2403:
816:
2625:"praised the mixed constitution of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, and they attributed English liberty to it; and like Locke they postulated a state of nature from which rights arose which the civil polity, created by mutual consent, guaranteed; they argued that a contract formed government and sovereignty resided in the people". So mixed government is the core of both the British form of modern-era democracy,
2563:, in part, upon the ancient theory. The constitution of Britain during the Victorian Era with a Parliament composed of the Sovereign (monarchy), a House of Lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (democracy) is a prime example of a mixed constitution in the 19th century. This political system had its roots in two closely related developments in seventeenth-century England. First, a series of political upheavals—the
2519:
as the best form of government. He praised the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its overlords and magistrates". To further safeguard the rights and liberties of those who are ordinary, Calvin also favored the distribution of power to several political
2595:
ideology. It "described two sorts of threats to political freedom: a general decay of the people which would invite the intrusion of evil and despotic rulers, and the encroachment of executive authority upon the legislature, the attempt that power always made to subdue the liberty protected by mixed
1025:
three types (excluding timocracy) are discussed in detail. Aristotle considers constitutional government (a combination of oligarchy and democracy under law) the ideal form of government, but he observes that none of the three are healthy and that states will cycle between the three forms in an
2600:
revealed that this radical Whig understanding of politics had embedded itself deeply in
American minds. Radical Whig perceptions of politics attracted widespread support in America because they revived the traditional concerns of a
2652:. However, much more important was that "most" ideas that the American Revolutionaries put into their political system "were a part of the great tradition of the eighteenth-century commonwealthmen, the radical Whig ideology".
2681:
has taken on the role of "The Best" in recent decades, ensuring a continuing separation of authority by offsetting the direct election of senators and preserving the mixing of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy.
2502:
and many of his ideas were embraced. Polybius was also rediscovered and the positive view of mixed governments became a central aspect of
Renaissance political science integrated into the developing notion of
2483:
that a monarchy, with some limitations set by an aristocracy and democratic elements, was the best and most just form of government. He also emphasized the monarch's duty to uphold the divine and
2665:
One school of scholarship based mainly in the United States considers mixed government to be the central characteristic of a republic and holds that the United States has rule by the one (the
2552:. Apart from his contemporaries, only Montesquieu became widely acknowledged as the author of a concept of separation of powers (although he wrote rather on their "distribution").
2464:. Each institution complements and also checks the others, presumably guaranteeing stability and prosperity. Polybius was very influential and his ideas were embraced by
912:
Unlike classical democracy, aristocracy or monarchy, under a mixed government rulers are elected by citizens rather than acquiring their positions by inheritance or
1038:, he lists a number of theories of how to create a stable government. One of these options is creating a government that is a mix of all three forms of government.
1015:
Plato found flaws with all existing forms of government and thus concluded that aristocracy, which emphasizes virtue and wisdom, is the purest form of government.
1044:
argued that most states have a government system that is composed of "more than one" of these basic principles, which then was called a mixed government system.
2609:. That moral decay threatened free government could not come as a surprise to a people whose fathers had fled England to escape sin". 18th-century Whigs, or
844:
2698:
represents the rule by the one while the
Commission represents the aristocratic dimension and the Parliament represents the democratic dimension.
