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commercial service and replaced with electric and diesel-electric locomotives. While North
America transitioned from steam during the 1950s, and continental Europe by the 1970s, in other parts of the world, the transition happened later. Steam was a familiar technology that used widely-available fuels and in low-wage economies did not suffer as wide a cost disparity. It continued to be used in many countries until the end of the 20th century. By the end of the 20th century, almost the only steam power remaining in regular use around the world was on
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including compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and air pre-heater. In 1952, Renault delivered a prototype four-axle 1150 hp gas-turbine-mechanical locomotive fitted with the
Pescara "free turbine" gas- and compressed-air producing system, rather than a co-axial multi-stage compressor integral to the turbine. This model was succeeded by a pair of six-axle 2400 hp locomotives with two turbines and Pescara feeds in 1959. Several similar locomotives were built in USSR by
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was the price of uranium. With the Borst atomic locomotive, the center section would have a 200-ton reactor chamber and steel walls 5 feet thick to prevent releases of radioactivity in case of accidents. He estimated a cost to manufacture atomic locomotives with 7000 h.p. engines at approximately $ 1,200,000 each. Consequently, trains with onboard nuclear generators were generally deemed unfeasible due to prohibitive costs.
1972:
3 kV 15 Hz. The voltage was significantly higher than used earlier and it required new designs for electric motors and switching devices. The three-phase two-wire system was used on several railways in
Northern Italy and became known as "the Italian system". KandĂł was invited in 1905 to undertake the management of SocietĂ Italiana Westinghouse and led the development of several Italian electric locomotives.
4133:
2499:
2370:(EMUs) or diesel multiple units (DMUs) – passenger cars that also have traction motors and power equipment. Using dedicated locomotive-like power cars allows for a high ride quality and less electrical equipment; but EMUs have less axle weight, which reduces maintenance costs, and EMUs also have higher acceleration and higher seating capacity. Also some trains, including
1027:, that produced an operating system based upon a design prototype for a manganese mine in Giessen. Then in the early 1900's, they were sold for multiple mining and Tunnelling operations. Post the 1900's, no wide spread use was necessary or required. Their inadequacy had increased with the existence of petrol and diesel locomotives.
2362:, which do not have places for passengers and technically are special single-ended locomotives. The difference from conventional locomotives is that these power cars are integral part of a train and are not adapted for operation with any other types of passenger coaches. On the other hand, many high-speed trains such as the
1070:. This locomotive was built using a 12 hp double-acting marine type engine, running at 300 rpm, mounted on a 4-wheel wagon chassis. It was only able to haul one loaded wagon at a time, due to its low power output, and was not a great success. The first successful kerosene locomotive was "Lachesis" built by
2100:
tons. In 1928, Kennecott Copper ordered four 700-series electric locomotives with on-board batteries. These locomotives weighed 85 tons and operated on 750-volt overhead trolley wire with considerable further range whilst running on batteries. The locomotives provided several decades of service using
1971:
Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a main line rather than just a short stretch. The 106 km
Valtellina line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by KandĂł and a team from the Ganz works. The electrical system was three-phase at
1936:
developed a new type 3-phase asynchronous electric drive motors and generators for electric locomotives. KandĂł's early 1894 designs were first applied in a short three-phase AC tramway in Evian-les-Bains (France), which was constructed between 1896 and 1898. In 1918, KandĂł invented and developed the
681:
operation has become common, where the train may have a locomotive (or locomotives) at the front, at the rear, or at each end. Most recently railroads have begun adopting DPU or distributed power. The front may have one or two locomotives followed by a mid-train locomotive that is controlled remotely
2769:
A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard
Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local
1798:
in 1879. The locomotive was driven by a 2.2 kW, series-wound motor, and the train, consisting of the locomotive and three cars, reached a speed of 13 km/h. During four months, the train carried 90,000 passengers on a 300-metre-long (984 feet) circular track. The electricity (150 V DC) was
1567:
to deliver the power output of gas turbines to the wheels. A gas turbine locomotive was patented in 1861 by Marc
Antoine Francois Mennons (British patent no. 1633). There is no evidence that the locomotive was actually built but the design includes the essential features of gas turbine locomotives,
917:
figures showed that the cost of crewing and fuelling a steam locomotive was about two and a half times larger than the cost of supporting an equivalent diesel locomotive, and the daily mileage they could run was lower. Between about 1950 and 1970, the majority of steam locomotives were retired from
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and high sustained power. This allows them to start and move long, heavy trains, but usually comes at the cost of relatively low maximum speeds. Passenger locomotives usually develop lower starting tractive effort but are able to operate at the high speeds required to maintain passenger schedules.
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was given funding by various US railroad line and manufacturers to study the feasibility of an electric-drive locomotive, in which an onboard atomic reactor produced the steam to generate the electricity. At that time, atomic power was not fully understood; Borst believed the major stumbling block
1726:
Electric locomotives almost universally use axle-hung traction motors, with one motor for each powered axle. In this arrangement, one side of the motor housing is supported by plain bearings riding on a ground and polished journal that is integral to the axle. The other side of the housing has a
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ran a large fleet of turbine-powered freight locomotives starting in the 1950s. These were widely used on long-haul routes, and were cost-effective despite their poor fuel economy due to their use of "leftover" fuels from the petroleum industry. At their height the railroad estimated that they
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started to enter service in switching operations, being remotely controlled by an operator outside of the locomotive cab. The main benefit is one operator can control the loading of grain, coal, gravel, etc. into the cars. In addition, the same operator can move the train as needed. Thus, the
1739:
on the axle. Both gears are enclosed in a liquid-tight housing containing lubricating oil. The type of service in which the locomotive is used dictates the gear ratio employed. Numerically high ratios are commonly found on freight units, whereas numerically low ratios are typical of passenger
2277:
Most steam locomotives have reciprocating engines, with pistons coupled to the driving wheels by means of connecting rods, with no intervening gearbox. This means the combination of starting tractive effort and maximum speed is greatly influenced by the diameter of the driving wheels. Steam
2015:
Such locomotives are used where a conventional diesel or electric locomotive would be unsuitable. An example is maintenance trains on electrified lines when the electricity supply is turned off. Another use is in industrial facilities where a combustion-powered locomotive (i.e.,
1342:
founded Diesel-Sulzer-Klose GmbH to manufacture diesel-powered locomotives. The
Prussian State Railways ordered a diesel locomotive from the company in 1909. The world's first diesel-powered locomotive (a diesel-mechanical locomotive) was operated in the summer of 1912 on the
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is much higher. A turbine of a given power output is also physically smaller than an equally powerful piston engine, allowing a locomotive to be very powerful without being inordinately large. However, a turbine's power output and efficiency both drop dramatically with
2274:
Mixed-traffic locomotives (US English: general purpose or road switcher locomotives) meant for both passenger and freight trains do not develop as much starting tractive effort as a freight locomotive but are able to haul heavier trains than a passenger locomotive.
1864:
DC was used on earlier systems. These systems were gradually replaced by AC. Today, almost all main-line railways use AC systems. DC systems are confined mostly to urban transit such as metro systems, light rail and trams, where power requirement is less.
1968:; installation on the Seebach-Wettingen line of the Swiss Federal Railways was completed in 1904. The 15 kV, 50 Hz 345 kW (460 hp), 48 tonne locomotives used transformers and rotary converters to power DC traction motors.
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by a transmission. Typically they keep the engine running at a near-constant speed whether the locomotive is stationary or moving. Internal combustion locomotives are categorised by their fuel type and sub-categorised by their transmission type.
