1793:
1218:
7072:
155:
2388:
2169:
999:
1243:
690:
1148:
2363:, a trader who lived on the East Coast of the North Island from 1834 to 1837, recorded in 1838 that he had been shown "several large fossil ossifications" found near Mt Hikurangi. He was certain that these were the bones of a species of emu or ostrich, noting that "the Natives add that in times long past they received the traditions that very large birds had existed, but the scarcity of animal food, as well as the easy method of entrapping them, has caused their extermination". Polack further noted that he had received reports from Māori that a "species of
2253:. New Zealand had been isolated for 80 million years and had few predators before human arrival, meaning that not only were its ecosystems extremely vulnerable to perturbation by outside species, but also the native species were ill-equipped to cope with human predators. Polynesians arrived sometime before 1300, and all moa genera were soon driven to extinction by hunting and, to a lesser extent, by habitat reduction due to forest clearance. By 1445, all moa had become extinct, along with Haast's eagle, which had relied on them for food. Recent research using
3894:
1073:
1174:
1034:
2181:
558:
176:
679:
7563:
2818:
471:
8230:
7653:
2776:
1918:
2196:
7569:
6357:
6308:
6259:
6216:
6167:
6128:
6041:
5823:
5538:
5366:
5295:
3559:
3362:
1866:
2452:
2242:
2345:
8220:
2467:, often used to refer to pitfalls or vertical cave shafts). The two main ways that the moa bones were deposited in such sites were birds that entered the cave to nest or escape bad weather, and subsequently died in the cave and birds that fell into a vertical shaft and were unable to escape. Moa bones (and the bones of other extinct birds) have been found in caves throughout New Zealand, especially in the
8661:
2418:
1096:
2804:
2553:
1663:
2710:
933:, about 5.8 Mya instead of the 18.5 Mya split suggested by Baker et al. (2005). This does not necessarily mean there was no speciation between the arrival 60 Mya and the basal split 5.8 Mya, but the fossil record is lacking and most likely the early moa lineages existed, but became extinct before the basal split 5.8 Mya. The presence of
2529:. Many explanations have been proposed to account for how these deposits formed, ranging from poisonous spring waters to floods and wildfires. However, the currently accepted explanation is that the bones accumulated slowly over thousands of years, from birds that entered the swamps to feed and became trapped in the soft sediment.
506:. The spine was attached to the rear of the head rather than the base, indicating the horizontal alignment. This would have let them graze on low vegetation, while being able to lift their heads and browse trees when necessary. This has resulted in a reconsideration of the height of larger moa. However, Māori
2335:
The rediscovery of the takahē in 1948 after none had been seen since 1898 showed that rare birds can exist undiscovered for a long time. However, the takahē is a much smaller bird than the moa, and was rediscovered after its tracks were identified—yet no reliable evidence of moa tracks has ever been
2311:
recalled seeing monstrous birds along the coast of the South Island, and in the 1820s, a man named George Pauley made an unverified claim of seeing a moa in the Otago region of New
Zealand. Occasional speculation since at least the late 19th century, and as recently as 2008, has suggested that some
953:
drowning. This does not imply that moa were previously absent from the North Island, but that only those from the South Island survived, because only the South Island was above sea level. Bunce et al. (2009) argued that moa ancestors survived on the South Island and then recolonised the North Island
928:
Because moa are a group of flightless birds with no vestiges of wing bones, questions have been raised about how they arrived in New
Zealand, and from where. Many theories exist about the moa's arrival and radiation in New Zealand, but the most recent theory suggests that they arrived in New Zealand
2132:
around the New
Zealand coast. Thirty-six whole moa eggs exist in museum collections and vary greatly in size (from 120–240 millimetres (4.7–9.4 in) in length and 91–178 millimetres (3.6–7.0 in) wide). The outer surface of moa eggshell is characterised by small, slit-shaped pores. The eggs
2302:
may have persisted in remote corners of New
Zealand until the 18th and even 19th centuries, but this view is not widely accepted. Some Māori hunters claimed to be in pursuit of the moa as late as the 1770s; however, these accounts possibly did not refer to the hunting of actual birds as much as a
2735:
Moa feathers are up to 23 cm (9 in) long, and a range of colours has been reported, including reddish-brown, white, yellowish, and purplish. Dark feathers with white or creamy tips have also been found, and indicate that some moa species may have had plumage with a speckled appearance.
2161:
suggest that these very thin eggs were likely to have been incubated by the lighter males. The thin nature of the eggshells of these larger species of moa, even if incubated by the male, suggests that egg breakage in these species would have been common if the typical contact method of avian egg
948:
Maximum event, which occurred about 22 Mya, when only 18% of present-day New
Zealand was above sea level, is very important in the moa radiation. Because the basal moa split occurred so recently (5.8 Mya), it was argued that ancestors of the Quaternary moa lineages could not have been
453:
is a
Polynesian term for domestic fowl. The name was not in common use among the Māori by the time of European contact, likely because the bird it described had been extinct for some time, and traditional stories about it were rare. The earliest record of the name was by missionaries
954:
about 2 Myr later, when the two islands rejoined after 30 Myr of separation. The presence of
Miocene moa in the Saint Bathans fauna seems to suggest that these birds increased in size soon after the Oligocene drowning event, if they were affected by it at all.
537:) exhibited tracheal elongation, that is, their trachea were up to 1 m (3 ft) long and formed a large loop within the body cavity. They are the only ratites known to exhibit this feature, which is also present in several other bird groups, including
1805:
Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to the scarcity of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same. The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species
606:
recovered from bones in museum collections suggest that distinct lineages exist within some of these. One factor that has caused much confusion in moa taxonomy is the intraspecific variation of bone sizes, between glacial and interglacial periods (see
2113:". Moa nesting material has also been recovered from rock shelters in the Central Otago region of the South Island, where the dry climate has preserved plant material used to build the nesting platform (including twigs clipped by moa bills).
2375:
flax trader who was a natural-history enthusiast, was given a piece of unusual bone by a Māori who had found it in a river bank. He showed the 15 cm (6 in) fragment of bone to his uncle, John Rule, a Sydney surgeon, who sent it to
2370:
Dieffenbach also refers to a fossil from the area near Mt
Hikurangi, and surmises that it belongs to "a bird, now extinct, called Moa (or Movie) by the natives". 'Movie' is the first transcribed name for the bird. In 1839, John W. Harris, a
2000:, providing a grinding action that allowed them to eat coarse plant material. These stones were commonly smooth rounded quartz pebbles, but stones over 110 millimetres (4 in) long have been found among preserved moa gizzard contents.
2140:
A 2010 study by Huynen et al. found that the eggs of certain species were fragile, only around a millimetre in shell thickness: "Unexpectedly, several thin-shelled eggs were also shown to belong to the heaviest moa of the genera
2723:
In addition to these specimens, loose moa feathers have been collected from caves and rock shelters in the southern South Island, and based on these remains, some idea of the moa plumage has been achieved. The preserved leg of
3488:"Regional comparisons of the thickness of moa eggshell fragments (Aves: Dinornithiformes). In Proceedings of the VII International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, ed. W.E. Boles and Trevor Worthy"
501:
Moa skeletons were traditionally reconstructed in an upright position to create impressive height, but analysis of their vertebral articulations indicates that they probably carried their heads forward, in the manner of a
625:
seems to have had the most pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females being up to 150% as tall and 280% as heavy as males—so much bigger that they were classified as separate species until 2003. A 2009 study showed that
2407:. His deduction was ridiculed in some quarters, but was proved correct with the subsequent discoveries of considerable quantities of moa bones throughout the country, sufficient to reconstruct skeletons of the birds.
4809:
2748:. Its iconic status, coupled with the facts that it only became extinct a few hundred years ago and that substantial quantities of moa remains exist, mean that it is often listed alongside such creatures as the
2290:
bush in 1887, and again on a
Fiordland beach when she was 17 years old. She claimed that her brother had also seen a moa on another occasion. In childhood, Mackenzie saw a large bird that she believed to be a
2728:
from the Old Man Range reveals that this species was feathered right down to the foot. This is likely to have been an adaptation to living in high-altitude, snowy environments, and is also seen in the
649:
combined with temporal variation such that specimens were larger during the Otiran glacial period (the last ice age in New
Zealand). Similar temporal size variation is known for the North Island's
3992:
2168:
4866:
1766:, more widespread, named "upland moa" because its bones are commonly found in the subalpine zone. However, it also occurred down to sea level, where suitable steep and rocky terrain (such as
462:
in January 1838; Colenso speculated that the birds may have resembled gigantic fowl. In 1912, Māori chief Urupeni Pūhara claimed that the moa's traditional name was "te kura" (the red bird).
2536:– Tāmaki Paenga Hira has a significant collection, and in 2018 several moa skeletons were imaged and 3D scanned to make the collections more accessible. There is also a major collection in
2336:
found, and experts still contend that moa survival is extremely unlikely, since they would have to be living unnoticed for over 500 years in a region visited often by hunters and hikers.
6414:
2109:
themselves. Excavations of rock shelters in the eastern North Island during the 1940s found moa nests, which were described as "small depressions obviously scratched out in the soft dry
3253:
2153:, making these, to our knowledge, the most fragile of all avian eggs measured to date. Moreover, sex-specific DNA recovered from the outer surfaces of eggshells belonging to species of
2399:
of a big animal, but it was uncharacteristically light and honeycombed. Owen announced to a skeptical scientific community and the world that it was from a giant extinct bird like an
2261:
strongly suggests that the events leading to extinction took less than a hundred years, rather than a period of exploitation lasting several hundred years as previously hypothesised.
637:
Analyses of ancient DNA have determined that a number of cryptic evolutionary lineages occurred in several moa genera. These may eventually be classified as species or subspecies;
5702:
2767:
suggested that bringing back some smaller species of moa within 50 years was a viable idea. The idea was ridiculed by many, but gained support from some natural history experts.
2036:
have long been suggested to constitute males and females, respectively. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material.
3530:; Scofield, R.P. (2012). "Twenty-first century advances in knowledge of the biology of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes): A new morphological analysis and moa diagnoses revised".
2228:
that was used and perhaps maintained by moa, for both nesting material and food. Neither the forests nor moa existed when European settlers came to the area in the 1850s.
3053:
Latham, A. David M.; Latham, M. Cecilia; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Forsyth, David M.; Gormley, Andrew M.; Pech, Roger P.; Perry, George L. W.; Wood, Jamie R. (March 2020).
2607:
with muscle attached, and a row of neck vertebrae with muscle, skin, and feathers collected from Earnscleugh Cave near the town of Alexandra in 1870 (currently held by
1654:
Analyses of fossil moa bone assemblages have provided detailed data on the habitat preferences of individual moa species, and revealed distinctive regional moa faunas:
529:
of moa were supported by many small rings of bone known as tracheal rings. Excavation of these rings from articulated skeletons has shown that at least two moa genera (
9680:
5158:
Burrows, C.; et al. (1981). "The diet of moas based on gizzard contents samples from Pyramid Valley, North Canterbury, and Scaifes Lagoon, Lake Wanaka, Otago".
2004:
gizzards could often contain several kilograms of stones. Moa likely exercised a certain selectivity in the choice of gizzard stones and chose the hardest pebbles.
2414:
in London placed on display the moa bone fragment Owen had first examined, to celebrate 200 years since his birth, and in memory of Owen as founder of the museum.
1302:
The cladogram below gives a more detailed, species-level phylogeny, of the moa branch (Dinornithiformes) of the "ancient jawed" birds (Palaeognathae) shown above:
3661:
3487:
2162:
incubation was used." Despite the bird's extinction, the high yield of DNA available from recovered fossilised eggs has allowed the moa's genome to be sequenced.
6422:
634:
were synonyms. A 2010 study explained size differences among them as sexual dimorphism. A 2012 morphological study interpreted them as subspecies, instead.
4904:
2786:
portrayed moa being hunted by Māori in the classic German collecting cards about extinct and prehistoric animals, "Tiere der Urwelt", in the early 1900s.