2431:
2937:
2964:
980:
divided governments into five basic types (four being existing forms and one being Plato's ideal form, which exists "only in speech"):
2575:
of 1688. Second, an intense public debate about the best, most liberal and most stable form of government. Its main participants were
2645:
61:
275:
1988:
837:
2674:
1132:
2906:
2867:
2802:
2139:
2079:
2212:
2129:
2424:
2282:
1908:
1599:
2678:
2299:
2109:
1569:
906:
830:
17:
2389:
1854:
1639:
31:
2257:
1928:
2169:
932:
715:
2555:
According to some scholars, for example, Heinrich August
Winkler, the notion also influenced the writers of the
2666:
2592:
2417:
1263:
522:
477:
2184:
1554:
348:
2164:
2732:
2379:
2342:
2262:
2222:
2124:
2119:
3040:
2114:
542:
57:
2556:
2217:
1918:
1589:
363:
3045:
2588:
2227:
2194:
2094:
2089:
1759:
1376:
2717:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2144:
1719:
1122:
916:(at the Greco-Roman time, sortition was conventionally regarded as the principal characteristic of
113:
1499:
2780:
2626:
2614:
2277:
2267:
2232:
1948:
1594:
1185:
1097:
771:
338:
3025:
2618:
2287:
2272:
1804:
1739:
1288:
1278:
1215:
786:
353:
2998:
1401:
936:
2545:
2332:
2154:
1968:
1849:
1461:
1441:
1351:
1195:
1077:
781:
644:
241:
2938:"Constitution Day 2021: Mixed Government, Bicameralism, and the Creation of the U.S. Senate"
2965:"The Irony of Populism: The Republican Shift and the Inevitability of American Aristocracy"
2753:
2745:
2695:
2670:
2525:
2521:
2317:
2059:
1998:
1361:
1283:
1190:
1157:
1020:
976:
928:
880:
8:
2774:
2597:
2572:
2560:
2292:
2237:
2159:
2069:
1958:
1471:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1127:
917:
898:
705:
614:
571:
358:
123:
2476:
2373:
2347:
2189:
2179:
2149:
2104:
2049:
2035:
1898:
1839:
1614:
1529:
1248:
343:
128:
103:
2452:
as a manifestation of
Aristotle's theory (Millar, 2002). Monarchy was embodied by the
2972:
2902:
2863:
2798:
2712:
2649:
2641:
2564:
2537:
2384:
2357:
2134:
2074:
2054:
1938:
1709:
1619:
1371:
1268:
1056:
940:
876:, ostensibly making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived in
776:
497:
328:
280:
108:
41:
3014:
1654:
1112:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2568:
2461:
2367:
2327:
2044:
1878:
1784:
1684:
1669:
1579:
1509:
1416:
1411:
1386:
1293:
1273:
1258:
609:
532:
502:
376:
118:
98:
1699:
1609:
2622:
2610:
2584:
2407:
2099:
2084:
1724:
1604:
1564:
1539:
1519:
1466:
1451:
1303:
1298:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1107:
1082:
820:
793:
649:
639:
436:
333:
1504:
1331:
2691:
2449:
2337:
2064:
2030:
1829:
1819:
1774:
1734:
1729:
1674:
1664:
1659:
1644:
1574:
1559:
1544:
1534:
1446:
1346:
1336:
1326:
956:
798:
729:
634:
467:
381:
2999:
Explaining the stability of the EU through the concept of a Mixed
Constitution
2795:
Geschichte des
Westens. Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert
1629:
3034:
3019:
2637:
2630:
2602:
2549:
2529:
2504:
2174:
2008:
1978:
1888:
1794:
1789:
1764:
1744:
1584:
1456:
1431:
1406:
1391:
1381:
1366:
1321:
1087:
1063:
960:
952:
948:
944:
685:
580:
482:
472:
313:
2487:
and abide by limitations imposed on the monarch by custom and existing law.
951:
and others. It was and still is a very important theory among supporters of
2457:
1844:
1824:
1809:
1769:
1754:
1714:
1649:
1634:
1524:
1426:
1092:
734:
661:
655:
629:
624:
600:
590:
527:
416:
236:
160:
901:
in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of the
3024:, Sir Thomas Smyth's description of the English Constitution under Queen
2707:
2576:
2541:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2484:
2322:
1859:
1799:
1749:
1694:
1489:
1421:
1147:
1142:
1031:
1008:
924:
869:
739:
724:
666:
537:
401:
200:
195:
175:
165:
155:
2402:
815:
2606:
2580:
2533:
2362:
2352:
1814:
1779:
1704:
1689:
1624:
1549:
1494:
1396:
1341:
1220:
1205:
744:
700:
695:
690:
676:
517:
308:
190:
185:
49:
2516:
1834:
1514:
1210:
1102:
1016:
996:
990:
984:
913:
890:
877:
865:
547:
441:
431:
426:
411:
406:
396:
270:
231:
220:
215:
205:
170:
138:
82:
77:
27:
Government combining elements of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy
2445:
1679:
1436:
1200:
1137:
1041:
902:
873:
619:
180:
150:
93:
2460:
and democracy by the elections and great public gatherings of the
1002:
894:
886:
421:
258:
248:
2495:
2465:
2453:
1356:
1027:
585:
2899:
God of
Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution
2648:
created a mixed constitution. Madison referred to
Polybius in
955:. Various schools have described modern polities, such as the
2677:; democracy). Another school of thought in the U.S. says the
2524:). Mixed government theories became extremely popular in the
2490:
971:
3015:
Polybius and the
Founding Fathers: the separation of powers
1011:: government by the best (Plato's ideal form of government)
2862:, Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press,
923:
The concept of a mixed government was studied during the
30:"Balance of powers" redirects here. For other uses, see
2860:
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789
2507:. In order to minimise the misuse of political power,
2036:
2822:, Third Edition, Stuttgart (Germany), 1958, col. 210
864:) is a form of government that combines elements of
2444:The ideal of a mixed government was popularized by
2591:. Their thinking became the basis of the radical
3032:
2918:Cf. Heinrich August Winkler (2012), pp. 290ff
2425:
966:
838:
905:as a form of government developed under the
2636:The "father" of the American constitution,
2498:became extremely well regarded during the
2491:Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment
2432:
2418:
1019:largely embraced Plato's ideas and in his
845:
831:
2849:Heinrich August Winkler (2012), pp. 151ff
62:List of countries by system of government
1026:abrupt and chaotic process known as the
2772:
1989:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
14:
3033:
2962:
2140:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2080:Spanish American wars of independence
999:: government by the honored or valued
963:, as possessing mixed constitutions.