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supplied through a third insulated rail between the tracks. A contact roller was used to collect the electricity. The world's first electric tram line opened in
Lichterfelde near Berlin, Germany, in 1881. It was built by Werner von Siemens (see
1643:, unlike a piston engine, which has a comparatively flat power curve. This makes GTEL systems useful primarily for long-distance high-speed runs. Additional problems with gas turbine-electric locomotives included that they were very noisy.
2036:
could develop in the supply or return circuits, especially at rail joints, and allow dangerous current leakage into the ground. Battery locomotives in over-the-road service can recharge while absorbing dynamic-braking energy.
1941:, enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high voltage national networks.
1727:
tongue-shaped protuberance that engages a matching slot in the truck (bogie) bolster, its purpose being to act as a torque reaction device, as well as a support. Power transfer from motor to axle is effected by
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in
England though no record of it working there has survived. On 21 February 1804, the first recorded steam-hauled railway journey took place as another of Trevithick's locomotives hauled a train from the
1685:. Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the running rails as the return conductor but some systems use a separate fourth rail for this purpose. The type of electrical power used is either
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or stationary engines that drove cable systems. Few such systems are still in existence today. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel (wood, coal, petroleum or natural gas), or they may take
834:, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations including the use of high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency.
1948:. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at constant speed and provide
1403:
electrical control system (subsequent improvements were also patented by Lemp). Lemp's design used a single lever to control both engine and generator in a coordinated fashion, and was the
1295:. In the early days of diesel propulsion development, various transmission systems were employed with varying degrees of success, with electric transmission proving to be the most popular.
774:
to generate the steam used by the engine. The water in the boiler is heated by burning combustible material – usually coal, wood, or oil – to produce steam. The steam moves reciprocating
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as the fuel. They were the world's first internal combustion locomotives, preceding diesel and other oil locomotives by some years. The first known kerosene rail vehicle was a
3315:
1259:. This allows for smoother acceleration. It avoids the need for gear changes. However, it is more expensive, heavier, and sometimes bulkier than mechanical transmissions.
1388:
that drive the locomotive. There is no mechanical connection between the diesel engine and the wheels. The vast majority of diesel locomotives today are diesel-electric.
2024:) could cause a safety issue due to the risks of fire, explosion or fumes in a confined space. Battery locomotives are preferred for mines where gas could be ignited by
1857:(B&O) in 1895 connecting the main portion of the B&O to the new line to New York through a series of tunnels around the edges of Baltimore's downtown. Three
3765:
2427:– a locomotive operating without a train behind it, for relocation or operational reasons. Occasionally, a light engine is referred to as a train in and of itself.
913:. Steam locomotives are less efficient than modern diesel and electric locomotives, and a significantly larger workforce is required to operate and service them.
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at another end of a train, which often have a cabin with the same design as a cabin of locomotive; examples of such trains with conventional locomotives are
1347:
in
Switzerland, but was not a commercial success. Small numbers of prototype diesel locomotives were produced in a number of countries through the mid-1920s.
2071:. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on the
951:
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2109:, and the locomotives were retired shortly afterward. All four locomotives were donated to museums, but one was scrapped. The others can be seen at the
1960:, Switzerland. The first implementation of industrial frequency single-phase AC supply for locomotives came from Oerlikon in 1901, using the designs of
898:. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent early builder of steam locomotives used on railways in the UK, US and much of Europe. The
4300:
2083:
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units were initially used, at the south end of the electrified section; they coupled onto the locomotive and train and pulled it through the tunnels.
1815:
opened near Vienna in Austria. It was the first in the world in regular service powered from an overhead line. Five years later, in the U.S. electric
3427:
1957:
1952:, and are well suited to steeply graded routes, and the first main-line three-phase locomotives were supplied by Brown (by then in partnership with
1602:. It was completed in 1941, and then underwent testing before entering regular service. The Am 4/6 was the first gas turbine – electric locomotive.
1411:
control. In 1917–18, GE produced three experimental diesel–electric locomotives using Lemp's control design. In 1924, a diesel-electric locomotive (
1035:
2129:
1925:, were simpler to manufacture and maintain. However, they were much larger than the DC motors of the time and could not be mounted in underfloor
1236:
are petrol locomotives which use electric transmission to deliver the power output of the engine to the driving wheels. This avoids the need for
4156:
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Electric locomotives usually cost 20% less than diesel locomotives, their maintenance costs are 25–35% lower, and cost up to 50% less to run.
1023:
as fuel. Between the late 1890's and 1900's, a number of commercial manufacturers for Benzene Locomotives had been operating. This began with
3023:
744:
Prior to locomotives, the motive force for railways had been generated by various lower-technology methods such as human power, horse power,
3877:
1747:, transmitted to the railway network and distributed to the trains. Some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and
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An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered only by electricity. Electricity is supplied to moving trains with a (nearly) continuous
1560:. ICE engines require a transmission to power the wheels. The engine must be allowed to continue to run when the locomotive is stopped.
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There are many different types of hybrid or dual-mode locomotives using two or more types of motive power. The most common hybrids are
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in Germany. It had 5 driving axles (1'E1'). After several test rides, it hauled trains for almost three decades from 1925 to 1954.
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adapts the power output to the rails for freight or passenger service. Passenger locomotives may include other features, such as
1838:, prompted by a clause in its enabling act prohibiting use of steam power. It opened in 1890, using electric locomotives built by
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from an outside source of electricity. It is common to classify locomotives by their source of energy. The common ones include:
3053:
1723:, which is a shoe in contact with the third rail. Of the three, the pantograph method is best suited for high-speed operation.
621:
4002:
From Steam To Diesel: Managerial Customs and Organizational Capabilities in the Twentieth-Century American Locomotive Industry
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Diesel–electric locomotives are diesel locomotives using electric transmission. The diesel engine drives either an electrical
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Heilmann evaluated both AC and DC electric transmission for his locomotives, but eventually settled on a design based on
111:
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2692:"Most Important and highly Valuable Sea-Sale Colliery, Near Newcastle-on-Tyne, to be sold by auction, by Mr. Burrell".
2304:, and feature extensive additional braking mechanisms and sometimes rack and pinion. Steam locomotives built for steep
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860:; this is generally regarded as the first commercially successful locomotive. Another well-known early locomotive was
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1451:, in combination with gears, with a mechanical final drive to convey the power from the diesel engine to the wheels.
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locomotives intended for freight service generally have smaller diameter driving wheels than passenger locomotives.
2235:. These are used to provide continuous journeys along routes that are only partly electrified. Examples include the
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in the north-east of England, which was the first public steam railway in the world. In 1829, his son Robert built
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1110:. It was an 80 hp locomotive using a 3-cylinder vertical petrol engine, with a two speed mechanical gearbox.
90:
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4200:
2421:– a locomotive temporarily assisting a train from the rear, due to a difficult start or a sharp incline gradient;
1770:
1412:
1384:(generally 3,000 horsepower (2,200 kW) net or more for traction), the output of which provides power to the
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have also been applied to rail use, for example 350 to 750 hp (260 to 560 kW) shunting locomotives by
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powered about 10% of Union Pacific's freight trains, a much wider use than any other example of this class.
