4618:
4599:
4581:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4493:
4479:
4463:
4460:
4435:
4434:European Union
4432:
4401:
4398:
4347:Kyoto Protocol
4339:
4331:
4326:Main article:
4323:
4320:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4251:Main article:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4198:
4160:
4157:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4108:Kyoto Protocol
4097:Kyoto Protocol
4062:
4059:
4018:climate change
4011:
4003:
3987:
3984:
3947:Main article:
3944:
3941:
3917:
3909:
3878:Main article:
3875:
3874:Carbon pricing
3872:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3816:policies, the
3810:
3807:market failure
3796:
3776:instruments,
3753:
3740:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3704:
3701:
3689:egalitarianism
3680:
3677:
3655:
3652:
3603:
3600:
3591:
3588:
3572:
3562:
3552:
3510:
3507:
3437:
3434:
3406:
3403:
3388:
3385:
3357:
3354:
3329:blast furnaces
3305:Green hydrogen
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3230:meat analogues
3210:
3157:
3154:
3150:carbon offsets
3140:
3113:
3093:
3078:
3070:
3050:
3044:
3028:
3025:
2994:heavy fuel oil
2979:
2976:
2927:smart mobility
2893:
2890:
2878:Urban forestry
2860:urban planning
2854:
2848:
2844:
2822:Main article:
2819:
2818:Urban planning
2816:
2811:
2795:
2748:
2739:Green building
2726:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2653:
2649:
2635:
2620:
2608:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2520:rock, such as
2509:
2502:Main article:
2499:
2496:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2425:
2422:
2371:photosynthesis
2351:
2348:
2332:soil fertility
2301:carbon farming
2285:
2273:
2260:Carbon farming
2251:
2248:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2177:carbon sources
2156:
2148:
2145:
2125:Proforestation
2088:Proforestation
2075:
2072:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2003:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1923:
1920:
1902:
1870:
1869:Dietary change
1867:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1768:primary energy
1753:
1750:
1703:
1700:
1691:carbon lock-in
1660:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1621:
1618:
1614:energy density
1564:energy storage
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1514:, can provide
1505:
1464:
1461:
1378:
1375:
1338:
1304:
1301:
1272:Climate target
1267:
1264:
1230:
1227:
1186:
1180:
1163:
1154:
1144:
1141:Carbon dioxide
1092:carbon dioxide
1088:climate change
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
974:
973:
972:
967:Main article:
964:
961:
953:geoengineering
945:geoengineering
929:
926:
921:
913:
909:
906:
905:
891:
882:
873:
827:
826:
824:
823:
816:
809:
801:
798:
797:
796:
795:
783:
771:
754:
753:
750:
749:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
675:Climate action
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
522:Sustainability
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
492:Green building
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
447:Eco-capitalism
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
344:Coal phase-out
341:
335:
330:
329:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
311:Climate change
305:
304:
298:
297:
286:
283:
264:
259:Carbon pricing
231:
223:
219:
189:Energy storage
156:
139:climate change
101:, electrified
84:
83:
74:
73:
65:
64:
63:
54:
53:
45:
44:
43:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20188:
20177:
20174:
20172:
20169:
20167:
20164:
20162:
20159:
20157:
20154:
20152:
20149:
20147:
20144:
20142:
20139:
20137:
20134:
20133:
20131:
20116:
20108:
20106:
20105:
20096:
20095:
20092:
20086:
20083:
20081:
20078:
20076:
20073:
20071:
20068:
20066:
20065:Bennett's law
20063:
20062:
20060:
20056:
20050:
20047:
20045:
20042:
20040:
20037:
20035:
20032:
20030:
20027:
20025:
20022:
20020:
20017:
20015:
20012:
20010:
20007:
20005:
20002:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19992:
19991:
19989:
19986:organizations
19981:
19975:
19972:
19968:
19965:
19963:
19960:
19958:
19955:
19954:
19953:
19950:
19948:
19945:
19943:
19940:
19939:
19937:
19933:
19927:
19924:
19922:
19919:
19918:
19916:
19912:
19906:
19903:
19901:
19898:
19894:
19891:
19889:
19886:
19884:
19881:
19879:
19876:
19874:
19871:
19870:
19869:
19866:
19864:
19861:
19859:
19856:
19852:
19849:
19847:
19844:
19842:
19839:
19837:
19834:
19833:
19832:
19829:
19825:
19822:
19821:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19813:
19809:
19807:
19804:
19803:
19801:
19795:
19789:
19786:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19776:
19774:
19773:Kaya identity
19771:
19768:
19764:
19762:
19759:
19757:
19754:
19753:
19751:
19748:
19741:
19735:
19732:
19730:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19718:
19715:
19714:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19704:
19702:
19699:
19692:
19686:
19683:
19681:
19678:
19676:
19673:
19671:
19668:
19666:
19663:
19661:
19658:
19656:
19653:
19652:
19650:
19646:
19642:
19635:
19630:
19628:
19623:
19621:
19616:
19615:
19612:
19600:
19599:
19595:
19593:
19592:
19588:
19586:
19585:
19581:
19579:
19578:
19569:
19567:
19566:
19557:
19556:
19553:
19546:
19543:
19540:
19537:
19534:
19531:
19529:
19526:
19523:
19522:Earth Charter
19520:
19517:
19514:
19512:
19509:
19507:
19504:
19501:
19498:
19496:
19493:
19491:
19489:
19485:
19483:
19480:
19478:
19473:
19472:
19470:
19464:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19443:
19440:
19438:
19435:
19433:
19430:
19428:
19425:
19423:
19420:
19418:
19415:
19413:
19412:Environmental
19410:
19409:
19407:
19405:
19401:
19395:
19392:
19390:
19387:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19355:
19352:
19350:
19347:
19345:
19344:Refurbishment
19342:
19340:
19337:
19335:
19334:Organizations
19332:
19330:
19327:
19325:
19322:
19320:
19317:
19315:
19312:
19310:
19307:
19305:
19302:
19300:
19297:
19293:
19290:
19288:
19285:
19283:
19280:
19279:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19270:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19255:
19253:
19250:
19248:
19247:Green economy
19245:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19235:
19233:
19232:Eco-socialism
19230:
19228:
19227:Eco-investing
19225:
19223:
19220:
19218:
19215:
19213:
19212:Disinvestment
19210:
19208:
19205:
19203:
19200:
19198:
19195:
19193:
19190:
19188:
19185:
19183:
19180:
19179:
19177:
19173:
19167:
19164:
19160:
19157:
19155:
19152:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19142:
19140:
19137:
19136:
19135:
19132:
19130:
19127:
19125:
19122:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19107:
19106:
19104:
19100:
19094:
19091:
19089:
19086:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19054:
19051:
19049:
19046:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19033:Marine energy
19031:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19015:
19013:
19009:
19003:
19000:
18998:
18995:
18993:
18990:
18988:
18987:Cultured meat
18985:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18973:
18970:
18969:
18967:
18965:
18961:
18955:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18941:
18939:
18937:
18933:
18927:
18924:
18922:
18919:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18907:
18904:
18902:
18899:
18898:
18896:
18894:
18890:
18884:
18881:
18879:
18876:
18874:
18871:
18869:
18866:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18850:
18848:
18844:
18838:
18835:
18833:
18830:
18828:
18825:
18823:
18820:
18819:
18817:
18815:
18811:
18805:
18802:
18800:
18797:
18793:
18790:
18788:
18785:
18784:
18783:
18780:
18776:
18773:
18771:
18768:
18766:
18763:
18762:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18748:
18746:
18745:Simple living
18743:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18692:
18690:
18688:
18684:
18678:
18675:
18673:
18670:
18668:
18665:
18663:
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18649:
18647:
18645:
18641:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18626:
18623:
18619:
18612:
18607:
18605:
18600:
18598:
18593:
18592:
18589:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18570:
18568:
18565:
18563:
18560:
18558:
18555:
18553:
18550:
18548:
18545:
18543:
18540:
18538:
18537:United States
18535:
18533:
18530:
18528:
18525:
18523:
18520:
18518:
18515:
18513:
18510:
18508:
18505:
18503:
18500:
18498:
18495:
18493:
18490:
18488:
18485:
18483:
18480:
18478:
18475:
18473:
18470:
18468:
18465:
18463:
18460:
18458:
18455:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18438:
18435:
18433:
18430:
18428:
18425:
18423:
18420:
18418:
18415:
18413:
18410:
18408:
18405:
18403:
18400:
18398:
18395:
18393:
18390:
18388:
18385:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18375:
18373:
18370:
18368:
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18323:
18320:
18318:
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18278:
18275:
18273:
18270:
18268:
18265:
18263:
18260:
18258:
18255:
18253:
18250:
18248:
18245:
18243:
18240:
18238:
18235:
18233:
18230:
18228:
18225:
18223:
18220:
18218:
18215:
18213:
18210:
18208:
18205:
18203:
18200:
18198:
18195:
18193:
18190:
18188:
18185:
18183:
18180:
18178:
18175:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18163:
18160:
18158:
18155:
18153:
18150:
18148:
18145:
18143:
18140:
18138:
18135:
18133:
18130:
18128:
18125:
18123:
18120:
18118:
18115:
18113:
18110:
18108:
18105:
18103:
18100:
18098:
18095:
18093:
18090:
18088:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18073:
18070:
18068:
18065:
18063:
18060:
18058:
18055:
18053:
18050:
18048:
18045:
18043:
18040:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18030:
18028:
18025:
18023:
18020:
18018:
18015:
18013:
18010:
18008:
18005:
18003:
18000:
17998:
17995:
17993:
17990:
17988:
17985:
17983:
17980:
17978:
17977:Guinea-Bissau
17975:
17973:
17970:
17968:
17965:
17963:
17960:
17958:
17955:
17953:
17950:
17948:
17945:
17943:
17940:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17918:
17915:
17913:
17910:
17908:
17905:
17903:
17900:
17898:
17895:
17893:
17890:
17888:
17885:
17883:
17880:
17878:
17875:
17873:
17870:
17868:
17865:
17863:
17860:
17858:
17855:
17853:
17850:
17848:
17845:
17843:
17840:
17838:
17835:
17833:
17830:
17828:
17825:
17823:
17820:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17810:
17808:
17805:
17803:
17800:
17798:
17795:
17793:
17790:
17788:
17785:
17783:
17780:
17778:
17775:
17773:
17770:
17768:
17765:
17763:
17760:
17758:
17755:
17753:
17750:
17748:
17745:
17743:
17740:
17738:
17735:
17733:
17730:
17728:
17725:
17723:
17720:
17718:
17715:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17668:
17665:
17663:
17660:
17658:
17655:
17653:
17650:
17648:
17645:
17643:
17640:
17637:
17628:
17623:
17621:
17616:
17614:
17609:
17608:
17605:
17593:
17592:
17583:
17581:
17580:
17571:
17569:
17568:
17559:
17557:
17556:
17545:
17544:
17541:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17510:
17507:
17506:
17505:
17502:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17494:Climate model
17492:
17490:
17487:
17486:
17484:
17480:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17432:
17429:
17428:
17427:
17426:Cloud forcing
17424:
17422:
17419:
17417:
17414:
17412:
17409:
17407:
17404:
17400:
17397:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17387:
17385:
17382:
17381:
17380:
17377:
17375:
17372:
17371:
17369:
17365:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17340:
17338:
17334:
17330:
17323:
17319:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17293:
17290:
17288:
17285:
17284:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17270:
17269:
17267:
17263:
17257:
17254:
17250:
17247:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17236:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17225:
17222:
17220:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17206:
17204:
17202:
17201:Communication
17198:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17181:Vulnerability
17179:
17177:
17174:
17172:
17169:
17167:
17164:
17162:
17159:
17157:
17154:
17152:
17151:Flood control
17149:
17147:
17144:
17142:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17132:
17129:
17128:
17126:
17124:
17120:
17114:
17111:
17109:
17106:
17104:
17101:
17099:
17096:
17094:
17091:
17089:
17086:
17084:
17081:
17079:
17076:
17072:
17069:
17068:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17048:
17046:
17042:
17038:
17034:
17028:
17024:
17008:
17005:
17004:
17003:
17000:
16999:
16997:
16993:
16987:
16984:
16981:
16978:
16974:
16973:reforestation
16971:
16969:
16966:
16964:
16961:
16959:
16958:afforestation
16956:
16955:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16930:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16920:
16918:
16916:
16910:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16894:
16893:Nuclear power
16891:
16887:
16884:
16883:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16873:
16871:
16867:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16804:
16801:
16800:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16788:Carbon budget
16786:
16785:
16783:
16781:
16777:
16773:
16769:
16764:
16760:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16726:
16723:
16721:
16718:
16716:
16713:
16711:
16708:
16706:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16692:
16690:
16688:
16684:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16645:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16626:
16625:Mental health
16623:
16622:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16604:
16601:
16600:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16589:
16586:
16584:
16581:
16579:
16576:
16574:
16571:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16557:
16556:United States
16554:
16552:
16549:
16548:
16547:
16544:
16543:
16541:
16537:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16523:
16521:
16518:
16516:
16513:
16511:
16508:
16506:
16503:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16494:
16491:
16490:
16488:
16484:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16443:
16440:
16438:
16435:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16410:deoxygenation
16408:
16406:
16405:acidification
16403:
16402:
16401:
16398:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16385:
16384:
16381:
16377:
16374:
16373:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16342:
16339:
16337:
16334:
16333:
16331:
16327:
16323:
16319:
16314:
16310:
16298:
16295:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16269:
16267:
16265:
16262:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16236:
16233:
16226:
16222:
16208:
16205:
16201:
16200:from wetlands
16198:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16178:
16177:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16160:Deforestation
16158:
16157:
16155:
16151:
16145:
16142:
16139:
16135:
16132:
16130:
16127:
16126:
16124:
16120:
16116:
16112:
16107:
16103:
16093:
16090:
16088:
16085:
16083:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16070:
16069:
16066:
16059:
16055:
16051:
16044:
16039:
16037:
16032:
16030:
16025:
16024:
16021:
16004:
16000:
15994:
15992:
15980:
15974:
15960:
15956:
15950:
15942:
15929:
15921:
15914:
15900:
15896:
15890:
15871:
15864:
15858:
15844:
15840:
15829:
15821:
15817:
15813:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15795:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15777:
15773:
15769:
15765:
15761:
15749:
15734:
15730:
15724:
15710:
15706:
15702:
15698:
15691:
15677:
15673:
15667:
15652:
15648:
15642:
15635:
15631:
15625:
15617:
15613:
15609:
15602:
15594:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15576:
15572:
15568:
15564:
15560:
15553:
15545:
15541:
15537:
15533:
15529:
15525:
15521:
15517:
15514:(7842): 343.
15513:
15509:
15502:
15500:
15483:
15479:
15475:
15468:
15452:
15448:
15444:
15438:
15430:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15402:
15398:
15394:
15387:
15379:
15375:
15370:
15369:11250/2647605
15365:
15360:
15355:
15351:
15347:
15343:
15339:
15335:
15328:
15326:
15309:
15305:
15299:
15284:
15280:
15273:
15257:
15253:
15251:
15242:
15234:
15230:
15226:
15220:
15216:
15209:
15207:
15190:
15186:
15180:
15164:
15160:
15154:
15146:
15140:
15136:
15135:10.2867/82061
15132:
15128:
15127:
15119:
15103:
15099:
15093:
15074:
15068:
15049:
15048:
15040:
15025:
15019:
15012:
15011:
15003:
14996:
14988:
14984:
14980:
14976:
14972:
14968:
14964:
14960:
14956:
14952:
14945:
14937:
14933:
14929:
14925:
14921:
14917:
14913:
14909:
14905:
14901:
14894:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14858:
14854:
14847:
14832:
14828:
14822:
14814:
14802:
14798:
14794:
14788:
14769:
14762:
14756:
14737:
14733:
14726:
14720:
14712:
14708:
14703:
14698:
14693:
14688:
14684:
14680:
14676:
14672:
14668:
14661:
14653:
14646:
14631:
14627:
14621:
14606:
14602:
14596:
14581:
14577:
14570:
14563:
14559:
14556:IPCC (2022) "
14553:
14537:
14531:
14515:
14511:
14506:
14498:
14490:
14484:
14480:
14476:
14472:
14471:
14464:
14448:
14444:
14438:
14423:
14419:
14412:
14397:
14393:
14387:
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14316:
14312:
14305:
14289:
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14233:
14232:
14224:
14222:
14220:
14204:
14200:
14194:
14192:
14180:September 12,
14176:
14172:
14165:
14154:September 12,
14149:
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14122:
14118:
14112:
14104:
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14096:
14092:
14088:
14087:
14078:
14076:
14074:
14058:
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14048:
14040:
14036:
14032:
14028:
14023:
14018:
14014:
14010:
14006:
14002:
13998:
13991:
13984:. p. 82.