2797:, Third Edition, Munich (Germany),
1909:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
24:
2779:. Cambridge, Univ. Press. p.
2605:culture that had always verged on
897:. The idea was popularized during
25:
3057:
3008:
2685:
2646:Constitutional Convention of 1787
2793:Heinrich August Winkler (2012),
2773:Headlam, James Wycliffe (1891).
2660:
2528:and were discussed in detail by
2401:
1929:Discourses Concerning Government
814:
2992:
2956:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2891:
2195:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
1005:: government by one for himself
2882:
2873:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2808:
2787:
2766:
2673:; aristocracy), and the many (
2471:
2130:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
2110:German Revolution of 1918–1919
523:Intergovernmental organisation
478:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
2888:Middlekauff (2005), pp. 136ff
2759:
2655:
2973:Regent University Law Review
2858:Robert Middlekauff (2005 ),
2733:Rule according to higher law
2690:According to a view, in the
2380:Republic without republicans
2125:11 September 1922 Revolution
2120:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
1047:
320:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
2897:Cf. Thomas S. Kidd (2010),
2820:Evangelisches Soziallexikon
2701:
2115:Turkish War of Independence
2037:
388:(socio-economic ideologies)
58:List of forms of government
10:
3062:
2669:; monarchy), the few (the
2629:, and the American model:
2567:(Puritan Revolution), the
2557:United States Constitution
2170:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
1919:The Commonwealth of Oceana
967:Ancient Greek philosophers
933:Tomás Fernández de Medrano
29:
2927:Middlekauff (2005), p. 51
2879:Winkler (2012), pp. 142ff
2831:Winkler (2012), pp. 184ff
2776:Election by Lot at Athens
2456:, the aristocracy by the
2343:The Emperor's New Clothes
2095:5 October 1910 revolution
2090:French Revolution of 1848
1113:Liberty as non-domination
509:(geo-cultural ideologies)
2718:Constitutional economics
2675:House of Representatives
2185:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
2145:1952 Egyptian revolution
1123:Political representation
987:: government by the many
2963:Rosen, Zivi S. (2006).
2650:Federalist Paper No. 63
2642:Federalist Paper No. 40
2627:constitutional monarchy
2511:advocated a mixture of
2165:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1949:Discourse on Inequality
1098:Consent of the governed
993:: government by the few
772:Administrative division
716:International relations
2840:Winkler (2012), p. 301
2571:of 1679–1681, and the
2559:who based the idea of
3021:De Republica Anglorum
2546:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2479:argued in his letter
2333:Criticism of monarchy
2155:North Yemen civil war
1969:The Federalist Papers
1264:Federal parliamentary
782:Democratic transition
645:Self-governing colony
242:Military dictatorship
2944:. September 17, 2021
2754:Separation of powers
2696:Commission President
2522:separation of powers
2318:Classical radicalism
2060:Republic of Florence
1999:Democracy in America
1158:Separation of powers
1133:Public participation
2598:American Revolution
2573:Glorious Revolution
2561:checks and balances
2408:Politics portal
2213:Antigua and Barbuda
2160:Zanzibar Revolution
2070:American Revolution
1959:The Social Contract
1128:Popular sovereignty
937:Niccolò Machiavelli
918:classical democracy
899:classical antiquity
821:Politics portal
706:Supranational union
615:Dependent territory
528:National government
3041:Constitutional law
2901:, New York, N.Y.,
2477:St. Thomas Aquinas
2374:Primus inter pares
2190:Nepalese Civil War
2180:Iranian Revolution
2150:14 July Revolution
2105:Russian Revolution
2100:Chinese Revolution
2050:Republic of Venice
1899:Discourses on Livy
907:Roman constitution
862:mixed constitution
18:Mixed constitution
2907:978-0-465-00235-1
2868:978-0-19-531588-2
2803:978-3-406-59235-5
2713:Constitutionalism
2538:Giambattista Vico
2442:
2441:
2385:Republican empire
2358:List of republics
2207:National variants
2135:Spanish Civil War
2075:French Revolution
2055:Republic of Genoa
1939:The Spirit of Law
1872:Theoretical works
1216:Neo-republicanism
941:Giambattista Vico
855:
854:
806:
805:
777:Democracy indices
752:
751:
555:
554:
364:Semi-presidential
289:
288:
16:(Redirected from
3053:
3046:Mixed government
3002:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2770:
2728:Fusion of powers
2723:Crowned republic
2596:government. The
2589:James Harrington
2569:exclusion crisis
2468:(Millar, 2002).