2328:
continue to search for them, but their claims and supporting evidence (such as of purported footprints) have earned little attention from experts and are
7114:
3812:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand"
3770:"Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand"
3205:"Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand"
2831:
9710:
6901:
6848:
5949:
1944:
of their bones. Moa fed on a range of plant species and plant parts, including fibrous twigs and leaves taken from low trees and shrubs. The beak of
6971:
9725:
9606:
6957:
6884:
5006:
4949:
and is both singular and plural. Usage in New Zealand English and in the scientific literature in recent years has been changing to reflect this.
2101:
No evidence has been found to suggest that moa were colonial nesters. Moa nesting is often inferred from accumulations of eggshell fragments in
390:, reached about 3.6 metres (12 ft) in height with neck outstretched, and weighed about 230 kilograms (510 lb) while the smallest, the
8269:
7633:
7598:
7311:
6856:
4255:"A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand"
598:
Although dozens of species were described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many were based on partial skeletons and turned out to be
3310:
9619:
6004:
Wood, J.R. (2008). "Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) nesting material from rockshelters in the semi-arid interior of South Island, New Zealand".
5772:
Memoirs on the Extinct Wingless Birds of New Zealand, with an Appendix of Those of England, Australia, Newfoundland, Mauritius and Rodriguez
7626:
7291:
6964:
2264:
An expedition in the 1850s under Lieutenant A. Impey reported two emu-like birds on a hillside in the South Island; an 1861 story from the
965:, and landscape changes. The cladogram below is a phylogeny of Palaeognathae generated by Mitchell (2014) with some clade names after Yuri
7174:
6978:
6052:; Rawlence, N.J.; Jones, S.M.; Read, S.E. (2008). "A deposition mechanism for Holocene miring bone deposits, South Island, New Zealand".
3055:"A refined model of body mass and population density in flightless birds reconciles extreme bimodal population estimates for extinct moa"
9685:
7619:
6933:
6870:
5710:
5545:
Horrocks, M.; et al. (2004). "Plant remains in coprolites: diet of a subalpine moa (Dinornithiformes) from southern New Zealand".
5094:
4327:
Milberg, Per; Tyrberg, Tommy (1993). "Naïve birds and noble savages – a review of man-caused prehistoric extinctions of island birds".
4138:
2455:
Palaeontologists working on moa bone deposits in the 'Graveyard', Honeycomb Hill Cave System: This cave is a closed scientific reserve.
969:(2013). It provides the position of the moa (Dinornithiformes) within the larger context of the "ancient jawed" (Palaeognathae) birds:
2098:
species took as long to reach adult size as small moa species, and as a result, had fast skeletal growth during their juvenile years.
8045:
1833:
dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (
1774:) existed. Their distributions in coastal areas have been rather unclear, but were present at least in several locations such as on
6926:
6324:"Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and paleofaunal reconstructions in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand"
5056:
7689:
6493:
1857:
were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.
6230:(1994). "Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in Takaka Valley and on Takaka Hill, northwest Nelson, South Island, New Zealand".
7926:
7071:
2320:. A 1993 report initially interested the Department of Conservation, but the animal in a blurry photograph was identified as a
5232:
2580:
after the bird died at a dry site (for example, a cave with a constant dry breeze blowing through it). Most were found in the
9690:
6380:
5860:
5313:
5221:
5202:
5180:
5002:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand"
4516:
4493:
3769:
3574:"Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand"
3204:
5790:"Tinamous and Moa Flock Together: Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Independent Losses of Flight among Ratites"
2425:
Since the discovery of the first moa bones in the late 1830s, thousands more have been found. They occur in a range of late
2180:
9715:
9700:
5833:
New Zealand: Being a Narrative of Travels and Adventures During a Residence in that Country Between the Years 1831 and 1837
4405:
3851:"Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals"
2381:
2121:
within moa coprolites found among the nesting material provide evidence that the nesting season was late spring to summer.
4827:
5727:
4642:
2517:
Densely intermingled moa bones have been encountered in swamps throughout New Zealand. The most well-known example is at
2079:
however, comprises three distinct genetic lineages and may eventually be classified as many species, as discussed above.
1989:(the horoeka or lancewood), which has tough juvenile leaves, are possible examples of plants that evolved in such a way.
1814:), but most were exclusive to one island, reflecting divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the
665:. Known from multiple eggshells and hind limb elements, these represent at least two already fairly large-sized species.
655:. Some of the other size variation for moa species can probably be explained by similar geographic and temporal factors.
4849:
9720:
8262:
7845:
5435:
5175:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98.
4603:
4311:
4066:
3684:
3510:
1792:
5388:) found in a cave at the head of the Waikaia River, with a notice of a moa-hunters camping place on the Old Man Range"
1909:(1973). Analysis of the spacing of these tracks indicates walking speeds between 3 and 5 km/h (1.75–3 mph).
9675:
8010:
7785:
4647:
2863:
1977:. Some biologists contend that a number of plant species evolved to avoid moa browsing. Divaracating plants such as
957:
Bunce et al. also concluded that the highly complex structure of the moa lineage was caused by the formation of the
645:(Owen) because the bones of both share all essential characters. Size differences can be explained by a north–south
9421:
9144:
4387:
2763:
Interest in the moa's potential for revival was further stirred in mid-2014 when New Zealand Member of Parliament
2295:, but after its rediscovery in the 1940s, she saw a picture of it and concluded that she had seen something else.
1217:
9624:
8024:
8017:
7968:
5239:. New Zealand: New Zealand Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Archived from
4762:"DNA content and distribution in ancient feathers and potential to reconstruct the plumage of extinct avian taxa"
2526:
9372:
9367:
9362:
4900:
4883:
2634:
2411:
9705:
8255:
5465:; Jacomb, C. (2000). "Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications".
1881:, with fossilised moa footprint impressions in fluvial silts, have been found in the North Island, including
441:. Moa extinction occurred within 100 years of human settlement of New Zealand, primarily due to overhunting.
175:
2502:, which frequently occur in dunes near harbours and river mouths (for example the large moa hunter sites at
434:
6368:
6319:
6270:
6227:
6178:
5892:
5504:
5462:
5446:
4670:
3709:; Willerslev, E.; Hailef, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kampk, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009).
3706:
3424:
2533:
961:
about 6 Mya, and the habitat fragmentation on both islands resulting from Pleistocene glacial cycles,
5968:
5871:
5749:
3962:
9585:
9580:
7982:
7682:
6486:
3427:; Willerslev, E.; Haile, J.; Shapiro, B.; Scofield, R.P.; Drummond, A.; Kamp, P.J.J.; Cooper, A. (2009).
2498:' between dune ridges. Many such moa bones antedate human settlement, although some originate from Māori
2490:
Moa bones and eggshell fragments sometimes occur in active coastal sand dunes, where they may erode from
413:
group. However, genetic studies have found that their closest relatives are the flighted South American
9730:
9571:
9492:
8566:
8031:
7865:
7562:
3011:
2792:'s poem, "The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch" was published in 1943.
6077:
4254:
3329:"Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites"
2174:
The skeleton of female upland moa with egg in unlaid position within the pelvic cavity in Otago Museum
154:
9634:
9333:
7790:
7780:
3963:"The Moa-Hunters of New Zealand: Sportsman of the Stone Age – Chapter I. Did The Maori Know The Moa?"
2618:
with skin and foot pads preserved, found in a crevice on the Knobby Range in 1874 (currently held by
455:
30:
3893:
3662:"Moa's Ark: Miocene fossils reveal the great antiquity of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) in Zealandia"
2387:
2195:
9451:
9345:
8912:
8900:
7727:
6564:
5583:
5513:"A reappraisal of the late Quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury"
5383:
4901:"A poem a day: The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch – Allen Curnow"
2687:
2283:
1985:
1555:
1403:
488:
476:
278:
258:
6183:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in the Punakaiki area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand"
3007:"A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)"
2644:, with skin and muscle, from the Hector Range in 1884; (currently held by the Zoology Department,
1796:
The skeletons of an eastern moa (l), ostrich (rear), and Fiordland penguin (r) in the Otago Museum
34:
8965:
8953:
8701:
8199:
7860:
7770:
7755:
6275:"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves on Mt. Cookson, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand"
5404:
3254:"Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution"
2630:
2521:
in north Canterbury, where bones from at least 183 individual moa have been excavated, mostly by
1494:
518:) with necks upright, indicating that moa were more than capable of assuming both neck postures.
6466:
5000:
Baker, Allan J.; Huynen, Leon J.; Haddrath, Oliver; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (2005).
3167:
9670:
9647:
9533:
9225:
8876:
8607:
8233:
8158:
8113:
8103:
7675:
6479:
5728:"And then there were twelve: the taxonomic status of Anomalopteryx oweni (Aves: Dinornithidae)"
998:
747:
737:
386:
380:
162:
9463:
8871:
8866:
8754:
5837:
5601:"Ancient DNA Reveals Extreme Egg Morphology and Nesting Behavior in New Zealand's Extinct Moa"
1242:
9642:
9504:
9328:
9323:
9213:
9057:
8929:
8888:
8530:
8223:
8038:
7656:
5852:
5846:
2691:
2671:
2313:
2067:
were reclassified as two species, one each formerly occurring on New Zealand's North Island (
1512:
689:
9611:
5147:
4185:
2086:, as are many other large endemic New Zealand birds. They are characterised by having a low
549:. The feature is associated with deep resonant vocalisations that can travel long distances.
9593:
9154:
8839:
8467:
8366:
8294:
8278:
8189:
8059:
6618:
6335:
6286:
6239:
6194:
6147:
6108:
6013:
5908:
5665:
5612:
5554:
5476:
5336:
5273:
5115:
5015:
4336:
4153:
4099:
3811:
3722:
3711:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography"
3585:
3440:
3429:"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography"
3268:
3066:
3020:
2645:
1469:
1337:
55:
5944:
Vickers-Rich, P; Trusler, P; Rowley, MJ; Cooper, A; Chambers, GK; Bock, WJ; Millener, PR;
5405:"A preliminary report on the nesting habits of moas in the East Coast of the North Island"
4406:"Alice Mackenzie describes seeing a moa and talks about her book, Pioneers of Martins Bay"
929:
about 60 million years ago (Mya) and split from the "basal" (see below) moa species,
425:
wings that all other ratites have. They were the largest terrestrial animals and dominant
8:
9284:
9272:
8737:
8725:
8689:
8390:
8123:
8088:
7825:
7800:
7568:
5447:"The Moa – Legendary, Historical and Geographical: Why and When the Moa disappeared"
3970:
2220:
1979:
1894:
1886:
1815:
1753:
1745:
1147:
937:-aged species certainly suggests that moa diversification began before the split between
608:
315:
6339:
6290:
6243:
6198:
6151:
6112:
6017:
5912:
5770:
5669:
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5480:
5340:
5277:
5119:
5019:
4340:
4157:
4103:
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2395:
Owen puzzled over the fragment for almost four years. He established it was part of the
1902:
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9247:
9198:
9188:
8803:
8677:
8619:
8484:
8479:
8438:
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5735:
5689:
5635:
5600:
5570:
5423:
5354:
5139:
5064:
5038:
5001:
4786:
4761:
4348:
4284:
4177:
4115:
3877:
3850:
3745:
3710:
3608:
3573:
3547:
3463:
3428:
3302:
2839:, several flightless ducks from the Hawaiian Islands that grew to be as large as geese.
2823:
2511:
2503:
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945:
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322:
170:
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5365:
5294:
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2282:
published an additional account from a farmer and his shepherd. An 80-year-old woman,
54:
This article is about the extinct New Zealand birds known as moa. For other uses, see
9475:
9446:
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9409:
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8179:
7947:
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7805:
7740:
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7038:
6376:
6033:
5979:
Wood, J.R. (2007). "Moa gizzard content analyses: further information on the diet of
5924:
5856:
5831:
5811:
5681:
5640:
5492:
5467:
5431:
5309:
5217:
5198:
5176:
5131:
5093:; Ford, Tom; Hoppitt, Will; Willerslev, Eske; Drummond, Alexei; Cooper, Alan (2003).