13980:
13974:
13965:
13959:
13954:
13953:
13943:
13941:
13932:
13928:
13924:
13920:
13915:
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13906:
13902:
13898:
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13883:
13875:
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13690:
13684:
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13650:
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13638:
13634:
13627:
13612:
13609:
13603:
13601:
13592:
13588:
13584:
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13575:
13570:
13565:
13560:
13556:
13552:
13548:
13544:
13540:
13533:
13526:
13522:
13519:
13515:
13509:
13493:
13489:
13488:
13480:
13472:
13468:
13464:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13446:
13442:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13423:
13421:
13419:
13402:
13398:
13392:
13384:
13380:
13376:
13372:
13367:
13362:
13358:
13354:
13350:
13346:
13342:
13338:
13334:
13330:
13326:
13319:
13311:
13307:
13303:
13297:
13293:
13289:
13285:
13284:
13277:
13270:
13266:
13260:
13253:
13249:
13243:
13236:
13232:
13226:
13224:
13214:
13209:
13205:
13201:
13197:
13190:
13182:
13178:
13174:
13170:
13165:
13164:10278/3746207
13160:
13156:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13137:
13130:
13128:
13119:
13115:
13108:
13094:
13090:
13084:
13076:
13072:
13068:
13067:
13062:
13055:
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13039:
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13023:
13019:
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12996:
12980:
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12909:
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12896:
12892:
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12873:
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12814:
12810:
12806:
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12798:
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12782:
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12757:
12750:
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12710:
12703:
12689:
12685:
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12661:
12654:
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12636:
12629:
12618:
12611:
12604:
12596:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12578:
12574:
12567:
12553:on 2016-05-25
12552:
12548:
12544:
12537:
12535:
12526:
12524:9789264185425
12520:
12516:
12512:
12508:
12507:
12500:
12492:
12488:
12484:
12482:0-521-80769-7
12478:
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12106:
12090:
12086:
12079:
12077:
12061:
12057:
12051:
12036:
12032:
12028:
12027:The Economist
12024:
12018:
12003:
11999:
11993:
11985:
11978:
11964:
11960:
11954:
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11942:
11938:
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11927:
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11914:
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11896:
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11881:
11865:
11861:
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11847:
11843:
11839:
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11831:
11827:
11820:
11812:
11806:
11798:
11794:
11787:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11757:
11743:on 2021-06-09
11739:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11723:
11719:
11715:
11711:
11707:
11700:
11695:"Including CO
11689:
11682:
11678:
11672:
11664:
11660:
11653:
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11611:
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11507:
11499:
11492:
11477:
11473:
11466:
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11444:
11428:
11421:
11413:
11407:
11392:
11391:Recharge news
11388:
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11113:
11109:
11105:
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11057:
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11045:
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11021:
11017:
11011:
11004:
11000:
10999:
10991:
10984:
10965:
10958:
10952:
10936:
10930:
10928:
10921:
10916:
10900:
10893:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10846:
10830:
10826:
10820:
10806:
10802:
10795:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10773:
10769:
10768:
10760:
10744:
10740:
10734:
10727:
10721:
10706:
10702:
10696:
10681:
10677:
10671:
10662:
10653:
10648:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10632:
10628:
10621:
10606:
10602:
10596:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10555:GCB Bioenergy
10552:
10545:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10490:
10482:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10439:
10424:. 9 June 2016
10423:
10419:
10409:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10379:
10371:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10328:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10278:
10271:
10263:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10228:(8): 081003.
10227:
10223:
10219:
10212:
10210:
10202:
10201:
10196:
10189:
10181:
10177:
10173:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10156:(1): 83–112.
10155:
10151:
10147:
10140:
10133:
10129:
10123:
10121:
10119:
10111:
10106:
10102:
10097:
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10080:
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9914:
9908:
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9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9859:
9851:
9847:
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9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9820:
9812:
9808:
9804:
9798:
9794:
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9786:
9779:
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9762:
9757:
9753:
9749:
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9741:
9737:
9730:
9714:
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9704:
9696:
9690:
9682:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9625:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
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9585:
9581:
9577:
9570:
9568:
9559:
9555:
9551:
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9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9510:
9502:
9498:
9492:
9483:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9451:
9435:
9424:
9416:
9409:
9407:
9399:
9386:
9382:
9376:
9369:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9299:
9287:
9280:
9268:
9264:
9258:
9242:
9238:
9232:
9217:
9211:
9207:
9206:
9199:
9184:. 16 May 2016
9183:
9179:
9173:
9167:
9163:
9157:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
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9109:
9105:
9101:
9095:
9089:
9085:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9058:
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9050:
9033:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9014:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8956:
8941:. Independent
8940:
8929:
8913:
8909:
8903:
8887:
8883:
8876:
8868:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8850:
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8806:
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8707:
8703:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8676:
8672:
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8664:
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8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8606:
8602:
8596:
8580:
8576:
8570:
8568:
8559:
8555:
8548:
8533:
8529:
8523:
8519:
8518:
8513:
8507:
8500:
8495:
8489:
8482:
8478:
8473:
8467:
8465:
8456:
8452:
8447:
8446:10044/1/55714
8442:
8437:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8412:
8405:
8401:
8396:
8389:
8381:
8377:
8370:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8341:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8286:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8267:
8258:
8252:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8224:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8175:
8167:
8152:
8151:
8146:
8140:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8116:Harvey, Fiona
8111:
8103:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8062:
8047:
8043:
8036:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8012:Harvey, Fiona
8007:
7992:. 31 May 2018
7991:
7987:
7981:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7950:
7934:
7930:
7929:Social Europe
7926:
7920:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7865:
7857:
7850:
7848:
7832:
7828:
7821:
7805:
7801:
7795:
7788:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7719:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7664:
7657:
7656:
7649:
7638:
7634:
7627:
7621:
7619:
7611:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7585:. 8 June 2022
7584:
7580:
7574:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7544:
7536:
7530:
7523:
7522:
7515:
7500:
7496:
7490:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7466:The Economist
7463:
7457:
7450:
7446:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7381:. March 2021.
7380:
7372:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7311:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7278:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7250:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7203:
7200:. July 2019.
7199:
7195:
7189:
7173:
7172:
7164:
7149:
7145:
7139:
7124:
7120:
7114:
7112:
7092:
7085:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7038:
7023:
7016:
7001:
6995:
6979:
6975:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6900:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6875:
6867:
6861:
6853:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6828:: 1049–1086.
6827:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6810:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6779:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6712:
6710:
6701:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6666:: 1611–1626.
6665:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6648:
6640:
6634:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6586:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6561:: 1049–1086.
6560:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6366:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6347:
6340:
6334:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6289:
6282:
6276:
6257:
6251:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6207:
6201:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6160:(5): 055011.
6159:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6074:
6068:
6052:
6045:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5995:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5861:
5857:
5850:
5842:
5836:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5794:
5787:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5738:
5736:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5637:
5629:
5622:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5322:
5318:
5315:IGSD (2013).