2434:
2427:
2420:
2406:
2405:
2390:Republican Party
2368:Peasant republic
2328:Communitarianism
2045:Classical Athens
2040:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1118:Mixed government
1052:
1051:
858:Mixed government
847:
840:
833:
819:
818:
766:
765:
610:Associated state
568:
567:
543:Internationalism
533:World government
510:
389:
321:
302:
301:
276:Free association
263:
224:
143:
86:
74:
73:
37:
36:
32:Balance of power
21:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3031:
3030:
3011:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2809:
2792:
2788:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2704:
2688:
2663:
2658:
2623:Benjamin Hoadly
2611:commonwealthmen
2585:Algernon Sidney
2493:
2474:
2438:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2085:Trienio Liberal
2026:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1600:Flynn (Stephen)
1485:
1477:
1476:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1168:Social equality
1163:Social contract
1153:Self-governance
1108:Democratization
1083:Anti-corruption
1078:Anti-monarchism
1073:
1057:Politics series
1050:
969:
851:
813:
808:
807:
794:Democratisation
787:Autocratization
763:
755:
754:
753:
710:
671:
650:Tributary state
640:Satellite state
595:
565:
564:Power structure
557:
556:
508:
507:
489:
460:
446:
437:Totalitarianism
387:
386:
368:
319:
318:
299:
291:
290:
285:
261:
253:
218:
210:
141:
133:
80:
71:
70:Source of power
48:Basic forms of
42:Politics series
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3029:
3028:
3017:
3010:
3009:External links
3007:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2955:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2807:
2786:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2692:European Union
2687:
2686:European Union
2684:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2615:John Trenchard
2520:institutions (
2492:
2489:
2473:
2470:
2450:Roman Republic
2448:, who saw the
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Egalitarianism
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:Related topics
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2283:United Kingdom
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Dutch Republic
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2033:
2031:Roman Republic
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:Wollstonecraft
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1046:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
968:
965:
957:European Union
853:
852:
850:
849:
842:
835:
827:
824:
823:
810:
809:
804:
803:
802:
801:
799:Hybrid regimes
796:
791:
790:
789:
779:
774:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
730:Regional power
727:
719:
718:
712:
711:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
680:
679:
673:
672:
670:
669:
664:
659:
652:
647:
642:
637:
635:Puppet monarch
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
604:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
588:
583:
575:
574:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
553:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
512:
511:
506:
505:
500:
494:
491:
490:
488:
487:
486:
485:
480:
470:
468:State religion
462:
461:
459:
458:
455:
451:
448:
447:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
373:
370:
369:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
339:Constitutional
336:
331:
323:
322:
317:
316:
311:
305:
300:
298:Power ideology
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
286:
284:
283:
278:
273:
265:
264:
262:(rule by none)
255:
254:
252:
251:
246:
245:
244:
234:
226:
225:
212:
211:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
145:
144:
135:
134:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
114:Representative
111:
106:
101:
96:
88:
87:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
53:
52:
45:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3058:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3000:
2995:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2680:
2679:Supreme Court
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:United States