5043:
4791:
4609:
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4307:
4288:
4276:
4169:
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1385:
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616:
522:
494:
403:
240:
5653:
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Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (30 August 2010).
5574:
5358:
4999:
4946:
4119:
3551:
3185:
3032:
2082:
Examination of growth rings in moa cortical bone has revealed that these birds were
1890:
9695:
9509:
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9399:
9313:
9069:
9052:
8631:
8342:
8184:
8143:
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7717:
7605:
7253:
6799:
6343:
6294:
6247:
6207:
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6182:
6155:
6138:(1998b). "The Quaternary fossil avifauna of Southland, South Island, New Zealand".
6116:
6061:
6021:
5936:
5916:
5896:
5801:
5776:
5693:
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5286:
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5123:
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5033:
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4344:
4266:
4181:
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4107:
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3448:
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3276:
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3002:
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2250:
1966:
1941:
1898:
989:
885:
859:
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827:
820:
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612:
438:
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to ratites. The nine species of moa were the only wingless birds, lacking even the
367:
6348:
6323:
6299:
6274:
6251:
6159:
6120:
5788:
Phillips, Matthew J.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Crimp, Elizabeth A.; Penny, David (2010).
5529:
5512:
5488:
1173:
579:
The moa's closest relatives are small terrestrial South American birds called the
406:
settled New Zealand circa 1300 vary between 58,000 and approximately 2.5 million.
9404:
9377:
9018:
8941:
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8153:
8138:
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8052:
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7131:
6947:
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6783:
6549:
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5190:
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4433:
4139:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis"
3543:
2783:
1878:
1779:
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359:
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8108:
7954:
7875:
7870:
7855:
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7484:
6746:
5897:"Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa"
2764:
2518:
2125:
1195:
1138:
602:. Currently, 11 species are formally recognised, although recent studies using
8749:
6445:
6025:
5349:
5324:
4981:
3993:"The material culture of the Moa-hunters in Murihiku – 2. Evidence of Zoology"
1940:, as well as indirectly through morphological analysis of skull and beak, and
9664:
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9176:
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6174:
6135:
6096:
6073:
6049:
5945:
5652:
Huynen, Leon J.; Millar, Craig D.; Scofield, R.P.; Lambert, David M. (2003).
5508:
5240:
5090:
4810:
Scientists plan to resurrect a range of extinct animals using DNA and cloning
4613:
4280:
4134:
3702:
3657:
3572:
Baker, A.J.; Huynen, L.J.; Haddrath, O.; Millar, C.D.; Lambert, D.M. (2005).
3527:
3420:
3249:
3088:
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2329:
2325:
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1771:
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1168:
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958:
776:
482:
399:
227:
112:
5806:
5789:
5625:
5028:
4637:
4234:
Huynen, Leon; Gill, Brian J.; Millar, Craig D.; and Lambert, David M. (2010)
4076:
3735:
3598:
3453:
3345:
3328:
3280:
1906:
9387:
9230:
9098:
8977:
8851:
8713:
8578:
8402:
8128:
8098:
8003:
7989:
7933:
7815:
7795:
7775:
7612:
7415:
7331:
6841:
6831:
5928:
5815:
5685:
5644:
5496:
5135:
5047:
4795:
4777:
4173:
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3796:
3754:
3617:
3472:
3354:
3298:
3231:
2809:
2789:
2715:
2660:
2619:
2608:
2537:
2377:
2349:
1983:(the kaikōmako), which have small leaves and a dense mesh of branches, and
1118:
1063:
896:
678:
542:
422:
418:
308:
284:
267:
6460:
4137:; Ford, T.; Hoppitt, W.; Willerslev, E.; Drummond, A.; Cooper, A. (2003).
3967:
Victoria University of Wellington Catalogue – New Zealand Texts Collection
557:
9565:
9193:
9028:
8815:
8148:
8133:
7885:
7512:
7500:
7473:
7433:
7424:
7372:
7338:
7246:
7181:
7123:
7001:
6709:
6603:
6099:(1998a). "Quaternary fossil faunas of Otago, South Island, New Zealand".
2577:
2433:
2372:
2308:
2083:
1819:
1208:
1142:
1028:
869:
805:
603:
584:
562:
546:
503:
363:
87:
6515:
5920:
5677:
5127:
5095:"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa
4165:
2268:
told of three-toed footprints measuring 36 cm (14 in) between
1775:
470:
9441:
8989:
8917:
8330:
8247:
7996:
7975:
7840:
7443:
7386:
7356:
7260:
7219:
7154:
7102:
6762:
6720:
3079:
3054:
2915:
2850:
2522:
2507:
2426:
2202:
2129:
1993:
1946:
1684:
1453:
1233:
1024:
903:
842:
763:
706:
430:
132:
97:
6065:
5780:
3289:
3114:
2775:
2532:
Many New Zealand and international museums hold moa bone collections.
2249:
Before the arrival of humans, the moa's only predator was the massive
1740:, the rarest moa species, the only moa species not yet found in Māori
521:
No records survive of what sounds moa made, though some idea of their
9127:
8856:
8827:
8554:
7835:
7820:
7521:
7466:
7400:
7322:
6916:
6894:
6816:
6769:
6755:
6731:
6576:
6471:
6450:
4111:
2918:
Catalogue of fossil birds 1. Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes
2873:
2584:
Central Otago region, the driest part of New Zealand. These include:
2468:
2317:
2287:
2106:
2087:
1937:
1917:
1767:
1724:
1212:
962:
950:
730:
592:
426:
187:
137:
81:
9527:
8513:
8450:
5874:. New Zealand: Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Archived from
5566:
3006:
2292:
2269:
1757:
9550:
9350:
8602:
7538:
7528:
7365:
7239:
7212:
7164:
6527:
6047:
5875:
5753:
5430:(3rd ed.). London: Kegan Paul International Ltd. Chapter 10.
2836:
2760:
has been undertaken by Japanese geneticist Ankoh Yasuyuki Shirota.
2573:
2564:
Several examples of moa remains have been found with soft tissues (
2491:
2464:
2430:
2364:
2321:
2215:
1997:
1970:
1957:
1952:
1882:
1783:
1369:
783:
720:
621:
571:
515:
507:
391:
371:
207:
127:
122:
107:
102:
92:
74:
4271:
2214:
Studies of accumulated dried vegetation in the pre-human mid-late
2133:
of most moa species were white, although those of the upland moa (
1731:, and the two other moa species that existed in the South Island:
1699:
The fauna of the dry rainshadow forest and shrublands east of the
8643:
8204:
8174:
7379:
7345:
7275:
7230:
7142:
7019:
5088:
4568:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
3327:
Baker, A.J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J.D.; Cloutier, A. (2014).
2702:
2541:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2400:
1933:
1865:
1749:
1067:
993:
934:
920:
Two unnamed species are also known from the Saint Bathans Fauna.
659:
580:
566:
414:
375:
142:
117:
70:
9598:
7667:
6415:"DNA from the Largest Bird Ever Sequenced from Fossil Eggshells"
5451:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
4760:
Rawlence, N.J.; Wood, J.R.; Armstrong, K.N.; Cooper, A. (2009).
4569:
2701:
with muscle, skin, and feather bases collected from a cave near
2670:
found near Cromwell sometime before 1949 (currently held by the
2451:
2241:
8590:
8318:
6521:
5961:
Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand te Papa Tongarewa
5943:
5325:"Eggshell characteristics of moa eggs (Aves: Dinornithiformes)"
5057:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Order Dinornithiformes"
2846:
2678:
Two specimens are known from outside the Central Otago region:
2565:
2499:
2472:
2344:
2304:
2276:
that were found by a surveying party; and finally in 1878, the
2273:
2258:
2118:
2110:
1974:
1929:
1741:
949:
present on both the South and North Island remnants during the
410:
197:
3326:
3247:
2417:
2380:, who at that time was working at the Hunterian Museum at the
1969:
occupied in other countries by large browsing mammals such as
1095:
5171:
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Moas". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
4596:
Moa : the life and death of New Zealand's legendary bird
3052:
2445:
2396:
2102:
2094:
period, taking about 10 years to reach adult size. The large
891:
798:
511:
5654:"Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa"
2552:
2352:
holding the first discovered moa fossil and standing with a
1678:
The two main faunas identified in the South Island include:
1662:
9308:
8771:
6533:
5950:"Morphology, myology, collagen and DNA of a mummified moa,
5752:. Ornithological Society of New Zealand Inc. Archived from
5651:
4982:"On evidence for the survival of moa in European Fiordland"
4759:
3700:
3655:
3418:
2749:
2709:
2569:
2441:
2437:
2436:
deposits, but are most common in three main types of site:
2114:
1849:
occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of
538:
217:
3248:
Mitchell, K.J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N.J.;
3000:
2849:
up to over 3 metres tall that once lived on the island of
8861:
5588:
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
5392:
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
3809:
3571:
2924:
Biological Sciences, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum
2757:
1955:, and could clip the fibrous leaves of New Zealand flax (
1845:) tended to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats.
1237:
588:
474:
A size comparison between four moa species and a human1.
3001:
Perry, George L.W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.;
6078:"Mummified moa remains from Mt. Owen, northwest Nelson"
5598:
4766:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2312:
moa may still exist, particularly in the wilderness of
5787:
4132:
4059:
Ghosts of Gondwana: the history of life in New Zealand
1744:. Its bones have been found in caves in the northwest
5195:
A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life, The Ancestor's Tale
4438:
Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa-Hunting in New Zealand
2732:, which lives in a similar seasonally snowy habitat.
2367:" still existed in remote parts of the South Island.
1992:
Like many other birds, moa swallowed gizzard stones (
7534:
7496:
7454:
7439:
7307:
7297:
7287:
7196:
7170:
7160:
7150:
7111:
7007:
6997:
6944:
6913:
6881:
6828:
6812:
6743:
6727:
6716:
6705:
5872:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database"
5750:"New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database"
4958:
At least two distinct forms are also known from the
4570:"4. – Moa – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
4230:
4228:
2799:
274:
5890:
5581:
4867:
Mallard: Bring the moa back to life within 50 years
4517:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid"
4494:"The New Zealand Moa: From Extinct Bird to Cryptid"
3252:; Wood, J.; Lee, M.S.Y.; Cooper, A. (23 May 2014).
3203:Allentoft, M.E.; Rawlence, N.J. (20 January 2012).
2832:
List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene
5461:
5422:
5308:. London, England: The Rainbird Publishing Group.
5216:. Vol. II. London: John Murray. p. 195.
3660:; Jones, C.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Hand, S.J. (2010).
2245:An early 20th-century reconstruction of a moa hunt
1962:) and twigs up to at least 8 mm in diameter.
429:in New Zealand's forest, shrubland, and subalpine
5836:. Vol. I. London: Richard Bentley. pp.
4593:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4225:
4031:
4029:
4027:
3767:
3202:
2596:Valley by gold miners in 1864 (currently held by
2105:and rock shelters, little evidence exists of the
1682:The fauna of the high-rainfall west coast beech (
701:The currently recognised genera and species are:
9681:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to New Zealand
9662:
7037:
2690:near Nelson in the 1980s (currently held by the
595:were thought to be most closely related to moa.
6446:TerraNature list of New Zealand's extinct birds
5605:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4306:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 5–6.
3715:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3578:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3433:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3243:
3241:
2913:
2756:. Preliminary work involving the extraction of
6548:
6363:
6314:
6265:
6222:
6173:
5503:
4471:
4326:
4024:
3526:
2744:The creature has frequently been mentioned as
2637:, London; see photograph of foot on this page)
2063:were females. Therefore, the three species of
8263:
7683:
6487:
4921:. Wellington: Progressive Publishing Society.
4626:Holdaway, Richard & Worthy, Trevor (1997)
3990:
3951:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1996)
3942:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1995)
3933:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1994)
3924:Worthy, Trevor & Holdaway, Richard (1993)
3768:Allentoft, Morten; Rawlence, Nicolas (2012).