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1842:. Electricity quickly became the power supply of choice for subways, abetted by the Sprague's invention of
1241:
1086:
2086:, where in 1917 the underground haulage ways were widened to enable working by two battery locomotives of
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to transfer power to the wheels. This type of transmission is generally limited to low-powered, low speed
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2067:, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple
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1719:, which is a hinged frame that holds the collecting shoes against the wire in a fixed geometry; or a
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782:". Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself, in
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This article is about the rail transport vehicle. For the type of heavy-haulage traction engine, see
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in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use.
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in 1896. The company built four kerosene locomotives between 1896 and 1903, for use at the Arsenal.
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The wheel arrangement of a locomotive describes how many wheels it has; common methods include the
2009:
2004:
A battery-electric locomotive (or battery locomotive) is an electric locomotive powered by onboard
1890:
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874:. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on static display in the Science Museum, London.
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3394:"Electrification of U.S. Railways: Pie in the Sky, or Realistic Goal? | Article | EESI"
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original number Юэ 001/Yu-e 001) started operations. It had been designed by a team led by
1380:(generally, less than 3,000 horsepower (2,200 kW) net for traction), or an electrical
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3115:
Lemp, Hermann. US Patent No. 1,154,785, filed 8 April 1914, and issued 28 September 1915.
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am Main West, a distance of 280 km. Using experience he had gained while working for
650:. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a
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ordered Am 4/6, a GTEL with a 1,620 kW (2,170 hp) of maximum engine power from
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World's first useful diesel locomotive (a diesel-electric locomotive) for long distances
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opened in 1883 in Brighton, and is the oldest surviving electric railway. Also in 1883,
1172:) to deliver the power output of the engine to the driving wheels, in the same way as a
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2878:"Diesel Locomotives. The Construction of and Performance Obtained from the Oil Engine"
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Locomotive cutaways and historical locomotives of several countries ordered by dates
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2905:"New Motors on Railroads: Electric and Gasoline Cars Replacing the Steam Locomotive"
1512:(Belgium). Hydrostatic drives are also used in railway maintenance machines such as
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The steam locomotive remained by far the most common type of locomotive until after
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Railway Maintenance Equipment: The Men and Machines That Keep the Railroads Running
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twin-engined German designs to haul high-speed trains from the 1960s to 1990s (see
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Locomotives are also used on some high-speed trains. Some of them are operated in
1893:, ZĂĽrich. In 1891, Brown had demonstrated long-distance power transmission, using
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The first use of electrification on a main line was on a four-mile stretch of the
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3904:"A Rogue's Gallery: The TTC's Subway Work Car Fleet – Transit Toronto – Content"
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network never use locomotives. Instead of locomotive-like power-cars, they use
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In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commercial example of the system on the
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The main worldwide user of main-line hydraulic transmission locomotives was
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in 1887, but this was not technically a locomotive as it carried a payload.
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In diesel-electric and electric locomotives the control system between the
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1098:) as their fuel. The first commercially successful petrol locomotive was a
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is the technical name for a locomotive attached to the front of a railway
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4242:
4144:
2831:
2538:
2528:
2382:, use both non-passenger power cars and additional passenger motor cars.
2320:
2180:
1873:
1756:
1631:
1579:
1557:
1517:
1335:
1169:
783:
726:, which was first used in 1814 to distinguish between self-propelled and
285:
1755:. The railway usually provides its own distribution lines, switches and
1715:, which is a frame that holds a long collecting rod against the wire; a
1266:. It weighed 60 tons, generated 350 hp and drove through a pair of
1196:
1122:
4508:
4473:
4443:
4384:
4320:
4252:
4230:
3577:
Organ fĂĽr die fortschritte des eisenbahnwesens in technischer beziehung
2709:
Life of Richard Trevithick: With an Account of His Inventions, Volume 1
2603:
2405:
operation, the train engine might be attached to the rear of the train;
2363:
1877:
A prototype of a Ganz AC electric locomotive in Valtellina, Italy, 1901
1678:
1587:
1381:
819:
814:
787:
460:
455:
300:
3766:"EMD Joule Battery Electric Locomotive arrives in Southern California"
1264:
Minneapolis, St. Paul, Rochester and Dubuque Electric Traction Company
666:; the use of these self-propelled vehicles is increasingly common for
4657:
4267:
4262:
4247:
4234:
4075:. World Railways Series, Vol 1. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing.
2359:
2255:
2188:
1906:
1743:
Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient
1404:
1262:
A notable early petrol-electric locomotive was built in 1913 for the
827:
663:
256:
160:
4185:
1355:
145:
46:
4662:
4257:
3305:, July 1949, cutaway drawing of development by GE for Union Pacific
2752:
2523:
2375:
2269:
Freight locomotives are normally designed to deliver high starting
2176:
2045:
1778:
1534:
1330:. The earliest diesel locomotives were diesel-mechanical. In 1906,
1095:
1048:
1044:
1024:
851:
805:
The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by
778:
which are connected to the locomotive's main wheels, known as the "
766:
A steam locomotive is a locomotive whose primary power source is a
581:
156:
1673:
running along the track that usually takes one of three forms: an
677:
Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains from the front. However,
4617:
4513:
3368:"Wood-Gas Vehicles | PDF | Gasification | Engines"
2371:
2324:
2259:
2236:
2170:
2040:
The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist
1327:
1020:
1019:
Benzene locomotives have an internal combustion engines that use
969:
961:
659:
2411:– a locomotive attached in front of the train engine, to enable
2293:(also referred to as hotel power or electric train supply) or a
2231:
powered either from an electricity supply or else by an onboard
1728:
1474:: initially licence-built versions of German designs. In Spain,
4272:
4132:
2487:
locomotive is loaded or unloaded in about a third of the time.
2221:
2199:
finally is another example of a fuel cell-electric locomotive.
2192:
2184:
1795:
1732:
1252:
1107:
775:
477:
164:
2401:
to haul that train. Alternatively, where facilities exist for
894:
in Newcastle upon Tyne. Rocket was entered into, and won, the
4414:
3518:
Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture
2398:
2351:
2347:
2339:
1926:
1790:
systems. The first electric passenger train was presented by
1475:
1271:
1267:
647:
376:
339:
2312:, so that the boiler remains roughly level on steep grades.
2052:(batteries). Davidson later built a larger locomotive named
3832:. Vol. 2. London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 156.
2815:
2390:
Locomotives occasionally work in a specific role, such as:
2286:
2179:(fuel cell) -powered mining locomotive was demonstrated in
2121:
previously operated a battery electric locomotive built by
1816:
1470:
introduced a number of diesel hydraulic designs during its
1364:
770:. The most common form of steam locomotive also contains a
443:
4179:
monthly, February 1919, page 72, Scanned by Google Books:
2498:
2000:
A narrow gauge battery-electric locomotive used for mining
1913:
on steam-electric locomotive designs, Brown observed that
1443:
Diesel–hydraulic locomotives are diesel locomotives using
1094:
Petrol locomotives (US: gasoline locomotives) use petrol (
2335:
1181:
1173:
3665:
1929:: they could only be carried within locomotive bodies.
1774:
Werner von Siemens experimental DC electric train, 1879
1651:
Some locomotives, usually in France and Italy ran on a
1399:
electrical engineer, developed and patented a reliable
1255:, and then powering the wheels by multi-speed electric
1176:. The second petrol-mechanical locomotive was built by
3862:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p.
3591:
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift: Beihefte, Volumes 11–23
3483:
3097:
2818:
Developments and Changes in Science Based Technologies
2105:(Edison) technology. The batteries were replaced with
1630:. There are few moving parts, decreasing the need for
1184:
in January 1903 for the Richmond Main Sewerage Board.