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:James Madison
2634:
2632:
2631:republicanism
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:Thomas Gordon
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2550:Immanuel Kant
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:Thomas Hobbes
2527:
2526:Enlightenment
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:republicanism
2501:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2300:United States
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Metapolitefsi
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2009:On Revolution
2006:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1979:Rights of Man
1976:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1889:De re publica
1886:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Jones (Lynne)
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Adams (Gerry)
1488:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Revolutionary
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Parliamentary
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Civil society
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:Republicanism
1062:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
982:
981:
979:
978:
973:
964:
962:
961:United States
958:
954:
953:republicanism
950:
949:Thomas Hobbes
946:
945:Immanuel Kant
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Age of Reason
926:
921:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
848:
843:
841:
836:
834:
829:
828:
826:
825:
822:
817:
812:
811:
800:
797:
795:
792:
788:
785:
784:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
767:
759:
758:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
720:
717:
714:
713:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:Confederation
684:
683:
682:
681:
678:
675:
674:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
602:
599:
598:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:Unitary state
579:
578:
577:
576:
573:
570:
569:
561:
560:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
493:
492:
484:
483:State atheism
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
473:Secular state
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
456:
453:
452:
450:
449:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
383:
380:
378:
377:Authoritarian
375:
374:
372:
371:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
354:Parliamentary
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
324:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
304:
303:
295:
294:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
266:
260:
257:
256:
250:
247:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
227:
222:
217:
214:
213:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
142:(rule by few)
140:
137:
136:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:
84:
79:
76:
75:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3020:
2994:
2984:December 30,
2982:. Retrieved
2977:
2971:
2958:
2948:December 30,
2946:. Retrieved
2941:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2898:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2859:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2814:Jan Weerda,
2810:
2794:
2789:
2775:
2768:
2747:
2746:Aristotle's
2739:
2694:context the
2689:
2664:
2640:, stated in
2635:
2554:
2494:
2480:
2475:
2443:
2372:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1690:Jones (Elin)
1595:Flynn (Paul)
1555:Clarke (Tom)
1550:Clark (Katy)
1495:Adams (John)
1316:Philosophers
1117:
1093:Civic virtue
1055:Part of the
1040:
1035:
1021:
1014:
977:The Republic
975:
974:in his book
970:
922:
911:
881:
861:
857:
856:
735:Middle power
662:Vassal state
656:Buffer state
654:
630:Puppet state
625:Protectorate
601:Client state
591:Principality
417:Distributism
359:Presidential
237:Dictatorship
161:Gerontocracy
83:rule by many
56:
40:Part of the
3026:Elizabeth I
2942:U.S. Senate
2870:, pp. 51-52
2708:Anacyclosis
2577:John Milton
2542:Montesquieu
2513:aristocracy
2509:John Calvin
2500:Renaissance
2485:natural law
2481:On Kingship
2472:Middle Ages
2323:Common good
2263:New Zealand
2258:Netherlands
2003:(1835–1840)