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3196:
2947:
2945:
2286:, claimed in 1959 that she had seen a moa in
2124:Fragments of moa eggshell are often found in
552:
6686:
5384:"On the feathers of a small species of moa (
4090:Smalley, I.J. (1979). "Moas as rockhounds".
3810:Allentoft, Morten; Nicloas Rawlence (2012).
3238:
2974:"Little bush moa | New Zealand Birds Online"
2900:
2898:
2770:
2746:a potential candidate for revival by cloning
2547:
9513:
9496:
9484:
9467:
9455:
9413:
9391:
9354:
9337:
9300:
9288:
9276:
9251:
9239:
9217:
9180:
9158:
9131:
9119:
9102:
9090:
9078:
9061:
9044:
9032:
9005:
8993:
8981:
8969:
8957:
8945:
8933:
8921:
8904:
8892:
8880:
8843:
8831:
8819:
8807:
8780:
8763:
8741:
8729:
8717:
8705:
8693:
8681:
8647:
8635:
8623:
8611:
8594:
8582:
8570:
8558:
8546:
8534:
8522:
8505:
8493:
8471:
8459:
8442:
8430:
8418:
8406:
8394:
8382:
8370:
8358:
8346:
8334:
8322:
8310:
8298:
6463:in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
6328:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6279:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6232:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6187:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6140:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6101:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
6006:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
5329:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
5302:Fuller, Errol (1987). Bunney, Sarah (ed.).
5266:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
5211:
4419:
4417:
4415:
3100:
3098:
2231:
2039:For example, before 2003, three species of
1649:
15:
8270:
8256:
7690:
7676:
6494:
6480:
6456:Tree of Life classification and references
5954:(Aves: Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand"
5869:
5709:. APN News & Media Ltd. Archived from
4301:
3960:
3642:
2942:
1924:skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin
378:(in six genera). The two largest species,
153:
16:
8046:The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids
6375:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
6347:
6298:
6206:
5987:, and the first evidence for the diet of
5805:
5634:
5624:
5528:
5348:
5285:
5197:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 292.
5037:
5027:
4785:
4710:
4708:
4629:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4270:
3876:
3866:
3744:
3734:
3607:
3597:
3462:
3452:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3344:
3320:
3288:
3212:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
3078:
2895:
2043:were recognised: South Island giant moa (
2012:The pairs of species of moa described as
1996:), which were retained in their muscular
693:Fossil skeleton of the heavy-footed moa (
9711:Species made extinct by human activities
8277:
6399:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
5725:
5544:
5381:
4976:
4856:, February 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
4816:, 23 April 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
4432:
4412:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3095:
2959:
2957:
2774:
2708:
2551:
2450:
2416:
2386:
2343:
2298:Some authors have speculated that a few
2240:
1916:
1864:
1860:
1791:
1661:
688:
677:
556:
525:can be gained from fossil evidence. The
469:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
6134:
6095:
5844:
5703:"Birdman says moa surviving in the Bay"
5402:
5255:
5189:
5157:
4702:Hutton, F.W. & Coughtrey, M. (1875)
4689:
4687:
4514:
4491:
4485:
4209:
4207:
4089:
2303:now-lost ritual among South Islanders.
658:The earliest moa remains come from the
402:. Estimates of the moa population when
14:
9726:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
9663:
6501:
6389:
6072:
5829:
5301:
5230:
5170:
5079:
5054:
4890:, 9 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
4873:, 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
4705:
4364:
3412:
3382:
3368:
3152:
510:depicts moa or moa-like birds (likely
9532:
9531:
8251:
7671:
7584:
7089:
7088:
6673:
6514:
6475:
5700:
5372:
5082:A history of the birds of New Zealand
4907:from the original on 1 February 2020.
4825:
4056:
4052:
4050:
3997:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
3396:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
2954:
2459:Bones are commonly found in caves or
834:(North and South Island, New Zealand)
790:(North and South Island, New Zealand)
9635:a8c35225-5f72-4c82-8a08-ef7b88fe5104
8219:
6412:
6003:
5978:
5870:Stephenson, Brent (5 January 2009).
5768:
5747:
5582:Hutton, F.W.; Coughtrey, M. (1874).
5444:
5322:
4828:"Moa genes could rise from the dead"
4684:
4635:
4252:
4204:
3848:
3485:
2996:
2994:
2739:
2339:
2209:
1727:fauna' might include the widespread
409:Moa are traditionally placed in the
7927:Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World
5891:Turvey, Samuel T.; Green, Owen R.;
5258:"A partially mummified skeleton of
4643:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
2779:Harder's illustration of a moa hunt
300:
48:
5173:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
4567:
4349:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00213.x
4061:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton Pub.
4047:
3172:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
3165:
3129:
2588:Dried muscle on bones of a female
2421:An excavation in Kapua Swamp, 1894
1818:had made a land bridge across the
619:being evident in several species.
49:
9742:
9686:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
8011:Monsters and Mysteries in America
7697:
6674:
6439:
5055:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008).
4648:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
2991:
2864:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1928:Their diet has been deduced from
1901:(1911) (see photograph to left),
668:
583:, which can fly. Previously, the
9422:North Island little spotted kiwi
8659:
8229:
8228:
8218:
7652:
7651:
7567:
7561:
7070:
6355:
6306:
6257:
6214:
6165:
6126:
6039:
5993:Records of the Canterbury Museum
5821:
5584:"Notice of the Earnscleugh Cave"
5536:
5364:
5293:
5160:Records of the Canterbury Museum
4884:Expert supports Moa revival idea
4304:A Concise History of New Zealand
3892:
3681:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1546
3669:Records of the Australian Museum
3557:
3507:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1535
3495:Records of the Australian Museum
3360:
2816:
2802:
2651:The complete feathered leg of a
2194:
2179:
2167:
2055:). However, DNA showed that all
1241:
1216:
1172:
1146:
1094:
1071:
1032:
997:
174:
85:
8025:Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science
8018:On the Track of Unknown Animals
7969:Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files
5428:On the Track of Unknown Animals
4911:
4893:
4876:
4859:
4842:
4819:
4802:
4753:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4696:
4663:
4654:
4620:
4587:
4561:
4552:
4543:
4534:
4508:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4426:
4398:
4380:
4355:
4320:
4295:
4253:Pole, Mike (31 December 2021).
4246:
4237:
4216:
4195:
4126:
4083:
4038:
4015:
3984:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3842:
3803:
3761:
3694:
3633:
3624:
3565:
3520:
3479:
3333:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3178:
3159:
3107:
3046:
3033:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025
2186:An egg and embryo fragments of
2007:
1800:
1657:
9373:North Island stout-legged wren
9368:South Island stout-legged wren
6208:10.1080/03036758.1993.10721222
5701:Laing, Doug (5 January 2008).
5517:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
5287:10.1080/03036758.1987.10426481
4989:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
4952:
4935:
4598:. Nelson, N.Z.: Craig Potton.
3532:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
2966:
2907:
2886:
2614:An articulated foot of a male
2463:(the Māori word for doline or
465:
437:, and were hunted only by the
13:
1:
6349:10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514
6300:10.1080/03014223.1995.9517494
6252:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517474
6160:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517575
6121:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517573
5530:10.1080/03014223.1997.9518107
5489:10.1126/science.287.5461.2250
4969:
4504:(1). Center for Inquiry: 8–9.
4440:. Cambridge University Press.
4302:Mein Smith, Philippa (2012).
2236:
2224:or Kōwai forest ecosystem in
1756:), and some sites around the
1696:(South Island giant moa), and
641:(Archey) is synonymised with
9691:Extinct birds of New Zealand
5233:"Skeptics Meet Moa Spotters"
4515:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017).
4492:Nickell, Joe (26 May 2017).
4388:"Alice McKenzie and the Moa"
4361:Holdaway & Jacomb (2000)
3544:10.1080/03014223.2012.665060
3156:Worthy & Holdaway (2002)
2879:
2719:foot, Natural History Museum
2534:Auckland War Memorial Museum
1674:, both from the South Island
923:
444:
398:), was around the size of a
7:
9716:Animals with only two limbs
9701:Bird extinctions since 1500
5991:(Aves: Dinornithiformes)".
5775:. London: John van Voorst.
5237:New Zealand Skeptics Online
4854:New Zealand Science Monthly
4732:Vickers-Rich, et al. (1995)
3828:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002
3789:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002
3393:Huynen, L.J., et al. (2003)
3224:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002
2795:
2659:in 1894 (currently held by
2633:in 1878 (currently held by
2592:found at Tiger Hill in the
2475:areas of northwest Nelson,
2047:), North Island giant moa (
1951:was analogous to a pair of
1905:(1939), and under water in
910:(South Island, New Zealand)
876:(South Island, New Zealand)
866:(North Island, New Zealand)
856:(South Island, New Zealand)
812:(South Island, New Zealand)
754:(South Island, New Zealand)
744:(North Island, New Zealand)
673:
10:
9747:
9493:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
8567:South Island oystercatcher
8032:Strange Abominable Snowmen
7866:Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans
7585:
6413:Yong, Ed (10 March 2010).
5845:Purcell, Rosamond (1999).
4594:Berentson, Quinn. (2012).
4259:Palaeontologia Electronica
3186:"Te Manunui Rock Art Site"
3012:Quaternary Science Reviews
2752:as leading candidates for
2391:Owen's first bone fragment
2030:Pachyornis septentrionalis
1869:Preserved footprints of a
553:Evolutionary relationships
358:) are an extinct group of
53:
9721:Miocene first appearances
9540:
9334:Auckland Island merganser
9263:
9143:
9017:
8792:
8668:
8657:
8285:
8213:
8167:
8076:
7909:
7726:
7705:
7647:
7593:
7580:
7558:
7511:
7492:
7483:
7453:
7423:
7414:
7355:
7321:
7283:
7274:
7229:
7207:
7195:
7141:
7110:
7101:
7097:
7084:
7067:
7033:
6988:
6943:
6912:
6880:
6827:
6808:
6797:
6742:
6701:
6697:
6682:
6669:
6629:
6611:
6602:
6584:
6575:
6557:
6544:
6510:
6373:The Lost World of the Moa
6026:10.1080/03014220809510550
5851:. Mariner Books. p.
5350:10.1080/03014220709510542
4660:Wood, J.R., et al. (2008)
4057:Gibbs, George W. (2006).
2771:In literature and culture
2548:Feathers and soft tissues
2382:Royal College of Surgeons
1594:
1576:
1569:
1551:
1544:
1508:
1490:
1483:
1465:
1458:
1445:
1399:
1381:
1374:
1361:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1231:
1206:
1199:
1161:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1086:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1022:
1015:
987:
980:
713:(Gadow 1893) Ridgway 1901
328:
321:
314:
307:
297:
292:
273:
266:
171:Scientific classification
169:
161:
152:
65:
9676:Extinct flightless birds
9346:Chatham Island merganser
8913:Northern royal albatross
8901:New Zealand storm petrel
5260:Anomalopteryx didiformis
5212:Dieffenbach, E. (1843).
5061:Project: The Taxonomicon
4928:
4450:Purcell, Rosamond (1999)
3409:Bunce, M., et al. (2003)
2914:Brodkob, Pierce (1963).
2904:Stephenson, Brent (2009)
2699:Anomalopteryx didiformis
2232:Relationship with humans
1986:Pseudopanax crassifolius
1831:Anomalopteryx didiformis
1827:Dinornis novaezealandiae
1812:Anomalopteryx didiformis
1690:Anomalopteryx didiformis
1688:) forests that included
1650:Distribution and habitat
1556:Anomalopteryx didiformis
788:Anomalopteryx didiformis
742:Dinornis novaezealandiae
683:Anomalopteryx didiformis
489:Anomalopteryx didiformis
477:Dinornis novaezealandiae
396:Anomalopteryx didiformis
279:Dinornis novaezealandiae
31:latest accepted revision
8966:South Island saddleback
8954:North Island saddleback
8930:Orange-fronted parakeet
8702:North Island brown kiwi
8200:Young Earth creationism
7756:David Hatcher Childress
6467:3D model of a moa skull
6451:TerraNature page on Moa
5989:Pachyornis elephantopus
5726:Millener, P.R. (1982).