722:'causing motion', and is a shortened form of the term
2723:"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive | Rhagor"
1541:, a gas turbine-electric locomotive preserved at the
3828:
Gordon, William (1910). "The Underground Electric".
3804:
Biographical dictionary of the history of technology
3801:
Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1966). "Davidson, Robert".
3653:
3611:
3495:
3068:
2996:
The British Internal Combustion Locomotive 1894–1940
2494:
1634:
and potentially reducing maintenance costs, and the
1439:
diesel-hydraulic locomotive at Technikmuseum, Berlin
3632:
2300:Some locomotives are designed specifically to work
1703:
was equipped with both pantograph and contact shoes
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3515:
2706:
2308:frequently have the boiler tilted relative to the
2060:Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two
3549:
1606:was built by Brown Boveri and delivered in 1949.
4680:
3743:. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema. p. 435.
3682:
3680:
3628:
3626:
4072:International Passenger Locomotives: Since 1985
3513:
1614:and delivered in 1951. A third locomotive, the
1058:A kerosene locomotive was built in 1894 by the
2848:
2805:(reprint ed.). Lewes, UK: The Book Guild.
1153:The most common type of petrol locomotive are
4201:
4173:Turning a Locomotive into a Stationary Engine
4048:Ellis, Cuthbert Hamilton (12 December 1988).
3677:
3623:
3552:Hungarian Contributions to World Civilization
3026:. Time.com. 28 September 1925. Archived from
2775:
2471:
1338:and the steam and diesel engine manufacturer
1307:An early Diesel-mechanical locomotive at the
615:
3574:
3452:
2482:In the second half of the twentieth century
2250:There are three main uses of locomotives in
1626:A gas turbine offers some advantages over a
1447:. In this arrangement, they use one or more
2993:
2927:
2334:Also many high-speed trains, including all
1590:which produced electric current powers the
1106:in 1902, for the Deptford Cattle Market in
717:
708:
698:
4208:
4194:
3836:
2902:
2842:
2187:. In 2007 the educational mini-hydrail in
1782:Baltimore & Ohio electric engine, 1895
622:
608:
4101:
3954:Hata, Hiroshi (1998). Wako, Kanji (ed.).
3800:
3457:. Harrow: Capital Transport. p. 36.
3138:
2794:
2175:In 2002, the first 3.6 tonne, 17 kW
1563:Gas turbine-mechanical locomotives use a
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
3999:
3103:
3086:
2816:P. Mathur; K. Mathur; S. Mathur (2014).
2212:
1995:
1979:
1921:motors and, because of the absence of a
1917:had a higher power-to-weight ratio than
1872:
1777:
1769:
1695:
1533:
1430:
1372:Diesel locomotive § Diesel–electric
1354:
1302:
1085:
1034:
185:
170:
144:
4068:
3949:
3947:
3739:Strakoš, VladimĂr; et al. (1997).
3738:
3209:
2989:
2987:
2909:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
2784:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1002:Internal combustion locomotives use an
794:") or pulled behind the locomotive, in
155:in Australia showing three body types,
14:
4681:
3956:"What Drives Electric Multiple Units?"
3929:"Atomic Locomotive Produces 7000 h.p."
3878:"List of Kennecott Copper locomotives"
3855:
3827:
3763:
3285:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3117:Accessed via Google Patent Search at:
2851:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways
2781:
2156:In the early 1950s, Lyle Borst of the
2128:London Underground regularly operates
1868:
1681:mounted at track level; or an onboard
1646:
1099:
991:
4215:
4189:
4047:
4022:
3967:East Japan Railway Culture Foundation
3741:Mine Planning and Equipment Selection
3671:
3659:
3617:
3501:
3489:
3074:
2800:
2202:
2164:
3976:from the original on 10 October 2022
3963:Japan Railway & Transport Review
3953:
3944:
3132:
2984:
2972:from the original on 1 December 2020
2903:Meiklejohn, Bernard (January 1906).
2830:
2820:. Partridge Publishing. p. 139.
2803:Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive
2445:
1885:electric locomotive was designed by
1707:Various collection methods exist: a
1594:which drive the wheels. In 1939 the
1314:A diesel–mechanical locomotive uses
1298:
1191:
1117:
1113:
809:in 1802. It was constructed for the
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
3050:"Direct drive gasoline locomotives"
2963:
2945:from the original on 3 October 2020
2884:from the original on 3 October 2020
2725:. Museumwales.ac.uk. Archived from
2385:
1975:
1426:
1090:The 1902 Maudslay Petrol Locomotive
798:, (this arrangement is known as a "
790:, (this arrangement is known as a "
24:
4089:from the original on 15 April 2023
4051:Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways
3910:from the original on 27 April 2021
3782:from the original on 28 April 2023
3554:. Alpha Publications. p. 67.
3522:. Simon Publications LLC. p.
3424:"Richmond Union Passenger Railway"
3348:from the original on 14 March 2023
3241:from the original on 12 April 2022
3214:, Voyager Press, pp. 78, 96,
3162:from the original on 30 April 2021
2151:
2032:at the collection shoes, or where
1992:used for hauling engineers' trains
1350:
1187:
900:Liverpool & Manchester Railway
733:
25:
4705:
4126:
4104:The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide
4054:. Random House Value Publishing.
3694:from the original on 3 March 2016
3605:L'Eclairage Ă©lectrique, Volume 48
3480:, Sagle, Lawrence, Alvin Stauffer
3374:from the original on 28 July 2023
3090:Electricity in the Service of Man
3056:from the original on 9 March 2021
1765:
886:Stockton & Darlington Railway
4131:
3593:. VDE Verlag. 1904. p. 163.
3404:from the original on 27 May 2021
3152:"The first russian diesel locos"
2759:from the original on 3 June 2020
2749:"Steam train anniversary begins"
2673:from the original on 2 July 2017
2497:
2342:(250 / 350 / Avril / XXI), some
2111:Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad
1821:Richmond Union Passenger Railway
1751:but most purchase power from an
1576:Gas turbine-electric locomotives
1320:shunting (switching) locomotives
1195:
1121:
976:
960:steam locomotive in the town of
950:
930:
591:
216:
45:
4489:Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt II bogie
4168:International Steam Locomotives
3992:
3922:
3896:
3870:
3849:
3821:
3794:
3764:Lustig, David (21 April 2023).
3757:
3732:
3706:
3597:
3583:
3568:
3543:
3507:
3471:
3446:
3416:
3386:
3360:
3334:
3308:
3293:
3253:
3235:"Espacenet – Original document"
3227:
3203:
3174:
3144:
3109:
3087:Walmsley, R. Mullineux (1921).
3080:
3042:
3016:
2957:
2896:
2870:
2861:
2627:
2220:at the Innotrans convention in
1988:battery-electric locomotive at
1836:City & South London Railway
1168:(sometimes in conjunction with
830:in South Wales. Accompanied by
56:needs additional citations for
3856:Martin, George Curtis (1919).
2824:
2809:
2741:
2715:
2700:
2696:. 12 February 1814. p. 2.
2685:
2651:
2135:
2132:for general maintenance work.
2117:in Rio Vista, California. The
2058:Royal Scottish Society of Arts
1830:The first electrically worked
1823:, using equipment designed by
1819:were pioneered in 1888 on the
1523:
998:Internal combustion locomotive
27:Self-propelled railway vehicle
13:
1:
4145:An engineer's guide from 1891
3453:Badsey-Ellis, Antony (2005).