1973:(1787–1788)
1883:(c. 375 BC)
1805:Robespierre
1580:Etherington
1515:Benn (Tony)
1484:Politicians
1462:Tocqueville
1422:Montesquieu
1402:Machiavelli
1148:Rule of law
1143:Res publica
1032:anacyclosis
1009:aristocracy
925:Renaissance
878:Aristotle's
870:aristocracy
740:Great power
725:Small power
667:Viceroyalty
538:Nationalism
402:Colonialism
382:Libertarian
344:Directorial
221:rule by one
201:Technocracy
196:Stratocracy
176:Meritocracy
166:Kleptocracy
156:Aristocracy
3035:Categories
2760:References
2656:Modern era
2613:, such as
2607:Puritanism
2603:Protestant
2581:John Locke
2534:John Locke
2462:assemblies
2363:Monarchism
2353:Liberalism
2348:Jacobinism
2038:Gaṇasaṅgha
1893:(54–51 BC)
1377:Harrington
1254:Democratic
1244:Capitalist
1239:Autonomous
1221:Venizelism
1206:Khomeinism
745:Superpower
701:Superstate
696:Federation
691:Devolution
677:Federalism
518:City-state
191:Plutocracy
186:Particracy
50:government
2909:, pp. 7-8
2667:President
2644:that the
2565:Civil War
2517:democracy
2218:Australia
1850:Venizelos
1840:Spadolini
1830:Slaughter
1775:McDonnell
1740:Mackenzie
1685:Jefferson
1640:Griffiths
1620:de Gaulle
1615:Garibaldi
1575:Drakeford
1467:Warburton
1387:Jefferson
1382:Honderich
1362:Condorcet
1249:Christian
1211:Nasserism
1186:Classical
1103:Democracy
1048:Roman Era
1034:. In his
1017:Aristotle
997:timocracy
991:oligarchy
985:democracy
914:sortition
891:oligarchy
866:democracy
572:Unitarism
548:Globalism
454:Religious
442:Tribalism
432:Socialism
427:Feudalism
412:Despotism
407:Communism
397:Anarchism
334:Communist
281:Stateless
271:Anarchism
232:Despotism
216:Autocracy
206:Theocracy
171:Kritarchy
139:Oligarchy
124:Socialist
78:Democracy
2980:: 287–89
2805:, p. 179
2748:Politics
2740:Republic
2738:Plato's
2702:See also
2446:Polybius
2288:Scotland
2228:Barbados
1879:Republic
1795:Prescott
1765:Naysmith
1755:McKechin
1715:La Malfa
1710:Khomeini
1670:Iorwerth
1635:Griffith
1610:Gambetta
1605:Galloway
1590:Ferguson
1570:Davidson
1565:Cromwell
1560:Connolly
1540:Campbell
1457:Sunstein
1442:Rousseau
1437:Polybius
1372:Franklin
1352:Chappell
1347:Cattaneo
1284:People's
1269:Imperial
1201:Kemalism
1138:Republic
1072:Concepts
1042:Polybius
1036:Politics
1022:Politics
959:and the
927:and the
903:republic
882:Politics
874:monarchy
620:Dominion
349:Legalist
329:Absolute
314:Republic
309:Monarchy
181:Noocracy
151:Anocracy
104:Economic
94:Demarchy
2454:consuls
2253:Morocco
2243:Jamaica
2238:Ireland
2223:Bahamas
2025:History
1845:Taverne
1820:Skinner
1800:Ritchie
1745:Madison
1725:Lincoln
1675:Jackson
1665:Huppert
1660:Hopkins
1585:Fabiani
1545:Chapman
1530:BolĂvar
1520:Bennett
1510:Bartley
1500:AtatĂĽrk
1412:Mazzini
1407:Madison
1337:Bentham
1327:Baggini
1294:Secular
1274:Islamic
1259:Federal
1196:Federal
1180:Schools
1003:tyranny
895:tyranny
887:anarchy
762:Related
457:Secular
422:Fascism
259:Anarchy
249:Tyranny
109:Liberal
2905:
2866:
2818:, in:
2816:Calvin
2801:
2671:Senate
2496:Cicero
2466:Cicero
2458:Senate
2278:Sweden
2268:Norway
2233:Canada
2013:(1963)
1993:(1794)
1983:(1791)
1963:(1762)
1953:(1755)
1943:(1748)
1933:(1698)
1923:(1656)
1913:(1649)
1903:(1531)
1855:Wilson
1825:Slater
1815:Skates
1770:Mannin
1760:Mullin
1735:Mackay
1700:Juárez
1655:HĂ©bert
1650:Hatton
1645:Harvie
1535:Burgon
1452:Sidney
1447:Sandel
1432:Pettit
1357:Cicero
1322:Arendt
1304:Soviet
1299:Sister
1191:Modern
1028:kyklos
860:(or a
586:Empire
498:Global
129:Others
119:Social
99:Direct
2968:(PDF)
2293:Wales
2273:Spain
2248:Japan
1835:Smith
1810:Sayed
1790:Pound
1785:Nehru
1780:Nandy
1750:Magid
1730:Lucas
1720:Lewis
1630:Grévy
1625:Greer
1525:Black
1505:Azaña
1427:Paine
1397:Locke
1367:Crick
1342:Bodin
1332:Bello
1233:Types
972:Plato
503:Local
2986:2021
2950:2021
2903:ISBN
2864:ISBN
2799:ISBN
2621:and
2593:Whig
2587:and
2548:and
2515:and
1860:Wood
1705:Kane
1417:Mill
1392:Kant
893:and
872:and
1680:Jay
1030:or
931:by
920:).
885:as
3037::
2978:18
2976:.
2970:.
2940:.
2781:12
2633:.
2617:,
2583:,
2579:,
2544:,
2540:,
2536:,
2532:,
947:,
943:,
939:,
935:,
909:.
889:,
868:,
3001:.
2988:.
2952:.
2783:.
2433:e
2426:t
2419:v
846:e
839:t
832:v
223:)
219:(
85:)
81:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.