5311:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5208:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5148:
5144:
5133:
5126:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5062:on 2022-04-12
5058:
5054:
5047:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
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4655:Harvey, Fiona
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4512:Carbon budget
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4490:Plants portal
4485:
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4373:, making the
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3529:urban forests
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3500:
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3453:
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3344:Methane leaks
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3326:
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3027:Air transport
3024:
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2792:
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2754:
2753:water heating
2744:
2740:
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2705:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:sequestration
2647:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:point sources
2588:
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2562:
2558:
2554:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2505:
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2479:tidal marshes
2476:
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2465:
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2435:
2431:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
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2398:
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2390:
2387:
2383:
2382:nitrous oxide
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:and increase
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
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2309:crop rotation
2306:
2302:
2299:is a form of
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2257:
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2241:
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2217:
2213:
2193:
2192:Reforestation
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2152:Afforestation
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:deforestation
2111:
2103:
2100:Transferring
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:reforestation
2029:
2028:deforestation
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1934:
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1916:
1911:
1907:
1900:
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1866:
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1682:
1681:methane leaks
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:Nuclear power
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:Nuclear power
1617:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1595:power-to-heat
1592:
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1584:
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1432:
1428:
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1418:
1417:photovoltaics
1409:
1405:
1404:solar thermal
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1359:
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1348:
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1336:
1335:energy system
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1293:
1288:
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1249:
1248:carbon budget
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1216:
1212:
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1200:
1196:
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1160:Nitrous oxide
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1127:nitrous oxide
1124:
1120:
1116:
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1108:
1107:Deforestation
1104:
1099:
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1094:from burning
1093:
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1008:methane (19%)
989:
978:
970:
960:
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950:
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701:
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696:
695:Disinvestment
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
666:
665:
658:
657:Reforestation
655:
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374:Nuclear power
372:
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107:reforestation
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
78:
69:
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49:
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19:
20166:Geochemistry
20146:Biogeography
20102:
19914:Publications
19873:Antinatalism
19811:
19788:World3 model
19648:Major topics
19596:
19589:
19582:
19575:
19563:
19487:
19252:Construction
19175:Applications
18893:Biodiversity
18652:Anthropocene
18507:Turkmenistan
18407:South Africa
18377:Sierra Leone
18357:Saudi Arabia
17762:Burkina Faso
17589:
17577:
17565:
17546:
17379:Carbon cycle
17336:Measurements
17031:Society and
16915:carbon sinks
16820:Climate debt
16810:Carbon price
16767:
16632:Human rights
16457:Season creep
16415:heat content
16341:Anoxic event
16254:James Hansen
16081:
16006:. Retrieved
16002:
15973:
15962:. Retrieved
15958:
15949:
15928:cite journal
15913:
15902:. Retrieved
15898:
15889:
15877:. Retrieved
15870:the original
15857:
15846:. Retrieved
15842:
15828:
15767:
15763:
15748:
15737:. Retrieved
15735:. 2022-08-16
15732:
15723:
15712:. Retrieved
15700:
15690:
15679:. Retrieved
15675:
15666:
15655:. Retrieved
15653:. 2016-09-03
15650:
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15634:the original
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15260:. Retrieved
15256:the original
15249:
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15179:
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15118:
15106:. Retrieved
15102:the original
15092:
15080:. Retrieved
15067:
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15046:
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15027:. Retrieved
15009:
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14906:(1): 15–27.
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14830:
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14813:The Guardian
14811:– via
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14580:The Guardian
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14530:
14518:. Retrieved
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14447:the Guardian
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14344:the original
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14240:. Retrieved
14236:the original
14230:
14208:13 September
14206:. Retrieved
14202:
14178:. Retrieved
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14152:. Retrieved
14147:
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14127:13 September
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14060:. Retrieved
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13786:IPCC (2022)
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13692:
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13512:IPCC, 2007:
13508:
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13492:the original
13486:
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13391:
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13246:IPCC (2022)
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13229:IPCC (2022)
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12172:The National
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11770:the original
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11301:
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11282:17 September
11280:. Retrieved
11278:. Greenpeace
11269:
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11151:the original
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10422:The Guardian
10421:
10408:
10396:. Retrieved
10388:Carbon Brief
10387:
10378:
10337:
10333:
10327:
10284:
10280:
10270:
10253:10754/679874
10225:
10221:
10198:
10188:
10153:
10149:
10139:
10126:IPCC (2022)
10108:
10078:
10074:
10064:
10052:. Retrieved
10042:
10029:
10017:. Retrieved
10012:
10003:
9991:. Retrieved
9986:
9977:
9965:. Retrieved
9953:
9943:
9934:
9925:
9917:Carbon Brief
9916:
9907:
9872:
9868:
9858:
9833:
9829:
9819:
9784:
9778:
9743:
9739:
9729:
9719:13 September
9717:. Retrieved
9712:
9703:
9694:
9689:
9638:
9634:
9624:
9583:
9579:
9523:
9519:
9509:
9500:
9491:
9464:
9460:
9450:
9438:. Retrieved
9423:
9396:
9389:. Retrieved
9384:
9375:
9359:
9331:10871/124574
9305:
9301:
9286:
9278:
9271:. Retrieved
9266:
9257:
9245:. Retrieved
9240:
9231:
9219:. Retrieved
9204:
9198:
9186:. Retrieved
9181:
9172:
9161:
9156:
9107:
9103:
9094:
9083:
9061:. Retrieved
9038:12 September
9036:. Retrieved
8970:
8966:
8955:
8943:. Retrieved
8928:
8916:. Retrieved
8911:
8902:
8890:. Retrieved
8885:
8875:
8832:
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8822:
8769:
8765:
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8724:
8714:
8706:The Guardian
8705:
8679:. Retrieved
8674:
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8631:
8621:
8609:. Retrieved
8604:
8595:
8583:. Retrieved
8579:The Guardian
8578:
8557:
8547:
8536:. Retrieved
8516:
8506:
8492:IPCC, 2018:
8488:
8470:IPCC, 2018:
8426:
8422:
8411:
8388:
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8369:
8358:. Retrieved
8349:
8340:
8299:
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8272:IPCC (2022)
8251:
8239:. Retrieved
8235:The Guardian
8233:
8223:
8185:(1): 29–37.
8182:
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8166:
8154:. Retrieved
8148:
8139:
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8124:The Guardian
8123:
8110:
8075:
8071:
8061:
8049:. Retrieved
8046:The Guardian
8045:
8035:
8023:. Retrieved
8020:The Guardian
8019:
8006:
7994:. Retrieved
7990:the Guardian
7989:
7980:
7968:. Retrieved
7959:
7949:
7937:. Retrieved
7928:
7919:
7907:. Retrieved
7902:
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7868:
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7834:. Retrieved
7831:the Guardian