2939:mikes.railhistory.railfan.net
2644:
2589:Regenerative (dynamic) brakes
2125:in 1968 and retired in 2009.
2073:Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
1735:on the motor shaft engages a
1458:, with designs including the
1345:Winterthur–Romanshorn railway
1309:North Alabama Railroad Museum
1155:petrol-mechanical locomotives
407:Passenger traffic terminology
4102:Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973).
4000:Churella, Albert J. (1998).
2130:battery-electric locomotives
1956:) in 1899 on the 40 km
1932:In 1894, Hungarian engineer
1813:Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram
1229:Petrol–electric transmission
1100:petrol-mechanical locomotive
983:Trevithick's 1802 locomotive
870:for the Wylam Colliery near
866:, built 1813–14 by engineer
685:
7:
4026:Electric Railways 1880–1990
3859:Mineral resources of Alaska
2707:Francis Trevithick (1872).
2667:Online Etymology Dictionary
2569:List of locomotive builders
2490:
2140:
2078:Another example was at the
1844:multiple-unit train control
1701:Southern Railway (UK) 20002
1658:
1618:, was constructed in 1961.
1556:locomotive consisting of a
1234:Petrol-electric locomotives
1030:
36:Locomotive (disambiguation)
10:
4710:
4023:Duffy, Michael C. (2003).
4006:Princeton University Press
3635:"Kálmán Kandó (1869–1931)"
3550:Francis S. Wagner (1977).
3455:London's Lost Tube Schemes
2614:World's largest locomotive
2484:remote control locomotives
2475:
2472:Remote control locomotives
2449:
2229:electro-diesel locomotives
2206:
2168:
2144:
2119:Toronto Transit Commission
1801:Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway
1786:The earliest systems were
1662:
1554:internal combustion engine
1527:
1409:diesel–electric locomotive
1369:
1281:
1226:
1072:Richard Hornsby & Sons
1014:
1004:internal combustion engine
995:
759:
737:
642:vehicle that provides the
177:Victorian Railways R class
29:
4646:
4602:
4497:
4424:AAR type A switcher truck
4413:
4319:
4286:
4224:
3637:. mszh.hu. Archived from
3633:Hungarian Patent Office.
3052:. Yardlimit.railfan.net.
2836:Encyclopedia of Railroads
2559:Headstock (rolling stock)
2478:Remote control locomotive
2252:rail transport operations
1506:Hydrostatic drive systems
1421:Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
1277:
1081:
1043:Kerosene locomotives use
1039:The 1887 Daimler draisine
520:List of high-speed trains
4106:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin:
3514:Andrew L. Simon (1998).
3316:"Rails and Gas Turbines"
3300:"Gas Turbine Locomotive"
3124:22 December 2012 at the
2770:iron master's tram rails
2620:
2306:rack and pinion railways
2266:(UK English: shunting).
2048:, and it was powered by
2010:battery electric vehicle
1570:Kharkov Locomotive Works
1076:Woolwich Arsenal Railway
755:
728:stationary steam engines
18:Mixed-traffic locomotive
4694:19th-century inventions
3934:6 November 2023 at the
3210:Solomon, Brian (2001),
2855:Hamlyn Publishing Group
2849:Hamilton Ellis (1968).
2801:Young, Robert (2000) .
2788:Oxford University Press
2782:Payton, Philip (2004).
2599:Rail vehicle resistance
2433:– a locomotive used to
2368:electric multiple units
2195:went into service. The
1809:Volk's Electric Railway
1565:mechanical transmission
1543:Illinois Railway Museum
1472:1955 Modernisation Plan
1419:and built 1923–1924 by
1382:AC alternator-rectifier
1316:mechanical transmission
422:Railway nationalization
4464:Krauss-Helmholtz bogie
4069:Flowers, Andy (2020).
3538:Evian-les-Bains kando.
3182:"Shunting locomotives"
3024:"Gasoline locomotives"
2549:Electric multiple unit
2519:Articulated locomotive
2437:passenger trains at a
2245:
2224:
2115:Western Railway Museum
2001:
1993:
1939:rotary phase converter
1878:
1783:
1775:
1704:
1596:Swiss Federal Railways
1550:gas turbine locomotive
1545:
1530:Gas turbine locomotive
1445:hydraulic transmission
1440:
1367:
1311:
1104:Maudslay Motor Company
1091:
1040:
718:
709:
699:
530:Longest train services
412:Named passenger trains
198:
183:
168:
34:. For other uses, see
4479:Radial steering truck
4296:AAR wheel arrangement
4140:at Wikimedia Commons
3807:. London: Routledge.
3575:C.W. Kreidel (1904).
3093:. pp. 1628–1631.
2458:AAR wheel arrangement
2216:
2080:Kennecott Copper Mine
2034:electrical resistance
1999:
1983:
1876:
1781:
1773:
1699:
1636:power-to-weight ratio
1537:
1480:power-to-weight ratio
1434:
1358:
1306:
1089:
1038:
943:Severn Valley Railway
682:from the lead unit.
545:Platform screen doors
189:
174:
148:
4306:Swiss classification
4161:Pickzone Locomotive
3941:, April 1954, p. 86.
3607:. 1906. p. 554.
3192:on 30 September 2016
3119:US Patent #1,154,785
2994:Webb, Brian (1973).
2966:"Daimler Motorwagen"
2935:"DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES"
2755:. 21 February 2004.
2302:steep grade railways
1962:Hans Behn-Eschenburg
1950:regenerative braking
1899:hydro-electric plant
1881:The first practical
1855:Baltimore & Ohio
1612:Metropolitan-Vickers
1584:electrical generator
966:Central Ostrobothnia
694:originates from the
598:Transport portal
550:Railway speed record
192:China Railways HXD1D
65:improve this article
4150:2 June 2021 at the
4108:Kalmbach Publishing
3846:, De Agostini, 2003
3428:IEEE History Center
3342:"Wood-Gas Vehicles"
3128:on 8 February 2007.
3030:on 18 November 2011
3000:David & Charles
2574:List of locomotives
2344:Korea Train Express
2317:push-pull formation
2241:Bombardier ALP-45DP
2218:Bombardier ALP-45DP
2147:Fireless locomotive
2113:, Iowa, and at the
2107:lead-acid batteries
2103:Nickel–iron battery
2056:, exhibited at the
1889:, then working for
1869:Alternating current
1851:Baltimore Belt Line
1745:generating stations
1691:alternating current
1665:Electric locomotive
1647:Wood Gas Generation
1456:Deutsche Bundesbahn
1326:and self-propelled
1247:of the engine into
1006:, connected to the
992:Internal combustion
872:Newcastle upon Tyne
525:List of train songs
402:High-speed railways
355:Couplers by country
204:Part of a series on
195:electric locomotive
4554:Klien-Lindner axle
4301:UIC classification
4278:Dual Control Stand
3674:, p. 120–121.
3434:on 1 December 2008
3267:on 2 December 2017
3141:, pp. 139–141
2711:. E.&F.N.Spon.