5626:10.1073/pnas.0914096107
5373:Gould, Charles (1886).
5231:Dutton, Dennis (1994).
5029:10.1073/pnas.0409435102
4850:Life in the Old Moa Yet
4044:Horrocks, et al. (2004)
3736:10.1073/pnas.0906660106
3599:10.1073/pnas.0409435102
3454:10.1073/pnas.0906660106
3281:10.1126/science.1251981
3168:"Cave drawing of a moa"
3104:Phillips, et al. (2010)
2963:Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003)
2642:Pachyornis elephantopus
2069:D. novaezealandiae
2049:D. novaezealandiae
1942:stable isotope analysis
1912:
1705:Pachyornis elephantopus
1672:Pachyornis elephantopus
854:Pachyornis elephantopus
724:Owen 1843 (giant moa)
695:Pachyornis elephantopus
387:Dinornis novaezelandiae
9514:
9497:
9485:
9468:
9456:
9414:
9392:
9355:
9338:
9301:
9289:
9277:
9252:
9240:
9218:
9181:
9159:
9132:
9120:
9103:
9091:
9079:
9062:
9045:
9033:
9006:
8994:
8982:
8970:
8958:
8946:
8934:
8922:
8905:
8893:
8881:
8877:New Zealand fairy tern
8844:
8832:
8820:
8808:
8781:
8764:
8742:
8730:
8718:
8706:
8694:
8682:
8648:
8636:
8624:
8612:
8608:Variable oystercatcher
8595:
8583:
8571:
8559:
8547:
8535:
8523:
8506:
8494:
8472:
8460:
8443:
8431:
8419:
8407:
8395:
8383:
8371:
8359:
8347:
8335:
8323:
8311:
8299:
8159:George Gaylord Simpson
5967:: 1–26. Archived from
5948:; Yaldwyn, JC (1995).
5769:Owen, Richard (1879).
5403:Hartree, W.H. (1999).
5377:. W.H. Allen & Co.
5256:Forrest, R.M. (1987).
5214:Travels in New Zealand
4917:Curnow, Allen (1944).
4778:10.1098/rspb.2009.0755
4558:Dieffenbach, E. (1843)
4021:Burrows, et al. (1981)
3991:Teviotdale D. (1932).
3915:Worthy, Trevor (1998)b
3906:Worthy, Trevor (1998)a
3868:10.3390/biology2010419
2780:
2720:
2635:Natural History Museum
2561:
2456:
2422:
2412:Natural History Museum
2392:
2357:
2246:
2218:period suggests a low
1925:
1874:
1797:
1770:on the west coast and
1675:
748:South Island giant moa
738:North Island giant moa
698:
686:
576:
575:(r), each with its egg
498:
163:North Island giant moa
51:Extinct order of birds
9643:Paleobiology Database
9505:New Zealand musk duck
9452:Scarlett's shearwater
9329:South Island adzebill
9324:North Island adzebill
9214:Erect-crested penguin
9058:Chatham oystercatcher
8889:New Zealand king shag
8531:New Zealand rock wren
8039:The Hunt for the Buru
5830:Polack, J.S. (1838).
5807:10.1093/sysbio/syp079
5748:OSNZ (January 2009).
5382:Hamilton, A. (1894).
5080:Buller, W.L. (1888).
4741:Worthy, Trevor (1989)
4638:"Roger Shepherd Duff"
3639:Worthy, et al. (1988)
3346:10.1093/molbev/msu153
2778:
2712:
2692:Museum of New Zealand
2672:Museum of New Zealand
2625:The type specimen of
2555:
2454:
2420:
2390:
2347:
2244:
1920:
1868:
1861:Behaviour and ecology
1843:Pachyornis geranoides
1825:In the North Island,
1795:
1665:
864:Pachyornis geranoides
692:
681:
560:
473:
9706:Holocene extinctions
9155:Antipodean albatross
9145:Subantarctic islands
8468:New Zealand dotterel
8367:Double-banded plover
8279:Birds of New Zealand
8190:Hypothetical species
8060:The Secret Saturdays
6425:on 22 September 2020
6054:Journal of Taphonomy
5952:Megalapteryx didinus
5386:Megalapteryx didinus
4995:(Supplement): 39–44.
4750:Forrest, R.M. (1987)
4468:Heuvelmans, B (1959)
4377:Fuller, Errol (1987)
3971:W & T Avery Ltd.
3379:Turvey et al. (2005)
3190:Heritage New Zealand
3003:Wilmshurst, Janet M.
2978:nzbirdsonline.org.nz
2646:Cambridge University
2627:Megalapteryx didinus
2576:) preserved through
2558:Megalapteryx didinus
2494:and concentrate in '
2300:Megalapteryx didinus
2135:Megalapteryx didinus
2071:) and South Island (
2059:were males, and all
2057:D. struthioides
2053:D. struthioides
2051:), and slender moa (
1764:Megalapteryx didinus
1738:Pachyornis australis
1707:(heavy-footed moa),
1338:Megalapteryx didinus
941:and the other taxa.
908:Megalapteryx didinus
874:Pachyornis australis
639:Megalapteryx benhami
435:arrival of the Māori
417:, once considered a
362:formerly endemic to
56:Moa (disambiguation)
9464:North Island takahē
9339:rakiraki maungahuka
9285:New Zealand bittern
9273:South Island piopio
9226:Reischek's parakeet
8872:South Island kōkako
8867:North Island kōkako
8755:South Island takahē
8738:Yellow-eyed penguin
8726:Southern brown kiwi
8690:Little spotted kiwi
8124:Sherrie Lynne Lyons
8089:Robert Todd Carroll
7826:Aleksandr Kondratov
7801:John Willison Green
6340:1996JRSNZ..26..275W
6291:1995JRSNZ..25..333W
6244:1994JRSNZ..24..297W
6199:1993JRSNZ..23..147W
6152:1998JRSNZ..28..537W
6113:1998JRSNZ..28..421W
6018:2008JRSNZ..38..115W
5921:10.1038/nature03635
5913:2005Natur.435..940T
5678:10.1038/nature01838
5670:2003Natur.425..175H
5617:2010PNAS..10716201H
5611:(30): 16201–16206.
5559:2004EmuAO.104..149H
5481:2000Sci...287.2250H
5475:(5461): 2250–2254.
5341:2007JRSNZ..37..139G
5323:Gill, B.J. (2007).
5278:1987JRSNZ..17..399F
5153:on 28 January 2019.
5128:10.1038/nature01871
5120:2003Natur.425..172B
5020:2005PNAS..102.8257B
4960:Saint Bathans Fauna
4919:Sailing or Drowning
4772:(1672): 3395–3402.
4723:Hamilton, A. (1894)
4714:Buller, W.L. (1888)
4540:Polack, J.S. (1838)
4341:1993Ecogr..16..229M
4191:on 28 January 2019.
4166:10.1038/nature01871
4158:2003Natur.425..172B
4104:1979Natur.281..103S
3961:Buick L.T. (1937).
3727:2009PNAS..10620646B
3721:(49): 20646–20651.
3590:2005PNAS..102.8257B
3486:Gill, B.J. (2010).
3445:2009PNAS..10620646B
3439:(49): 20646–20651.
3273:2014Sci...344..898M
3071:2020Ecogr..43..353L
3025:2014QSRv..105..126P
3005:(1 December 2014).
2686:found in a cave on
2682:A complete foot of
2221:Sophora microphylla
2137:) were blue-green.
1980:Pennantia corymbosa
1754:Honeycomb Hill Cave
1752:districts (such as
663:Saint Bathans Fauna
316:6 genera, 9 species
21:Page version status
9432:South Island snipe
9427:North Island snipe
9248:Subantarctic snipe
9199:Campbell albatross
9189:Antipodes parakeet
9133:kawau o rangihaute
8804:Black-fronted tern
8678:Great spotted kiwi
8620:White-fronted tern
8485:North Island robin
8480:South Island robin
8439:Long-tailed cuckoo
8379:New Zealand falcon
7811:Bernard Heuvelmans
7766:William R. Corliss
5794:Systematic Biology
5424:Bernard Heuvelmans
4521:Skeptical Inquirer
4482:Laing, Doug (2008)
3705:; Phillips, M.J.;
3656:Tennyson, A.J.D.;
3423:; Phillips, M.J.;
3080:10.1111/ecog.04917
2824:New Zealand portal
2781:
2721:
2562:
2457:
2423:
2410:In July 2004, the
2393:
2358:
2247:
2201:Restoration of an
2014:Euryapteryx curtus
1932:contents of their
1926:
1922:D. novaezealandiae
1875:
1871:D. novaezealandiae
1835:Euryapteryx gravis
1808:Euryapteryx gravis
1798:
1709:Euryapteryx gravis
1676:
1599:Euryapteryx curtus
1404:D. novaezealandiae
1309:†Dinornithiformes
946:Oligocene Drowning
832:Euryapteryx curtus
699:
687:
652:Pachyornis mappini
628:Euryapteryx curtus
577:
561:A comparison of a
499:
374:, there were nine
27:
9731:Notopalaeognathae
9658:
9657:
9534:Taxon identifiers
9525:
9524:
9476:New Zealand goose
9297:New Zealand quail
9041:Chatham albatross
8760:Fiordland penguin
8502:Paradise shelduck
8490:New Zealand scaup
8427:Sacred kingfisher
8415:Grey-faced petrel
8307:Black-billed gull
8245:
8244:
8180:Fearsome critters
7948:Destination Truth
7920:Animalia Paradoxa
7881:Ivan T. Sanderson
7846:Vladimir Markotic
7806:Richard Greenwell
7741:Jon-Erik Beckjord
7665:
7664:
7643:
7642:
7576:
7575:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7410:
7409:
7270:
7269:
7191:
7190:
7115:Opisthodactylidae
7091:Notopalaeognathae
7080:
7079:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7039:Notopalaeognathae
7029:
7028:
6793:
6792:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6419:Discover Magazine
6395:"A moa sighting?"
6382:978-0-253-34034-4
6369:Holdaway, Richard
6320:Holdaway, Richard
6271:Holdaway, Richard
6228:Holdaway, Richard
6179:Holdaway, Richard
5981:Dinornis robustus
5907:(7044): 940–943.
5893:Holdaway, Richard
5862:978-0-395-89228-2
5848:Swift as a Shadow
5664:(6954): 175–178.
5505:Holdaway, Richard
5463:Holdaway, Richard
5445:Hill, H. (1913).
5375:Mythical Monsters
5315:978-0-8160-1833-8
5223:978-1-113-50843-0
5204:978-0-618-00583-3
5182:978-0-7876-5784-0
5114:(6954): 172–175.
5084:. London: Buller.
5014:(23): 8257–8262.
4903:. 25 April 2011.
4826:Young, E (1997).
4636:Davidson, Janet.
4392:Radio New Zealand
4222:Gill, B.J. (2007)
4213:Wood, J.R. (2008)
4152:(6954): 172–175.
4098:(5727): 103–104.
3849:Yuri, T. (2013).
3816:Annals of Anatomy
3777:Annals of Anatomy
3707:Holdaway, Richard
3690:on 11 April 2019.
3584:(23): 8257–8262.
3516:on 11 April 2019.
3425:Holdaway, Richard
3267:(6186): 898–900.