7830:
7820:
7808:. Retrieved
7804:the Guardian
7803:
7794:
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7749:
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7607:
7599:
7587:. Retrieved
7582:
7573:
7561:. Retrieved
7552:
7543:
7529:
7519:
7518:IEA (2019),
7514:
7502:. Retrieved
7498:
7489:
7477:. Retrieved
7465:
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7410:IPCC (2022)
7378:
7371:
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7310:
7298:. Retrieved
7287:
7277:
7265:. Retrieved
7261:
7236:. Retrieved
7218:
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7188:
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7170:
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7138:
7126:. Retrieved
7122:
7098:. Retrieved
7084:
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7047:
7037:
7025:. Retrieved
7015:
7003:. Retrieved
6994:
6982:. Retrieved
6978:www.iaea.org
6977:
6968:
6915:
6909:
6899:
6887:. Retrieved
6873:
6860:
6825:
6819:
6809:
6797:. Retrieved
6778:
6766:. Retrieved
6725:
6721:
6691:10419/200120
6663:
6657:
6647:
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6593:
6558:
6552:
6525:. Retrieved
6521:the original
6507:
6477:
6467:
6455:. Retrieved
6452:ScienceDaily
6451:
6442:
6399:
6395:
6385:
6373:
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6333:
6321:. Retrieved
6316:
6307:
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6288:the original
6275:
6263:. Retrieved
6250:
6238:. Retrieved
6233:
6224:
6212:. Retrieved
6200:
6157:
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6143:
6131:. Retrieved
6127:
6118:
6106:. Retrieved
6102:the original
6092:
6080:. Retrieved
6067:
6055:. Retrieved
6044:
6029:
6021:
6014:. Retrieved
6010:
6001:
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5981:
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5863:. Retrieved
5859:
5849:
5835:
5827:
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5780:
5744:
5721:IPCC (2022)
5696:. Retrieved
5651:
5647:
5636:
5621:
5609:. Retrieved
5605:
5595:
5583:. Retrieved
5579:
5570:
5558:. Retrieved
5554:The Guardian
5553:
5544:
5532:. Retrieved
5528:
5518:
5506:. Retrieved
5502:
5493:
5481:. Retrieved
5472:
5463:
5451:. Retrieved
5447:
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5421:
5412:
5400:. Retrieved
5396:The Guardian
5395:
5386:
5374:. Retrieved
5370:
5361:
5349:. Retrieved
5345:
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5320:
5310:
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5279:
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5195:. Retrieved
5190:
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5164:
5155:
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5124:
5117:. Retrieved
5112:
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5087:
5064:. Retrieved
5057:the original
5052:
5040:
5023:10871/126892
4995:
4991:
4980:
4960:
4924:
4917:
4904:IPCC (2022)
4857:IPCC, 2021:
4829:IPCC (2022)
4810:. Retrieved
4797:
4763:. Retrieved
4759:
4750:
4729:
4716:IPCC (2022)
4689:. Retrieved
4684:
4675:
4663:. Retrieved
4649:
4635:
4621:
4609:. Retrieved
4605:
4584:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4522:Carbon price
4504:Trees portal
4456:
4448:
4437:
4417:
4353:entered the
4340:
4308:(developing)
4264:
4256:
4241:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4207:
4204:
4146:
4120:
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4094:
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3891:
3880:Carbon price
3863:
3854:
3841:
3828:
3827:
3822:market based
3821:
3818:carbon price
3817:
3814:market based
3813:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3777:
3774:market based
3773:
3767:
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3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:Stern Review
3663:
3641:
3637:
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3467:heart attack
3455:
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3188:
3169:supply chain
3138:
3087:
3083:
3075:cirrus cloud
3056:
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2987:
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2947:smart cities
2939:
2920:
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2808:
2793:
2782:
2746:
2644:
2633:
2603:
2572:
2507:
2472:
2441:
2417:oyster reefs
2397:salt marshes
2391:
2375:
2363:
2336:acidic soils
2317:
2313:ley cropping
2290:
2270:
2263:
2228:
2216:urbanization
2190:
2173:carbon sinks
2165:biodiversity
2150:
2123:
2110:Stern Review
2107:
2074:Conservation
2041:
2021:
2011:
2000:carbon sinks
1996:carbon sinks
1993:
1970:carbon sinks
1939:
1914:
1891:
1882:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1796:
1791:
1773:
1765:
1747:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1711:
1661:
1643:
1637:
1607:
1575:
1567:
1488:
1453:
1413:
1383:Solar energy
1371:carbon price
1367:
1343:
1332:
1297:
1289:
1286:
1275:
1252:
1240:
1223:
1219:black carbon
1176:
1139:
1131:refrigerants
1100:
1096:fossil fuels
1081:
1041:
976:
975:
956:
952:
944:
942:
931:
907:
895:carbon sinks
878:, including
861:
844:
835:to maintain
830:
790:
778:
615:Carbon sinks
432:Climate debt
301:
256:
228:carbon cycle
213:
169:Solar energy
167:
130:
126:
125:
19797:Society and
19756:Biocapacity
19468:conferences
19339:Procurement
19282:Development
19182:Advertising
19144:Measurement
19078:Tidal power
19073:Small hydro
19038:Micro hydro
18901:Biosecurity
18853:Appropriate
18782:Sustainable
18765:Advertising
18687:Consumption
18677:Development
18447:Switzerland
18417:South Sudan
18412:South Korea
18342:Saint Lucia
18302:Philippines
18247:North Korea
18227:New Zealand
18222:Netherlands
18042:Ivory Coast
17882:El Salvador
17642:Afghanistan
17406:Carbon sink
17384:atmospheric
17249:video games
16923:Blue carbon
16546:Agriculture
16525:Marine life
16472:Water cycle
16430:temperature
16165:Fossil fuel
15835:"China's CO
15420:10347/29848
15314:26 November
15195:30 December
15169:17 December
14807:19 February
14745:12 December
14453:24 November
14427:24 November
14401:11 November
14376:24 November
14350:24 November
14294:26 November
14268:26 November
14150:. News Corp
14097:: 884–892.
13698:21 November
13616:11 November
13574:10810/44202
13335:(1): 4174.
13093:www.mpic.de
12280:28 November
12254:28 November
12249:www.epa.gov
12228:27 November
12202:28 November
12177:27 November
12151:27 November
12125:27 November
12065:25 November
12040:26 November
11642:21 December
11614:Eurocontrol
11455:27 February
11433:27 February
11429:. splash247
11302:Green Facts
11183:30 December
11157:15 February
11072:30 December
10973:8 September
10835:25 November
10743:EarthCharts
10710:24 December
10534:22 February
10428:2 September
9063:11 February
8973:(1): 2275.
8858:10871/31046
8501:. In Press.
8179:Nature Food
8156:15 February
7909:12 November
7589:23 November
7479:28 December
7346:2066/228782
7178:29 December
7148:www.iea.org
7027:24 November
6768:28 November
6323:22 December
6057:30 December
6016:22 December
5698:15 February
5560:20 December
5534:20 December
5508:15 December
5376:21 December
5326:29 November
5219:Nature Food
5197:13 February
5171:26 November
5119:25 November
5093:16 November
4812:16 November
4765:24 November
4691:27 November
4665:27 November
4387:signed the
4300:(developed)
3933:Blue Carbon
3784:policies.
3693:basic needs
3533:green roofs
3505:on people.
3503:heat stress
3463:8.7 million
3356:Co-benefits
3167:across the
3116:emissions.
3081:emissions.
2998:LNG engines
2868:walkability
2662:utilization
2593:from large
2438:Blue carbon
2297:cover crops
2102:land rights
1990:Carbon sink
1922:Family size
1729:demand-side
1668:natural gas
1587:smart grids
1522:releases CO
1502:Tidal power
1471:The 22,500
1395:The 150 MW
1323:natural gas
1183:equivalents
1115:gas venting
1111:agriculture
725:Sustainable
622:Blue carbon
527:Agriculture
384:Solar power
216:agriculture
109:project in
20130:Categories
19984:Events and
19799:population
19745:Population
19696:Population
19641:Population
19359:Sanitation
19314:Livelihood
19237:Ecovillage
19222:Eco-cities
19139:Accounting
19048:Pico hydro
19028:Hydropower
18846:Technology
18644:Principles
18547:Uzbekistan
18467:Tajikistan
18372:Seychelles
18202:Mozambique
18192:Montenegro
18167:Mauritania
18132:Madagascar
18127:Luxembourg
18087:Kyrgyzstan
18062:Kazakhstan
17867:East Timor
17817:Costa Rica
17787:Cape Verde
17697:Bangladesh
17687:Azerbaijan
17438:Cryosphere
17399:permafrost
17171:Resilience
17123:Adaptation
17098:Litigation
17088:Governance
17033:adaptation
16815:Carbon tax
16768:Mitigation
16705:Antarctica
16593:Disability
16008:2024-08-31
15964:2024-07-30
15904:2024-07-30
15848:2023-04-14
15739:2022-10-16
15714:2021-07-15
15681:2020-08-22
15657:2021-11-19
15403:: 784466.
15344:: 101349.
15288:2 December
15233:1124780147
15057:20 January
15029:19 January
14836:2 December
14831:unfccc.int
14635:2 November
14630:www.un.org
14610:2 November
14542:10 October
14057:World Bank
13847:1609.05878
13830:emissions"
13748:2023-12-29
13723:2023-12-29
13549:: 105513.
13407:8 November
13206:: 101098.
13143:The Lancet
13098:2024-04-19
13016:: 110754.
12954:1 December
12901:(4): 674.
12693:2024-07-30
12557:2016-02-18
12094:4 February
11968:2023-04-14
11870:1 December
11747:2021-06-09
11712:(8): 967.
11663:World Bank
11521:: 117834,
11481:9 December
11396:9 December
11352:9 December
11210:: 101486.
11040:Data from
11026:6 December
10862:: 110749.
10810:2023-05-17
10786:1144453104
10685:3 December
10610:2 December
10586:2164/10480
10398:3 November
9436:. Ecowatch
9391:2 December
9273:2 December
8585:2 November
8538:2009-12-28
8360:2021-06-18
8302:: 141346.
7970:9 December
7939:26 October
7871:(1): 2–5.
7836:6 February
7752:: 157166.
7329:: 110552.
7005:25 October
6918:(1): 947.
6889:15 October
6799:10 January
6728:: 101047.
6457:8 December
6402:: 117773.
6133:9 December
5988:8 December
5891:: 106345.
5865:2023-01-05
5798:29 January
5585:9 November
5483:9 November
5448:www.un.org
5351:1 December
5282:(2): 000.
5066:2022-11-21
4792:. Nairobi.
4594:Roser, Max
4543:References
4444:Fit-for-55
4349:, but the
4231:equipment.
4163:See also:
4065:See also:
4022:adaptation
3953:See also:
3894:carbon tax
3658:See also:
3582:carbon tax
3568:Carbon tax
3446:See also:
3391:See also:
3369:adaptation
3199:food waste
3175:See also:
3053:emissions.