2579:Locomotives in art
2462:UIC classification
2225:
2203:Hybrid locomotives
2165:Fuel cell-electric
2158:University of Utah
2002:
1994:
1986:London Underground
1966:Emil Huber-Stockar
1958:Burgdorf—Thun line
1915:three-phase motors
1879:
1840:Mather & Platt
1805:Berlin StraĂźenbahn
1792:Werner von Siemens
1784:
1776:
1749:transmission lines
1705:
1653:Wood gas generator
1608:British Rail 18100
1604:British Rail 18000
1546:
1441:
1368:
1312:
1289:Diesel locomotives
1240:by converting the
1207:. You can help by
1133:. You can help by
1092:
1064:Kingston upon Hull
1060:Priestman Brothers
1041:
807:Richard Trevithick
740:Class (locomotive)
360:Coupler conversion
199:
184:
169:
153:diesel locomotives
4676:
4675:
4579:Road–rail vehicle
4564:Luttermöller axle
4434:Articulated bogie
4288:Wheel arrangement
4136:Media related to
4117:978-0-89024-026-7
4061:978-0-517-01305-2
4040:978-0-85296-805-5
4015:978-0-691-02776-0
3939:Popular Mechanics
3842:Renzo Pocaterra,
3830:Our Home Railways
3814:978-0-415-06042-4
3641:on 8 October 2010
3561:978-0-912404-04-2
3533:978-0-9665734-2-8
3492:, pp. 39–41.
3303:Popular Mechanics
2964:Winkler, Thomas.
2857:. pp. 24–30.
2554:Headboard (train)
2544:Duplex locomotive
2452:Wheel arrangement
2446:Wheel arrangement
2386:Operational role
2065:reluctance motors
1903:Lauffen am Neckar
1484:Renfe Classes 340
1449:torque converters
1299:Diesel-mechanical
1284:Diesel locomotive
1249:electrical energy
1225:
1224:
1151:
1150:
1114:Petrol-mechanical
1074:and delivered to
920:heritage railways
876:George Stephenson
858:Middleton Railway
850:first ran on the
841:'s twin-cylinder
800:tender locomotive
724:locomotive engine
713:'place', and the
632:
631:
350:Railway couplings
333:Steam locomotives
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
4701:
4449:Cleminson system
4210:
4203:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4135:
4121:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4065:
4044:
4019:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3965:. Tokyo, Japan:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3880:. Archived from
3874:
3868:
3867:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3716:. Archived from
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3684:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3630:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3521:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3430:. Archived from
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3322:on 22 April 2016
3318:. Archived from
3312:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3263:. Archived from
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3188:, archived from
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3156:izmerov.narod.ru
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2838:. Galahad Books.
2828:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2729:on 15 April 2011
2719:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2655:
2638:
2631:
2564:KryšpĂn's system
2507:
2502:
2501:
2358:, use dedicated
2310:locomotive frame
2262:trains, and for
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2084:Latouche, Alaska
1990:West Ham station
1976:Battery-electric
1825:Frank J. Sprague
1753:electric utility
1641:rotational speed
1616:British Rail GT3
1539:Union Pacific 18
1427:Diesel-hydraulic
1397:General Electric
1245:mechanical force
1220:
1217:
1199:
1192:
1146:
1143:
1125:
1118:
1053:Gottlieb Daimler
980:
954:
934:
881:Locomotion No. 1
762:Steam locomotive
721:
712:
703:'from a place',
702:
668:passenger trains
624:
617:
610:
596:
595:
296:Gauge conversion
220:
201:
200:
180:steam locomotive
150:Pacific National
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4642:
4598:
4539:Equalising beam
4493:
4409:
4315:
4282:
4229:
4220:
4214:
4181:Popular Science
4177:Popular Science
4152:Wayback Machine
4129:
4124:
4118:
4092:
4090:
4083:
4062:
4041:
4016:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3936:Wayback Machine
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3884:on 6 March 2012
3876:
3875:
3871:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3720:on 12 July 2012
3712:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3512:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3298:
3294:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3261:"Archived copy"
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3126:Wayback Machine
3114:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3010:
2992:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2847:
2843:
2829:
2825:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2795:
2780:
2776:
2762:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2594:Traction engine
2534:Builder's plate
2503:
2496:
2493:
2480:
2474:
2454:
2448:
2439:railway station
2388:
2295:steam generator
2283:traction motors
2271:tractive effort
2248:
2211:
2205:
2197:Railpower GG20B
2173:
2167:
2154:
2152:Atomic-electric
2149:
2143:
2138:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2042:Robert Davidson
2026:trolley-powered
1978:
1871:
1768:
1667:
1661:
1649:
1532:
1526:
1464:DB V 160 family
1429:
1386:traction motors
1374:
1353:
1351:Diesel-electric
1340:GebrĂĽder Sulzer
1301:
1291:are powered by
1286:
1280:
1257:traction motors
1231:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1205:needs expansion
1190:
1188:Petrol-electric
1164:in the form of
1147:
1141:
1138:
1131:needs expansion
1116:
1084:
1033:
1017:
1000:
994:
989:
988:
987:
984:
981:
972:
955:
946:
935:
896:Rainhill Trials
855:rack-and-pinion
843:rack locomotive
792:tank locomotive
764:
758:
742:
736:
734:Classifications
688:
670:, but rare for
628:
590:
487:
436:Special systems
431:
397:Inter-city rail
382:Passenger train
307:
262:Railway station
239:
238:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
32:Road locomotive
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4707:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4649:exhaust system
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4604:Exhaust system
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4584:Trailing wheel
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:Carrying wheel
4521:
4519:Beugniot lever
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4484:Scheffel bogie
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4311:Whyte notation
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4222:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4154:
4128:
4127:External links
4125:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4099:
4081:
4066:
4060:
4045:
4039:
4020:
4014:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3943:
3921:
3895:
3869:
3848:
3835:
3820:
3813:
3793:
3776:Kalmbach Media
3756:
3749:
3731:
3714:"Kalman Kando"
3705:
3688:"Kalman Kando"
3676:
3664:
3662:, p. 124.
3652:
3622:
3620:, p. 137.
3610:
3596:
3582:
3579:. p. 315.
3567:
3560:
3542:
3532:
3506:
3504:, p. 129.
3494:
3482:
3470:
3463:
3445:
3415:
3385:
3359:
3333:
3307:
3292:
3252:
3226:
3220:
3202:
3173:
3143:
3139:Pinkepank 1973
3131:
3108:
3096:
3079:
3077:, p. 157.