2892:Brands, S. (2008)
2740:Potential revival
2640:The lower leg of
2603:Several bones of
2594:Manuherikia River
2590:Dinornis robustus
2527:Canterbury Museum
2340:Surviving remains
2210:Pre-human forests
1717:Dinornis robustus
1694:Dinornis robustus
1668:Dinornis robustus
1666:A restoration of
1646:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1349:
1348:
1324:Megalapterygidae
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1185:
1184:
1165:Aepyornithiformes
1108:
1107:
1012:Notopalaeognathae
769:
752:Dinornis robustus
714:
617:sexual dimorphism
587:, the Australian
495:Dinornis robustus
381:Dinornis robustus
346:
345:
340:
334:
262:
241:Notopalaeognathae
39:26 September 2024
18:
9738:
9651:
9650:
9638:
9637:
9628:
9627:
9615:
9614:
9602:
9601:
9589:
9588:
9576:
9575:
9574:
9572:Dinornithiformes
9561:
9560:
9559:
9542:Dinornithiformes
9529:
9528:
9517:
9510:New Zealand swan
9500:
9488:
9471:
9459:
9417:
9395:
9363:Long-billed wren
9358:
9341:
9304:
9292:
9280:
9255:
9243:
9221:
9184:
9162:
9135:
9123:
9106:
9094:
9082:
9070:Chatham parakeet
9065:
9053:Chatham gerygone
9048:
9036:
9009:
8997:
8985:
8973:
8961:
8949:
8937:
8925:
8908:
8896:
8884:
8847:
8835:
8823:
8811:
8784:
8767:
8745:
8733:
8721:
8709:
8697:
8685:
8663:
8651:
8639:
8627:
8615:
8598:
8586:
8574:
8562:
8550:
8538:
8526:
8509:
8497:
8475:
8463:
8446:
8434:
8422:
8410:
8398:
8386:
8374:
8362:
8350:
8343:Buff-banded rail
8338:
8326:
8314:
8302:
8272:
8265:
8258:
8249:
8248:
8232:
8231:
8222:
8221:
8185:Folklore studies
8144:Benjamin Radford
8094:Steuart Campbell
7962:Extinct or Alive
7901:Odette Tchernine
7896:Roderick Sprague
7746:John Bindernagel
7728:Cryptozoologists
7718:List of cryptids
7692:
7685:
7678:
7669:
7668:
7655:
7654:
7606:Incognitoolithus
7582:
7581:
7571:
7566:
7565:
7536:
7498:
7490:
7489:
7456:
7441:
7421:
7420:
7309:
7299:
7289:
7281:
7280:
7205:
7204:
7200:Dinornithiformes
7198:
7172:
7162:
7152:
7113:
7108:
7107:
7099:
7098:
7086:
7085:
7075:
7074:
7035:
7034:
7009:
6999:
6946:
6915:
6883:
6830:
6814:
6806:
6805:
6800:Struthioniformes
6745:
6729:
6718:
6707:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6684:
6683:
6671:
6670:
6609:
6608:
6582:
6581:
6555:
6554:
6546:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6512:
6511:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6473:
6472:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6421:. Archived from
6409:
6407:
6405:
6386:
6360:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6311:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6262:
6261:
6255:
6219:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6170:
6169:
6163:
6131:
6130:
6124:
6092:
6082:
6069:
6044:
6043:
6037:
6000:
5975:
5973:
5958:
5940:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5878:on 25 April 2015
5866:
5841:
5826:
5825:
5819:
5809:
5784:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5756:on 25 April 2015
5744:
5732:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5707:Hawkes Bay Today
5697:
5648:
5638:
5628:
5595:
5578:
5541:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5500:
5458:
5441:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5352:
5319:
5298:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5227:
5208:
5191:Dawkins, Richard
5186:
5167:
5154:
5152:
5146:. Archived from
5103:
5089:Bunce, Michael;
5085:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5063:. Archived from
5051:
5041:
5031:
4996:
4986:
4978:Anderson, Atholl
4963:
4956:
4950:
4939:
4922:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4897:
4891:
4882:Tohill, M.-J., "
4880:
4874:
4863:
4857:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4823:
4817:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4789:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4671:"Digitising moa"
4667:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4498:Skeptical Briefs
4489:
4483:
4480:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4459:Gould, C. (1886)
4457:
4451:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4434:Anderson, Atholl
4430:
4424:
4421:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4362:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4274:
4250:
4244:
4243:Yong, Ed. (2010)
4241:
4235:
4232:
4223:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4184:. Archived from
4143:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4112:10.1038/281103b0
4087:
4081:
4080:
4054:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3774:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3738:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3683:. Archived from
3666:
3653:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3601:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3509:. Archived from
3492:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3456:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3394:
3391:
3380:
3377:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3348:
3339:(7): 1686–1696.
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3309:. Archived from
3292:
3258:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2952:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2893:
2890:
2869:Island gigantism
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2598:Yorkshire Museum
2330:pseudoscientific
2326:Cryptozoologists
2255:carbon-14 dating
2198:
2183:
2171:
2077:D. robustus
2073:D. robustus
2061:D. robustus
2045:D. robustus
1967:ecological niche
1903:Rangitīkei River
1899:Palmerston North
1877:About eight moa
1572:
1571:
1547:
1546:
1486:
1485:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1363:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1245:
1220:
1202:
1201:
1176:
1150:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1099:
1098:
1090:Dinornithiformes
1075:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1036:
1018:
1017:
1001:
990:Struthioniformes
983:
982:
973:
972:
886:Megalapterygidae
850:Heavy-footed moa
828:Broad-billed moa
768:(Bonaparte 1854)
767:
712:
710:Dinornithiformes
456:William Williams
368:Late Pleistocene
360:flightless birds
356:Dinornithiformes
338:
332:
276:
257:
254:Dinornithiformes
252:
179:
178:
157:
147:
84:
69:Temporal range:
63:
62:
9746:
9745:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9736:
9735:
9661:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9646:
9641:
9633:
9631:
9623:
9618:
9610:
9605:
9597:
9592:
9584:
9579:
9570:
9569:
9564:
9555:
9554:
9549:
9536:
9526:
9521:
9405:Waitaha penguin
9400:Chatham penguin
9265:
9259:
9147:
9139:
9021:
9019:Chatham Islands
9013:
8942:Red-billed gull
8935:kākāriki karaka
8796:
8794:
8788:
8670:
8664:
8655:
8287:
8281:
8276:
8246:
8241:
8240:
8209:
8163:
8154:Michael Shermer
8139:Donald Prothero
8084:Joshua Blu Buhs
8072:
8053:The X Creatures
7983:In Search of...
7911:
7905:
7851:Jeffrey Meldrum
7786:Richard Freeman
7722:
7701:
7696:
7666:
7661:
7639:
7589:
7572:
7560:
7544:
7507:
7479:
7449:
7406:
7351:
7317:
7266:
7225:
7187:
7137:
7132:Opisthodactylus
7093:
7076:
7069:
7053:
7025:
6984:
6948:Ergilornithidae
6939:
6908:
6902:Galligeranoides
6876:
6864:Palaeophasianus
6849:Galligeranoides
6823:
6802:
6789:
6784:Pseudocrypturus
6738:
6691:
6678:
6645:
6625:
6598:
6571:
6565:Avemetatarsalia
6550:Avemetatarsalia
6540:
6517:
6516:
6506:
6500:
6442:
6437:
6428:
6426:
6403:
6401:
6383:
6354:
6305:
6256:
6213:
6164:
6125:
6080:
6038:
5974:on 22 May 2010.
5971:
5956:
5881:
5879:
5863:
5820:
5759:
5757:
5730:
5716:
5714:
5713:on 24 July 2011
5567:10.1071/MU03019
5535:
5438:
5407:
5363:
5316:
5292:
5262:from Southland"
5246:
5244:
5243:on 8 March 2016
5224:
5205:
5183:
5150:
5101:
5070:
5068:
5067:on 7 March 2009
4984:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4957:
4953:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4916:
4912:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4881:
4877:
4864:
4860:
4847:
4843:
4824:
4820:
4807:
4803:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:Owen, R. (1879)
4692:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4606:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:Hill, H. (1913)
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4513:
4509:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4431:
4427:
4423:Anderson (1989)
4422:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4300:
4296:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4188:
4141:
4131:
4127:
4088:
4084:
4069:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3847:
3843:
3808:
3804:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3664:
3654:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3397:
3392:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3359:
3325:
3321:
3316:on 30 May 2019.
3313:
3256:
3246:
3239:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
2999:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2784:Heinrich Harder
2773:
2742:
2550:
2403:, and named it
2342:
2266:Nelson Examiner
2239:
2234:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2175:
2172:
2034:P. mappini
2026:E. crassus
2010:
1965:Moa filled the
1915:
1863:
1803:
1780:Otago Peninsula
1692:(bush moa) and
1660:
1652:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1534:
1525:
1495:P. elephantopus
1434:
1425:
1416:
1359:†Dinornithidae
1350:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1186:
1109:
1093:
926:
676:
671:
643:M. didinus
609:Bergmann’s rule
555:
468:
460:William Colenso
447:
288:
282:
256:
250:
173:
148:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
80:17–0.0006
79:
78:
67:
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
9744:
9734:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9656:
9655:
9653:
9652:
9639:
9629:
9616:
9603:
9590:
9577:
9562:
9546:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9507:
9502:
9490:
9478:
9473:
9461:
9449:
9447:Imber's petrel
9444:
9439:
9437:Forbes's snipe
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9410:Eyles' harrier
9407:
9402:
9397:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9348:
9343:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9294:
9282:
9269:
9267:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9245:
9236:Snares penguin
9233:
9228:
9223:
9219:tawaki nana hī
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9151:
9149:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9137:
9125:
9116:Magenta petrel
9113:
9108:
9096:
9087:Chatham pigeon
9084:
9075:Chatham petrel
9072:
9067:
9055:
9050:
9038:
9025:
9023:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
8999:
8987:
8975:
8963:
8951:
8939:
8927:
8915:
8910:
8898:
8886:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8837:
8825:
8813:
8800:
8798:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8774:
8769:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8735:
8723:
8711:
8699:
8687:
8674:
8672:
8666:
8665:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8641:
8629:
8617:
8605:
8600:
8588:
8576:
8564:
8552:
8543:Shining cuckoo
8540:
8528:
8516:
8511:
8499:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8465:
8453:
8448:
8436:
8424:
8412:
8400:
8388:
8376:
8364:
8352:
8340:
8328:
8316:
8304:
8291:
8289:
8283:
8282:
8275:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8252:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8109:Sharon A. Hill
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7986:
7979:
7972:
7965:
7958:
7955:Exotic Zoology
7951:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7923:
7915:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7876:Boris Porshnev
7873:
7871:David Paulides
7868:
7863:
7861:Michael Newton
7858:
7856:John R. Napier
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7771:Peter Costello
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7751:Peter C. Byrne
7748:
7743:
7738:
7736:Henry H. Bauer
7732:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7695:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7672:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7659:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7532:
7525:
7517:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7493:
7487:
7485:Casuariiformes
7481:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7470:
7462:
7460:
7458:Aepyornithidae
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7437:
7429:
7427:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7397:
7390:
7383:
7376:
7369:
7361:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7327:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7305:
7295:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7243:
7235:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7216:
7208:
7202:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7178:
7168:
7158:
7147:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7128:
7119:
7117:
7105:
7095:
7094:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7043:
7041:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7016:
7005:
6994:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6975:
6972:Sinoergilornis
6968:
6961:
6953:
6951:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6930:
6922:
6920:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6898:
6890:
6888:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6845:
6837:
6835:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6809:
6803:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6751:
6749:
6747:Lithornithidae
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6725:
6714:
6702:
6692:
6687:
6680:
6679:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6558:
6552:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6508:
6507:
6499:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6441:
6440:External links
6438:
6436:
6435:
6410:
6393:(March 2009).
6391:Worthy, Trevor
6387:
6381:
6365:Worthy, Trevor
6361:
6334:(3): 275–361.
6316:Worthy, Trevor
6312:
6285:(3): 333–370.
6267:Worthy, Trevor
6263:
6238:(3): 297–391.
6224:Worthy, Trevor
6220:
6193:(3): 147–254.
6175:Worthy, Trevor
6171:
6146:(4): 537–589.
6136:Worthy, Trevor
6132:
6107:(3): 421–521.