2886:composting
2680:See also:
2615:grown for
2534:alkalinity
2514:weathering
2487:seagrasses
2424:Deep ocean
2401:seagrasses
2169:grasslands
2024:ecosystems
1841:per person
1837:per person
1498:hydropower
1456:wind farms
1438:is an 845
1387:Wind power
1327:renewables
1090:. Most is
916:sinks and
893:Enhancing
845:mitigation
833:ecosystems
537:Capitalism
497:Green home
427:Carbon tax
394:Wind power
244:food waste
201:air travel
173:wind power
95:wind power
20080:Migration
19957:6 billion
19452:Recycling
19447:Planetary
19437:Materials
19432:Landscape
19417:Fisheries
19384:Transport
19309:Landscape
19292:Marketing
19267:Gardening
19207:Community
19154:Reporting
19018:Footprint
18906:Biosphere
18557:Venezuela
18427:Sri Lanka
18382:Singapore
18277:Palestine
18232:Nicaragua
18172:Mauritius
18122:Lithuania
18012:Indonesia
17967:Guatemala
17677:Australia
17667:Argentina
17453:Feedbacks
17224:Education
16725:Caribbean
16720:Australia
16647:Migration
16610:Fisheries
16551:Livestock
16477:Wildfires
16383:Heat wave
15820:252010506
15794:1476-4687
15709:0362-4331
15593:1758-6798
15544:231622354
15429:2296-665X
15378:2214-6296
15252:., Eds.)"
14987:158187220
14979:1862-4057
14936:153561849
14928:1573-1480
14885:1758-6798
14777:14 August
14654:. UNFCCC.
14585:25 August
14263:Earth.Org
14039:159114098
14031:1469-3062
13931:244657251
13923:1758-6798
13693:One Earth
13591:211004787
13471:222245720
13463:2059-4798
13383:221467922
13357:2041-1723
13310:197582819
13181:239046862
13075:0261-3077
13046:231909881
12813:1877-3435
12741:0360-5442
12595:2190-6491
12456:232159680
12423:0924-6460
12384:1352-2310
12329:0095-0696
12035:0013-0613
12007:1 January
11500:. Rivera.
11242:216186279
11234:2214-6296
11132:2210-6707
11110:: 11–18.
10884:234180182
10524:134196575
10370:248322820
10319:247453370
10262:250973225
10180:225741986
10172:1543-5938
9962:0362-4331
9811:198421761
9663:2041-1723
9641:(5): 56.
9608:1752-0908
9550:1365-2486
9356:232355402
9340:1476-4687
9148:195804244
9132:0036-8075
8995:2041-1723
8918:8 October
8886:Rewilding
8796:1750-0680
8725:Ecosphere
8455:1754-5692
8332:225035992
8215:245867412
8199:2662-1355
7782:250387801
7710:233404010
7474:0013-0613
7363:228885573
7355:1364-0321
7300:4 October
7208:4 October
7128:1 January
7100:1 January
7054:: 81–92.
6984:1 January
6942:2041-1723
6852:1364-0321
6758:210616155
6750:2352-152X
6700:116132198
6633:cite book
6585:1364-0321
6434:239113921
6426:0306-2619
6192:249227821
6184:2515-7620
5921:252958388
5913:0140-9883
5772:198078901
5688:1866-3508
5611:8 October
5298:250721559
5239:2662-1355
5032:1866-3516
4952:234327299
4611:27 August
4367:crude oil
3347:flaring.
3063:contrails
3047:emissions
2892:Transport
2757:Heat pump
2725:Buildings
2617:bioenergy
2532:or ocean
2483:mangroves
2393:Mangroves
2344:bioenergy
2324:pyrolysis
2240:coppicing
2187:regrowth.
2137:rewilding
2045:peatlands
1508:Bioenergy
849:emissions
542:Transport
411:Economics
267:emissions
20115:Category
19883:Natalism
19806:Eugenics
19565:Category
19364:Sourcing
19299:Greening
19192:Business
19068:Security
19063:Scarcity
18577:Zimbabwe
18477:Thailand
18472:Tanzania
18437:Suriname
18392:Slovenia
18387:Slovakia
18312:Portugal
18292:Paraguay
18267:Pakistan
18187:Mongolia
18147:Maldives
18142:Malaysia
18072:Kiribati
17992:Honduras
17907:Ethiopia
17902:Eswatini
17857:Dominica
17852:Djibouti
17812:Colombia
17777:Cameroon
17772:Cambodia
17757:Bulgaria
17742:Botswana
17702:Barbados
17579:Glossary
17567:Category
17389:biologic
17103:Politics
16995:Personal
16700:Americas
16563:Children
16329:Physical
16122:Overview
16062:Overview
15812:36049503
15616:Archived
15536:33452515
15488:16 March
15482:Archived
15451:Archived
15189:Archived
14801:Archived
14768:Archived
14736:Archived
14711:17360370
14514:Archived
14093:(6711).
13874:54600172
13675:38632481
13666:11023931
13583:32006762
13521:Archived
13401:Archived
13375:32873789
13173:34687662
13038:33577774
12979:Archived
12927:29617317
12876:Archived
12857:Archived
12835:Archived
12763:Archived
12667:Archived
12642:Archived
12617:Archived
12491:46640845
12431:41324083
12337:17391774
11846:89217740
11776:2 August
11734:73625760
11553:32895604
11048:Archived
10749:15 March
10680:Sky News
10528:Archived
10516:31120708
10473:34722068
10465:11681318
10392:Archived
10362:35449458
10311:35286717
10105:32832065
10013:BBC News
9899:22451101
9770:36119878
9681:20975722
9616:85463771
9558:24789378
9440:19 March
9348:33762765
9140:31273109
9013:38531896
9004:10965905
8867:53062923
8814:18412946
8772:(1): 3.
8532:Archived
8514:(2007).
8354:Archived
8324:33113687
8207:37118487
8102:31409926
7996:25 April
7964:Archived
7933:Archived
7903:BBC News
7774:35803428
7663:Archived
7637:Archived
7633:UNEP.org
7606:(2007).
7557:Archived
7294:Archived
7238:28 March
7232:Archived
7202:Archived
7096:(Report)
7076:29287177
6960:32075965
6883:Archived
6793:Archived
6762:Archived
6622:Archived
6601:(2020).
6496:Archived
6475:(2019).
6297:27 March
6265:27 March
6240:27 March
6234:BBC News
6214:28 March
6108:28 March
5964:22096185
5822:Archived
5692:Archived
5477:Archived
5257:35146439
4969:Archived
4739:Archived
4462:See also
4420:net zero
4236:capacity
4159:Barriers
4046:ratified
3978:such as
3726:Policies
3240:Industry
3222:ruminant
3014:methanol
2978:Shipping
2972:Hydrogen
2961:Montreal
2833:Bicycles
2585:levels.
2518:silicate
2409:dredging
2386:Peatland
2350:Wetlands
1915:Nat Food
1533:biofuels
1440:megawatt
1004: CH
994: CO
780:Glossary
532:Business
294:a series
292:Part of
20104:Commons
19747:ecology
19698:biology
19598:Degrees
19591:Studies
19584:Science
19379:Tourism
19272:Geopark
19262:Finance
19257:Fashion
18832:Control
18720:Ethical
18629:Outline
18562:Vietnam
18552:Vanuatu
18542:Uruguay
18522:Ukraine
18497:Tunisia
18402:Somalia
18362:Senegal
18322:Romania
18242:Nigeria
18212:Namibia
18207:Myanmar
18197:Morocco
18182:Moldova
18112:Liberia
18107:Lesotho
18102:Lebanon
18047:Jamaica
18027:Ireland
18002:Iceland
17997:Hungary
17962:Grenada
17947:Germany
17942:Georgia
17922:Finland
17897:Estonia
17892:Eritrea
17872:Ecuador
17847:Denmark
17822:Croatia
17767:Burundi
17732:Bolivia
17712:Belgium
17707:Belarus
17692:Bahamas
17682:Austria
17672:Armenia
17652:Algeria
17647:Albania
17394:oceanic
17244:fiction
17093:Justice
17044:Society
16652:Poverty
16361:Drought
16229:History
16153:Sources
15879:20 July
15843:Reuters
15803:9605864
15772:Bibcode
15733:AP NEWS
15571:Bibcode
15516:Bibcode
15457:2 April
15346:Bibcode
15163:350.org
15108:21 June
15082:21 June
14959:Bibcode
14908:Bibcode
14865:Bibcode
14702:1817831
14679:Bibcode
14538:. EMBER
14520:16 July
14320:2 April
14315:Reuters
14086:Science
14009:Bibcode
13901:Bibcode
13852:Bibcode
13645:Bibcode
13551:Bibcode
13441:Bibcode
13366:7463236
13337:Bibcode
13018:Bibcode
12985:5 March
12975:Reuters
12918:5923716
12793:Bibcode
12721:Bibcode
12364:Bibcode
12309:Bibcode
12146:Reuters
11714:Bibcode
11544:7468346
11523:Bibcode
11308:3 April
11212:Bibcode
11112:Bibcode
10941:20 July
10905:20 July
10864:Bibcode
10639:Bibcode
10563:Bibcode
10445:Science
10342:Bibcode
10289:Bibcode
10230:Bibcode
10096:7435041
10019:12 June
9890:3306631
9838:Bibcode
9748:Bibcode
9672:2964457
9643:Bibcode
9588:Bibcode
9528:Bibcode
9503:. 2016.