3067:
3041:
3015:
3008:
2983:
2956:
2926:
2895:
2869:
2860:
2841:
2823:
2808:
2793:
2774:
2740:
2714:
2699:
2684:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Railway brakes
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2492:
2489:
2476:Main article:
2473:
2470:
2466:Whyte notation
2450:Main article:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2428:
2422:
2419:Banking engine
2416:
2413:double-heading
2406:
2387:
2384:
2291:head-end power
2254:: for hauling
2247:
2244:
2207:Main article:
2204:
2201:
2169:Main article:
2166:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2145:Main article:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2050:galvanic cells
2022:diesel-powered
1977:
1974:
1946:Lugano Tramway
1895:three-phase AC
1870:
1867:
1767:
1766:Direct current
1764:
1687:direct current
1663:Main article:
1660:
1657:
1648:
1645:
1592:traction motor
1528:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1460:DB Class V 200
1437:DB Class V 200
1428:
1425:
1417:Yury Lomonosov
1401:direct current
1370:Main article:
1352:
1349:
1324:multiple units
1322:, lightweight
1300:
1297:
1293:diesel engines
1282:Main article:
1279:
1276:
1227:Main article:
1223:
1222:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1149:
1148:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1112:
1083:
1080:
1032:
1029:
1016:
1013:
1008:driving wheels
996:Main article:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
975:
973:
956:
949:
947:
936:
929:
926:
925:
924:
868:William Hedley
839:Matthew Murray
824:Merthyr Tydfil
822:ironworks, in
780:driving wheels
760:Main article:
757:
754:
735:
732:
715:Medieval Latin
687:
684:
672:freight trains
640:rail transport
630:
629:
627:
626:
619:
612:
604:
601:
600:
587:
586:
585:
584:
579:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
494:
493:
489:
488:
486:
485:
480:
475:
474:
473:
463:
458:
453:
452:
451:
438:
437:
433:
432:
430:
429:
424:
419:
417:Rail subsidies
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
368:
367:
362:
357:
347:
342:
337:
336:
335:
325:
317:
316:
309:
308:
306:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
291:Variable gauge
283:
282:
281:
271:
270:
269:
259:
254:
246:
245:
244:Infrastructure
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
225:
222:
221:
213:
212:
210:Rail transport
206:
205:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4706:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Leading wheel
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:Gölsdorf axle
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:Driving wheel
4532:
4530:
4529:Coupled wheel
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Grovers bogie
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:Arnoux system
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Bagnall–Price
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4088:
4084:
4082:9781913295929
4078:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4004:. Princeton:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3750:90-5410-915-7
3746:
3742:
3735:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3673:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3478:B&O Power
3474:
3466:
3464:1-85414-293-3
3460:
3456:
3449:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3191:
3187:
3186:cmigroupe.com
3183:
3177:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3112:
3106:, p. 12.
3105:
3104:Churella 1998
3100:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2867:Ellis, p. 355
2864:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2694:Leeds Mercury
2688:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2637:'s DC system.
2636:
2635:Thomas Edison
2630:
2626:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:Trains portal
2500:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:Station pilot
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:Intercity 125
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2329:Intercity 225
2326:
2322:
2319:with trailer
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:diesel engine
2230:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2162:
2159:
2148:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2123:Nippon Sharyo
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:Walter Boveri
1951:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:Jean Heilmann
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:Charles Brown
1884:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:line was the
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:, in which a
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:bow collector
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:overhead line
1672:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:piston engine
1624:
1621:
1620:Union Pacific
1617:
1613:
1610:was built by
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1518:rail grinders
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:Rudolf Diesel
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1274:arrangement.
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1203:This section
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1129:This section
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:built by the
1101:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1009:
1005:
999:
979:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
948:
944:
940:
933:
928:
927:
923:
921:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:
887:
883:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
863:Puffing Billy
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
832:Andrew Vivian
829:
825:
821:
816:
813:ironworks in
812:
811:Coalbrookdale
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
753:
751:
747:
741:
731:
729:
725:
720:
716:
711:
706:
701:
697:
693:
683:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:multiple unit
649:
645:
641:
637:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
605:
603:
602:
599:
594:
589:
588:
583:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
491:
490:
484:
481:
479:
476:
472:
469:
468:
467:
466:Rapid transit
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
441:
440:
439:
435:
434:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Regional rail
390:
388:
387:Commuter rail
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Bogie (truck)
375:
373:
370:
366:
365:Dual coupling
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
348:
346:
345:Railroad cars
343:
341:
338:
334:
331:
330:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
319:
318:
315:
314:rolling stock
311:
310:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:Railway track
272:
268:
265:
264:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
247:
243:
242:
235:
234:Company types
232:
230:
227:
226:
224:
223:
219:
215:
214:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
196:
193:
188:
181:
178:
173:
166:
163:(middle) and
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4574:Railway tire
4500:running gear
4459:Jacobs bogie
4439:Bissel truck
4228:positioning
4216:
4172:
4130:
4103:
4091:. Retrieved
4071:
4050:
4025:
4001:
3993:Bibliography
3978:. Retrieved
3962:
3938:
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3882:the original
3872:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3803:
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3769:
3759:
3740:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3718:the original
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3672:Duffy (2003)
3667:
3660:Duffy (2003)
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3639:the original
3618:Duffy (2003)
3613:
3604:
3599:
3590:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3551:
3545:
3537:
3517:
3509:
3502:Duffy (2003)
3497:
3490:Duffy (2003)
3485:
3477:
3473:
3454:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3432:the original
3418:
3406:. Retrieved
3397:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3362:
3350:. Retrieved
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3320:the original
3310:
3302:
3295:
3269:. Retrieved
3265:the original
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3229:
3211:
3205:
3194:, retrieved
3190:the original
3185:
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3155:
3146:
3134:
3116:
3111:
3099:
3089:
3082:
3070:
3058:. Retrieved
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3028:the original
3018:
2995:
2974:. Retrieved
2959:
2947:. Retrieved
2938:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2912:
2908:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2872:
2863:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2832:Nock, Oswald
2826:
2817:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2761:. Retrieved
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2717:
2708:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2662:
2659:"Locomotive"
2653:
2629:
2609:Vacuum brake
2481:
2455:
2425:Light engine
2409:Pilot engine
2395:Train engine
2394:
2389:
2333:
2321:control cars
2314:
2299:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2249:
2226:
2209:Hybrid train
2174:
2155:
2127:
2077:
2062:direct-drive
2053:
2039:
2014:
2008:; a kind of
2003:
1970:
1943:
1934:Kálmán Kandó
1931:
1897:, between a
1880:
1863:
1848:
1829:
1785:
1761:
1757:transformers
1742:
1729:spur gearing
1725:
1721:contact shoe
1709:trolley pole
1706:
1668:
1650:
1625:
1600:Brown Boveri
1582:to drive an
1574:
1562:
1547:
1504:
1468:British Rail
1453:
1442:
1393:Hermann Lemp
1390:
1378:DC generator
1375:
1313:
1287:
1261:
1233:
1232:
1213:
1209:adding to it
1204:
1170:chain drives
1162:transmission
1157:, which use
1154:
1152:
1139:
1135:adding to it
1130:
1093:
1057:
1042:
1018:
1001:
958:VR Class Tk3
939:SECR Class P
915:British Rail
911:World War II
908:
904:goods trains
889:
879:
861:
845:
836:
804:
768:steam engine
765:
743:
723:
691:
689:
676:
644:motive power
635:
633:
327:
312:Service and
182:in Australia
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
80:"Locomotive"
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
4689:Locomotives
4589:Train wheel
4569:Radial axle
4549:Journal box
4469:Mason Bogie
4405:Walschaerts
4243:Cab forward
4138:Locomotives
3980:16 November
2663:(etymology)
2539:Control car
2529:Bank engine
2136:Other types
2069:commutators
1832:underground
1632:lubrication
1580:gas turbine
1558:gas turbine
1524:Gas turbine
1336:Adolf Klose
1066:for use on
937:Wainwright
852:edge-railed
656:motor coach
560:Terminology
505:Attractions
492:Miscellanea
328:Locomotives
286:Track gauge
279:Maintenance
121:August 2022
4683:Categories
4509:Adams axle
4474:Pony truck
4444:Blomberg B
4400:Stephenson
4385:Kuhn slide
4321:Valve gear
4253:Steeplecab
4231:Short hood
4217:Locomotive
3888:2 December
3724:5 December
3698:26 October
3438:18 January
3271:2 December
3245:2 December
3221:0760309752
3196:2 December
3166:2 December
3075:Duffy 2003
3009:0715361155
2733:3 November
2645:References
2604:Train horn
2364:Shinkansen
2360:power cars
1923:commutator
1717:pantograph
1679:third rail
1588:alternator
1478:used high
1363:, 1924 in
1216:April 2020
1178:F.C. Blake
1159:mechanical
1142:April 2020
1068:Hull docks
891:The Rocket
820:Penydarren
815:Shropshire
738:See also:
692:locomotive
636:locomotive
510:By country
461:Interurban
456:Light rail
301:Dual gauge
252:Management
91:newspapers
4658:Blastpipe
4375:Hackworth
4268:Cowl unit
4263:Hood unit
4248:Sharknose
4235:Long hood
3645:10 August
3060:1 January
3034:1 January
2949:4 October
2915:: 8437–54
2888:4 October
2514:Air brake
2468:systems.