6097:Worthy, Trevor
6093:
6074:Worthy, Trevor
6070:
6050:Worthy, Trevor
6045:
6012:(3): 115–129.
6001:
5976:
5946:Worthy, Trevor
5941:
5888:
5867:
5861:
5842:
5827:
5785:
5766:
5745:
5723:
5698:
5649:
5596:
5579:
5553:(2): 149–156.
5542:
5509:Worthy, Trevor
5501:
5459:
5442:
5437:978-0710304988
5436:
5420:
5400:
5379:
5370:
5335:(4): 139–150.
5320:
5314:
5299:
5272:(4): 399–408.
5253:
5228:
5222:
5209:
5203:
5187:
5181:
5168:
5155:
5091:Worthy, Trevor
5086:
5077:
5052:
4997:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4951:
4947:Māori language
4933:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4910:
4892:
4875:
4858:
4841:
4818:
4808:Le Roux, M., "
4801:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4716:
4704:
4695:
4683:
4662:
4653:
4628:
4619:
4605:978-1877517846
4604:
4586:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4507:
4484:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4425:
4411:
4397:
4379:
4363:
4354:
4335:(3): 229–250.
4319:
4313:978-1107402171
4312:
4294:
4245:
4236:
4224:
4215:
4203:
4201:Hartree (1999)
4194:
4135:Worthy, Trevor
4125:
4082:
4068:978-1877333484
4067:
4046:
4037:
4023:
4014:
3983:
3953:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3861:(1): 419–444.
3841:
3802:
3760:
3703:Worthy, Trevor
3693:
3658:Worthy, Trevor
3641:
3632:
3623:
3564:
3528:Worthy, Trevor
3519:
3478:
3421:Worthy, Trevor
3411:
3395:
3381:
3367:
3319:
3250:Worthy, Trevor
3237:
3195:
3177:
3166:Schoon, Theo.
3158:
3128:
3106:
3094:
3065:(3): 353–364.
3045:
2990:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2906:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2855:
2854:
2843:Elephant birds
2840:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2813:
2797:
2794:
2772:
2769:
2765:Trevor Mallard
2741:
2738:
2707:
2706:
2697:A skeleton of
2695:
2676:
2675:
2666:The head of a
2664:
2649:
2638:
2623:
2612:
2601:
2549:
2546:
2519:Pyramid Valley
2356:skeleton, 1879
2341:
2338:
2314:South Westland
2284:Alice McKenzie
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2166:
2126:archaeological
2022:Emeus huttonii
2018:E. exilis
2009:
2006:
1914:
1911:
1891:Manawatū River
1885:Creek (1872),
1862:
1859:
1855:E. curtus
1851:E. gravis
1839:E. curtus
1802:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1761:
1721:
1720:
1703:that included
1697:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1196:Casuariiformes
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1139:Apterygiformes
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
986:
981:
979:
971:
925:
922:
918:
917:
916:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
881:
880:
879:
878:
877:
867:
857:
837:
836:
835:
815:
814:
813:
793:
792:
791:
759:
758:
757:
756:
755:
745:
675:
672:
670:
669:Classification
667:
554:
551:
467:
464:
446:
443:
344:
343:
342:
341:
335:
326:
325:
319:
318:
312:
311:
305:
304:
295:
294:
290:
289:
283:
271:
270:
264:
263:
248:
244:
243:
238:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
167:
166:
159:
158:
150:
149:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
68:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9743:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9671:Dinornithidae
9669:
9668:
9666:
9649:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9630:
9626:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9582:
9578:
9573:
9567:
9563:
9558:
9552:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9530:
9516:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9499:
9494:
9491:
9487:
9482:
9481:Finsch's duck
9479:
9477:
9474:
9470:
9465:
9462:
9458:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9416:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9394:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9340:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9314:Haast's eagle
9312:
9310:
9307:
9303:
9298:
9295:
9291:
9286:
9283:
9279:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9262:
9254:
9249:
9246:
9242:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9220:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9209:Campbell teal
9207:
9205:
9204:Campbell shag
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9183:
9182:tētē kākāriki
9178:
9177:Auckland teal
9175:
9173:
9172:Auckland shag
9170:
9168:
9167:Auckland rail
9165:
9161:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9134:
9129:
9126:
9122:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9111:Chatham snipe
9109:
9105:
9100:
9097:
9093:
9088:
9085:
9081:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9064:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9047:
9042:
9039:
9035:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9008:
9003:
9000:
8996:
8991:
8988:
8984:
8979:
8976:
8972:
8967:
8964:
8960:
8955:
8952:
8948:
8943:
8940:
8936:
8931:
8928:
8924:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8907:
8902:
8899:
8895:
8890:
8887:
8883:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8846:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8829:
8826:
8822:
8817:
8814:
8810:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8795:endemic birds
8791:
8783:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8766:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8744:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8727:
8724:
8720:
8715:
8712:
8708:
8703:
8700:
8696:
8695:kiwi pukupuku
8691:
8688:
8684:
8679:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8667:
8662:
8650:
8645:
8642:
8638:
8633:
8630:
8626:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8597:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8580:
8577:
8573:
8568:
8565:
8561:
8556:
8553:
8549:
8548:pīpīwharauroa
8544:
8541:
8537:
8532:
8529:
8525:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8508:
8503:
8500:
8496:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8474:
8469:
8466:
8462:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8445:
8440:
8437:
8433:
8428:
8425:
8421:
8416:
8413:
8409:
8404:
8401:
8397:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8344:
8341:
8337:
8332:
8329:
8325:
8320:
8319:Brown creeper
8317:
8313:
8308:
8305:
8301:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8284:
8280:
8273:
8268:
8266:
8261:
8259:
8254:
8253:
8250:
8235:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8195:Pseudoscience
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8119:Daniel Loxton
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8104:Brian Dunning
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8067:Weird Travels
8064:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8015:
8013:
8012:
8008:
8006:
8005:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7964:
7963:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7941:Beast Legends
7938:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7891:Gardner Soule
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7831:Grover Krantz
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7791:Charles Gould
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7781:Richard Ellis
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7761:Loren Coleman
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7713:Cryptozoology
7711:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7699:Cryptozoology
7693:
7688:
7686:
7681:
7679:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7658:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7588:
7583:
7579:
7570:
7564:
7541:
7540:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7503:
7502:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7302:Querandiornis
7296:
7294:
7293:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7240:Anomalopteryx
7237:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7222:
7221:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7194:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7087:
7083:
7073:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7022:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7012:Pachystruthio
7006:
7004:
7003:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6990:Struthionidae
6987:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6958:Amphipelargus
6955:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:Palaeotididae
6879:
6873:
6872:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6818:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6796:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6777:Paracathartes
6774:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6733:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6689:Palaeognathae
6685:
6681:
6677:
6676:Palaeognathae
6672:
6668:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6631:Palaeognathae
6628:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6497:
6492:
6490:
6485:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6411:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5985:Emeus crassus
5982:
5977:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5953:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5800:(1): 90–107.
5799:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5767:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5743:(1): 165–170.
5742:
5738:
5737:
5729:
5724:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5418:(4): 457–460.
5417:
5413:
5406:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5305:Extinct Birds
5300:
5296:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5254:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5100:
5098:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4961:
4955:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4934:
4920:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4832:New Scientist
4829:
4822:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4711:
4709:
4699:
4690:
4688:
4672:
4666:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4575:
4574:teara.govt.nz
4571:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4537:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4407:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4272:10.26879/1169
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4229:
4219:
4210:
4208:
4198:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4041:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4018:
4003:(162): 81–120
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3895:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3636:
3630:Worthy (1987)
3627:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3538:(2): 87–153.
3537:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3116:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2848:
2845:, flightless
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2814:
2811:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:de-extinction
2751:
2747:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:Darwin’s rhea
2727:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:Old Man Range
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2605:Emeus crassus
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:, Otago, and
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2279:Otago Witness
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:Haast's eagle
2243:
2229:
2227:
2226:Central Otago
2223:
2222:
2217:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2188:Emeus crassus
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:found in 1911
1872:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:P. geranoides
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:Central Otago
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1713:Emeus crassus
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:Southern Alps
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:Emeus crassus
1574:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:P. geranoides
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1169:elephant bird
1166:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
995:
991:
985:
984:
978:
977:Palaeognathae
975:
974:
970:
968:
964:
960:
959:Southern Alps
955:
952:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
921:
909:
905:
902:
901:
900:
899:
898:
893:
890:
889:
888:
887:
882:
875:
871:
868:
865:
861:
860:Mantell's moa
858:
855:
851:
848:
847:
846:
845:
844:
838:
833:
829:
826:
825:
824:
823:
822:
816:
811:
810:Emeus crassus
807:
804:
803:
802:
801:
800:
794:
789:
785:
782:
781:
780:
779:
778:
777:Anomalopteryx
772:
771:
770:(lesser moa)
766:
765:
760:
753:
749:
746:
743:
739:
736:
735:
734:
733:
732:
726:
725:
723:
722:
721:Dinornithidae
717:
716:
711:
708:
704:
703:
702:
696:
691:
684:
680:
666:
664:
661:
656:
654:
653:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
624:
623:
618:
615:) as well as
614:
610:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
573:
568:
564:
559:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
484:
483:Emeus crassus
479:
478:
472:
463:
461:
457:
452:
442:
440:
439:Haast's eagle
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:
383:
382:
377:
373:
369:
366:. During the
365:
361:
357:
354:
350:
336:
330:
329:
327:
324:
320:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
302:
296:
291:
286:
281:
280:
272:
269:
265:
260:
255:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:Palaeognathae
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
83:
76:
72:
64:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
9541:
9388:Laughing owl
9383:Chatham kākā
9378:Lyall's wren
9318:
9231:Snares snipe
9099:Chatham shag
8978:Shore plover
8852:Foveaux shag
8777:Blue penguin
8714:Okarito kiwi
8579:Spotted shag
8507:pūtangitangi
8403:Grey warbler
8129:Darren Naish
8099:Peter Dendle
8065:
8058:
8051:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8009:
8004:MonsterQuest
8002:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7974:
7967:
7960:
7953:
7946:
7939:
7934:Beast Hunter
7932:
7925:
7918:
7816:Ralph Izzard
7796:Rupert Gould
7776:Tim Dinsdale
7634:Tsondabornis
7632:
7625:
7618:
7613:Medioolithus
7611:
7604:
7599:Diamantornis
7597:
7537:
7527:
7520:
7499:
7472:
7465:
7442:
7432:
7416:Novaeratitae
7399:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7344:
7337:
7332:Crypturellus
7330:
7312:Roveretornis
7310:
7300:
7290:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7220:Megalapteryx
7218:
7211:
7199:
7180:
7173:
7163:
7153:
7130:
7122:
7018:
7010:
7000:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6932:
6925:
6900:
6893:
6869:
6862:
6857:Geranodornis
6855:
6847:
6842:Eogeranoides
6840:
6832:Geranoididae
6815:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6730:
6719:
6708:
6427:. Retrieved
6423:the original
6418:
6402:. Retrieved
6398:
6372:
6331:
6327:
6282:
6278:
6235:
6231:
6190:
6186:
6143:
6139:
6104:
6100:
6088:
6084:
6057:
6053:
6048:Wood, J.R.;
6009:
6005:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5969:the original
5964:
5960:
5951:
5904:
5900:
5880:. Retrieved
5876:the original
5847:
5832:
5797:
5793:
5771:
5758:. Retrieved
5754:the original
5740:
5734:
5715:. Retrieved
5711:the original
5706:
5661:
5657:
5608:
5604:
5591:
5587:
5550:
5546:
5520:
5516:
5472:
5466:
5454:
5450:
5427:
5415:
5411:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5374:
5332:
5328:
5304:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5245:. Retrieved
5241:the original
5236:
5213:
5194:
5172:
5163:
5159:
5148:the original
5111:
5105:
5096:
5081:
5069:. Retrieved
5065:the original
5060:
5011:
5005:
4992:
4988:
4954:
4945:is from the
4942:
4937:
4918:
4913:
4895:
4887:
4878:
4870:
4865:O'Brien, T.