9469:Bibcode
9434:a Year"
9310:Bibcode
9188:18 July
9112:Bibcode
9104:Science
8975:Bibcode
8945:26 July
8888:. Grist
8837:Bibcode
8805:2359746
8774:Bibcode
8733:Bibcode
8681:18 July
8640:Bibcode
8611:30 July
8499:poverty
8304:Bibcode
8241:20 July
8129:5 April
8080:Bibcode
8051:20 June
8025:20 June
7873:Bibcode
7810:7 March
7754:Bibcode
7690:Bibcode
7563:14 June
7504:4 April
7499:EIB.org
7056:Bibcode
6951:7031375
6920:Bibcode
6830:Bibcode
6730:Bibcode
6668:Bibcode
6563:Bibcode
6404:Bibcode
6261:. IRENA
6162:Bibcode
6082:22 July
5944:Bibcode
5936:Science
5893:Bibcode
5818:IEA.org
5656:Bibcode
5606:Reuters
5453:10 June
5428:4 April
5402:4 April
5248:7612339
5165:AP NEWS
5000:Bibcode
4298:Richer
4286:person.
4061:History
4032:at the
4030:parties
4026:finance
3997:to the
3935:of the
3722:(CDM).
3703:Funding
3247:Global
3010:ammonia
2916:cycling
2670:windgas
2625:biochar
2613:biomass
2599:biomass
2328:biomass
2320:biochar
2278:exuding
2236:pruning
2055:Forests
1766:Global
1520:biomass
1481:in the
1266:Pledges
1207:methane
1166:O) and
1149:Methane
745:Tourism
236:Methane
99:England
20151:Carbon
19814:genics
19547:(2015)
19524:(2000)
19518:(1997)
19502:(1992)
19490:(1987)
19422:Forest
19324:Market
19319:Living
18936:Energy
18792:Market
18572:Zambia
18517:Uganda
18512:Tuvalu
18502:Turkey
18462:Taiwan
18442:Sweden
18367:Serbia
18332:Rwanda
18327:Russia
18307:Poland
18282:Panama
18257:Norway
18177:Mexico
18137:Malawi
18097:Latvia
18082:Kuwait
18077:Kosovo
18057:Jordan
18032:Israel
17982:Guyana
17972:Guinea
17957:Greece
17937:Gambia
17927:France
17832:Cyprus
17782:Canada
17752:Brunei
17747:Brazil
17727:Bhutan
17717:Belize
17657:Angola
17374:Albedo
17367:Theory
17078:Denial
16869:Energy
16730:Europe
16710:Arctic
16695:Africa
16620:Health
16615:Gender
16568:Cities
16493:Biomes
16400:Oceans
16388:Marine
16111:Causes
15818:
15810:
15800:
15792:
15764:Nature
15707:
15591:
15542:
15534:
15508:Nature
15427:
15376:
15262:20 May
15231:
15221:
15141:
15020:
14985:
14977:
14934:
14926:
14883:
14709:
14699:
14560:" in "
14485:
14242:20 May
14062:20 May
14037:
14029:
13960:
13929:
13921:
13872:
13673:
13663:
13637:Nature
13589:
13581:
13498:20 May
13469:
13461:
13381:
13373:
13363:
13355:
13308:
13298:
13179:
13171:
13073:
13044:
13036:
12925:
12915:
12811:
12739:
12713:Energy
12593:
12541:IPCC.
12521:
12489:
12479:
12454:
12429:
12421:
12382:
12335:
12327:
12033:
11986:. WRI.
11919:Animal
11844:
11732:
11551:
11541:
11240:
11232:
11130:
10882:
10831:. 2022
10784:
10774:
10522:
10514:
10504:
10471:
10463:
10368:
10360:
10317:
10309:
10260:
10178:
10170:
10103:
10093:
10054:2 June
9993:30 May
9967:30 May
9960:
9897:
9887:
9809:
9799:
9768:
9679:
9669:
9661:
9614:
9606:
9556:
9548:
9354:
9346:
9338:
9302:Nature
9247:2 June
9221:2 June
9212:
9146:
9138:
9130:
9011:
9001:
8993:
8892:15 May
8865:
8812:
8802:
8794:
8731:(10).
8638:: 27.
8524:
8474:. In:
8453:
8397:. In:
8330:
8322:
8213:
8205:
8197:
8100:
8072:Nature
7780:
7772:
7708:
7472:
7361:
7353:
7267:31 May
7153:8 July
7074:
6958:
6948:
6940:
6850:
6756:
6748:
6698:
6614:
6583:
6527:30 May
6488:
6432:
6424:
6361:
6190:
6182:
5962:
5919:
5911:
5770:
5760:
5686:
5503:UNFCCC
5296:
5255:
5245:
5237:
5030:
4950:
4940:
4881:. In:
4412:, and
4357:. The
4179:, and
4077:, and
4052:. The
4024:, and
3957:, and
3812:Among
3610:, and
3576:
3574:
3566:
3564:
3556:
3554:
3471:stroke
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3183:, and
3002:Maersk
2864:sprawl
2741:, and
2559:, and
2522:basalt
2436:, and
2358:, and
2258:, and
2196:
2090:, and
2067:, and
1988:, and
1886:
1632:, and
1512:biogas
1448:Oregon
1113:, and
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1031:
1014:
1012:
1002:
992:
932:While
768:Portal
740:Living
602:UNFCCC
332:Energy
263:tax CO
19935:Lists
19577:Lists
19457:Waste
19369:Space
19277:Green
19011:Water
18770:Brand
18634:Index
18487:Tonga
18452:Syria
18432:Sudan
18422:Spain
18352:Samoa
18272:Palau
18237:Niger
18217:Nepal
18157:Malta
18117:Libya
18067:Kenya
18052:Japan
18037:Italy
18007:India
17987:Haiti
17952:Ghana
17932:Gabon
17877:Egypt
17807:China
17802:Chile
17722:Benin
17591:Index
17353:Proxy
17113:Women
16578:Crime
16505:Birds
16371:Flood
15982:(PDF)
15873:(PDF)
15866:(PDF)
15816:S2CID
15540:S2CID
15250:et al
15076:(PDF)
15051:(PDF)
15014:(PDF)
15005:(PDF)
14983:S2CID
14932:S2CID
14771:(PDF)
14764:(PDF)
14739:(PDF)
14728:(PDF)
14035:S2CID
13982:(PDF)
13952:eds.)
13927:S2CID
13870:S2CID
13842:arXiv
13587:S2CID
13467:S2CID
13379:S2CID
13306:S2CID
13177:S2CID
13139:(PDF)
13042:S2CID
12838:(PDF)
12831:(PDF)
12766:(PDF)
12759:(PDF)
12670:(PDF)
12663:(PDF)
12645:(PDF)
12638:(PDF)
12620:(PDF)
12613:(PDF)
12427:S2CID
12333:S2CID
11842:S2CID
11797:Wired
11741:(PDF)
11730:S2CID
11702:(PDF)
11574:(PDF)
11238:S2CID
10998:UKCCC
10993:(PDF)
10967:(PDF)
10960:(PDF)
10880:S2CID
10520:S2CID
10469:S2CID
10366:S2CID
10315:S2CID
10258:S2CID
10197:. In
10176:S2CID
9807:S2CID
9766:S2CID
9612:S2CID
9352:S2CID
9144:S2CID
8863:S2CID
8496:. An
8328:S2CID
8259:. UN.