2403:push-pull
2264:switching
2256:passenger
2189:Kaohsiung
2006:batteries
1907:Frankfurt
1846:in 1897.
1740:engines.
1737:bull gear
1671:conductor
1510:CMI Group
1435:A German
1405:prototype
1391:In 1914,
1238:gearboxes
1166:gearboxes
1051:built by
945:, England
847:Salamanca
837:In 1812,
828:Abercynon
690:The word
686:Etymology
679:push-pull
664:power car
535:Modelling
515:Companies
500:Accidents
323:Operating
257:Rail yard
161:hood unit
159:(front),
4663:Smokebox
4651:elements
4628:Lemaître
4594:Wheelset
4502:elements
4395:Southern
4355:Caprotti
4258:Cab unit
4148:Archived
4093:15 April
4087:Archived
3971:Archived
3932:Archived
3914:16 March
3908:Archived
3780:Archived
3692:Archived
3402:Archived
3398:eesi.org
3372:Archived
3346:Archived
3326:12 April
3281:cite web
3239:Archived
3160:Archived
3122:Archived
3054:Archived
2976:12 April
2970:Archived
2943:Archived
2882:Archived
2880:. 1935.
2834:(1977).
2757:Archived
2753:BBC News
2671:Archived
2524:Autorail
2491:See also
2380:TGV V150
2376:TGV TMST
2258:trains,
2181:Val-d'Or
2177:hydrogen
2141:Fireless
2046:Aberdeen
1891:Oerlikon
1817:trolleys
1689:(DC) or
1659:Electric
1578:, use a
1462:and the
1407:for all
1361:SŽD Eel2
1328:railcars
1096:gasoline
1049:draisine
1045:kerosene
1031:Kerosene
884:for the
705:ablative
582:Vactrain
372:Wheelset
197:in China
157:cab unit
4668:Chimney
4647:Common
4638:Lemprex
4618:Kylchap
4514:Axlebox
4370:Gresley
4350:Bulleid
4345:Baguley
3408:7 April
3378:28 July
3352:28 July
2919:10 July
2763:13 June
2372:TGV PSE
2338:, many
2325:Railjet
2260:freight
2237:EMD FL9
2171:Hydrail
2095:⁄
2054:Galvani
1853:of the
1807:). The
1683:battery
1514:tampers
1021:benzene
1015:Benzene
970:Finland
962:Kokkola
941:on the
796:tenders
784:bunkers
776:pistons
746:gravity
719:motivus
660:railcar
555:Suicide
540:Museums
471:History
449:History
427:Freight
229:History
165:box cab
105:scholar
4633:Lempor
4623:Kylpor
4498:Other
4273:Boxcab
4219:design
4114:
4079:
4058:
4037:
4012:
3811:
3786:12 May
3771:Trains
3747:
3558:
3530:
3461:
3218:
3006:
2677:2 June
2464:, and
2222:Berlin
2193:Taiwan
2185:Quebec
2030:arcing
2028:units
2018:steam-
1927:bogies
1796:Berlin
1733:pinion
1693:(AC).
1552:is an
1278:Diesel
1268:bogies
1253:dynamo
1242:rotary
1108:London
1082:Petrol
878:built
772:boiler
646:for a
478:Maglev
340:Trains
167:(rear)
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
4613:Giesl
4606:types
4417:types
4415:Bogie
4390:Lentz
4365:Gooch
4335:Baker
4330:Allan
4323:types
4163:Model
3974:(PDF)
3959:(PDF)
3844:Treni
2621:Notes
2435:shunt
2399:train
2352:ICE 2
2348:ICE 1
2340:Talgo
2287:axles
1859:Bo+Bo
1476:Renfe
1272:Bo-Bo
1270:in a
1251:by a
1025:Deutz
826:, to
788:tanks
756:Steam
750:power
710:locus
696:Latin
648:train
638:is a
483:Urban
112:JSTOR
98:books
4112:ISBN
4095:2023
4077:ISBN
4056:ISBN
4035:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3982:2022
3916:2020
3890:2017
3809:ISBN
3788:2023
3745:ISBN
3726:2009
3700:2011
3647:2008
3556:ISBN
3528:ISBN
3459:ISBN
3440:2008
3410:2020
3380:2023
3354:2023
3328:2016
3287:link
3273:2017
3247:2017
3216:ISBN
3198:2017
3168:2017
3062:2012
3036:2012
3004:ISBN
2978:2019
2951:2007
2921:2009
2913:XIII
2890:2007
2765:2009
2735:2009
2679:2008
2378:and
2354:and
2327:and
2285:and
2239:and
1964:and
1905:and
1803:and
1516:and
1395:, a
1365:Kyiv
802:").
786:and
700:loco
444:Tram
267:list
84:news
4380:Joy
4360:Gab
4226:Cab
4031:IET
3864:144
3524:264
2336:TGV
2246:Use
2044:of
2020:or
1901:at
1794:at
1586:or
1502:).
1500:354
1496:353
1492:352
1488:350
1211:.
1182:Kew
1180:of
1174:car
1137:.
1062:of
964:in
707:of
662:or
67:by
4685::
4233:/
4175:,
4110:.
4085:.
4033:.
4029:.
4008:.
3969:.
3961:.
3946:^
3906:.
3778:.
3774:.
3768:.
3690:.
3679:^
3625:^
3536:.
3526:.
3426:.
3400:.
3396:.
3370:.
3344:.
3283:}}
3279:{{
3237:.
3184:,
3158:.
3154:.
3002:.
2998:.
2986:^
2968:.
2941:.
2937:.
2911:.
2907:.
2853:.
2786:.
2767:.
2751:.
2669:.
2665:.
2661:.
2460:,
2374:,
2346:,
2331:.
2297:.
2191:,
2183:,
2082:,
2012:.
1984:A
1919:DC
1883:AC
1827:.
1788:DC
1759:.
1655:.
1572:.
1548:A
1520:.
1498:,
1494:,
1490:,
1486:,
1466:.
1413:E2
1334:,
968:,
922:.
906:.
730:.
674:.
658:,
654:,
634:A
576:UK
574:,
572:NZ
570:,
568:NA
566:,
564:AU
190:A
175:A
4209:e
4202:t
4195:v
4120:.
4097:.
4064:.
4043:.
4018:.
3984:.
3918:.
3892:.
3866:.
3817:.
3790:.
3753:.
3728:.
3702:.
3649:.
3564:.
3467:.
3442:.
3412:.
3382:.
3356:.
3330:.
3289:)
3275:.
3249:.
3170:.
3064:.
3038:.
3012:.
2980:.
2953:.
2923:.
2892:.
2790:.
2737:.
2681:.
2441:.
2415:;
2350:/
2097:2
2093:1
2090:+
2088:4
1218:)
1214:(
1144:)
1140:(
623:e
616:t
609:v
578:)
562:(
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
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