4861:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4814:Courier Mail
4813:
4804:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4719:
4698:
4674:. Retrieved
4665:
4656:
4641:
4631:
4622:
4595:
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4573:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4524:. Retrieved
4520:
4510:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4357:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4303:
4297:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4239:
4218:
4197:
4186:the original
4149:
4145:
4128:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4058:
4040:
4017:
4005:. Retrieved
4000:
3996:
3986:
3966:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3822:(1): 36–51.
3819:
3815:
3805:
3783:(1): 36–51.
3780:
3776:
3763:
3718:
3714:
3696:
3685:the original
3672:
3668:
3635:
3626:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3511:the original
3498:
3494:
3481:
3436:
3432:
3414:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3311:the original
3264:
3260:
3218:(1): 36–51.
3215:
3211:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3171:
3161:
3119:. Retrieved
3115:"Story: Moa"
3109:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3016:
3010:
2981:. Retrieved
2977:
2968:
2932:. Retrieved
2930:(4): 180–293
2927:
2923:
2917:
2909:
2888:
2857:
2856:
2810:Birds portal
2790:Allen Curnow
2788:
2782:
2762:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2722:
2716:Megalapteryx
2714:
2713:A preserved
2698:
2683:
2677:
2667:
2661:Otago Museum
2652:
2641:
2626:
2620:Otago Museum
2616:D. giganteus
2615:
2609:Otago Museum
2604:
2589:
2563:
2557:
2538:Otago Museum
2531:
2516:
2500:midden sites
2489:
2460:
2458:
2424:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2378:Richard Owen
2369:
2359:
2353:
2350:Richard Owen
2334:
2299:
2297:
2277:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2219:
2213:
2187:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2123:
2100:
2095:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:Reproduction
2001:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1964:
1956:
1949:elephantopus
1945:
1927:
1921:
1876:
1870:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:North Island
1763:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1658:South Island
1653:
1597:
1595:
1579:
1577:
1554:
1552:
1511:
1509:
1493:
1491:
1470:P. australis
1468:
1466:
1452:
1402:
1400:
1384:
1382:
1368:
1336:
1334:
1301:
1232:
1207:
1162:
1137:
1119:Novaeratitae
1089:
1087:
1064:Tinamiformes
1062:
1023:
988:
966:
956:
943:
939:Megalapteryx
938:
931:Megalapteryx
930:
927:
919:
907:
897:Megalapteryx
895:
894:
884:
873:
863:
853:
841:
840:
831:
819:
818:
809:
797:
796:
787:
775:
774:
762:
751:
741:
729:
728:
719:
709:
700:
694:
682:
657:
650:
642:
638:
636:
631:
627:
620:
613:Allen’s rule
597:
578:
570:
534:
530:
520:
500:
493:
487:
481:
475:
450:
448:
419:sister group
408:
395:
385:
379:
355:
348:
347:
339:Newton, 1884
331:Dinornithes
298:
277:
268:Type species
253:
234:
224:Infraclass:
60:
38:
29:This is the
23:
9566:Wikispecies
9498:ruru hinapō
9194:Bounty shag
9029:Black robin
8816:Black stilt
8649:ngutuparore
8613:tōrea pango
8524:tītipounamu
8473:tūturiwhatu
8348:moho-pererū
8149:Brian Regal
8134:Joe Nickell
7990:Is It Real?
7886:Karl Shuker
7706:Core topics
7513:Casuariidae
7501:Diogenornis
7474:Mullerornis
7425:Apterygidae
7373:Nothoprocta
7339:Nothocercus
7254:Euryapteryx
7124:Diogenornis
7002:Orientornis
6710:Asteriornis
6619:Maniraptora
6604:Maniraptora
6503:Palaeognath
6461:Moa article
6429:14 February
6404:14 February
5760:14 February
5717:14 February
5247:14 February
4888:stuff.co.nz
4265:(1): 1–41.
4133:Bunce, M.;
4035:Wood (2007)
3701:Bunce, M.;
3675:: 105–114.
3501:: 115–122.
3419:Bunce, M.;
3038:22 December
3019:: 126–135.
2951:OSNZ (2009)
2934:30 December
2629:found near
2578:desiccation
2512:Marlborough
2434:sedimentary
2384:in London.
2373:Poverty Bay
2361:Joel Polack
2159:Euryapteryx
2147:Euryapteryx
2090:and a long
1994:gastroliths
1820:Cook Strait
1729:D. robustus
1386:D. robustus
1209:Casuariidae
870:Crested moa
821:Euryapteryx
806:Eastern moa
604:ancient DNA
547:guinea fowl
531:Euryapteryx
466:Description
404:Polynesians
364:New Zealand
333:Gadow, 1893
9665:Categories
9486:manutahora
9442:Snipe-rail
9356:mātuhituhi
9002:Yellowhead
8990:Stitchbird
8918:Otago shag
8906:takahikare
8793:Endangered
8669:Flightless
8584:pārekareka
8396:pīwakawaka
8331:Brown teal
7997:Lost Tapes
7976:Fortean TV
7912:television
7841:Roy Mackal
7627:Psammornis
7444:Proapteryx
7387:Rhynchotus
7357:Nothurinae
7292:Miniothura
7261:Pachyornis
7155:Heterorhea
7103:Rheiformes
7048:see below↓
6965:Ergilornis
6763:Fissuravis
6721:Eremopezus
6640:see below↓
6066:2440/62495
5781:2152/16251
5594:: 138–144.
5523:: 69–121.
5398:: 232–238.
5166:: 309–336.
5071:4 February
4970:References
4676:2 February
4007:3 February
3976:3 February
3974:Retrieved
3290:2328/35953
3121:15 January
2851:Madagascar
2726:M. didinus
2688:Mount Owen
2684:M. didinus
2668:M. didinus
2653:M. didinus
2631:Queenstown
2523:Roger Duff
2508:Wairau Bar
2504:Shag River
2427:Quaternary
2237:Extinction
2203:upland moa
2130:sand dunes
2128:sites and
2092:maturation
2084:K-selected
1947:Pachyornis
1938:coprolites
1930:fossilised
1907:Lake Taupō
1685:Nothofagus
1454:Pachyornis
1234:Dromaiidae
1025:Rheiformes
904:Upland moa
843:Pachyornis
433:until the
431:ecosystems
427:herbivores
293:Subgroups
9241:pokotiwha
9128:Pitt shag
8983:tūturuatu
8947:tarāpunga
8894:kawau tūī
8828:Blue duck
8809:tarapiroe
8637:pōpokotea
8632:Whitehead
8555:Silvereye
8114:Henry Lee
7910:Books and
7836:Willy Ley
7821:John Keel
7522:Casuarius
7467:Aepyornis
7401:Tinamotis
7394:Taoniscus
7323:Tinaminae
7276:Tinamidae
7175:Protorhea
6979:Urmiornis
6917:Eogruidae
6895:Palaeotis
6817:Remiornis
6770:Lithornis
6756:Calciavis
6732:Limenavis
6592:Theropoda
6577:Theropoda
6520:Kingdom:
6034:129645654
4941:The word
4614:819110163
4329:Ecography
4289:245807815
4281:1094-8074
3307:206555952
3174:. Te Ara.
3117:. govt.nz
3089:0906-7590
3059:Ecography
2880:Footnotes
2874:Megafauna
2492:paleosols
2469:limestone
2318:Fiordland
2288:Fiordland
2088:fecundity
1953:secateurs
1879:trackways
1768:Punakaiki
1760:district.
1725:subalpine
1213:cassowary
994:ostriches
963:volcanism
951:Oligocene
924:Phylogeny
632:E. gravis
593:cassowary
569:(c), and
516:adzebills
449:The word
445:Etymology
423:vestigial
309:Diversity
259:Bonaparte
194:Kingdom:
188:Eukaryota
165:skeleton
9551:Wikidata
9351:Bushwren
9253:tutukiwi
8882:tara-iti
8840:Fernbird
8797:(flying)
8596:miromiro
8536:pīwauwau
8519:Rifleman
8461:pīhoihoi
8408:riroriro
8384:kārearea
8372:pohowera
8355:Dabchick
8312:tarāpuka
8300:korimako
8295:Bellbird
8234:Category
8168:See also
7657:Category
7620:Namornis
7539:Emuarius
7529:Dromaius
7366:Eudromia
7213:Dinornis
7165:Hinasuri
7020:Struthio
6934:Sonogrus
6871:Paragrus
6528:Chordata
6526:Phylum:
6522:Animalia
6371:(2002).
6322:(1996).
6273:(1995).
6181:(1993).
6091:: 36–38.
6085:Notornis
6076:(1989).
6060:: 1–20.
5999:: 27–39.
5929:15959513
5895:(2005).
5816:20525622
5736:Notornis
5686:12968179
5645:20805485
5575:86345660
5511:(1997).
5497:10731144
5426:(1959).
5412:Notornis
5359:85006853
5193:(2004).
5136:12968178
5097:Dinornis
5048:15928096
4980:(1989).
4905:Archived
4796:19570784
4436:(1990).
4174:12968178
4120:33405428
4077:83611783
3887:24832669
3836:21596537
3797:21596537
3755:19923428
3618:15928096
3552:83768608
3473:19923428
3355:24825849
3299:24855267
3232:21596537
2858:General:
2837:Moa-nalo
2796:See also
2705:in 1980.
2582:semiarid
2574:feathers
2496:blowouts
2465:sinkhole
2431:Holocene
2405:Dinornis
2365:Struthio
2354:Dinornis
2322:red deer
2216:Holocene
2155:Dinornis
2143:Dinornis
2096:Dinornis
2065:Dinornis
2041:Dinornis
2002:Dinornis
1998:gizzards
1971:antelope
1958:Phormium
1934:gizzards
1897:(1896),
1893:(1895),
1889:(1887),
1883:Waikanae
1784:Karitane
1776:Kaikōura
1443:Emeidae
1370:Dinornis
1068:tinamous
784:Bush moa
731:Dinornis
685:skeleton
674:Taxonomy
622:Dinornis
600:synonyms
581:tinamous
572:Dinornis
508:rock art
415:tinamous
392:bush moa
372:Holocene
337:Immanes
323:Synonyms
208:Chordata
204:Phylum:
198:Animalia
184:Domain:
75:Holocene
35:reviewed
9696:Ratites
9599:4433427
9557:Q452969
9415:kērangi
9290:kaoriki
9264:Extinct
9080:ranguru
8731:tokoeka
8644:Wrybill
8495:pāpango
8444:koekoeā
8391:Fantail
8224:Commons
8205:Zoology
8175:Biology
8077:Critics
7434:Apteryx
7380:Nothura
7346:Tinamus
7231:Emeidae
7143:Rheidae
6532:Class:
6336:Bibcode
6287:Bibcode
6240:Bibcode
6195:Bibcode
6148:Bibcode
6109:Bibcode
6014:Bibcode
5937:4308841
5909:Bibcode
5694:4413995
5666:Bibcode
5636:2941315
5613:Bibcode
5555:Bibcode
5477:Bibcode
5468:Science
5337:Bibcode
5274:Bibcode
5144:1515413
5116:Bibcode
5039:1149408
5016:Bibcode
4838:(2063).
4787:2817183
4337:Bibcode
4182:1515413
4154:Bibcode
4100:Bibcode
3878:4009869
3855:Biology
3746:2791642
3723:Bibcode
3609:1149408
3586:Bibcode
3464:2791642
3441:Bibcode
3269:Bibcode
3261:Science
3067:Bibcode
3021:Bibcode
2983:24 July
2847:ratites
2703:Te Anau
2542:Dunedin
2485:Te Anau
2481:Waitomo
2477:Karamea
2401:ostrich
2309:sealers
2305:Whalers
2259:middens
1816:Ice Age
1750:Karamea
1742:middens
935:Miocene
883:Family
764:Emeidae
761:Family
718:Family
660:Miocene
567:ostrich
527:trachea
376:species
247:Order:
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