8211:S2CID
7859:(PDF)
7778:S2CID
7740:(PDF)
7706:S2CID
7666:(PDF)
7659:(PDF)
7640:(PDF)
7629:(PDF)
7414:. In
7359:S2CID
7094:(PDF)
6869:(PDF)
6754:S2CID
6696:S2CID
6625:(PDF)
6608:(PDF)
6599:REN21
6499:(PDF)
6482:(PDF)
6430:S2CID
6291:(PDF)
6284:(PDF)
6259:(PDF)
6209:(PDF)
6188:S2CID
6076:(PDF)
6053:. IEA
5917:S2CID
5789:(PDF)
5768:S2CID
5294:S2CID
5060:(PDF)
5049:(PDF)
4948:S2CID
4861:. In
4806:(PDF)
4641:(PDF)
4631:(PDF)
4400:China
4038:Paris
4036:near
3908:7/tCO
3789:Other
3782:other
3537:walls
3491:green
3430:IRENA
2945:. In
2776:, or
2376:Some
2266:BECCS
2250:Soils
2231:Sahel
2017:ocean
1442:(MW)
1408:Spain
1125:emit
853:sinks
792:Index
149:with
111:Haiti
97:) in
91:solar
20176:Soil
19197:City
18964:Food
18482:Togo
18297:Peru
18262:Oman
18152:Mali
18092:Laos
18022:Iraq
18017:Iran
17917:Fiji
17827:Cuba
17797:Chad
17176:Risk
16715:Asia
16297:2024
16292:2023
16287:2022
16282:2021
16277:2020
16272:2019
15941:help
15881:2021
15808:PMID
15790:ISSN
15705:ISSN
15589:ISSN
15532:PMID
15490:2020
15478:CNBC
15459:2020
15425:ISSN
15374:ISSN
15316:2022
15290:2022
15264:2009
15229:OCLC
15219:ISBN
15197:2015
15171:2018
15139:ISBN
15110:2016
15084:2016
15059:2020
15031:2022
15018:ISBN
14975:ISSN
14924:ISSN
14881:ISSN
14838:2019
14809:2021
14779:2017
14747:2015
14707:PMID
14671:PNAS
14637:2022
14612:2022
14587:2024
14544:2021
14522:2021
14483:ISBN
14455:2022
14429:2022
14403:2019
14396:IISD
14378:2022
14352:2022
14340:UNDP
14322:2022
14296:2022
14270:2022
14244:2009
14210:2024
14203:OECD
14182:2024
14156:2024
14129:2024
14064:2021
14027:ISSN
13958:ISBN
13919:ISSN
13700:2022
13671:PMID
13618:2019
13579:PMID
13500:2009
13459:ISSN
13409:2021
13371:PMID
13353:ISSN
13296:ISBN
13169:PMID
13071:ISSN
13034:PMID
12987:2021
12956:2021
12923:PMID
12809:ISSN
12737:ISSN
12591:ISSN
12519:ISBN
12487:OCLC
12477:ISBN
12452:OCLC
12419:ISSN
12380:ISSN
12325:ISSN
12282:2022
12256:2022
12230:2022
12204:2022
12179:2022
12153:2022
12127:2022
12096:2024
12067:2022
12042:2022
12031:ISSN
12009:2023
11872:2021
11778:2019
11644:2022
11549:PMID
11483:2022
11457:2021
11435:2021
11398:2022
11354:2022
11310:2020
11284:2020
11230:ISSN
11185:2022
11159:2007
11128:ISSN
11074:2020
11028:2022
10975:2013
10943:2020
10907:2021
10837:2022
10782:OCLC
10772:ISBN
10751:2020
10712:2021
10687:2022
10612:2022
10536:2020
10512:PMID
10502:ISBN
10461:PMID
10430:2017
10400:2021
10358:PMID
10307:PMID
10168:ISSN
10101:PMID
10056:2022
10021:2022
9995:2022
9987:IUCN
9969:2022
9958:ISSN
9935:IUCN
9895:PMID
9797:ISBN
9721:2020
9677:PMID
9659:ISSN
9604:ISSN
9554:PMID
9546:ISSN
9442:2020
9393:2022
9364:(eCO
9344:PMID
9336:ISSN
9275:2022
9249:2022
9223:2022
9210:ISBN
9190:2016
9136:PMID
9128:ISSN
9065:2020
9040:2021
9009:PMID
8991:ISSN
8947:2021
8920:2020
8894:2022
8810:PMID
8792:ISSN
8683:2016
8613:2018
8587:2016
8522:ISBN
8451:ISSN
8320:PMID
8243:2023
8203:PMID
8195:ISSN
8158:2022
8131:2022
8098:PMID
8053:2016
8027:2016
7998:2021
7972:2019
7941:2019
7911:2021
7838:2022
7812:2022
7787:for.
7770:PMID
7591:2022
7565:2016
7506:2022
7481:2022
7470:ISSN
7351:ISSN
7302:2019
7269:2023
7240:2021
7210:2019
7180:2023
7155:2019
7130:2023
7102:2023
7072:PMID
7029:2021
7007:2021
6986:2023
6956:PMID
6938:ISSN
6891:2021
6848:ISSN
6801:2021
6770:2020
6746:ISSN
6639:link
6612:ISBN
6581:ISSN
6529:2020
6486:ISBN
6459:2022
6422:ISSN
6359:ISBN
6325:2022
6299:2020
6267:2020
6242:2020
6216:2020
6180:ISSN
6135:2022
6110:2020
6084:2021
6059:2022
6018:2022
5990:2022
5960:PMID
5909:ISSN
5800:2020
5758:ISBN
5700:2021
5684:ISSN
5613:2021
5587:2021
5562:2021
5536:2021
5510:2019
5485:2021
5455:2022
5430:2022
5422:IPCC
5404:2022
5378:2021
5353:2021
5328:2019
5253:PMID
5235:ISSN
5199:2020
5173:2022
5121:2022
5095:2022
5028:ISSN
4938:ISBN
4814:2022
4767:2022
4693:2019
4667:2019
4613:2022
4438:The
4369:and
4257:The
4095:The
4050:Iran
4012:The
3980:CFCs
3866:: A
3770:OECD
3768:The
3711:and
3535:and
3493:and
3473:and
3450:and
3374:OECD
3335:and
3228:and
3128:and
3104:and
2900:and
2870:and
2851:and
2668:and
2656:for
2485:and
2399:and
2238:and
2214:and
2198:GtCO
2108:The
2012:sink
1877:and
1795:(or
1760:and
1693:and
1664:coal
1562:and
1434:The
1385:and
1362:wind
1360:and
1333:The
1311:and
1243:UNEP
1217:and
1117:and
938:IPCC
897:and
887:and
869:and
735:Diet
203:and
171:and
145:and
129:(or
105:, a
93:and
19812:Dys
19187:Art
17239:art
15798:PMC
15780:doi
15768:610
15579:doi
15524:doi
15512:589
15415:hdl
15405:doi
15364:hdl
15354:doi
15308:IEA
15131:doi
14967:doi
14916:doi
14904:144
14873:doi
14697:PMC
14687:doi
14675:104
14475:doi
14288:VOA
14099:doi
14091:385
14017:doi
13909:doi
13860:doi
13790:in
13661:PMC
13653:doi
13641:628
13569:hdl
13559:doi
13547:136
13449:doi
13361:PMC
13345:doi
13288:doi
13250:in
13233:in
13208:doi
13159:hdl
13151:doi
13147:398
13026:doi
13014:195
12913:PMC
12903:doi
12801:doi
12729:doi
12581:doi
12511:doi
12411:doi
12372:doi
12317:doi
12274:IEA
12002:IEA
11941:doi
11937:130
11899:doi
11834:doi
11722:doi
11629:"CO
11567:"CO
11539:PMC
11531:doi
11519:244
11220:doi
11120:doi
10872:doi
10860:235
10829:IEA
10705:IEA
10647:doi
10605:IEA
10581:hdl
10571:doi
10494:doi
10453:doi
10449:294
10414:"CO
10350:doi
10297:doi
10248:hdl
10238:doi
10158:doi
10130:in
10091:PMC
10083:doi
9885:PMC
9877:doi
9873:367
9846:doi
9789:doi
9756:doi
9667:PMC
9651:doi
9596:doi
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